`M<< @@@ @@@@,@=\<< EN DB < P 8U W Boenke19969+> Chelkowski1991( de Almeida2002M Flachowsky20030, Gillespie1998*Jakobsen19944fn Magg20024 Maupin2003=] Odhav2002R Rheeder2002/Shephard1990. Stockenstrom2002# Thiel1993p2 Venter20033X` Vergopoulou2001 Vermaak1993 Vermaak1993 Vermaak1994 Vermaak1996 Vermaak1996 Vermaak1999 Vessey2002 Vessey2004 Victor19981 Victor20000t Vigier2000Vigushin2004G Viljoen1994 Viljoen1994k Viljoen1995 Viljoen1995 Viljoen1995 Viljoen1997 Viljoen1997 Viljoen1997 Viljoen1997sVisconti1994tVisconti1994uVisconti1994vVisconti19944Visconti1995mVisconti1996nVisconti1996qVisconti1996}Visconti1999\Visconti200105Visconti2002;Visconti2002EVisconti200200Visconti20033@ Vismer199598 Vismer19967 Vismer199795 Vismer1998m Vismer19991 Vismer20000F Vismer20022 Vismer2002 Vismer20033 Vismer20033 Visone20033 Vivas2002IVleggaar197896Vleggaar19821Vleggaar19839Vleggaar19844Vleggaar19888Vleggaar19888Vleggaar19899Vleggaar19919WVleggaar1991Vleggaar19929Vleggaar19939Vleggaar19939LVleggaar1993JVleggaar19949Vleggaar1996} Volcik20040Vonseckendorff1993 Voss19944 Voss19944 Voss19944 Voss20044 Vurro1996 Vurro1997 Vurro1999 Vurro2001 Vurro2001 Vurro2002Waalwijk20033o Wagner20000 Wagner20032~ Wagstaffe1992" Walcott2003 Walker19999d Walker2001" Walker20020 Walker2003~ Waller20030! Wallin1991 Wallnofer1988n Wallnofer1994L Wallnofer1996 Walsh1995/ Wang19969Z Wang2001 Wang20010 Wang20030 Wang20044"Wanyoike2002f Wareing1995! Wargovich2003 Watson1999 Weerasuriya1993 Weerasuriya1993J Wehner1978< Wehner19811 Weight199212Weinberg1996)Weinberg2001- Weindorfer200339 Weingaertner1997. Weinstein20003 Weissbach1998: Weissinger2004b Weller19999 Welzig20032. Wenehed2003* Werner2002G Wessels19791 Wessels1983 Wessels1984 Wessels19893 Wessels1998 Wetscherek1999 Wheeler1989 Wheeler1991 Wheeler1995` White1995a White1995c White1995; White1997{ White2000d White2001 White2001= White2002u White2002 White2003& White2003 White2003 White2003T White2003Z White2003 White2004 Wicker2003} Wicker2004 Wicklow1990C Wicklow1997 Wicklow1999 Wicklow1999y Wicklow2001 Wicklow20023 Wicklow2004!Widstrom1991jWidstrom1994lWidstrom19955ZWidstrom19966<Widstrom1997f?Widstrom19977Widstrom2001Widstrom2001wWidstrom2002$Widstrom2003RWidstrom2003 Wiesenfeld2000B Wiggins19795 Wild19959 Wild19989 Wild19999 Wild2000 Wild200101 Wild20020Q Wild20032 Wild20032Williams1991oWilliams19946Williams1998Williams1999?Williams2002PWilliams2002>Williams2002gWilliams2002Williams2003Williams2003KWilliams2003NWilliams2003 Wilson19866[ Wilson19911j Wilson19949 Wilson2001 Wilson2001 Wilson2001+ Wilson20030$ Wilson20030R Wilson20030 Wilson20040 Wilson2004 Windels19936 Windham1998 Windham1999? Windham2002P Windham2002> Windham2002g Windham2002K Windham2003N Windham2003A Wingfield1980> Wingfield19814 Wingfield1983 Wingfield1987 Wingfield1987 Wingfield1988 Wingfield1988 Wingfield1988 Wingfield1988 Wingfield1988 Wingfield1989 Wingfield1991 Wingfield1994 Wingfield1995 Wingfield1995 Wingfield1997 Wingfield1997 Wingfield1997 Wingfield1998 Wingfield1999 Wingfield1999 Wingfield1999 Wingfield2000 Wingfield2000] Wingfield2001 Wingfield2001 Wingfield2001 Wingfield2002 Wingfield2002 Wingfield2002 Wingfield2002 Wingfield2002 Wingfield2002H Wingfield2003 Winterton2001 Wise20033M Wisniewska19969 Wisniewska19995 Wisniewska2002,Wissiack19988 Wohner19881Woloshuk19933Woloshuk19933Woloshuk1994`Woloshuk19955Woloshuk1995Woloshuk1999Woloshuk2000Woloshuk20011Woloshuk2001Woloshuk2003Woloshuk2003Woloshuk2004Woloshuk2004~Woloshuk20044 Wood1993yWoodroof19929 Wright1987 Wright1995 Wright1996 Wright1999w Wright2000 Wright20000 Wu2004 Wunch19927 Xia19935 Xia1995y Xie2001? Xie2002 Xie2002p Xu2000eu Xu2000 Yagen1987 Yamaguchi2002 Yamaguchi2003 Yamaguchi2004.Yamazaki1996p Yang19951r Yang19951Y Yang1996$ Yang20020` Yates2001" Yates2003 Yazdanpanah2000 Yazdanpanah2002' Yazdanpanah2003% Yi2001 Yong2001 Yoo1994 Yoo1994 Yoo2001 Yool19944 Young1994 Young1999 Yousibova1995 Yu1993 Yu19959 Yu1995 Yu19959 Yu1995 Yu1995 Yu1997 Yu1998 Yu19999 Yu19999 Yu20000 Yu2000 Yu2000 Yu2000 Yu20000 Yu20010 Yu2002i Yu2002a Yu2003 Yu2003} Yu2004~ Yu2004 Yuan2000f Zaray2002 Zarghi20020 Zeller20000 Zeller20010L Zeller20020Zeringue1990Zeringue1993Zeringue1994Zeringue1999lZeringue2000lZeringue2000Zeringue20011 Zhang1996} Zhang20045 Zhou19959t Zhu2000V Zhu2001 Zhu2003} Zhu2004. Ziegler2000 Zill1988to Zollitsch2000 Zollitsch2003 Zollner1999| Zollner2000! Zollner2003DZomborszky-Kovacs2002 Zonno1996 Zonno1999 Zonno2001 Zonno2002j Zummo19942002j Zummo1994 Zummo199402j Zummo199402j Zummo1994o2002j Zummo19942002j Zummo1994j Zummo1994j Zummo199402j Zummo199402j Zummo199402j Zummo19942002j Zummo199402j Zummo19942002j Zummo199402j Zummo19942002j Zummo1994j Zummo19942002j Zummo199402j Zummo19942002j Zummo199402j Zummo19942002j Zummo19942002j Zummo19942002j Zummo19942002j Zummo1994Yamazaki1996Y Yang1996` Yates2001" Yates2003 Yazdanpanah2002' Yazdanpanah2003% Yi2001̏ Yong2001 Yoo1994 Yoo1994 Yoo2001 Yool19944 Young1999 Yuan2000f Zaray2002 Zarghi20020L Zeller20020Zeringue2000lZeringue2000t Zhu2000V Zhu2001 Zill1988to Zollitsch2000 Zollitsch2003 Zollner1999| Zollner2000! Zollner2003DZomborszky-Kovacs2002 Zonno2001j Zummo199402 AuthorsJournals Keywords 3 b                               P< c Abbas, H. K. Abe, K. Abel, S. Abellana, M. Abnet, C. C.Abou-Karam, M. Abramson, D. Acklin, W. Adam, G. Adams, T. H. Adda, C. Adler, A. Agnew, M. P. Ajanga, S.Ajanwachukwu, J. Ake, C. L.Akinlosotu, TA. Albareda, X. Albert, K. Albert, P. S.Alberts, J. F. Aldred, D.Alexander, N. J. Aliu, Y. O.Allah, E. M. F. Allegood, J. Allen, R. H. Allotey, J.Almeida, A. P. Aly, S. E.Amalfitano, C. Ambrosino, P. Ames, B. N. Amsellem, Z.Andersen, P. M.Anderson, L. M. Andolfi, A. Andover, UK. Andrew, I. G.Anelich, R. Y. Annis, S. Annis, S. L. Aoki, T. Apro, N.ApSimon, J. W.Arambula, V. G.Arambula-Villa, G. Aranda, M. Arber, N.Archer, David B. Arigoni, D. Armitage, DM. Arnold, J. Arnold, J. W. Arranz, I. Arroyo, M. Asran, M. R.Atia, M. M. M. Aucock, H. W. Auerbach, H. Aufhammer, W.Avantaggiato, G.Aveling, T. A. S.Azconaolivera, J. I.Azevedo, J. L. Aziz, N. H. Baard, S. W. Baath, H. Baayen, R. P. Bacha, H. Bacon, C. W.Badenhorst, C. J. Badria, F. A. Baetz, R. A.Baeyens, W. R. G.Baffoebonnie, A. Bagnara, A. Bai, Q. Bajmocy, E. Bakan, B. Baker, C.Balachandran, C.Balshem, A. M.Bamburg, J. R. Bank, WorldBankole, S. A. Bannasch, P. Barber, R.Barghouthi, S. Barnaby, N.Barnard, R. A. Barnes, S. E. Baron, J. A. Barros, G. Barry, C. E.Basilico, J. C. Basinger, W. Bassani, V. Basson, P. A. Bata, A. Bataille, B. Batenburg, W. Bath, G. F. Baute, T. S. Baxter, M. Beaver, R. W. Becker, B. Becker, P. J. Beekrum, S. Behrend, Y. Bell, DH.Bennett, G. A.Bennett, J. W. Bensimon, C.Beremand, M. N.Bermudez, A. J. Berner, D.Berthiller, F. Bertuzzi, T. Bester, M. J. Betran, F. J. Beyers, A. D.Bezuidenhout, S. C. Bhat, R. V. Bhatia, A. Bhatnagar, D. Bhatnagar, S. Bianchi, P.Bilgrami, K. S. Billon, A. Bily, A. C. Bird, C.Bittencourt, A. M.Blackwell, B. A. Blakolmer, K.Blanco-Labra, A. Blaney, B. J. Blechl, A. E.Blekkenhorst, G. H. Blom, H. J. Bluhm, B. H.Blumberg, B. S. Blunden, G.Bodenmller, K. Boenke, A. Bohm, J. Bohn, M. Bolonhezi, D.Borgemeister, C.Borkowf, C. B. Borsa, J.Bortolleto, N. Bosman, J. L.Bosque-Perez, N. A.Bosqueperez, N. A.Bostick, R. M. Bostock, R. Boston, R. S.Bothwell, T. H. Bottalico, A. Bottalico, C. Boue, S. M. Bouhet, S. Bouwman, H. Bowers, E.Boyapati, S. M.Bradshaw, R. E. Braun, J. Bravo, J. M. Brayford, D. Brender, J. Brennan, J. Brera, C. Bresch, H. Brewer, J. F. Britz, H. Britz, T. J. Brodacz, W. Brooke, G.Broomhead, J. N. Brown, D. W. Brown, L. M. Brown, M. P. Brown, N. Brown, N. L. Brown, R. L.Brown-Jenco, C. S.Brummer, E. C. Bruns, H. A. Bryden, W. L.Buangsuwan, D.Buchenauer, H. Buck, W. B.Buckley, P. M.Buerstmayr, H. Buetow, K. H.Bullerman, L. B. Burger, B. V.Burgess, L. W.Burnham, K. D. Burow, G. B. Bush, B. J.Butchko, R. A. E. Butler, L. G. Butron, A. Butts, T. Cabrera, J. Cahagnier, B. Cairns, V. Caldas, E. D.Caldwell, R. W. Calitz, F. J.Calvert, R. J.  KTOAbstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc.Acs Symposium Series0*Acta Veterinaria Hungarica Acta Vet. Hung.$ African Entomology Afr. Entomol.$ African Journal of Biotechnology@=Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. Agronomy Journal Agron. J.<9American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Am. J. Clin. Nutr.82American Journal of Epidemiology Am. J. Epidemiol.85American Journal of Human Genetics Am. J. Hum. Genet.@Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.  } & Gray x P-deltoides marsh (aspergillus) (carboxymethyl)fumonisin b-1(OTA)(R))1 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT)10-dehydrofusaric acid 10-dehydrofusaric acid and(#10-dehydrofusaric acid methyl ester,&10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase15-15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15-percent 16-percent 17 beta- 19-percent moisture-content2-2-acetylaminofluorene2-aminofluorene 2-dimensional electrophoresis2-OP1 hemiketal25-dihydroxyvitamin d-325-dihydroxyvitamin-d325-hydroxyvitamin d-3-1-3- 3-fatty-acids 3-glucan 3-glucanase3-o-acetyltransferase("4-acetyl-benzoxazolin-2-one 4-aboa4-deoxynivalenol56-pentyl-alpha-pyrone9Aa otaA- A-flavus A. flavusA. parasiticus aal-toxin aberrations abiogenic abioticabiotic factors abscisic-acid absolute-absolute-configuration absorptionABTS radical cationabundant proteins accumulation acetateacetate utilizationacetylaminofluoreneacetyldeoxynivalenol acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON)acid acid moietiesacids acifluorfen actinopelteactivated protein-kinaseactivated-charcoalactivation domain activator activities activity acylationacyrthosiphon-pisum adaptation adduct adduct levels adsorptionadvisory mycotoxin level aeration aerial hyphaeaerobic deteriorationaeroponics system aestivum aflatoxicol aflatoxicosis aflatoxin aflatoxin B aflatoxin b-1aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1))$aflatoxin b-1 biotransformation aflatoxin b1aflatoxin biosynthesisaflatoxin contaminationaflatoxin exposureaflatoxin gene-clusteraflatoxin mutants(%aflatoxin producing A. flavus strainsaflatoxin productionaflatoxin regulatory gene aflatoxin-aflatoxin-albumin adducts aflatoxin-b1aflatoxin-n7-guanineaflatoxin-production aflatoxinsAFLPaflR Africa african agar mediumage-agentaggregated patternsaggressivenessagricultural productsagricultural tradeagro-ecological zoneagroecological zones agronomyairborne mycoflora alatoxin B-1aldose reductasealkaline cookingalkaline hydrolysis allelic loss allelotypealpha- and beta-amylase alpha-amylasealpha-hydroxylasealpha-linolenic acidalpha-zearalenolaltered hepatic foci alternaria-alternaria-alternata $V3! #-&M)+#./n",0#s69p;A=*(x4CY)gG:JKHLQ_P{NT5W^Z\]@[j`Xbce1?aNRS2k[hioODrtm+AB;yqvSl5u}167-174$://000083154900003e,%Zollner, P. Jodlbauer, J. Lindner, W.rDetermination of zearalenone in grains by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid- phase extraction with RP-18 columns or immunoaffinity columns"Journal of Chromatography Asolid-phase extraction; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; mycotoxins zearalenone; zearalanone fluorescence detection; mycotoxin zearalenone; fusarium mycotoxins; ochratoxin-a; human plasma; corn; cleanup; ingredients; products; maizeIn this paper a robust, sensitive and selective LC-MS-MS method for the determination of zearalenone (ZON) in several cereals is described. Sample preparation was performed by extraction of the commodities with a mixture of acetonitrile and water followed by solid-phase extraction with RP-18 columns or immunoaffinity columns. The selective determination of ZON was achieved with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface. Using the negative ion mode a detection limit of 0.5 mu g/kg and a determination limit of 1 mu g/kg grain was achieved, which is by a factor of 100 more sensitive than the positive ion mode. Zearalanone (ZAN), which does not occur in nature, was used as internal standard for quantification. A linear working range from 1.0 mu g/kg to 1000 mu g/kg could be achieved in grains with a standard deviation of 4% and recovery rates around 100%. All these results were independent from the grain matrices (maize, barley, oats, wheat) when ZAN was used as internal standard. Sample preparation with RP-18 and immunoaffinity materials gave comparable results. In addition, the method was successfully used for the investigation of naturally contaminated maize samples in the course of an interlaboratory comparison test. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.J. Chromatogr. A 1999 Oct 15 8582'Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, Wahringer Str 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Lindner W Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, Wahringer Str 38, A-1090 Vienna, AustriaB;Times Cited: 21 Cited Reference Count: 37 Cited References: *BIOC, ZEAR TEST ZEAR VIC W *NATL TOX PROGR, 1982, NATL TOX PROGR TECH, V235 BETINA V, 1989, BIOACTIVE MOL, V9, P271 BUHRMAN DL, 1996, J AM SOC MASS SPECTR, V7, P1099 DUNNE C, 1993, J CHROMATOGR, V629, P229 ELLING F, 1975, ACTA PATHOL MICROB A, V83, P739 FU I, 1997, 8 INT S ORL FL 4 8 M HUOPALAHTI RP, 1997, J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T, V20, P537 JOSEPHS R, 1998, FINAL REPORT BIOMIN KEBARLE P, 1993, ANAL CHEM, V65, P972 KROGH P, 1974, ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY, P266 KROGH P, 1987, MYCOTOXINS FOOD KRSKA R, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P49 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 MARASAS WFO, 1979, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V27, P1108 MATUSZEWSKI BK, 1998, ANAL CHEM, V70, P882 MILLER JD, 1997, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM MORTENSEN HP, 1983, ACTA AGR SCAND, V33, P235 MULLER HM, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P24 PAVLOVIC M, 1979, ACTA PATHOL MIC SC B, V87, P243 PLASENCIA J, 1990, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V73, P973 RAJAKYLA E, 1987, J CHROMATOGR, V384, P391 ROSENBERG E, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V819, P277 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCOTT PM, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P875 SCOTT PM, 1988, J ASS OFF CHEM, V71, P1176 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SCUDAMORE KA, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P343 SEIDEL V, 1993, J CHROMATOGR, V635, P227 THAKUR RA, 1994, RAPID COMMUN MASS SP, V8, P82 TRUCKSESS MW, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P119 TRUCKSESS MW, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P135 TRUCKSESS MW, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P135 VANEGMOND H, FAO FOOD NUTR PAPER, P7 VISCONTI A, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P133 YOUNG JC, 1993, J CHROMATOGR A, V653, P374 ZOLLNER P, UNPUB English Article 246FZ J CHROMATOGR AISI:000083154900003)EJhG?cTW" 9{9 )$]O-#X gnz:?F4.6%$;*{&Om8A#C&ke]N K,H<*w5/-@n1PwHp :v ;ql[gG Q2iN%xqoM!b_4 u/@!JQ1`ZVB'3#<Ax~| =(YP}S0oV$D\kvbL.M Y"^IDRjyf7^0'tF  _eBlE`ua2U,CtZRX7>TdsraLsy6W5(r[m|+8(245-261$://000178933800001RD>Danicke, S. Gadeken, D. Ueberschar, K. H. Meyer, U. Scholz, H.Effects of fusarium toxin contaminated wheat and of a detoxifying agent on performance of growing bulls, on nutrient digestibility in wethers and on the carry over of zearalenone<5Archives of Animal Nutrition-Archiv Fur Tierernahrungbeef cattle; Fusarium toxins; wheat; detoxifying agent; zearalenone; deoxynivalenol rumen microorganisms; deoxynivalenol; metabolism; urine; milk; zeranol ` ZExperiments were carried out to examine the effects of a Fusarium contaminated wheat (10 mg deoxynivalenol and 0.76 mg zearalenone, ZON, per kg dry matter) and of a detoxifying agent (Mycofix (R)Plus, Biomin GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria) on the growing performance of bulls, carry-over of ZON and its metabolites into body fluids and tissues, and on nutrient digestibility in wethers. The experiments were designed according to a complete two by two factorial approach which meant that both the uncontaminated control wheat and the Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat were tested both in the absence and presence of Mycofix (R)Plus. The growing experiment with bulls (n = 14 per treatment) covered the live weight range between 244 kg and 460 kg. The respective wheat batches were included in the concentrate portion at 65%. Concentrates were fed according to plan whereas maize silage was offered for ad libitum consumption. Daily dry matter intake and live weight gain [kg per animal and day] were 7.40, 7.52, 7.51 and 7.49 and 1.367, 1.296, 1.380 and 1.307 for bulls fed the unsupplemented control wheat, the supplemented control wheat, the unsupplemented and Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat and the supplemented Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat, respectively. ZON and its metabolites were not detected in edible tissues. The most striking effects of feeding the Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat on carcass characteristics were a reduced dressing percentage, an increased weight of the emptied gastro- intestinal tract and a reduced weight of the testicles. No effect of the detoxifying agent was seen for these parameters whereas heart weight increased independently of Fusarium toxin contamination of the concentrates. Nutrient digestibility of the two wheat batches, unsupplemented or supplemented with Mycofix (R)Plus was evaluated according to the difference method using wethers. Presence of Fusarium toxins in wheat did not influence its feeding value. The effects of the addition of the detoxifying agent were mycotoxin unspecific and resulted in an increase in apparent digestibility of crude protein and a decrease in crude fiber digestibility. It is concluded that feeding of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat did not adversely affect performance of growing bulls (approximately 2.2 mg DON and 0.1 mg ZON per kg complete ration at a reference dry matter content of 88%) or nutrient digestibility in wethers. The effects of the detoxifying agent Mycofix (R)Plus on growing performance and on nutrient digestibility were rather Fusarium toxin unspecific. The slightly negative effects on growing performance needs to be examined further.*#Arch. Anim. Nutr.-Arch. Tierernahr. 2002 Aug564'NHBraunschweig FAL, Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Nutr, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Braunschweig FAL, Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Nutr, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Sch Vet, Clin Cattle Dis, Hannover, Germany Danicke S Braunschweig FAL, Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Nutr, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, GermanyTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 35 Cited References: 1988, OFF J EUR COMM L, V70, P16 *BMVEL, 2000, 2700 VDM BMVEL, P2 *DLG, 1997, ER DOK U HOH, V7 *SAS I INC, 1988, SAS STAT US GUID REL BAUER J, 2000, HDB TIERISCHEN VERED, V25, P169 COTE LM, 1986, J DAIRY SCI, V69, P2416 DANICKE S, 2001, ARCH ANIM NUTR, V55, P299 DANICKE S, 2002, P SOC NUTR PHYSL, V11, P96 DANICKE S, 2000, RISIKOFAKTOREN FUSAR, V216, P35 DEHAAN KA, 1983, J ANIM SCI S1, V57, P427 DUPCHAK K, 1998, FEEDING FUSARIUM CON ERASMUSON AF, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P2721 ERWIN ES, 1957, J ANIM SCI, V16, P858 FITZPATRICK DW, 1989, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C, V94, P691 GOLL M, 1995, P 17 MYK WORKSH BRAU, P131 HAMPEL I, 1986, MONATSSCHR VET MED, V41, P238 HOLTERSHINKEN M, 1996, COLL VET, V26, P9 KENNEDY DG, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P393 KIESSLING KH, 1984, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V47, P1070 KING RR, 1984, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V32, P1181 LEW H, 1999, FORDERUNGSDIENST, V47, P157 MENDEL VE, 1971, J ANIM SCI, V33, P891 MIROCHA CJ, 1981, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V19, P25 NAUMANN C, 1993, RISIKOFAKTOREN FUSAR, V216, P5 PASTEINER S, 1998, BIOMIN GESUNDE TIERE PRELUSKY DB, 1987, J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B, V22, P125 SCHIEMANN R, 1981, ARCH ANIM NUTR, V31, P13 SCHUH M, 1996, FORTSCHRITTLICHE LAN, V21, PSB7 SHREEVE BJ, 1979, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V17, P151 SWANSON SP, 1987, J CHROMATOGR-BIOMED, V414, P335 TARR B, 1996, MOLDS MYCOTOXINS UEBERSCHAR KH, 1999, VDLUFA SCHRIFTENREIH, P425 VALENTA H, 1996, P 18 MYK WORKSH KULM, P185 WHITLOW LW, 1999, P ALLT 15 ANN S BIOT, P401 YOSHIZAWA T, 1986, AGR BIOL CHEM TOKYO, V50, P227 English Article 609YK ARCH ANIM NUTRISI:000178933800001Wf233-240$://000181188500004pjFigueira, E. L. Z. Blanco-Labra, A. Gerage, A. C. Ono, E. Y. S. Mendiola-Olaya, E. Ueno, Y. Hirooka, E. Y.piNew amylase inhibitor present in corn seeds active in vitro against amylase from Fusarium verticillioides Plant Diseaseaspergillus-flavus; alpha-amylase; fumonisin contamination; natural occurrence; trypsin-inhibitor; maize seeds; protein; moniliforme; zearalenone; mycotoxinsA screening for specific amylase inhibitor levels against amylase from Fusarium verticillioides (Fusarium mondiforme), the most relevant mycotoxigenic fungus in corn, was conducted on 37 corn hybrids. The amylase inhibitor levels in these hybrids ranged from 5.5 to 16.0 amylase inhibitor units per gram of corn (AIU/g) in the MASTER and AG5011 hybrids, respectively. The hybrid with the maximum content of inhibitor was used as the source of this new protein. The inhibitor was partially purified using fractional precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G75 column, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Superose HR 10130 column, and HPLC anion exchange chromatography, obtaining a 20.7-fold purification. Electrophoresis after denaturing and beating under reductive conditions showed an apparent 23.8 kDa molecular mass and an acidic isoelectric point of 5.4, which differs from previous molecular masses reported for other inhibitors present in corn seeds (14 and 22 kDa). This inhibitor showed activity against amylases from human saliva and pancreas, from the fungi E verticithoides and Aspergillus flavus, and from the insects Acanthoscelides obteclus, Zabrotes subfasciatus, Tribolitan castaneum, and Sitotroga cerealella. The mycoflora found in the corn grain indicated Fusarium sp. as the most prevalent fungi (81.1% of the samples), with a count ranging from 1.5 x 10(2) to 2.4 x 10(6) CFU/g of corn. The presence of fumonisms was detected in 21 out of the 37 hybrids studied, ranging from 0.05 to 2.67 mug of FB per gram of corn. No correlation could be established between this amylase inhibitor level in the corn seeds and the presence of Fusarium sp. or with the fumonisin content under the experimental conditions of the test. Plant Dis. 2003 Mar873'IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Apdo Postal 629, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico Univ Estadual Londrina, BR-86051990 Londrina, PR, Brazil Univ Estadual Londrina, BR-86051990 Londrina, PR, Brazil IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico Yashio Inst Environm Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1620812, Japan Univ Estadual Londrina, BR-86051990 Londrina, PR, Brazil Blanco-Labra A IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Apdo Postal 629, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, MexicohaTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 42 Cited References: *SAS I, 1988, SAS US GUID BLANCOLABRA A, 1995, J FOOD BIOCHEM, V19, P27 BLANCOLABRA A, 1981, J FOOD BIOCHEM, V5, P1 BLOOM H, 1987, ELECTROPHORESIS, V8, P93 BRADFORD MM, 1976, ANAL BIOCHEM, V72, P248 BULLERMAN LB, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P513 CAMILO SB, 2000, BRAZ ARCH BIOL TECHN, V43, P159 CHEN ZY, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P902 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 FAKHOURY AM, 2001, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V14, P955 FIGUEIRA ELZ, 2000, BRAZ ARCH BIOL TECHN, V43, P461 GATEHOUSE AMR, 1992, P ROY SOC EDINB B, V99, P51 GOMES VM, 1994, ARQ BIOL TECNOL, V37, P371 GOMEZLEYVA JF, 2001, J PLANT PHYSIOL, V158, P177 GONZALEZ HHL, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V130, P29 HIROOKA EY, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P173 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 HUYNH QK, 1992, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V182, P1 JANISIEWICZ WJ, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P466 JULIAN AM, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V129, P5 KEDERA CJ, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P41 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MUNKVOLD GP, 1993, FIELD SURVEY CORN EA, P5901 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 NORRED WP, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P522 ONO EYS, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P719 PETTERSON S, 1998, MYCOL RES, V102, P1003 SABINO M, 1989, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V6, P327 SAMSON RA, 1995, INTRO FOODBORN FUNGI SCHAGGER H, 1987, ANAL BIOCHEM, V166, P368 SCOTT GE, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P123 SCOTT PM, 1993, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V18, P257 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 UENO Y, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P27 UENO Y, 2000, MYCOTOXINS, V50, P13 WANG JS, 2001, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V10, P143 WATSON SA, 1987, CORN CHEM TECHNOLOGY, PCH5 WILSON JJ, 1982, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V44, P301 WONG JJ, 1976, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V73, P2241 English Article 649CC PLANT DISISI:000181188500004291-298$://A1996UL38600013sFilek, G. Lindner, W.n|Determination of the mycotoxin moniliformin in cereals by high- performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection"Journal of Chromatography AoJ. Chromatogr. A 1996 May 3 732.2oUL386 J CHROMATOGR AISI:A1996UL38600013N400-407$://000174547600010(0)Maragos, C. M. Jolley, M. E. Nasir, M. S.rZTFluorescence polarization as a tool for the determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat&Food Additives and Contaminants,"deoxynivalenol; vomitoxin; fluorescence polarization; immunoassay chromatography mass-spectrometry; linked immunosorbent-assay; gas-chromatography; mycotoxins deoxynivalenol; liquid- chromatography; monoclonal-antibodies; white flour; 15- acetyldeoxynivalenol; immunoassay; extraction|uThe mould Fusarium graminearum is found worldwide as a pathogen of cereal grains, in particular of wheat and maize, and it produces a mycotoxin known as deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin). Each year, the presence of this compound and related trichothecenes causes substantial losses to agricultural productivity. Rapid methods for the measurement of the toxin in grains are required to monitor and divert effectively contaminated grain from the food supply. A fluorescence polarization (FP) immunoassay using a previously described monoclonal antibody for DON was developed. The assay was based on the competition of unlabeled DON from a sample with a fluorescently tagged DON, DON-fluorescein (DON-FL), for a DON-specific monoclonal antibody in solution. The FP of the tagged DON was increased upon binding with the antibody. In the presence of free toxin, less of the DON-FL was bound and the polarization signal was decreased. The assays were very simple to perform, requiring only mixing of an aqueous extract of wheat with the DON-FL and antibody. The sensitivity of the assay was strongly dependent upon the time between mixing of the sample with the tracer and measurement of the fluorescence polarization, with midpoints for the competition curves ranging from 0.03 mug ml(-1) with a 15-s incubation to >1 mug ml(-1) with a 12-min incubation. Samples of wheat naturally contaminated with DON were evaluated by FP and by an HPLC-UV method, with a good correlation (r(2) = 0.97). Although the FP method tended to overestimate DON slightly in the wheat samples, by similar to20%, the assay was easy to use and very useful for the screening of wheat.Food Addit. Contam. 2002 Apr194'&ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Diachemix Corp, Grayslake, IL 60030 USA Maragos CM ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USATimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: *SCI COMM FOOD, 1999, 119 PLEN M BRUSS EUR ABOUZIED MM, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P1264 BAXTER JA, 1985, B ENV CONTAMINANTS T, V34, P645 CASALE WL, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P663 CHECOVICH WJ, 1995, NATURE, V375, P254 DANDLIKER WB, 1961, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V5, P299 HABER E, 1962, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V48, P1935 HUOPALAHTI RP, 1997, J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T, V20, P537 JELINEK CF, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P223 KAMIMURA H, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V64, P1067 LAUREN DR, 1987, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V70, P479 MARAGOS CM, 2000, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V12, P181 MARAGOS CM, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P596 MILLS ENC, 1990, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V2, P109 MOSSOBA MM, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P1116 NASIR MS, 1999, COM CHEM HIGH T SCR, V2, P177 NICOL MJ, 1993, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V5, P199 PLATTNER RD, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P365 ROTTER BA, 1996, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V48, P1 SCHMIDT R, 1995, 109 M AOAC INT 17 21 SCHMITT K, 1996, IMMUNOASSAYS RESIDUE, P314 SCOTT PM, 1993, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V10, P381 SINHA RC, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1740 TACKE BK, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P472 TRUCKSESS MW, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P880 TRUCKSESS MW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P883 TRUCKSESS MW, 1986, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V69, P35 USLEBER E, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2019 USLEBER E, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2091 WANG BH, 1996, MAN IN ICE, V3, P59 XU YC, 1988, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V71, P945 ZHANG GS, 1986, J FOOD PROTECT, V49, P336 English Article 533TZ FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000174547600010 183-188$://A1992KH34300010:4Richard, J. L. Bhatnagar, D. Peterson, S. Sandor, G.leAssessment of Aflatoxin and Cyclopiazonic Acid Production by Aspergillus-Flavus Isolates from HungaryeMycopathologiangaflatoxins; aspergillus-flavus; cyclopiazonic acid; mycotoxins parasiticus; precursor; strains; pathway4-Thirty-two isolates of Aspergillus flavus were obtained from various sources in Hungary. All isolates were morphologically identified as A. flavus and three atypical variants were confirmed as A. flavus by comparing their DNA with an ex type culture of A. flavus. None of these isolates produced aflatoxins when tested on coconut agar or grown on rice medium and culture extracts examined by thin layer chromatography. Also, none of the isolates converted sterigmatocystin, O-methyl sterigmatocystin, norsolorinic acid, or sodium acetate to aflatoxin. However, 59% of the isolates produced cyclopiazonic acid based on thin layer chromatographic analysis of culture extracts. The isolates that lack the ability to produce both aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid are potential candidates for use in bicontrol studies.Mycopathologia 1992 Dec 1203'NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV,PEORIA,IL 61604 UNIV VET SCI BUDAPEST,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,H-1400 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 RICHARD JL NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV,PEORIA,IL 61604:3Times Cited: 6 English Article KH343 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1992KH34300010638-645$://A1994NZ59300016eNGRiley, R. T. Voss, K. A. Yoo, K. S. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Merrill, A. H.82Mechanism of Fumonisin Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Journal of Food Protectionfumonisins; fusarium; ceramide synthase; zea-mays; toxic corn; toxicity; carcinogenesis denovo sphingolipid biosynthesis; hamster ovary cells; fusarium-moniliforme; chemical carcinogenesis; complex sphingolipids; culture material; sphingosine; sphinganine; mycotoxins; inhibitione|uwhat are the molecular events that fumonisin-induced porcine pulmonary edema syndrome and equine leucoencephalomalacia have in common? Do these animal diseases relate mechanistically to fumonisin toxicity in laboratory rats? There is considerable data indicating that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism plays an important early role in all of these diseases. In vitro studies have revealed that fumonisins and structurally related Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici-toxin (AAL- toxin) are potent inhibitors of the enzyme sphinganine (sphingosine) N-acyl transferase (ceramide synthase). Soon after cultured cells or animals are exposed to fumonisins there is a dramatic increase in the free sphingoid base, sphinganine, in tissues, serum and/or urine. Also, free sphingosine concentration increases, complex sphingolipid concentration decreases, and sphingoid base degradation products and other lipid products also increase. It is hypothesized that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is an early molecular event in the onset and progression of cell injury and the diseases associated with consumption of fumonisins. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the diseases will not be easily revealed since the role of sphingolipids in cellular regulation is very complex and not yet fully understood. While fumonisin B1 is non-genotoxic it is a complete carcinogen in rat liver. Recent studies indicate that fumonisins inhibit hepatocyte proliferation in rat liver. It has been hypothesized that hepatotoxicity and effects on hepatocyte proliferation are critical determinants for fumonisin B1 cancer initiation and promotion. Alternatively, recent studies have found that fumonisin B-1 has mitogenic activity in cultured fibroblasts. It is conceivable that the mitogenic, cytostatic and cytotoxic potential of fumonisin may all contribute to the animal diseases including liver cancer in rats.E J. Food Prot.G 1994 JulR577A'USDA ARS,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXINS RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613 S AFRICAN MRC,PROMEC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,ATLANTA,GA 30322 RILEY RT USDA ARS,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXINS RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613:4Times Cited: 35 English Article NZ593 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1994NZ59300016 645-645$://A1994NZ59300017 NGRiley, R. T. Voss, K. A. Yoo, H. S. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Merrill, A. H.RLMechanism of Fumonisin Toxicity and Carcinogenicity - (Vol 57, Pg 638, 1994) Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot. 1994 Juln577eF@Times Cited: 0 English Correction, Addition NZ593 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1994NZ59300017i~955-961$://0001699470000041&Fakhoury, A. M. Woloshuk, C. P. ztInhibition of growth of Aspergillus flavus and fungal alpha- amylases by a lectin-like protein from Lablab purpureus*$Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactionscorn genotypes resistant; aflatoxin biosynthesis; maize kernels; antifungal properties; trypsin-inhibitor; ear rot; seeds; bin908-914$://000082806500009a&Fakhoury, A. M. Woloshuk, C. P.gpjAmy1, the alpha-amylase gene of Aspergillus flavus: Involvement in aflatoxin biosynthesis in maize kernelsPhytopathology~wcoli beta-glucuronidase; molecular characterization; purification; parasiticus; resistance; growth; starch; locus; corn-Aspergillus flavus is the causal agent of an ear and kernel rot in maize. In this study, we characterized an alpha-amylase- deficient mutant and assessed its ability to infect and produce aflatoxin in wounded maize kernels. The alpha-amylase gene Amyl was isolated from A. flavus, and its DNA sequence was determined to be nearly identical to Amy3 of A. oryzae. When Amyl was disrupted in an aflatoxigenic strain of A. flavus, the mutant failed to produce extracellular alpha-amylase and grew 45% the rate of the wild-type strain on starch medium. The mutant produced aflatoxin in medium containing glucose but not in a medium containing starch. The alpha-amylase-deficient mutant produced aflatoxin in maize kernels with wounded embryos and occasionally produced anatoxin only in embryos of kernels with wounded endosperm. The mutant strain failed to produce aflatoxin when inoculated onto degermed kernels. In contrast, the wild-type strain produced aflatoxin in both the endosperm and embryo. These results suggest that alpha-amylase facilitates aflatoxin production and growth of A. flavus from a wound in the endosperm to the embryo. A 14-kDa trypsin inhibitor associated with resistance to A. flavus and aflatoxin in maize also inhibited the alpha-amylase from A. flavus, indicating that it is a bifunctional inhibitor. The inhibitor may have a role in resistance, limiting the growth of the fungus in the endosperm tissue by inhibiting the degradation of starch.APhytopathology 1999 OctI8910'Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Woloshuk CP Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USAe:3Times Cited: 3 English Article 240BU PHYTOPATHOLOGYrISI:000082806500009h4892-908$://000222479200015<5Krska, R. Josephs, R. D. Pettersson, H. MacDonald, S.pjPreparation and certification of zearalenone mass concentration of two low-level maize reference materials$Journal of Aoac Internationalperformance liquid-chromatography; certified reference material; mycotoxin zearalenone; fusarium mycotoxins; gas- chromatography; rice culture; deoxynivalenol; stability; spectrometry; cleanupThe contamination of maize by fungi, especially by Fusarium species, is, a worldwide problem. One of the most prevalent Fusarium mycotoxins frequently found on European maize is zearalenone (ZON), which has been implicated in a range of human and animal diseases. It shows remarkable estrogenic properties and can cause severe infertility problems in farm animals. Currently, 9 countries have set maximum tolerable levels for ZON in food, ranging from 0 to 1000 mug/kg. This paper describes the preparation of 2 maize reference materials (BCR-716 very low level ZON and BCR-717 low level ZON) and the certification of their individual ZON contents (mass concentration and mass fraction). Uncertainties were calculated in compliance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and include uncertainties that are due to possible inhomogeneity and instability. Finally, BCR-716 was certified at a level of <5 mug/kg and BCR-717 at a level of 83 mug/kg with an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 9 mug/kg. J. AOAC Int. 2004Jul-Aug874'LFIFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria IFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Nutr & Management, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Cent Sci Lab, York YO41 1LZ, N Yorkshire, England Krska R IFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, AustriaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 37 Cited References: *AOAC INT, 1995, OFF METH AN *AOAC INT, 1991, OFF METH AN *ASS FRANC NORM, 1991, NORM FRANC *EU, 1998, SMTHCT982228 EU *EUR COMM STAND, 1999, CR13505 1999 CEN REP *FAO UN, 1997, 64 FAO UN *ICC, 1995, 1101 ICC *INT ORG STAND, 1998, 31 ISO *ISO, 2000, 33 ISO *ISO, 1999, 34 ISO *ISO, 1980, 6540 ISO *ISO, 1993, GUID EXPR UNC MEAS G BONAS G, 2003, ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR, V8, P101 DACASTO M, 1995, VET HUM TOXICOL, V37, P359 EPPLEY RM, 1968, J AOAC, V51, P74 GILBERT J, 1988, FRESEN Z ANAL CHEM, V332, P602 HAGLER WM, 1979, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V37, P849 JOSEPHS RD, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P417 JOSEPHS RD, 2003, J AOAC INT, V86, P50 KRSKA R, 2003, CERTIFICATION MASS C KRSKA R, 2003, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V20, P1141 KRSKA R, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V369, P469 KRSKA R, 2001, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P77 LINSINGER TPJ, 2001, ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR, V6, P20 LINSINGER TPJ, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V370, P183 LIU MT, 1975, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V50, P1178 MARASAS WFO, 1979, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V27, P1108 MOSS MO, 1996, MYCOL RES 5, V100, P513 PARICH A, 2004, IN PRESS MYCOTOXIN R PRELUSKY DB, 1989, J CHROMATOGR-BIOMED, V494, P267 RICHARDSON KE, 1985, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V33, P862 ROSENBERG E, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V819, P277 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCHUHMACHER R, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V359, P510 SCOTT PM, 1993, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V10, P381 VANTRIJP JMP, 1991, 9102 RIKILT WEINGAERTNER J, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V357, P1206 English Article 835JO J AOAC INTISI:0002224792000151 < 65-73$://000086162900007.'Daradimos, E. Marcaki, P. Koupparis, M.itnEvaluation and validation of two fluorometric HPLC methods for the determination of aflatoxin B-1 in olive oil&Food Additives and Contaminantsnaflatoxin B-1; immunoaffinity; solid phase extraction; olive oil rapid methods; agricultural products; bidirectional hptlc; immunoaffinity; cleanup; contamination; mycotoxins; columns; phase; maizeoTwo methods for the determination of aflatoxin B-1(AFB(1)) in olive oil were tested and compared. In method A the oil sample was mixed with methanol + water (60 + 40), extracted with hexane and then with chloroform. Chloroform was evaporated and the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane which was then transferred for clean-up onto a silica "Sep-Pak' cartridge. The cartridge was pre-washed with hexane, ethyl ether and dichloromethane. AFB(1) was eluted with chloroform + acetone (9+1), and evaporated to dryness. In method B, the oil sample was mixed with methanol + water (80+20), shaken and centrifuged. The supernatant was diluted 1:10 with water and 10 ml of the diluted mixture transferred to an "Aflaprep' immunoaffinity column for the clean-up step. AFB(1) was eluted with acetonitrile and evaporated to dryness. AFB(1) from both methods was derivatized to its hemiacetal (AFB(2a)) and then quantitated by HPLC using a C-18 (60 Angstrom 4.6 x 250 mm) column with fluorescence detection. Both methods are simple, reliable nd efficient, but method A showed a lower detection limit (2.8 ng/kg) than method B (56 ng/kg). With a 95% confidence level there was no significant difference in recovery between the two methods, which was 87.2% for method A and 84.8% for method B. In addition, application of a two- tailed F-test to the variances within spiked samples at concentrations 1, 2, 5 and 10 mu g/kg separately showed that there was no significant difference in the precisions of the two methods. Fifty samples of olive oil of Greek origin produced between 1995 and 1998 were examined with both methods for the presence of AFB(1). When analysing the samples wit method B, the presence of AFB(1) was not detected. The use of method A revealed the presence of AFB(1) in 72% of the samples. The range of contamination was generally found to ber very low (2.8-15.7 ng/kg), however one sample was contaminated with 46.3 ng/kg.Food Addit. Contam. 2000 Jan171'Univ Athens, Sch Chem, Dept Food Chem, GR-15771 Athens, Greece Univ Athens, Sch Chem, Dept Food Chem, GR-15771 Athens, Greece Univ Athens, Sch Chem, Dept Analyt Chem, GR-10679 Athens, Greece Marcaki P Univ Athens, Sch Chem, Dept Food Chem, GR-15771 Athens, GreeceztTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: BRADBURN N, 1990, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V29, P177 BRADBURN N, 1990, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V29, P435 BRADBURN N, 1989, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V28, P541 BRADBURN N, 1995, FOOD CHEM, V52, P179 CARVAJAL M, 1990, J CHROMATOGR, V5, P379 CHU FS, 1991, MUTAT RES, V259, P291 COSTABELER I, 1996, MICROBIOLOGIE ALIMEN, V14, P271 EATON DL, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN ELTEM R, 1996, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V32, P217 FOWLER J, 1997, PRACTICAL STAT FIELD GRACIAN J, 1980, GRASAS ACEITAS, V31, P167 ISOHATA E, 1986, EISEI SHIKENJO HOKOK, V104, P138 LETUTOUR B, 1983, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V60, P835 MAGNARINI C, 1990, RASS CHIM, V42, P273 MAHJOUB A, 1990, REV FRANCAISE CORPS, V37, P245 MILLER N, 1985, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V68, P136 PARK DL, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P637 PARKER WA, 1966, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V43, P635 PASTER N, 1988, J APPL BACTERIOL, V64, P293 PATEY AL, 1991, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V74, P76 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P941 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P1229 STUBBLEFIELD RD, 1987, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V70, P1047 TANTAOUIELARAKI A, 1996, MICROBIOLOGIE ALIMEN, V14, P5 TANTAOUIELARAKI A, 1985, OLEAGINEUX, V40, P451 TANTAOUIELARAKI A, 1983, REV FRANCAISE CORPS, V11, P473 TOUSSAINT G, 1977, ARCH I PASTEUR TUNIS, V3, P325 TRUCKSESS MW, 1991, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V74, P81 VANEGMOND HP, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P321 YASSA IA, 1994, ANN AGR SCI, V39, P525 YASSA IA, 1995, ANN AGR SCI CAIRO, V40, P59 English Article 298WQ FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000086162900007379-386$://000179853900014TNDawlatana, M. Coker, R. D. Nagler, M. J. Wild, C. P. Hassan, M. S. Blunden, G.leThe occurrence of mycotoxins in key commodities in Bangladesh: Surveillance results from 1993 to 1995 Journal of Natural ToxinsLFphase hptlc method; quantitative-determination; rice; aflatoxin; maized^A three-year surveillance program assessed the extent of mycotoxin contamination of key foods and feeds grown in Bangladesh. The study also included groundnuts utilized as snack food. In the first two phases of the program the samples collected were analyzed only for aflatoxins, but in the third phase, as well as for aflatoxins, samples were tested for the presence of fumonisin B-1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin. Of the foods and feeds tested, the incidence of aflatoxin contamination varied from low (rice collected from farmers' stores, 8%) to high (maize, 67%). However, both the average total aflatoxin contents (< 1.0 mug/kg) and the maximum aflatoxin B-1 contents (less than or equal to 5.0 mug/kg) recorded for pulses, rice and its various products, and wheat were low. On the other hand, the levels of contamination of maize, roasted and raw groundnuts, and poultry feed were considerably higher, with average total aflatoxin B-1 contents of 33, 13, 65, and 7 mug/kg, respectively, and maximum aflatoxin B-1 contents of 245, 79, 480, and 160 mug/kg, respectively. Fumonisin B-1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin were found, to any significant extent, only in some of the maize samples tested, always accompanied by aflatoxins. One sample of maize contained five mycotoxins, namely, the aflatoxins, fumonisin B-1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A. In a limited trial using hospital staff in Dhaka, the analysis of the aflatoxin-albumin adduct in serum showed that approximately half of the test group had been recently exposed to low levels of aflatoxins.J. Nat. Toxins 2002 NovP114 'Univ Greenwich, Nat Resources Inst, Food Management & Mkt Grp, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, England Univ Greenwich, Nat Resources Inst, Food Management & Mkt Grp, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, England Univ Leeds, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England Bangladesh Inst Res & Rehabil Diabet Endocrine &, BIRDEM, Dhaka, Bangladesh Univ Portsmouth, Sch Pharm & Biomed Sci, Portsmouth, Hants, England Coker RD Univ Greenwich, Nat Resources Inst, Food Management & Mkt Grp, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, EnglandTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 13 Cited References: *EC, 1998, 152598 ED *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56 BLUNDEN G, 1991, MED LAB SCI, V48, P271 BRADBURN N, 1995, FOOD CHEM, V52, P1789 COKER RD, 1991, ACIAR P, V36, P115 COKER RD, 1999, INAUGURAL LECT SERIE DAWLATANA M, 1999, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V49, P547 DAWLATANA M, 1998, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V47, P215 DAWLATANA M, 1996, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V42, P25 DAWLATANA M, 1995, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V41, P187 MONTESANO R, 1997, J NATL CANCER I, V89, P1844 TOMLINS KI, 1989, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V27, P67 WILD CP, 1992, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V1, P229 English Article 626CD J NAT TOXINSEISI:0001798539000145 3494-3498$://0001700434000572,Vergopoulou, S. Galanopoulou, D. Markaki, P.XQMethyl jasmonate stimulates aflatoxin B-1 biosynthesis by Aspergillus parasiticus0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryaflatoxin B-1; methyl jasmonate; A. parasiticus; HPLC lipoxygenase pathway; flavus; growth; peanuts; maize; lipoperoxidation; bioregulation; resistance; inhibition; lipidsAflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic metabolite produced by certain Aspergillus species on agricultural commodities. One factor promoting the production of aflatoxin is the presence of high levels of fatty acid hydroperoxides often found in plant material under stress. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its methyl ester (MeJA) are derived from linolenic acid, and their biosyntheses involve the production of lipid hydroperoxides. Exposure of aflatoxigenic mold to jasmonates is likely because the mold attacks plant material and possibly initiates the production of jasmonates. In this study the effect of MeJA on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and AFB(1) biosynthesis is reported. MeJA, at a final concentration of 10(-4) M in yeast extract sucrose medium, did not have any apparent effect on mycelial growth during the 16 days of observation but did increase significantly the levels of AFB(1) after the seventh day of growth. After the ninth day, AFB(1) production was decreased in contrast to the control cultures, where the production was constantly increasing. AFB(1) determination was performed by immunoaffinity and HPLC after derivatization to AFB(2a).J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001 Jul 4971' Univ Athens, Dept Food Chem, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Sch Chem, GR-15771 Athens, Greece Univ Athens, Dept Food Chem, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Sch Chem, GR-15771 Athens, Greece Markaki P Univ Athens, Dept Food Chem, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Sch Chem, GR-15771 Athens, Greece*$Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 40 Cited References: ABARCA ML, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P256 ABRAMSON D, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P642 ALDRIDGE DC, 1971, J CHEM SOC C, P1623 AZIZ NH, 1995, MICROBIOS, V84, P29 BUROW GB, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P380 DARADIMOS E, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P65 DAVIS ND, 1966, APPL MICROBIOL, V14, P378 DELUCA C, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P445 DOEHLERT DC, 1993, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V83, P1473 DOYLE MP, 1982, J FOOD PROTECT, V45, P964 ELLIS WO, 1994, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V22, P173 ELREFAI IM, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P585 ELTEM R, 1996, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V32, P217 FABBRI AA, 1983, J GEN MICROBIOL, V129, P3447 FANELLI C, 1980, BR MYCOL SOC, V75, P271 FANELLI C, 1989, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V107, P115 GARDNER HW, 1991, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1084, P221 GARDNER HW, 1995, HORTSCIENCE, V30, P197 GOODRICHTANRIKU.M, 1995, MICROBIOL-UK, V141, P2831 JOHN M, 1997, TRENDS PLANT SCI, V2, P111 LEONDARITIS G, 2000, LIPIDS, V35, P525 LUCHESE RH, 1993, J APPL BACTERIOL, V74, P5 MIERSCH O, 1987, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V26, P1037 PASSI S, 1984, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V19, P186 PASTER N, 1988, J APPL BACTERIOL, V64, P293 PATEY AL, 1991, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V74, P76 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 PITT J, 1986, NATO ASI SER, V122 REDING CLC, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P593 RODRIGUEZ SB, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P106 SHIH CN, 1972, J MILK FOOD TECHNOL, V35, P585 SHROEDER HW, 1966, APPL MICROBIOL, V14, P381 SINHA KK, 1993, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V16, P114 SMART MG, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1287 SMITH JE, 1985, MYCOTOXINS FORMATION STUBBLEFIELD RD, 1987, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V70, P1047 WASTERNACK C, 1997, TRENDS PLANT SCI, V2, P302 ZAIKA LL, 1987, J FOOD PROTECT, V50, P691 ZERINGUE HJ, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P2433 ZERINGUE HJ, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P403 English Article 455TG J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:00017004340005743482-3492$://000182932700045("Ratnavathi, C. V. Sashidhar, R. B.|uSubstrate suitability of different genotypes of sorghum in relation to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin production0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry`Zaflatoxi 1713-1721$://000089024400002("Ratnavathi, C. V. Sashidhar, R. B.yChanges in enzyme activities and aflatoxin elaboration in sorghum genotypes following Aspergillus parasiticus infestation4.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculturesorghum genotypes; Aspergillus parasiticus infestation; enzyme activity; alpha- and beta-amylase; protease; lipase; aflatoxins polyphenols Sorghum is a relatively poor substrate for aflatoxin production compared with high-risk agricultural commodities like maize and groundnut, even though it is susceptible to fungal attack. Fungal infestation of sorghum results in a varied biochemical composition of the deteriorated grain. In this study, six sorghum genotypes (red-AON 486, IS 620; yellow-LPJ, IS 17 779; white-SPV 86, SPV 462) were inoculated with a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) in order to evaluate the changes in the activities of various hydrolytic enzymes (alpha- and beta-amylases, protease and lipase) in comparison with those in uninfected grains. Enzyme activities were measured at different times after fungal infestation, and the enzymatic activities were correlated with the aflatoxin production. Alpha-amylase activity was observed to be greater than beta- amylase activity in all six genotypes under both healthy and infected conditions. The increase in alpha-amylase activity during the period of infection was higher in white genotypes than in red sorghum genotypes. Alpha-amylase activity in all the genotypes increased up to day 6 after fungal infection, but was significantly lower in infected grains than in healthy grains. The variability in the basal enzyme activities among the six sorghum genotypes was quite high compared with the amount of induction of each specific enzyme due to infection and germination. Higher protease activity was observed in the infected grains than in healthy grains. The enzyme activities in high tannin red genotypes were less than those in yellow and white genotypes. The alpha- and beta-amylase activities were positively correlated (r = 0.406 and 0.436; P < 0.05) to aflatoxin production. Inherent lipase activity was highest (on day 0) in AON 486, SPV 462 and SPV 86, as compared with the activity in infected grains. The total aflatoxins produced (quantified by TLC-fluorodensitometry) were lower in red genotypes than in yellow and white genotypes, suggesting that red genotypes were least susceptible to aflatoxin elaboration among the various genotypes tested. All four aflatoxins, (B-1, B-2, G(1) and G(2)) were present in five genotypes (IS 620, LPJ, IS 17 779, SPV 86 and SPV 462) at all the stages of infection, but, aflatoxin could not be detected in the red genotype AON 486 on day 3 after infection. White genotypes SPV 86 and SPV 462) showed maximal aflatoxin (total) production on day 6 after infection. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.J. Sci. Food Agric. 2000 Sep 158012' Osmania Univ, Univ Coll Sci, Dept Biochem, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India Osmania Univ, Univ Coll Sci, Dept Biochem, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India Sashidhar RB Osmania Univ, Univ Coll Sci, Dept Biochem, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: 1979, 13 FAO UN, P77 ARIF AG, 1969, W PAKISTAN J AGR RES, V7, P102 BERNFELD P, 1955, METHOD ENZYMOL, V1, P149 BETINA V, 1984, MYCOTOXINS PRODUCTIO, P3 BIER M, 1955, METHOD ENZYMOL, V1, P627 BLANEY BJ, 1985, P INT MYC S SYDN AUS, P97 CASTOR LL, 1980, P INT WORKSH SORGH D, P93 CHAVAN JK, 1981, J FOOD SCI, V46, P638 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1957, BOT REV, V23, P108 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1969, GRAIN STORAGE ROLE F, P153 DAIBER KH, 1975, J SCI FOOD AGR, V26, P1399 DYER TA, 1966, J SCI FOOD AGR, V17, P449 EGAN H, 1982, ENV CARCINOGENS SELE, V5, P147 GLUECK JA, 1980, P INT WORKSH SORGH D, P119 HARRIS HB, 1970, AGRON J, V62, P835 KNEEN E, 1944, CEREAL CHEM, V21, P304 KUNITZ M, 1947, J GEN PHYSIOL, V30, P291 LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P263 MATHUR SK, 1975, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V3, P683 MULIMANI VH, 1993, PLANT FOOD HUM NUTR, V44, P261 NARASIMHAM KS, 1969, CURR SCI, V38, P389 PADULE DN, 1984, NUTR PROCESSING QUAL, P231 RAO KS, 1967, NATURE, V214, P738 RATNAVATHI CV, 1998, FOOD CHEM, V61, P373 SALUNKHE DK, 1987, AFLATOXINS FOODS FEE, P1 SASHIDHAR RB, 1992, J STORED PROD RES, V28, P257 SNEDECOR GW, 1968, STAT METHODS, P120 SOMANI RB, 1992, P 22 ANN SORGH WORKS, P27 SORENSON WG, 1967, MYCOPATHOL MYCOL APP, V33, P49 TRIPATHI RK, 1974, INDIAN PHYTOPATHOL, V27, P499 USHA CM, 1994, TROP SCI, V34, P353 English Article 349BR J SCI FOOD AGRISI:000089024400002 pJ205-210$://A1995TA01600011B://A1997YD50300019a82Setamou, M. Cardwell, K. F. Schulthes, F. Hell, K.\UAspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination of preharvest maize in Benint Plant Diseasei'@9INT INST TROP AGR,PLANT HLTH MANAGEMENT DIV,COTONOU,BENINrcorn; harvest; damagetEighty and sixty maize fields were sampled in 1994 and 1995, respectively, to monitor Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination of preharvest maize in Benin. Three Aspergillus species were isolated from different agroecological zones, with A. flavus being the most prevalent. The countrywide mean percentage of kernel infection was about 20% in both years. Aflatoxin was extracted from maize in at least 30% of the fields sampled. Toxin concentrations exhibited a distinct zonal variation, with relatively high levels in the Guinea Savanna. There was a trend toward higher rate of aflatoxin accumulation per percentage A. flavus infection from the south to the north. Damage by the ear borer, Mussidia nigrivenella, increased aflatoxin accumulation in maize. Hence, the geographic pattern observed in the occurrence of A. flavus and aflatoxin may be related to the incidence of M. nigrivenella. Plant Dis. 1997 Nov%81116/Times Cited: 10 English Article YD503 PLANT DIStISI:A1997YD50300019c:3Setamou, M. Cardwell, K. F. Schulthess, F. Hell, K.s 1998Effect of insect damage to maize ears, with special reference to Mussidia nigrivenella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae), on Aspergillus flavus (Deuteromycetes : Monoliales) infection and aflatoxin production in maize before harvest in the Republic of Benin$Journal of Economic Entomology912433-438 AprJ. Econ. Entomol.ISI:000073485000015Mussidia nigrivenella; Aspergillus flavus; insect damage; maize ears; aflatoxin contamination; maize before harvest corn; contamination; georgia; pests; stemHXRMaize infection by Aspergillus flavus Link and subsequent anatoxin contamination as affected by insect damage to maize ears before harvest was studied with surveys in farmers' fields and in a field trial in the Republic of Benin, West Africa. The most important pest species was the lepidopteran earborer Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot. Percentage of grain infected by A. flavus and of samples contaminated with anatoxin, as well as the mean anatoxin content of samples, increased with increasing borer damage. Ears with <2% insect damage had an average of 11.7 and 43.6 ppb of anatoxin in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Ears in the highest damage class (i.e., > 10% damage) had an average anatoxin of 514.6 and 358.2 ppb in 1994 and 1995, respectively. In 1994 only, coleopteran species such as Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Carpophilus sp. significantly increased levels of aflatoxin in grain samples. In a field trial using M. nigrivenella infestation and A. flavus inoculation treatments, the presence of the insect feeding resulted in increased kernel infection and anatoxin contamination. Artificial infestation with M. nigrivenella larvae increased anatoxin content of maize by an average of 45 ppb, whereas inoculation with A. flavus spores increased the toxin level by 517 ppb. The significant interaction between infestation and inoculation indicated that higher levels of anatoxin B1 were found when the fungus was associated with borers than with the fungus alone. M. nigrivenlla was the major field pest connected with A. flavus infection and subsequent anatoxin production in preharvest maize in Benin.:4Times Cited: 17 English Article ZL902 J ECON ENTOMOL}://000073485000015 and http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/jee/ and http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-journals-l...'Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, 08 BP 932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, Cotonou, Benin Setamou M Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, 08 BP 932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin`STs pJ514-521$://A1994NR98700013l Bacon, C. W. Nelson, P. E.jdFumonisin Production in Corn by Toxigenic Strains of Fusarium- Moniliforme and Fusarium-Proliferatum Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot.n 1994 Juna576 NR987 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1994NR98700013302-305$://A1994MZ397000192,Bacon, C. W. Hinton, D. M. Richardson, M. D.B://A1996VE13600001 Bacon, C. W. Hinton, D. M.JDSymptomless endophytic colonization of maize by Fusarium moniliforme>8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique"Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot.6 1996 Aug7482VE136 CAN J BOT:ISI:A1996VE13600001c325-332$://000168824500021e:4Bacon, C. W. Yates, I. E. Hinton, D. M. Meredith, F.:3Biological control of Fusarium moniliforme in maizet(!Environmental Health Perspectivesi Bacillus subtilis; bacterial endophyte; biological control; corn; fumonisins; fungal endophyte; Fusarium; Gibberella moniliformis; mycotoxins; Trichoderma; Zea mays toxic tall fescue; bacterial endophytes; kernel infection; corn; resistance; fumonisins; plants; growthFusarium moniliforme Sheldon. a biological species of the mating populations within the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, i.e., population A [= G. moniliformis (Sheld.) Wineland], is an example of a facultative fungal endophyte. During the biotrophic endophytic association with maize, as well as during saprophytic growth, F. moniliforme produces the fumonisins. The fungus is transmitted vertically and horizontally to the next generation of plants via clonal infection of seeds and plant debris. Horizontal infection is the manner by which this fungus is spread contagiously and through which infection occurs from the outside that can be reduced by application of certain fungicides. The endophytic phase is vertically transmitted. This type infection is important because it is not controlled by seed applications of fungicides, and it remains the reservoir from which infection and toxin biosynthesis takes place in each generation of plants. Thus, vertical transmission of this fungus is just as important as horizontal transmission. A biological control system using an endophytic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, has been developed that shows great promise for reducing mycotoxin accumulation during the endophytic (vertical transmission) growth phase. Because this bacterium occupies the identical ecological niche within the plant, it is considered an ecological homologue to F. moniliforme, and the inhibitory mechanism, regardless of the mode of action, operates on the competitive exclusion principle. In addition to this bacterium, an isolate of a species of the fungus Trichoderma shows promise in the postharvest control of the growth and toxin accumulation from F. moniliforme on corn in storage.  Environ. Health Perspect.O 2001 May  109H'USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, TMRU, POB 5677,950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30604 USA USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, TMRU, Athens, GA 30604 USA Bacon CW USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, TMRU, POB 5677,950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30604 USA @ 9Times Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 60 Cited References: BACON CW, 1999, 5994117, US BACON CW, 1991, ADV APPL MYCOLOGY, P231 BACON CW, 1977, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V34, P576 BACON CW, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P1195 BACON CW, 1988, J PRODUCTION AGR, V1, P45 BACON CW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P302 BACON CW, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P144 BACON CW, UNPUB BAKER KF, 1974, BIOL CONTROL PLANT P CALISTRU C, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V137, P115 CHET I, 1987, INNOVATIVE APPROACHE CLAY K, 1988, MICROBIOLOGY PHYLLOS, P188 DELEON C, 1989, CROP SCI, V29, P12 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 EHRLICH MA, 1971, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V9, P155 FOLEY DC, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V52, P870 GANOVARAEVA LM, 1998, 98 GEN M AM SOC MICR, P447 GAUMANN E, 1951, PFLANZLICHE INFEKTIO GORDON RE, 1973, AGR HDB HADLEY G, 1971, PLANTA, V100, P191 HALLMANN J, 1997, CAN J MICROBIOL, V43, P895 HEADRICK JM, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P887 HINTON DM, 1985, CAN J BOT, V63, P36 HINTON DM, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V129, P117 KALDAU GA, 2000, BIOL MICROBIOL ENDOP, P85 KEDERA CJ, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P603 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 KLEIFELD O, 1992, PLANT SOIL, V144, P267 KOBAYASHI DY, 2000, BOOK SOIL P, P199 KOMMEDAHL T, 1981, FUSARIUM DIS BIOL TA, P94 KUBICEK CP, 1998, TRICHODERMA GLIOCLAD, V1 LEONIAN LH, 1932, W VIRGINIA AGR EXPT, V248, P1 LESLIE JF, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P153 LIECKFELDT E, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P2418 LIECKFELDT E, 1998, CAN J BOT, V76, P1507 MARASAS WFO, 2000, INT PROGRAM CHEM SAF, V219 MEREDITH FI, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P195 NEERGAARD P, 1977, SEED PATHOLOGY OCHOR TE, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P311 PAPAVIZAS GC, 1992, BIOL CONTROL PLANT D, P223 PENNYPACKER BW, 1981, FUSARIUM DIS BIOL TA, P400 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RICHARDSON MD, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1060 RICHARDSON MD, 1995, MYCOLOGIA, V87, P510 RILEY RT, 1993, ANNU REV NUTR, V13, P167 ROSS PF, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P109 SALAMA AM, 1973, PHYTOPATHOL Z, V77, P356 SCHARDL CL, 1992, NAT TOXINS, V1, P171 SINCLAIR JB, 1996, ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI GRA, P3 STYER RC, 1983, J AM SOC HORTIC SCI, V108, P717 SUMNER DR, 1968, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V58, P761 THOMASMA DC, 1982, MOBIUS, V2, P72 VALLEAU WD, 1920, KY AGR EXP STN B, V226, P25 VERHOEFF K, 1974, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V12, P99 VOORHEES RK, 1933, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V23, P368 VOORHEES RKC, 1934, J AGR RES, V49, P1009 WHITE JF, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P340 YATES IE, 1999, J FOOD PROTEC, V66, P1326 YATES IE, 1999, MYCOL RES 2, V103, P129 YATES IE, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P723 English Article 2 434PF ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECTTISI:000168824500021O ~S intervals intervention intestinal epithelial cellsintestinal-absorptioninundative releasesinverse sampling invivo iodineion chromatography ionization mass-spectrometry ionization-mass-spectrometryiowa IPEC-1 iprodioneiran iron overloadirradiated corn kernelsirradiated maize irradiation irrigation isolation isomerization isothermits methyl ester iturin-a ivory-coastjapanjuicek-ras kappa-b kentuckyKenya kernelkernel infection kernels kidney kinasekinase-activityklebsiella-pneumoniaeKluyveromyces spp kojic acid kwashiorkorl l cultivars l seedsL.laboratory testslarvae lepidopteralata(#layer chromatographic determination layer chromatographic plates laying hen leaf curl leaf spotleaf volatilesleaf-derived volatiles leafhopper lentimorbus lepidoptera$!lepidopterous stem and cob borersleptosphaeria-maculans lesotholeucoencephalomalacialeucostoma-persoonii leucotretaleukoencephalomalacialevel levels life changelight ligninlinelines linkage linked immunosorbent-assay linked-immunosorbent-assay linoleic-acidlinolenic acid linxian lipaselipid peroxidationlipid-inductionlipid-peroxidation lipid-peroxidation products lipidslipoperoxidationlipoprotein lipase lipoxygenaselipoxygenase genelipoxygenase pathwayliquid chromatography liquid chromatography-mass liquid chromatography/mass40liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance liquid- liquid-chromatographic assay($liquid-chromatographic determination liquid-chromatographic methodliquid-chromatography liseolalisteria-monocytogenes lithosphereliver liver in-vivo liver-cancer livestock locationslocilocuslogistic-normal-binomialLolium rigidumlongloss losseslow-density lipoproteinslr lubiminlung lung cancerlung- lutea lourlyaselycopersicon esculentum lysine macroconidia macrocyclic trichothecenes macrophagesmagnetite equilibriamaizemaize (Zea mays)maize before harvest maize ear rot maize fieldsmaize genotypes maize grain maize hybrid maize hybridsmaize kernel development maize kernelsmaize pink ear rot maize plantsmaize postharvest pestsmaize processing maize seeds malabsorptionmalathion flourmalathion flour granulesmalondialdehyde mammalian-mammalian-cellmammary carcinomas mammary glandmammary-tumors managementmandelonitrilemango manipulation manitoba manuremap markers market agemass spectroscopymass- mass-spectramass-spectrometrymat-2 materialmaterial (CRM) matingmating populationmating population Hmating population-amating populations matrix maturitymaxim mays L. maysinD?maysin-apimaysin-3 '-methoxymaysin chloro-genic acid-flavonoid- mechanism mechanismsmechanistic implications medicaginisMedicago sativa medium megaspermamejumembrane fluidity membrane lipid-compositionmembrane-lipidsmen messenger-rna metabolicmetabolic-activation metabolism metabolitemetabolite repression metabolites metconazole methioninemethionine synthase methionine synthase reductasemethod validation methyl estermethyl jasmonate(#methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase( 2826-2831$://000182335200064piBakan, B. Bily, A. C. Melcion, D. Cahagnier, B. Regnault-Roger, C. Philogene, B. J. R. Richard-Molard, D.Possible role of plant phenolics in the production of Trichothecenes by Fusarium graminearum strains on different fractions of maize kernels0*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryFusarium; mycotoxins; trichothecenes; phenolic compounds; maize 4-acetyl-benzoxazolin-2-one 4-aboa; aspergillus-flavus; natural occurrence; cereal-grains; cross-linking; fumonisin b1; ferulic acid; mycotoxins; biosynthesis; deoxynivalenolFour trichothecene-producing strains of Fusarium graminearum were grown on three maize grain fractions, whole grain, degermed grain, and the germ, to determine the effect of natural substrates on mycotoxin production. Monitoring the ergosterol content after 25 days of incubation indicated that fungal growth on all grain fractions was comparable. Trichothecene (TCT) production was highest on degermed grain, less on whole grain, and very low or nondetectable on the germ; similar results were found with four different strains. It was concluded that inhibitor(s) of TCT biosynthesis were present in maize germ. The presence of phenolic compounds was investigated in the different fractions. The hydroxamate 4- acetylbenzoxazolin-2-one (4-ABOA), a known inhibitor of mycotoxin production, was found in the degermed and whole grain fractions but not in the germ. Therefore, the TCT inhibition observed on the maize germ fraction used in our study is clearly not linked to 4-ABOA. Other soluble phenolic compounds were found at a much higher concentration in the germ than in the two other fractions. The inhibition property of the soluble ester-bound extracts was tested in liquid culture. A possible role for these compounds is discussed.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003 Apr 23519'INRA, Lab Microbiol & Technol Cerealieres, Rue Geraudiere,BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France INRA, Lab Microbiol & Technol Cerealieres, F-44316 Nantes, France Univ Pau & Pays Adour, IBEAS, Lab Ecol Mol, F-64000 Pau, France Univ Ottawa, Inst Biol, Ottawa Carleton Inst Biol, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada Bakan B INRA, Lab Microbiol & Technol Cerealieres, Rue Geraudiere,BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 48 Cited References: ALBERTS JF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P1729 ARGANDONA VH, 1981, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V20, P673 ARNASON JT, 1992, J STORED PROD RES, V28, P119 BAKAN B, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P998 BENNETT GA, 1996, FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO, V50, P235 BILGRAMI KS, 1990, NATL ACAD SCI LETT, V13, P405 CAHAGNIER B, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V20, P247 CAHAGNIER B, 1993, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V17, P7 CAMBIER V, 2000, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V53, P223 CHARMLEY L, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 CHIPLEY JR, 1980, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V40, P352 COLLINS W, 1986, OATS CHEM TECHNOLOGY, P227 DESJARDINS AE, 1988, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V27, P767 FAULDS CB, 1995, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V43, P1082 FIELDER DA, 1994, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V35, P521 FRIEDMAN J, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2102 FRY S, 1988, GROWING PLANT CELL W FRY SC, 1986, ANNU REV PLANT PHYS, V37, P165 GONZALEZ HHL, 1999, FOOD AUDIT CONTAM, V16, P656 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 KELLER NP, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P483 MEGALLA SE, 1987, J FOOD PROTECT, V50, P826 MELCION D, 1998, SCI ALIMENT, V18, P301 MILLER JD, 1996, BIOCHEM SYST ECOL, V24, P647 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J BOT, V64, P1 MULTON JL, 1988, PRESERVATION STORAGE, P89 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NORTON RA, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P1230 NORTON RA, 1995, LIPIDS, V30, P269 ONEILL K, 1993, J APPL BACTERIOL, V74, P625 OUDGENOEG G, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P2503 OUELLET T, 1993, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V83, P1003 PARK JJ, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1642 PELSHENKE PF, 1954, STARCH-STARKE, V6, P177 PITT JI, 2000, BRIT MED BULL, V56, P184 RYU JC, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P333 SAULNIER L, 2000, CARBOHYD POLYM, V645, P269 SCHNURER J, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P552 SCOTT PM, 1984, J FOOD PROTECT, V47, P489 SEN A, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P1879 SINHA KK, 1981, INDIAN PHYTOPATHOL, V34, P530 SOLUSKI F, 1982, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V30, P337 STEYN PS, 1999, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V18, P229 TANAKA T, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P979 TOTHILL IE, 1992, MYCOL RES, V96, P965 WEIDNER S, 1996, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V24, P107 WOLF CE, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P365 WOLFHALL CE, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P962 English Article 669CW J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000182335200064156-162$://A1993KF24900026PJPayne, G. A. Nystrom, G. J. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E. Woloshuk, C. P.ZTCloning of the Afl-2 Gene Involved in Aflatoxin Biosynthesis from Aspergillus-Flavus,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology4.neuros156-162$://A1993KF24900026PJPayne, G. A. Nystrom, G. J. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E. Woloshuk, C. P.ZTCloning of the Afl-2 Gene Involved in Aflatoxin Biosynthesis from Aspergillus-Flavus,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology4.neurospora-crassa; parasiticus; transformation^XAflatoxins are extremely potent carcinogens produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Cloning of genes in the aflatoxin pathway provides a specific approach to understanding the regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis and, subsequently, to the control of aflatoxin contamination of food and feed. This paper reports the isolation of a gene involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis by complementation of an aflatoxin- nonproducing mutant with a wold-type genomic cosmid library of A. flavus. Strain 650-33, blocked in aflatoxin biosynthesis at the afl-2 allele, was complemented by a 32-kb cosmid clone (B9), resulting in the production of aflatoxin. The onset and profile of aflatoxin accumulation was similar for the transformed strain and the wild-type strain (NRRL 3357) of the fungus, indicating that the integrated gene is under the same control as in wild-type strains. Complementation analyses with DNA fragments from B9 indicated that the gene resides within a 2.2-kb fragment. Because this gene complements the mutated afl- 2 allele, it was designated afl-2. Genetic evidence obtained from a double mutant showed that afl-2 is involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis before the formation of norsolorinic acid, the first stable intermediate identified in the pathway. Further, metabolite feeding studies with the mutant, transformed, and wild-type cultures and enzymatic activity measurements in cell extracts of these cultures suggest that afl-2 regulates gene expression or the activity of other aflatoxin pathway enzymes. This is the first reported isolation of a gene for aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.s 1993 Janf591 'N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 PAYNE GA N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695iB://000186493900006Munkvold, G. P.F?Cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in maize&Annual Review of Phytopathologyaflatoxins; deoxynivalenol; fumonisins; Fusarium; resistance fusarium ear rot; corn-borer resistance; aspergillus-flavus; aflatoxin production; field corn; kernel infection; fumonisin contamination; deoxynivalenol content; weather variables; gibberella-zeaeInfection of maize kernels by toxigenic fungi remains a challenging problem despite decades of research progress. Cultural practices, including crop rotation, tillage, planting date, and management of irrigation and fertilization, have limited effects on infection and subsequent mycotoxin accumulation. Current infrastructure and grain storage practices in developed countries can prevent postharvest development of mycotoxins, but this aspect remains a threat in developing countries, especially in tropical areas. Because most mycotoxin problems develop in the field, strategies are needed to prevent infection of growing plants by toxigenic fungi. Developing genetic resistance to Aspergillus flavus, Gibberella zeae, and Fusarium spp. (particularly F verticillioides) in maize is a high priority. Sources of resistance to each of these pathogens have been identified and have been incorporated into public and private breeding programs. However, few, if any, commercial cultivars have adequate levels of resistance. Efforts to control infection or mycotoxin development through conventional breeding and genetic engineering are reviewed. The role of transgenic insect control in the prevention of mycotoxins in maize is discussed.Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 200341'Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, 7301 NW 62nd Ave,POB 85, Johnston, IA 50131 USA Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA Munkvold GP Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, 7301 NW 62nd Ave,POB 85, Johnston, IA 50131 USATimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 110 Cited References: *CAST, 2003, 38 CAST *IOW STAT U, 1987, GRAIN DRY HANDL STOR AVANTAGGIATO G, 2002, J SCI FOOD AR, V83, P13 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BLACKWELL BA, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P31 BROWN MP, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V26, P81 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P778 CARDWELL KF, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P276 CHEN ZY, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P1785 CHIOU CH, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P306 CHUNGU C, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P81 CLEMENTS MJ, 2001, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V91, PS17 CLEMENTS MJ, 2003, PLANT DIS, V87, P147 COTTEN TK, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P550 CULLEN D, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P89 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DAVIS RM, 1989, CALIF AGR, V43, P4 DESJARDINS AE, 1993, MICROBIOL REV, V57, P595 DESJARDINS AE, 2002, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V15, P1157 DEWOLF ED, 2003, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V93, P428 DILLMACKY R, 2000, PLANT DIS, V84, P71 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 DUTOIT LJ, 1998, PLANT DIS, V83, P176 DUVICK J, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P337 ENERSON PM, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P1463 FARRAR JJ, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P661 FLETT BC, 1991, J PHYTOPATHOL, V133, P327 FLETT BC, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P781 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GENDLOFF EH, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P684 GORMAN DP, 1992, PLANT BREEDING, V109, P292 HAMBLIN AM, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P292 HAMMATT H, 2001, LANDSCAPE ARCHIT, V91, P36 HARRIS LJ, 2001, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V58, P173 HARRIS LJ, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P954 HELL K, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P365 HERUM FL, 1987, CORN CHEM TECHNOLOGY, P83 HOENISCH RW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P517 HOLLEY RN, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P578 HOLSCHER K, 2000, P ANN INT CROP MAN C, P41 HOOKER DC, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P611 JEFFERS DP, 1995, MEM 3 REUN LAT AM 16, V1, P417 JONES RK, 1986, AFLATOXIN MAIZE, P136 JONES RK, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P810 JONES RK, 1981, PLANT DIS, V65, P741 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 KOEHLER B, 1959, U IL AGR EXP STA B, V639, P85 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LILLEHOJ EB, 1976, CROP SCI, V16, P483 LILLEHOJ EB, 1975, CROP SCI, V15, P267 LILLEHOJ EB, 1983, SO COOPERATIVE SERIE, V279, P27 LISKER N, 1991, MYCOTOXINS ANIMAL FO, P689 LOENARD KL, 2003, FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT MACMILLIAN WW, 1982, AGRON J, V74, P156 MACMILLIAN WW, 1991, N CENT REG PUBL, V329, P329 MAGG T, 2002, PLANT BREEDING, V121, P146 MARIN S, 1999, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V51, P159 MASOERO F, 1999, MAYDICA, V44, P205 MAUPIN LM, 2001, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V91, PS59 MCCONNELL LM, 1999, GENET TEST, V3, P65 MCGEE DC, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P742 MILLER JD, 1998, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V20, P95 MUNKVOLD BP, 2002, BIOL CULT TESTS CONT, V17, PC6 MUNKVOLD GP, 2002, BIOL CULT TESTS CONT, V17, PC5 MUNKVOLD GP, 2001, BIOL CULT TESTS CONT, PC2 MUNKVOLD GP, 2000, BIOL CULT TESTS CONT, V15, P14 MUNKVOLD GP, 2000, P AFL FUM WORKSH 200, P142 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 2000, PLANT HLTH PROGR SEP ODVODY GN, 2000, P AFL FUM WORKSH 200, P121 OKUBARA PA, 2002, THEOR APPL GENET, V106, P74 PAYNE GA, 1998, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V36, P329 PAYNE GA, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS, P44 PAYNE GA, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P679 PEREZBRITO D, 2001, AGROCIENCIA, V35, P181 PIETRI A, 2000, P 6 INT FEED PROD C, P226 PINGALI PL, 2001, CIMMYT 1999 2000 WOR PROCTOR RH, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V27, P100 REID LM, 1994, J HERED, V85, P118 RODRIGUEZDELBOSQUE LA, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P988 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2001, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V23, P279 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P1123 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 SCOTT GE, 1984, PLANT DIS, V68, P804 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SMELTZER DG, 1958, AGRON J, V50, P53 SMITH CJ, 1988, FERT RES, V18, P3 SMITH FL, 1949, AGRON J, V41, P347 SMITH JE, 1997, HDB PLANT FUNGAL TOX, P269 STEWART DW, 2002, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V92, P534 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 SUTTON JC, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P149 VIGIER B, 1997, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V19, P60 WALKER RD, 2001, PLANT DIS, V85, P322 WARFIELD CY, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P208 WARREN HL, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1331 WIDSTROM NW, 1978, AGRON J, V70, P986 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WIDSTROM NW, 2000, P AFL FUM WORKSH 200, P64 WILCKE WF, 1995, MINN EXT SERV PUBL WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 WOLOSHUK CP, 2000, P USDA ARS AFL FUM W, P103 YU J, 2000, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V53, P583 YU JJ, 2000, GENE, V248, P157 English Review 742AW ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOLISI:000186493900006 1283-1293 $://000183762800006sleClements, M. J. Campbell, K. W. Maragos, C. M. Pilcher, C. Headrick, J. M. Pataky, J. K. White, D. G.angInfluence of Cry1Ab protein and hybrid genotype on fumonisin contamination and fusarium ear rot of corno Crop Sciencebacillus-thuringiensis corn; fall armyworm lepidoptera; bt maize hybrids; esophageal cancer; pulmonary-edema; equine leukoencephalomalacia; symptomless infection; borer lepidoptera; moniliforme; mycotoxinsFusarium ear rot of corn (Zea mays L.) is associated with feeding damage from the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, and the corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea Boddie. Specific transformation events encoding for Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) may reduce Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin concentration in grain by minimizing damage from certain insects. The objective of this study was to determine if effects from Cry1Ab protein in kernels and silks on fumonisin concentration in grain vary depending on the genotype of the hybrid or the predominant insect species. Four Bt corn hybrids and their corresponding nontransgenic, near-isogenic hybrids were compared for ear rot severity and fumonisin concentration in grain in four environments. Treatments included inoculation with F. verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenb. (Syn = F. moniliforme J. Sheld.) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenb., infestation with ECB larvae, infestation with CEW larvae, and controls. Cry1Ab protein from the Mon810 transformation event was associated with reduced ear rot severity when hybrids were not inoculated with Fusarium spp., regardless of whether hybrids were infested or not infested with insects. Cry1Ab protein was associated with reduced fumonisin concentration in grain when ECB was the predominant insect, but not when CEW was the predominant insect. Cry1Ab protein was not associated with reduced fumonisin concentration in grain for the most resistant hybrid pair in this study. Results suggest that Bt hybrids can reduce fumonisin concentration in grain during seasons when ECB is favored, but not during seasons when CEW is favored. Hybrid genotype was an important factor in reducing fumonisin concentration in grain. Crop Sci. 2003Jul-Aug434'|vUniv Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA USDA ARS, CHPRRU, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Monsanto Co, Monmouth, IL 61462 USA USDA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63167 USA White DG Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA , &Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 64 Cited References: *CFSAN, 2001, BACKGR PAP SUPP FUM *CFSAN, 2001, GUID IND FUM LEV HUM *NTP, 1999, 116355830 NTP CAS ANDERSON BM, 1993, 48 ANN CORN SORGH RE ARMSTRONG CL, 1995, CROP SCI, V35, P550 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 CHENG SJ, 1985, CARCINOGENESIS, V6, P903 CHRISTENSEN JJ, 1950, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V40, P284 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CLEMENTS MJ, 2002, PLANT DIS, V87, P147 CLEMENTS MJ, 2002, THESIS U ILLINOIS UR COLVIN BM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P79 DAVIS RM, 1989, CALIF AGR, V43, P4 DOKO MB, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P433 DOWD PF, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P1067 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 FARRAR JJ, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P661 FINCHAM JE, 1992, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, V94, P13 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P407 GELINEAUVANWAES J, 2001, 1 FUNG GEN 2 FUM EL GOMEZ KA, 1984, STAT PROCEDURES AGR GOULD F, 1998, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V43, P701 GUTHRIE WD, 1960, OHIO AGR EXP STN B HAMMOND R, 2001, 1 FUNG GEN 2 FUM EL HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HASCHEK WM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P83 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KOEHLER B, 1942, J AGR RES, V64, P421 KREIK NNJ, 1981, VET RES, V48, P129 LYNCH RE, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P246 LYNCH RE, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P1217 MAGG T, 2002, PLANT BREEDING, V121, P146 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARCON PCRG, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P279 MASOERO F, 1999, MAYDICA, V44, P205 MASON CE, 1996, N CENTRAL REGIONAL E, V327 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 MUSSER SM, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1169 OSTLIE KR, 1997, NCR PUBLICATION, V602 OSWEILER GD, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P53 PILCHER CD, 1997, J ECON ENTOMOL, V90, P669 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RICE ME, 1998, AM ENTOMOL, V44, P75 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 ROSS PF, 1993, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V5, P69 SAXTON AM, 2003, P MIX 23 SAS US GROU SCOTT DH, 1992, PURDUE U AGR EXP STN, V646 SHELDON JL, 1904, 17TH AGR EXPT STAT A, P23 SMELTZER DG, 1959, AGRON J, V51, P53 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 WIDSTROM NW, 1967, J ECON ENTOMOL, V60, P791 WILSON TM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P115 WINDELS CE, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P328 WOLOSHUK CP, 2001, 1 FUNG GEN 2 FUM EL English Article 694FH CROP SCIISI:000183762800006} 127-132$://000188718400008ttnZhu, F. P. Wicker, N. J. Volcik, K. Zhang, J. Shaw, G. M. Lammer, E. J. Suarez, L. Canfield, M. Finnell, R. H.piPromoter haplotype combinations for the human PDGFRA gene are associated with risk of neural tube defectsg(!Molecular Genetics and MetabolismN platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor; promoter; haplotype; neural tube defects; birth defects; risk factors; etiology factor-alpha-receptor; growth-factor; spina-bifida; binding protein; vitamin use; folic-acid; in-vitro; folate; polymorphisms; homocysteinepjRecent animal studies suggested that deregulated expression of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha) may contribute to the failure of normal neural tube closure (NTC). There is also suggestive evidence that the promoter haplotype of the PDGFRA is associated with genetic susceptibility in human neural tube defects (NTDs). The purpose of our study was to investigate the association between promoter haplotype combinations of the human PDGFRA gene and risk for NTDs in a Hispanic population from the Texas-Mexico border region. This population has a considerably higher prevalence of NTDs (16/10,000 live births) than that generally reported in the United States (8-10/10,000 live births). In the present study, NTDs were defined as spina bifida or anencephaly. The haplotype of PDGFRA gene promoter was determined by direct DNA sequence analysis. Two novel haplotypes, H2epsilon and H1beta, were found. We observed significant differences among variable haplotype groups from in vitro transient transfection studies in U2-OS osteosarcoma cell and two other cell lines (HeLa cell and MCF7 cell). Result from our case-control study demonstrated that the frequencies of haplotypes with low transcription activity were significantly higher in NTD mothers than that observed in control mothers (odds ratio = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.0-4.6). Infants with at least one low activity allele showed slightly higher risk (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% = 0.8-3.1). Our study suggests that the reduced transcriptional activity of PDGFRA gene could increase the risk of having an NTD-affected pregnancy. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Mol. Genet. Metab. 2004 Feb812'PJTexas A&M Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biosci & Technol, Ctr Environm & Genet Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA Texas A&M Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biosci & Technol, Ctr Environm & Genet Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Environm & Rural Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA Calif Birth Defects Monitoring Program, March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, Oakland, CA USA Childrens Hosp Oakland, Inst Res, Oakland, CA USA Texas Dept Hlth, Texas Birth Defects Res Ctr, Austin, TX 78756 USA Finnell RH Texas A&M Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biosci & Technol, Ctr Environm & Genet Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA:4Times Cited: 0 English Article 770JA MOL GENET METABISI:000188718400008238-243$://000185983500002B://A1997XJ75500002`ZSydenham, E. W. Vismer, H. F. Marasas, W. F. O. Brown, N. L. Schlechter, M. Rheeder, J. P.\UThe influence of deck storage and initial processing on patulin levels in apple juicen&Food A429-434$://A1997XJ75500002`ZSydenham, E. W. Vismer, H. F. Marasas, W. F. O. Brown, N. L. Schlechter, M. Rheeder, J. P.\UThe influence of deck storage and initial processing on patulin levels in apple juicen&Food Additives and ContaminantstZSpatulin; P-expansum; apples; processing penicillium-expansum; products; water; pearl.'Patulin, a secondary metabolite produced by Penicillium expansum and some other fungal species, is a common contaminant of ripened apples used for the production of apple juice concentrates. The limited availability of suitable storage facilities may result in fruit being subjected to storage in the open ('deck storarge') for extended periods of time, prior to processing. A study was conducted to determine the influence that deck storage and subsequent initial processing practices had on patulin levels in freshly pressed juice. Over the study period, triplicate samples were collected at four strategic processing points from individual consignments of Granny Smith apples deck-stored for 7, 15 and 33 days, respectively. Over the study period, mean patulin levels in non-processed fruit increased from 90 to 2445 ng/g, respectively, but decreased to between 75 and 695 ng/g, respectively, following a water wash step. Subsequent removal of rotten/damaged fruit decreased patulin levels further (to between 55 and 405 ng/g, respectively), although the numerical decreases between sampling points were not shown to be statistically significant (P > 0.05). However, patulin levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the rejected rotten/damaged fruit (mean levels ranged from 1120 to 6235 ng/g, respectively). P. expansum was the major patulin-producing fungus isolated from the juice samples. The mycological analyses tended to support the chemical data, in that removal of the rotten/damaged fractions significantly reduced total fungal counts in the juice samples.Food Addit. Contam. 1997 Jul145'S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAM MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA Sydenham EW S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAM MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA<6Times Cited: 9 English Article XJ755 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:A1997XJ75500002ited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: ABBAS HK, 1993, TOXICON, V31, P345 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P407 GUTHRIE FE, 1987, TXB MODERN TOXICOLOG, P123 LAMPRECHT SC, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P383 MERRILL AH, 1993, ADV LIPID RES, V26, P215 MERRILL AH, 1996, TRENDS CELL BIOL, V6, P218 MIROCHA CJ, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P47 MUSSER SM, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1169 NORRED WP, 1993, NAT TOXINS, V1, P341 PRELUSKY DB, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P389 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P73 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RILEY RT, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P533 ROSS PF, 1994, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V6, P263 SEO JA, 1996, J NAT PROD, V59, P1003 SHEPHARD GS, 1995, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V33, P591 SHEPHARD GS, 1994, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V32, P23 SHEPHARD GS, 1994, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V32, P489 SHEPHARD GS, 1992, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V30, P277 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1995, J CHROMATOGR A, V692, P39 SHEPHARD GS, 1994, TOXICON, V32, P735 SHEPHARD GS, 1992, TOXICON, V30, P768 SHEPHARD R, 1995, SPORT SCI REV, V4, P1 SHIER WT, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V116, P97 VAINIO H, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P535 VUDATHALA DK, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P81 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 English Article 188KD FOOD CHEM TOXICOLISI:0000798446000036j 2116-21222$://0001864889000222+Shim, W. B. Flaherty, J. E. Woloshuk, C. P.ngComparison of fumonisin B-1 biosynthesis in maize germ and degermed kernels by Fusarium verticillioides Journal of Food Protectioncoli beta-glucuronidase; milled corn fractions; aspergillus- flavus; aflatoxin biosynthesis; fungal biomass; gibberella- fujikuroi; moniliforme; gene; growth; expressionM<5Fusarium verticillioides produces a group of mycotoxins known as fumonisins in maize kernels. Fumonisins are associated with a variety of mycotoxicoses in humans and animals; thus, their presence in food is a considerable safety issue. This study addressed fumonisin B, (FB1) production in two components of the maize kernel, namely the germ tissues and the degermed kernel. Growth of F. verticillioides was similar in colonized germ tissue and degermed kernels, but FB1 production was at least five times higher in degermed maize kernels than in germ tissue. Expression of the fumonisin polyketide synthase gene, FUM1, as measured by beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and Northern blot analysis, followed the same pattern as FB1 production. Also correlated to FB1 was a concomitant drop in pH of the colonized degermed kernels. A time course experiment showed that degermed kernels inoculated with F. verticillioides became acidified over time (from pH 6.4 to 4.7 after 10 days of incubation), whereas colonized germ tissue became alkaline over the same period (from pH 6.5 to 8.5). Because conditions of acidic pH are conducive to FB1 production and alkaline pH is repressive, the observed correlation between the acidification of degermed kernels and the increase in FB1 provides one explanation for the observed differences in FB1 levels. J. Food Prot. 2003 Nov6611'Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 915 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Woloshuk CP Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 915 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA D =Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 47 Cited References: 2001, BACKGROUND PAPER SUP 2001, GUIDANCE IND FUMONIS ALEXANDER RJ, 1987, MAIZE CHEM TECHNOLOG, P351 ATTWATER WA, 1983, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V5, P158 BACON CW, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P1195 BACON CW, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P144 BAJRACHARYA R, 1980, BIOTECHNOL BIOENG, V22, P2219 BENNETT GA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P317 BERMINGHAM S, 1995, MYCOL RES 4, V99, P479 BRANDAO RL, 1992, J GEN MICROBIOL, V138, P1579 BROGGI LE, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P465 BROWN RL, 2001, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V57, P708 BROWN RL, 1997, J FOOD PROTECT, V60, P84 CARROLL AM, 1994, FUNGAL GENET NEWSLET, V41, P22 DASILVA MC, 2001, J BASIC MICROB, V41, P269 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 FAKHOURY AM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P908 FLAHERTY JE, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P2482 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 JEFFERSON RA, 1987, EMBO J, V6, P3901 KATTA SK, 1997, CEREAL CHEM, V74, P858 KELLER SE, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P205 KELLER SE, 1997, J IND MICROBIOL BIOT, V19, P305 MANIATIS T, 1982, MOL CLONING LAB MANU MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MAY JB, 1987, MAIZE CHEM TECHNOLOG, P377 MONKE E, 1993, MOL GEN GENET, V241, P73 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 OOIJKAAS LP, 1998, ENZYME MICROB TECH, V22, P480 PUNT PJ, 1991, J BIOTECHNOL, V17, P19 RAIMBAULT M, 1998, ELECTRON J BIOTECHN, V1, P174 REID LM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P1028 ROBERTS IN, 1989, CURR GENET, V15, P177 SCHNURER J, 1991, CEREAL CHEM, V68, P434 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SHIM WB, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P1607 SHIM WB, 1999, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V177, P109 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STLEGER RJ, 1999, MICROBIOL-UK 10, V145, P2691 SUAREZ L, 2000, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V152, P1017 TOTHILL IE, 1992, MYCOL RES, V96, P965 WARFIELD CY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P2853 WATSON SA, 1987, MAIZE CHEM TECHNOLOG, P53 WOLOSHUK CP, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P3019 WOLOSHUK CP, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P670 XU JR, 1996, GENETICS, V143, P175 English Article 741YX J FOOD PROTECTISI:000186488900022 >d~fumonisin contaminationfumonisin contentfumonisin deaminasefumonisin esterasefumonisin production fumonisin-b1 fumonisinsfumonisins in maizefunctional domains functional-functional-analysis fungalfungal biomassfungal competitionfungal contaminationfungal elicitorfungal endophyte fungal growthfungal interactionsfungal keratitis fungal lipase fungal toxinsfungal transformationfungi fungicide fungicides fungusfungus aspergillus-flavus fungus fusarium-moniliforme fursarenon-xfusaproliferin fusarenon-X fusaric acid$!fusaric acid and its methyl ester Fusariumfusarium anguioidesFusarium circinatum fusarium crown and root rotFusarium culmorumFusarium dimerumfusarium ear rotFusarium fungiFusarium globosumFusarium graminearumFusarium graminearurnfusarium head blightFusarium head scabFusarium moniliforme0+Fusarium moniliforme (= F. verticillioides)fusarium mycotoxin$fusarium mycotoxin beauvericin$fusarium mycotoxin moniliforminfusarium mycotoxins$fusarium mycotoxins fumonisinsFusarium nygamaiFusarium oxysporumFusarium proliferatumfusarium section liseola Fusarium sp.Fusarium species Fusarium spp.Fusarium subglutinans$ Fusarium subglutinans f. sp piniFusarium toxinFusarium toxinsFusarium verticilhoidesFusarium verticillioides(#Fusarium, fumonisins, maize, Africa fusarium-fusarium-beomiformefusarium-crookwellenseFusarium-diseasesfusarium-equisetifusarium-fujikuroifusarium-graminearumfusarium-moniliformefusarium-oxysporumfusarium-proliferatumfusarium-sporotrichioidesfusarium-subglutinansfusarium-verticillioides fusionG-moniliformis G-thapsina G. coronicolagal4 GAL4-type DNA-binding protein gambiagambian children gamma-gamma-irradiationgamma-linolenic acidgamma-radiation garnetgas-gas-chromatographygastrointestinal fluid gel-permeation chromatography gendergene gene clustergene disruptiongene genealogiesgene polymorphismgene regulationgene silencing gene-clustergenetic diversitygenetic mechanismsgenetic polymorphismgenetic polymorphismsgenetic risk factor genetic-genetic-controlgenetic-variation genetically genetically-engineered crops genisteingenome structure genotype genotypesgenotypes resistantgeographic areas$geographic information-systemsgeographical origin georgiageostatistical analysis geostatistics germinationgermination inhibitors germplasmgermplasm lineGhana Gibberellagibberella ear rotGibberella fujikuroi Gibberella fujikuroi complexGibberella moniliformisGibberella zeae gibberella-gibberella-fujikuroigibberella-pulicarisgibberella-zeae gliotoxin gliotoxin induces apoptosisglobulin-2 gene glucose syrup glucose-glucose-oxidase gene glucosidase glucuronidaseglucuronidase geneglutathione-s-transferase Glycine maxglycoalkaloidsGMO gpi-anchored graded-grain grain storage grain weevils grain yield grain-yield grains graminearum graminicola granary granulesgrapevine pruning woundsgrass grass weeds grasslandsgray leaf-spotgreen green tea greenish-yellow fluorescencegrits groundnut group-1growing barrowsgrowing chickens growing pigs growthgrowth retardants growth-factor705-713$://000185661500006Munkvold, G. P.JDEpidemiology of Fusarium diseases and their mycotoxins in maize ears*#European Journal of Plant Pathologydeoxynivalenol; fumonisins; F. graminearum; F. moniliforme; F. subglutinans; F. verticillioides gibberella-zeae; fumonisin production; head blight; deoxynivalenol content; weather variables; kernel infection; corn hybrids; field-tests; moniliforme; rot0*Fusarium species cause two distinct diseases on ears of maize, Fusarium ear rot (or pink ear rot) and Gibberella ear rot (or red ear rot), both of which can result in mycotoxin contamination of maize grain. The primary causal agent for Fusarium ear rot is Fusarium verticillioides, but F. subglutinans and F. proliferatum are also important. Gibberella ear rot is caused primarily by F. graminearum, but F. culmorum can also be important, especially in Europe. Aspects of the epidemiology of both diseases have been studied for decades, but only recently have efforts been made to synthesize this information into comprehensive models of disease development. Much of the work on F. graminearum has focused on Fusarium head blight of small-grain crops, but some of the results obtained are also relevant to maize. The primary mycotoxins produced by these fungi, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol, have differing roles in the disease-cycle, and these roles are not completely understood, especially in the case of fumonisins. Progress is being made toward accurate models for risk assessment of both diseases, but key challenges remain in terms of integrating models of pre- and post-infection events, quantifying the roles of insects in these diseases, and characterizing interactions among competing fungi and the environment.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2003 Sep 1097'Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Munkvold GP Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 73 Cited References: AVANTAGGIATO G, 2003, J SCI FOOD AGR, V83, P13 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BARTELT RJ, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P2447 BERGSTROM GC, 2002, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V92, PS93 BOOTH C, 1971, GENUS FUSARIUM BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BULLOCK D, 2001, GENETICALLY MODIFIED, P21 CARDWELL KF, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P276 CARTER JP, 2002, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V108, P573 CLEMENTS MJ, 2003, PLANT DIS, V87, P147 COTTEN TK, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P550 COTTEN TK, 1996, THESIS IOWA STATE U DESJARDINS AE, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P79 DESJARDINS AE, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5773 DESJARDINS AE, 2002, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V15, P1157 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 DEWOLF ED, 2003, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V93, P428 DILLMACKY R, 2000, PLANT DIS, V84, P71 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 FOLEY DC, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V52, P870 FRANCL L, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P662 GILBERTSON RL, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P1309 GILLETTE KS, 1999, THESIS IOWA STATE U HARRIS LJ, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P954 HEADRICK JM, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P268 HOENISCH RW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P517 HOOKER DC, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P611 KABEERE F, 1997, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V25, P245 KEYSER Z, 1999, S AFR J SCI, V95, P455 KOEHLER B, 1959, U ILLINOIS AGR EXPT, V639 KOMMEDAHL T, 1981, FUSARIUM DIS BIOL TA, P94 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LOGRIECO A, 2002, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V108, P597 LOGRIECO A, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V122, P185 MARASAS WFO, 2000, ENVIRONM HLTH CRITER, V219, P1 MARIN S, 1996, CAN J MICROBIOL, V42, P1045 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1999, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V51, P159 MARIN S, 2001, J SCI FOOD AGR, V81, P1060 MCGEE DC, 1988, MAIZE DIS REFERENCE MELCION D, 1997, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V24, P301 MILLER JD, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P321 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P211 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 NYVALL RF, 1970, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V60, P1233 NYVALL RF, 1968, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V58, P1704 OOKA JJ, 1977, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V67, P1023 PARRY DW, 1995, PLANT PATHOL, V44, P207 PAULITZ TC, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P74 PAULITZ TC, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P674 REID LM, 1996, AGR AGRIFOOD CANADA REID LM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P1028 REID LM, 1996, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V86, P110 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2001, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V23, P279 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P1123 SCHULTHESS F, 2002, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V92, P120 SCOTT GE, 1984, PLANT DIS, V68, P804 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SMITH DR, 1988, AGRONOMY, V18, P687 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STEWART DW, 2002, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V92, P534 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 SUTTON JC, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P149 TSCHANZ AT, 1976, MYCOLOGIA, V68, P327 VELLUTI A, 2001, J SCI FOOD AGR, V81, P88 VIGIER B, 1997, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V19, P60 WARFIELD CY, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P208 WILKE AL, 2001, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V91, PS95 English Article 727MA EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYISI:000185661500006 ~267-276$://000168824500013OngGelderblom, W. C. A. Seier, J. V. Snijman, P. W. Van Schalkwyk, D. J. Shephard, G. S. Marasas, W. F. O.wb\Toxicity of culture material of Fusarium verticillioides strain MRC 826 to nonhuman primates(!Environmental Health Perspectivesuculture material; fumonisins; Fusarium verticillioides; hepatotoxicity; nonhuman 39-51$://000168347100004fvoGelderblom, W. C. A. Lebepe-Mazur, S. Snijman, P. W. Abel, S. Swanevelder, S. Kriek, N. P. J. Marasas, W. F. O.LXQToxicological effects in rats chronically fed low dietary levels of fumonisin B-1B Toxicologytoxicity of fumonisin B-1 in rats fusarium-moniliforme; cell-proliferation; lipid-peroxidation; liver-cancer; hepatocytes; carcinogenesis; mycotoxins; toxicity; hepatocarcinogenesis; fluorescencenThe toxicity of low dietary levels of fumonisin B-1 (FB1), i.e. 1, 10 and 25 mg FB,;kg diet, were monitored in rats over a period of 24 months. No effects on the body weight gain and feed intake profiles were noticed, while the relative liver weight was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the FB1-treated rats. Mild toxic effects, including single cell necrosis (apoptosis). proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells (DEC), and early signs of fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia and in one case, adenofibrosis, were noticed in the liver of the rats fed the highest (25 mg/FB1/kg diet) dietary level. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in the level of oxidative damage was also noticed in the liver of the rats of high dosage dietary group. The toxic effects were less severe in the 10 mg FB1/kg dietary group, whilst only a few ground glass foci were observed in the 1 mg FB1/kg dietary group. Hepatocyte nodules, staining positively for glutathione-S-transferase (placental form, PGST), were observed macroscopically in the 25 mg FB1/kg treated group and to a lesser extent in the 10 mg FB1/kg treated rats. The most prominent toxic lesions by FB1 (10 and 25 mg FB1/kg dietary groups) in the kidneys were restricted to the tubular epithelium manifesting as granular cast, necrosis, apoptosis, calcification and the presence of regenerative foci in the proximal convoluted tubules. The existence of a cytotoxic/proliferative threshold with respect to cancer induction by FB, in rat liver became apparent, with a dietary level of < 10-mg FB1/ikg diet as a no effect threshold for the induction of hepatocyte nodules. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Toxicology 2001 Mar 21 161 1-2'Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Pretoria, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Pathol, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa Gelderblom WCA Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa6/Times Cited: 5 English Article 426JY TOXICOLOGYISI:000168347100004, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1296 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P505 SEITZ LM, 1982, CEREAL CHEM, V59, P100 SMITH JE, 1985, FORMATION ANAL SIGNI, P148 SUZUKI Y, 1996, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V41, P1485 SWEGLE M, 1992, PLANT PHYSIOL, V99, P1009 TLUSCIK F, 1981, ACTA SOC BOT POL, V50, P645 WHITE DG, 1995, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P7 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WYLLIE TD, 1978, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V3, PR7 English Article 483CA J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000171615100019Mx@69-75$://000221821600007RRKvan der Westhuizen, L. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Shephard, G. S. Swanevelder, S.~xDisruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis in hepatocyte nodules: selective proliferative stimulus induced by fumonisin B-1 Toxicologyfumonisin; hepatocyte nodules; sphingosine; sphinganine human esophageal cancer; fusarium-moniliforme; ceramide synthase; rat hepatocytes; vervet monkeys; corn; sphingosine; sphinganine; mycotoxins; liverIn order to investigate the role of sphingolipid disruption in the cancer promoting potential of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) in the development of hepatocyte nodules, male Fischer 344 rats were subjected to cancer initiation (FB1 containing diet or diethylnitrosamine (DEN) by i.p. injection) and promotion (2- acetylaminofluorene with partial hepatectomy, 2-AAF/PH) treatments followed by a secondary FB1 dietary regimen. Sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in control, surrounding and nodular liver tissues of the rats. The disruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis by the secondary FBI treatment in the control rats was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by the 2- AAF/PH cancer promotion treatment. The nodular and surrounding Sa levels returned to baseline following FBI initiation and 2- AAF/PH promotion. When comparing the groups subjected to the secondary FBI treatment, the initiation effected by FB1 was less (P < 0.01) sensitive to the accumulation of Sa in the nodular and surrounding tissues than DEN initiation and the 2- AAF/PH control treatment. In contrast, the So level of FB1 initiation was marginally increased in the nodules compared to the surrounding liver aft795-798$://A1993LN99100005D=Usha, C. M. Patkar, K. L. Shetty, H. S. Kennedy, R. Lacey, J.NHFungal Colonization and Mycotoxin Contamination of Developing Rice GrainMycological Research Mycol. Res.o 1993 Julo977 LN991 MYCOL RESISI:A1993LN99100005o`Food Standard Agency,f 20032+Contaminated maize meal withdrawn from saleh LondonTwo batches of maize meal have been voluntarily withdrawn from sale after tests showed that they contained unusually high levels of fumonisins, a group of undesirable chemicals known as mycotoxins. The two products, Fresh and Wild Organic Maize Meal and Infinity Foods Organic Maize Meal, were tested as pFood Standard Agency,f 20032+Contaminated maize meal withdrawn from saleh LondonTwo batches of maize meal have been voluntarily withdrawn from sale after tests showed that they contained unusually high levels of fumonisins, a group of undesirable chemicals known as mycotoxins. The two products, Fresh and Wild Organic Maize Meal and Infinity Foods Organic Maize Meal, were tested as part of an on-going survey being carried out by the Food Standards Agency to check for levels of a range of mycotoxins in maize and maize products. Results received so far in the survey for other maize-containing products, such as corn flour and polenta, are not a cause for concern. Fumonisins have been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in animals after long-term exposure and it is possible that they could have the same effect on humans. While there is no limit for fumonisins in food currently, the European Commission (EC) has proposed a limit of 500 micrograms per kilogram (mcg/kg). The levels found in the two maize meal samples are above the proposed EC limit and are considered to be high at 4712 and 20435 mcg/kg. However, there is unlikely to be any immediate risk to health. The two products have been withdrawn from sale as a precaution and the EC has been notified about the results. The Food Standards Agency is now carrying out further testing to see if any other brands are affected. Mycotoxins, like fumonisins, are produced by a range of moulds growing on food crops in the field and in storage. Previous surveys have shown that levels of mycotoxins in food are generally very low. The Food Standards Agency carries out a rolling programme of research and surveys to monitor products that might be affected and takes action when unacceptable levels are found.http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/sep/maize and http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/sep/moremaize and http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/maizemeal10.pdf'UK Headquarters Food Standards Agency Aviation House 125 Kingsway London WC2B 6NH Switchboard: 020 7276 8000 Emergencies only: 020 7270 8960743-745$://A1988N739100033|uBezuidenhout, S. C. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Gorstallman, C. P. Horak, R. M. Marasas, W. F. O. Spiteller, G. Vleggaar, R.TMStructure Elucidation of the Fumonisins, Mycotoxins from Fusarium-Moniliforme >7Journal of the Chemical Society-Chemical CommunicationsT"J. Chem. Soc.-Chem. Commun.  1988 Jun 1Y11'CSIR,NATL CHEM RES LAB,POB 395,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV BAYREUTH,ORGAN CHEM LAB,D-8580 BAYREUTH,FED REP GER S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA CSIR,NATL CHEM RES LAB,POB 395,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICAD=Times Cited: 308 English Article N7391 J CHEM SOC CHEM COMMUNISI:A1988N739100033  689-701$://0000864114000030)Burow, G. B. Gardner, H. W. Keller, N. P.HAA peanut seed lipoxygenase responsive to Aspergillus colonizationPlant Molecular BiologyArachis hypogaea; Aspergillus parasiticus; lipoxygenase; plant defense gene; plant/microbe interaction rice blast fungus; methyl jasmonate; aflatoxin production; expression; gene; pathway; maize; sequences; infection; tobaccoPSeveral lines of evidence have indicated that lipoxygenase enzymes (LOX) and their products, especially 9S- and 13S- hydroperoxy fatty acids, could play a role in the Aspergillus/seed interaction. Both hydroperoxides exhibit sporogenic effects on Aspergillus spp. (Calvo, A., Hinze, L., Gardner, H.W. and Keller, N.P. 1999. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 3668-3673) and differentially modulate aflatoxin pathway gene transcription (Burow, G.B., Nesbitt, T.C., Dunlap, J. and Keller, N.P. 1997. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10: 380-387). To examine the role of seed LOXs at the molecular level, a peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed gene, PnLOX1, was cloned and characterized. Analysis of nucleotide sequence suggests that PnLOX1 encodes a predicted 98 kDa protein highly similar in sequence and biochemical properties to soybean LOX2. The full- length PnLOX1 cDNA was subcloned into an expression vector to determine the type(s) of hydroperoxide products the enzyme produces. Analysis of the oxidation products of PnLOX1 revealed that it produced a mixture of 30% 9S-HPODE (9S-hydroperoxy-10E, 12Z-octadecadienoic acid) and 70% 13S-HPODE (13S-hydroperoxy- 9Z, 11E-octadecadienoic acid) at pH 7. PnLOX1 is an organ- specific gene which is constitutively expressed in immature cotyledons but is highly induced by methyl jasmonate, wounding and Aspergillus infections in mature cotyledons. Examination of HPODE production in infected cotyledons suggests PnLOX1 expression may lead to an increase in 9S-HPODE in the seed.Plant Mol.Biol. 2000 Mar425' Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Keller NP Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USATimes Cited: 9 Cited Reference Count: 45 Cited References: ALTSCHUL SF, 1990, J MOL BIOL, V215, P403 AXELROD B, 1981, METHOD ENZYMOL, V71, P441 BELL E, 1991, MOL GEN GENET, V230, P456 BELL E, 1993, PLANT PHYSIOL, V103, P1133 BUROW GB, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P380 CALVO AM, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P3668 CHAMPE SP, 1989, J BACTERIOL, V171, P3982 DOEHLERT DC, 1993, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V83, P1473 EALING PM, 1989, BIOCHEM J, V264, P929 FARMER EE, 1992, PLANT CELL, V4, P129 FROHMAN MA, 1990, PCR PROTOCOLS GUIDE, P28 GARDNER HW, 1995, HORTSCIENCE, V30, P197 GARDNER HW, 1998, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V75, P1801 GARDNER HW, 1998, LIPIDS, V33, P745 GARDNER HW, 1996, LIPOXYGENASE LIPOXYG, P162 GEERTS A, 1994, PLANT PHYSIOL, V105, P269 GILMAN DF, 1977, PEANUT SCI, V4, P67 GISH W, 1993, NAT GENET, V3, P266 GOODRICHTANRIKU.M, 1995, MICROBIOL-UK, V141, P2831 HEITZ T, 1997, PLANT PHYSIOL, V114, P1085 HILDEBRAND DF, 1989, PHYSIOL PLANTARUM, V76, P249 KOZAK M, 1984, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V12, P857 LEE LS, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P340 LUDWIG P, 1987, EUR J BIOCHEM, V168, P325 LUTCKE HA, 1987, EMBO J, V6, P43 MELAN MA, 1993, PLANT PHYSIOL, V101, P441 OHTA H, 1991, PLANT PHYSIOL, V97, P94 PATTEE HE, 1977, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V54, P183 PENG YL, 1994, J BIOL CHEM, V269, P3755 PORTER NA, 1984, J AM CHEM SOC, V106, P2626 RANCE I, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P6554 RICKER KE, 1994, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V44, P65 ROYO J, 1996, J BIOL CHEM, V271, P21012 SAMBROOK J, 1989, MOL CLONING LAB MANU SANDERS TH, 1975, LIPIDS, V10, P681 SANDERS TH, 1982, PEANUT SCI TECHNOLOG, P624 SHIBATA D, 1988, J BIOL CHEM, V263, P6816 SHIBATA D, 1987, J BIOL CHEM, V262, P10080 SIEDOW JN, 1991, ANNU REV PLANT PHYS, V42, P145 SMART MG, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1283 STECZKO J, 1992, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V31, P4053 STECZKO J, 1991, PROTEIN EXPRES PURIF, V2, P221 VERONESI C, 1996, PLANT PHYSIOL, V112, P997 WU SC, 1994, PLANT PHYSIOL, V105, P1097 ZERINGUE HJ, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P403 English Article 303FM PLANT MOL BIOLISI:000086411400003 88-93$://000220532100009HBBush, B. J. Carson, M. L. Cubeta, M. A. Hagler, W. M. Payne, G. A.`ZInfection and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides in developing maize kernelsPhytopathologyF?moniliforme; corn; b-1; contamination; mycotoxins; cancer; earsoFusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination are serious problems for maize growers, particularly in the southeastern United States. The lack of maize genotypes highly resistant to infection by Fusarium verticillioides or to fumonisin contamination emphasizes the need for management strategies to prevent contamination by this mycotoxin. Information on the initial appearance of infection and fumonisin contamination of kernels and their increase over time is needed to determine if early harvest may be an appropriate control strategy. Maize ears from replicated studies at two locations in eastern North Carolina were harvested weekly, starting 2 weeks after pollination and continuing for 14 weeks. The percentage of kernels infected with E verticillioides and the fumonisin contamination in the harvested samples were determined. Kernel infection by F. verticillioides and fumonisin contamination appeared as kernels neared physiological maturity and increased up to the average harvest date for maize in North Carolina. Beyond this date, the concentrations of fumonisin fluctuated. Under years conducive for fumonisin contamination. early harvest (greater than 25% grain moisture) may help reduce the level of contamination.Phytopathology 2004 Jan941'pjN Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, New Holland, PA 17557 USA USDA ARS, Cereals Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Payne GA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 25 Cited References: CAMBPELL KW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V48, P778 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GOMEZ KA, 1984, STAT PROCEDURES AGR HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 KEDERA CJ, 1994, INT J PEST MANAGE, V40, P117 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P796 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 KINGSLAND GC, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V52, P519 KOEHLER B, 1942, J AGR RES, V64, P421 KULISEK ES, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P65 LAWRENCE EB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P379 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P1 MERRILL AH, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P297 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P211 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL PLACINTA CM, 1999, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V78, P21 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 WARFIELD CY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P2853 WHITE D, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS, P45 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 ZUMMO N, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P771 English Article 807WR PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:000220532100009 498-505$://000221241900011 Shephard, G. S. Sewram, V.~xDetermination of the mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 in maize by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography: a collaborative study&Food Additives and Contaminantszfumonisin; maize; corn; thin-layer chromatography (TLC); mycotoxin; Fusarium fusarium-moniliforme; corn; products; cleanupA simple and cost-effective method using thin-layer chromatography for the determination of the mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 in maize is described. The analytical method consisted of the extraction of ground maize by shaking with methanol/water (75: 25) for 60 min and clean-up of the resultant extract by means of strong anion exchange solid-phase extraction. The purified residue, formed by evaporation of the elution solvent, was reacted with fluorescamine and the fumonisin B-1-derivative was separated by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography using a developing solution of methanol/aqueous 4% potassium chloride (70: 30). The derivatized FB1 was readily visualized as a greenish-yellow spot under long wavelength ultraviolet light and quantified by visual comparison with a set of similarly derivatized standards in the range 20-300 ng FB1 spotted on plate. Based on visual comparison, levels down to 0.5 mg kg(-1) were successfully estimated. The method was collaboratively studied in 14 laboratories using four duplicate maize meal samples (including a blank) and a spiked sample for determination of recovery. No significant difference was observed between mean FB1 levels by high-performance liquid chromatography or thin-layer chromatography. Based on within- laboratory relative standard deviations of 27.1-41.7% and between-laboratory relative standard deviations of 35.0-63.3%, the method can be considered semiquantitative. The mean recovery achieved by participants at a spiking level of 2.00 mg kg(-1) was 74.5%.Food Addit. Contam. 2004 May215'S African MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Shephard GS S African MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 23 Cited References: *CEN, 1999, 13505 CEN CR EUR COM *EUR COMM, 2003, UPD OP SCI COMM FOOD *IARC, 2002, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V82, P301 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BOLGER M, 2001, WHO FOOD ADDITIVES S, V47, P103 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 DAWLATANA M, 1995, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V41, P187 DEGIROLAMO A, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P59 DUPUY J, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P2864 DUPUY J, 1993, JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT, V6, P476 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P1 PREIS RA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P463 ROTTINGHAUS GE, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P326 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V142, P107 SHELBY RA, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P2064 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P31 STOCKENSTROM S, 1994, MYCOTOXIN RES, V10, P9 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P285 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, PROGR FOOD CONTAMINA, P65 VAINIO H, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P535 English Article 818JR FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000221241900011d$oxins327-331$://0001788277000062,Aziz, N. H. El-Zeany, S. A. Moussa, L. A. A.nhInfluence of gamma-irradiation and maize lipids on the production of aflatoxin B-1 by Aspergillus flavus Nahrung-Foodaflatoxins; Aspergillus flavus; food control; food and feed; fungal lipase; gamma-irradiation; lipids; maize; moulds; mycotoxins; preservation of foods; storage radiation; ochraceus; exposure; inoculum; storage; wheatF~xThe effect of gamma-irradiation and maize lipids on aflatoxin B, production by Aspergillus flavus artificially inoculated into sterilized maize at reduced water activity (a(w) 0.84) was investigated. By increasing the irradiation doses the total viable population of A. flavus decreased and the fungus was completely inhibited at 3.0 kGy. The amounts of aflatoxin B, were enhanced at irradiation dose levels 1.0 and 1.5 kGy in both full-fat maize (FM) and defatted maize (DM) media and no aflatoxin B-1 production at 3.0 kGy gamma-irradiation over 45 days of storage was observed. The level in free lipids of FM decreased gradually, whereas free fatty acid values and fungal lipase activity increased markedly by increasing the storage periods. The free fatty acid values decreased by increasing the irradiation dose levels and there was a significant enhancement of fungal lipase activity at doses of 1.0 and 1.50 kGy. The ability of A. flavus to grow at a(w) 0.84 and produce aflatoxin B-1 is related to the lipid composition of maize. The enhancement of aflatoxin B-1 at low doses was correlated to the enhancement of fungal lipase activity. Nahr.-Food 2002 Oct465'Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, POB 29, Cairo, Egypt Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, Cairo, Egypt Anim Hlth Res Inst, Giza, Egypt Aziz NH Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, POB 29, Cairo, EgyptTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 39 Cited References: *AOAC, 1990, OFF METH AN, PCH26 ACOTT KM, 1975, FOOD TECH, V10, P603 ANTONIAN E, 1988, LIPIDS, V23, P1101 APPLEGATE KL, 1976, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V31, P349 AZIZ NH, 1994, ASSIUT J AGR SCI, V25, P205 AZIZ NH, 1991, ISOTOPE RAD RES, V23, P41 AZIZ NH, 1989, J EGYPT VET MED ASS, V49, P951 AZIZ NH, 2000, NAHRUNG, V44, P354 BEHERE AG, 1978, J FOOD SCI, V43, P1102 CUERO RG, 1988, BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS, P67 CUERO RG, 1986, FOOD MICROBIOL, V3, P107 ELFAR F, 1992, NAHRUNG, V36, P143 ELSAMAHY SK, 1995, EGYPT J RAD SCI APPL, V8, P215 ELZAWAHRY YA, 1991, J MICROBIOL, V26, P267 ERHART HF, 1990, IND CEREALS, V63, P39 FARAG RS, 1990, P 5INT WORK C STOR P, P311 FARKAS J, 1989, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V9, P1 GENOT C, 1984, SCI ALIMENT, V4, P631 HASSAN AA, 1998, J FOOD SAFETY, V18, P159 LESAGE L, 1990, 5 INT WORK C STOR PR, P385 LESAGEL, 1985, SCI ALIMENTS, V5, P483 MAHROUS SR, 2001, EGYPT J RAD SCI APPL, V14, P111 MITCHELL GE, 1988, FOOD TECHNOL AUSTR, V40, P324 NANDI B, 1984, ACTA AGR SCAND, V43, P128 ODAMTTEN GT, 1987, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V4, P119 OGUNDERO VW, 1980, MYCOLOGIA, V72, P118 PASTER N, 1985, J SCI FOOD AGR, V36, P445 PITT JI, 1975, WATER RELATIONS FOOD, P273 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1991, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V13, P47 REFAI MK, 1996, APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES, V47, P617 RICHARDMOLARD D, 1985, PROPERTIES WATER FOO, P273 ROMER TR, 1975, J AOAC, V58, P500 RUBAN EL, 1978, APPL BIOCHEM MICROB, V14, P654 SCHINDLER AF, 1980, J FOOD PROTECT, V43, P7 SHAHIN AAM, 1997, MICROBIOS, V90, P163 SNEDECOR GW, 1980, STAT METHODS SVIRIDENKO YY, 1978, APPL BIOCHEM MICROB, V14, P524 WALLACE HAH, 1983, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V82, P65 YOUSSEF BM, 1995, EGYPT RAD SCI APPL, V8, P121 English Article 608CN NAHRUNGISI:000178827700006z  j DDrugs & Aging Drugs Aging@;Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata Entomol. Exp. Appl.@;Environmental Health Perspectives Environ. Health Perspect.4.Environmental Microbiology Environ. Microbiol.PJEnvironmental Toxicology and Water Quality Environ. Toxicol. Water QualityEpidemiology Epidemiology@=European Food Research and Technology Eur. Food Res. Technol.0+European Journal of Agronomy Eur. J. Agron.@:European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology<9European Journal of Plant Pathology Eur. J. Plant Pathol.@://000180109800015,&Dombrink-Kurtzman, M. A. Rooney, L. W.ZTEffect of nixtamalization on fumonisin-contaminated corn for production of tortillas"Bioactive Compounds in Foods AMER CHEMICAL SOC,tmfree sphingoid bases; alkaline cooking; b-1; hydrolysis; maize; temperature; mycotoxins; starch; ap(1); diets,Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticilliodes (Sacc.) Niremberg (synonym F. monififorme Sheldon) and Fusarium proliferatum, are found in corn worldwide. Low levels of fumonisins can occur in corn products destined for human consumption. Studies were undertaken to determine the fate of fumonisins during nixtamalization (alkaline cooking), using normal-appearing corn that was naturally contaminated with fumonisin B-1 at 8.8 ppm. Samples from each stage of processing were analyzed to determine how much fumonisin remained in finished products. The majority of the fumonisin (76%) was present, primarily as hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1 in the steep water and wash water. Tortillas contained approximately 0.50 ppm fumonisin 13, plus 0.36 ppm hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1, representing 18.5% of the fumonisin B, detected in the raw corn. Nixtamalization appears to be a means for significantly reducing the amount of fumonisin in corn.Acs Symposium Series 2002 816mTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 33 Cited References: 1999, MILLING J JUL, P36 *URL, 1999, DRAFT TECHN B URL, V496 *US FDA CTR FOOD S, 2000, DRAFT DOC GUID IND BLACKWELL BA, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P31 BRYANT CM, 1997, CEREAL CHEM, V74, P171 CAMPUSBAYPOLI ON, 1999, STARCH-STARKE, V51, P173 DESJARDINS AE, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P1377 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5781 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P622 GUZMANDEPENA D, 1995, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V55, P858 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HARTL M, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5078 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HOWARD PC, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3546 JACKSON LS, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P906 LAWRENCE JF, 2000, J AOAC INT, V83, P604 MARAGOS CM, 1997, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V9, P3 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MEISTER U, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P13 MEREDITH FI, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1218 MERRILL AH, 1996, TRENDS CELL BIOL, V6, P218 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NORRED WP, 1997, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V147, P63 ROONEY LW, 1999, CEREAL FOOD WORLD, V44, P466 ROONEY LW, 1987, CORN CHEM TECHNOLOGY, P399 SAUNDERS S, 2000, FUM RISK ASS WORKSH, P35 SCHMELZ EM, 1998, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V148, P252 SCOTT PM, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P823 SERNASALDIVAR SO, 1990, ADV CEREAL SCI TECHN, V10, P243 SERNASALDIVAR SO, 1991, CEREAL CHEM, V68, P565 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 SYDENHAM EW, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1198 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P486 English Review BV81A  Washington'tnDombrink-Kurtzman MA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USAISI:000180109800015oz://A1993LC68700001LKovacs, F. Vanyi, A.TNCirculation of Certain Heavy-Metals, Nitrates and Mycotoxins in the Food-Chain Magyar Allatorvosok LapjaMagy. Allatorv. Lapja9 1993 Apr484I LC687 MAGY ALLATORV LAPJA0ISI:A1993LC687000010 N817-824$://000080022700011sLemmer, E. R. Hall, P. D. Omori, N. Omori, M. Shephard, E. G. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Cruse, J. P. Barnard, R. A. Marasas, 817-824$://000080022700011sLemmer, E. R. Hall, P. D. Omori, N. Omori, M. Shephard, E. G. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Cruse, J. P. Barnard, R. A. Marasas, W. F. O. Kirsch, R. E. Thorgeirsson, S. S.Histopathology and gene expression changes in rat liver during feeding of fumonisin B-1, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliformeCarcinogenesisgrowth-factor-alpha; stem-cell compartment; c-myc; oval cells; hepatocellular-carcinoma; esophageal cancer; hepatocarcinogenesis; regeneration; hepatocytes; apoptosisFumonisin B-1 (FB1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme in corn. Feeding of FB1 to rats causes acute liver injury, chronic liver injury progressing to cirrhosis, and sometimes terminates in hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma. This study describes the histolopathology and changes in gene expression in the rat liver during short-term feeding of FB1. Male Fischer rats were fed either FB1 250 mg/kg or control diet, and were killed weekly for 5 weeks. FB1 caused a predominantly zone 3 'toxic' liver injury, with hepatocyte death due to necrosis and apoptosis, Hepatocyte injury and death were mirrored by hepatic stellate cell proliferation and marked fibrosis, with progressive disturbance of architecture and formation of regenerative nodules, Despite ongoing hepatocyte mitotic activity, oval cell proliferation was noted from week 2, glutathione S-transferase pi-positive hepatic foci and nodules developed and, at later time points, oval cells were noted inside some of the 'atypical' nodules, Northern blot (mRNA) analysis of liver specimens from weeks 3 to 5 showed a progressive increase in gene expression for alpha-fetoprotein, hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and especially TGF-beta 1 and c-myc, Immunostaining with LC(1-30) antibody demonstrated a progressive increase in expression of mature TGF-beta 1 protein by hepatocytes over the 5 week feeding period. The overexpression of TGF-beta 1 may be causally related to the prominent apoptosis and fibrosis seen with FB1-induced liver injury. Increased expression of c-myc may be involved in the cancer promoting effects of FB1.Carcinogenesis 1999 Mayi205s'Univ Cape Town, MRC, Liver Res Ctr, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Univ Cape Town, MRC, Liver Res Ctr, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Univ Cape Town, Dept Anat Pathol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Flinders Univ S Australia, Dept Anat Pathol, Bedford Pk, SA 5042, Australia S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa NCI, Expt Carcinogenesis Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Shephard EG Univ Cape Town, MRC, Liver Res Ctr, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa :4Times Cited: 23 English Article 191KY CARCINOGENESISISI:000080022700011l1317-1326$://000179858800004"Blaney, B. J. Dodman, R. L.Production of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and acetylated derivatives by Australian isolates of Fusarium graminearum and F-pseudograminearum in relation to source and culturing conditions2+Australian Journal of Agricultural ResearchGibberella zeae; G. coronicola; head scab; crown rot; head blight; phytotoxicity trichothecene mycotoxins; roseum graminearum; gibberella-zeae; head blight; wheat; queensland; maize; 4-deoxynivalenol; populations; virulence LEAustralian isolates of Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fp = F. graminearum Group 1) and F. graminearum (Fg = F. graminearum Group 2) can produce mycotoxins including zearalenone (ZEA), 4- deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol (NIV). Fp isolates from wheat and barley tillers in southern Queensland all produced ZEA and DON in culture, and one typical isolate also produced 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Most Fg isolates from wheat and sorghum grains in southern Queensland produced ZEA and DON and one typical isolate also produced 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Fg isolates from maize plants in northern Queensland were all ZEA and NIV producers, which was consistent with previous reports, and they also produced high concentrations of acetyl- nivalenols. ZEA and either DON or NIV production by cultures derived from different conidia (a167-2060$://000176962600010e,&Bhatnagar, D. Yu, J. J. Ehrlich, K. C."Toxins of filamentous fungi& Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity KARGERsodium-calcium aluminosilicate; fujikuroi mating population; aflatoxin b-1 biotransformation; pathway gene clusters; hepatitis-b virus; fusarium-moniliforme; ochratoxin-a; aspergillus-parasiticus; hepatocellular-carcinoma; alternaria- alternataChemical ImmunologyS 200281*$Times Cited: 10 English Review BU77M Basel7'^WBhatnagar D USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USAISI:000176962600010$)629-642$://000183400700007PICleveland, T. E. Dowd, P. F. Desjardins, A. E. Bhatnagar, D. Cotty, P. J.United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on pre-harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US cropsPest Management ScienceVPmycotoxins; Aspergillus; Fusarium; pre-harvest; prevention; management; crops; biocontrol preharvest aflatoxin contamination; southwestern corn-borer; aspergillus ear rot; environmentally selective control; malathion flour granules; coli beta-glucuronidase; fusarium head blight; chewing insect pests; maize kernels; biological- controlMycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt mycotoxin biosynthesis. This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks.Pest Manag. Sci. 2003Jun-Jul59 6-7'f_USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Cleveland TE USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USAtmTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 153 Cited References: *CAST, 1979, AFL OTH MYC AGR PERS *CEMCE, 1993, PAQ TECHN INT SIEMBR ALEXANDER NJ, 1999, MOL GEN GENET, V261, P977 ANTILLA L, 2001, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P132 BACON CW, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P325 BAI GH, 2001, PLANT BREEDING, V120, P1 BALZI E, 1994, J BIOL CHEM, V269, P2206 BARTELT RJ, 1997, RRD ENTOMOL, V1, P115 BAYMAN P, 1993, CAN J BOT, V71, P23 BHATNAGAR D, IN PRESS MICROBIOL B BHATNAGAR D, 2001, MICROBIOL FOOD CONTA, P207 BLACKWELL BA, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P31 BOCK CH, 1999, BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN, V9, P529 BOCK CH, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, 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SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P505 SHARMA RP, 1991, MYCOTOXINS PHYTOALEX, P3 TUCKER DH, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P290 VEGA FE, 1995, BIOL CONTROL, V5, P545 WALKER RD, 2001, PLANT DIS, V85, P322 WHITE DG, 1998, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P4 WHITE DG, 1995, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P7 WHITE DG, 1995, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P8 WICKLOW DT, 1991, AFLATOXIN CORN NEW P, P315 WICKLOW DT, 1998, MYCOSCIENCE, V39, P167 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WIDSTROM NW, IN PRESS EUR J AGRON WIDSTROM NW, 2000, P AFL FUM WORKSH 200, P64 WILLIAMS WP, 2002, J ECON ENTOMOL, V95, P1049 WILLIAMS WP, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P1471 WINDHAM GL, 1999, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P89 WINDHAM GL, 1998, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P83 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 WINDHAM GL, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P281 WOLFFRAMM C, 1988, FEBS LETT, V238, P325 WOLOSHUK CP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P164 English Review 687WV PEST MANAG SCIISI:000183400700007H ^oxins118-121$://000175245800015Aziz, N. H. Smyk, B.Influence of UV radiation and nitrosamines on the induction of mycotoxins synthesis by nontoxigenic moulds isolated from feed samples Nahrung-Foodmycotoxins; irradiation; nitrosamines; toxigenic moulds; nontoxigenic moulds; feed products; aflatoxins; ochratoxin A; food control; mycotoxin synthesis aspergillus-flavus; ochratoxin production; gamma-radiation; aflatoxin; exposure; ochraceus; maize; milkThe effects of UV radiation and nitrosamines on the induction of mycotoxin biosynthesis by some nontoxigenic moulds isolated from feed samples collected from Egypt and Poland A-as investigated. Nontoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus P-63, A. niger EN-200 and A. ochraceus P-157 synthesized mycotoxins (aflatoxins and ochratoxin, A) after exposure to near UV radiation for 120-210 min. Nitrosamines (DMNA. and DENA) at 30 up to 1000 ppm induced the synthesis of aflatoxins by nontoxigenic species of A. flavus ES-255 and P-63 and A. niger EN 200. Near-UV radiation and nitrosamines had no influence on the induction of mycotoxin synthesis by Penicillium and Fusarium isolates. All nontoxigenic strains of Aspergilli which synthesized aflatoxins in the presence of 1000 ppm nitrosamines, also synthesized continuously aflatoxins during the next fifteen generations. Near-UV radiation and nitrosamines had a mutagenic effect on the induction of mycotoxins synthesis by nontoxigenic moulds. Nahr.-Food 2002 Apr462'NGNatl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, 3 Ahmed El Zumor St,8th Sector,POB 29, Cairo 113701, Egypt Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, Cairo 113701, Egypt Univ Agr, Dept Microbiol, Krakow, Poland Aziz NH Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, 3 Ahmed El Zumor St,8th Sector,POB 29, Cairo 113701, EgyptTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: *AOAC, 1990, OFF METH AN, PCH26 AHMED KA, 1983, P INT S MYC SEPT 6 8, P523 ANUCHA TCA, 1986, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V36, P392 AZIZ NH, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P321 AZIZ NH, 1990, J EGYPT VET MED ASS, V50, P257 AZIZ NH, 1994, J MICROBIOL, V26, P51 AZIZ NH, 1997, NAHRUNG, V41, P150 BENNETT JW, 1983, ADV APPL MICROBIOL, V29, P53 BENNETT JW, 1983, MYCOLOGIA, V75, P202 CARLTON WW, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI, P525 CHELACK WS, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P2492 CUERO RG, 1988, J FOOD PROTECT, V51, P452 DIGENIS GA, 1979, BIOORG CHEM, V8, P97 ELRUBEAI MA, 1986, ENV EXPT BOT, V26, P243 FREMY JM, 1985, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V2, P201 GROOPMAN JD, 1988, CRC CRIT R TOXICOL, V19, P113 HARVEY DC, 1985, FOOD TECHNOLOGY, V39, P80 HASSAN AA, 1998, J FOOD SAFETY, V18, P159 PASTER N, 1985, J SCI FOOD AGR, V36, P445 REFAI MK, 1996, APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES, V47, P617 REFAI MK, 1988, J EGYPT VET MED ASS, V48, P1 RUSTOM IYS, 1997, FOOD CHEM, V59, P57 SAADI AM, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P255 SALAMA AM, 1977, ZBL BAKET 2, V132, P1 SCHMIDT FR, 1986, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V24, P248 SCHMIDT FR, 1983, BIO-TECHNOL, V1, P794 SCHMIDT FR, 1984, P 3 EUR C BIOT, V3, P251 SMYK B, 1986, 4 INT S MICR EC LJUB SMYK B, 1986, MICROBIAL COMMUNITIE, P229 STICH HF, 1986, CARCINOGENS MUTAGENS English Article 545YU NAHRUNGISI:000175245800015x b 15-24$://000077810400003mf`Castegnaro, M. Garren, L. Galendo, D. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Chelule, P. Dutton, M. F. Wild, C. P.Analytical method for the determination of sphinganine and sphingosine in serum as a potential biomarker for fumonisin exposure.^WJournal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciencesabiomarker; sphinganine; sphingosine; fumonisins moniliforme culture material; virus transgenic mice; fusarium- moniliforme; sphingolipid metabolism; mycotoxins; disruption; liver; ratio; urine; cornzThe toxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, which include fumonisins, are possible human carcinogens. Fumonisins are inhibitors of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. Alterations of the ratio of sphinganine (Sa) to sphingosine (So) in urine and serum has been proposed as a possible biomarker of exposure to this toxin. A new method was developed for their analysis in tissues and urine. This work describes the further adaptation of the method to the analysis of Sa and So in serum and its validation in sera of untreated and fumonisin B-1 (FB1) treated rats and mice. No significant differences in the Sa/So ratios were observed in the FB, treated rats. In mice, the increase was only of marginal statistical significance. Determination of Sa/So ratios in human sera could readily be made in small volumes (from 0.3 to 0.5 ml) of serum. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.J. Chromatogr. B 1998 Dec 11 7203 1-2U'Int Agcy Res Canc, Unit Gene Environm Interact, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon 08, France Int Agcy Res Canc, Unit Gene Environm Interact, F-69372 Lyon 08, France S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Natal, Fac Med, Dept Physiol, ZA-4013 Congella, South Africa Univ Leeds, Sch Med, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England Castegnaro M Int Agcy Res Canc, Unit Gene Environm Interact, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon 08, France:4Times Cited: 15 English Article 153AK J CHROMATOGR BISI:000077810400003 129-132$://000086857500001:4Castella, G. Munkvold, G. P. Imerman, P. Hyde, W. G.zEffects of temperature, incubation period and substrate on production of fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM 2404Natural Toxinsfusaproliferin; Fusarium subglutinans; maize; mycotoxin; rice; substrate moniliforme-var-subglutinans; beauvericin; toxicity; maizeThe kinetics of the production of fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM 2404 in maize and rice cultures was investigated at various incubation temperatures. The growth rate of F. subglutinans was highest at 20 degrees C and 25 degrees C in maize cultures and at 15 degrees C in rice cultures. Although the growth rate was higher in rice than in maize, the maximal production of fusaproliferin was obtained in maize cultures, with a maximum yield (4309 mu g g(-1)) at 20 degrees C for 6 weeks. In rice cultures the optimal incubation regimen was at 15 degrees C for 6 weeks, with a fusaproliferin level of 1557 mu g g(-1). The production of fusaproliferin at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C in both substrates was very low, with maximal yield at 25 degrees C of 979 mu g g(-1) after 2 weeks and 143 mu g g(-1) after 3 weeks in maize and rice cultures, respectively. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Nat. Toxinsb 199974'}Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fac Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fac Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA Castella G Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fac Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, SpainTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 13 Cited References: GUPTA S, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V115, P185 KRIEK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V15, P579 LESLIE JF, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P1058 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S, P216 MORETTI A, 1994, MYCOTOXIN RES, V10, P73 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 NELSON P, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 RITIENI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P17 SANTINI A, 1996, J NAT PROD, V59, P109 STAHR HM, 1991, ANAL METHOD TOXICOLO English Article 310YQ NAT TOXINSISI:000086857500001;N129-132$://000086857500001:4Castella, G. Munkvold, G. P. Imerman, P. Hyde, W. G.zEffects of temperature, incubation period and substrate on production of fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM 2404Natural Toxinsfusaproliferin; Fusarium subglutinans; maize; mycotoxin; rice; substrate moniliforme-var-subglutinans; beauvericin; toxicity; maizeThe kinetics of the production of fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM 2404 in maize and rice cultures was investigated at various incubation temperatures. The growth rate of F. subglutinans was highest at 20 degrees C and 25 degrees C in maize cultures and at 15 degrees C in rice cultures. Although the growth rate was higher in rice than in maize, the maximal production of fusaproliferin was obtained in maize cultures, with a maximum yield (4309 mu g g(-1)) at 20 degrees C for 6 weeks. In rice cultures the optimal incubation regimen was at 15 degrees C for 6 weeks, with a fusaproliferin level of 1557 mu g g(-1). The production of fusaproliferin at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C in both substrates was very low, with maximal yield at 25 degrees C of 979 mu g g(-1) after 2 weeks and 143 mu g g(-1) after 3 weeks in maize and rice cultures, respectively. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Nat. Toxinsb 199974'}Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fac Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fac Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA Castella G Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fa 1144-11474$://A1997YD867000092+Campbell, K. W. Hamblin, A. M. White, D. G.Df`Inheritance of resistance to aflatoxin production in the cross between corn inbreds B73 and LB31PhytopathologyPhytopathology 1997 Novi8711YD867 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1997YD86700009  1390-1397u$://000220039800060Hammond, B. G. Campbell, K. W. Pilcher, C. D. Degooyer, T. A. Robinson, A. E. McMillen, B. L. Spangler, S. M. Riordan, S. G. Rice, L. G. Richard, J. L.f`Lower fumonisin mycotoxin levels in the grain of Bt corn grown in the United States in 2000-20020*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry corn (Zea mays); fumonisins; mycotoxins; Cry1Ab protein; Bt corn; biotechnology liquid-chromatographic method; bacillus-thuringiensis corn; fusarium ear rot; maize hybrids; symptomless infection; borer lepidoptera; resistance; noctuidae; kernels; contaminationF@Fumonisins were monitored in corn grain collected from Bt hybrids grown in 107 locations across the United States in 2000-2002. Bt corn hybrids contain the Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis that controls European corn borers and other stalk-boring pests. Fumonisin levels were frequently lower in grain from Bt hybrids grown in field trials under conditions of natural (FACT trials) or manual insect infestation (university trials). Over three years of FACT trials, there were 126/210 comparisons when fumonisin levels in grain from control hybrids were >2 ppm, exceeding U.S. FDA guidance levels of 2 ppm for human food. Grain from Bt hybrids was at or below 2 ppm of fumonisins for 58 of the 126 comparisons. The use of Bt hybrids can increase the percentage of corn grain that would be suitable for use in food and feed.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004 Mar 10525'Monsanto Co, Prod Safety Ctr, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St Louis, MO 63167 USA Monsanto Co, Prod Safety Ctr, St Louis, MO 63167 USA Romer Labs Inc, Union, MO 63084 USA USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA Monsanto Co, Clive, IA 50325 USA Monsanto Co, Monmouth, IL 61462 USA Corn States Hybrid Serv, Des Moines, IA 50321 USA Hammond BG Monsanto Co, Prod Safety Ctr, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St Louis, MO 63167 USA @ 9Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 49 Cited References: *AOAC, 1999, OFF METH AN AOAC INT, V2 *CAST, 2003, MYC RISKS PLANT AN H *CFSAN, 2000, USFDA CTR FOOD SAF A *CVM, 2000, USFDAM CTR VET MED *IOW DEP AGR LAND, 2002, IOW PREL ANN WEATH S *IPCS, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, V219 *IPCS, 1999, ENV HLTH CRIT, V217 *JECFA, 2001, JOINT FAO WHO EXP CO *SAS I, 1999, SAS SOFTW REL 8 2 *SCF, 2000, OP SCI COMM FOOD F 3 ARCHER TL, 2000, CROP PROT, V19, P181 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BARRETT JR, 2000, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V108, PA20 BENNETT GA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P501 BETZ FS, 2000, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V32, P156 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 CLEMENTS MJ, 2003, CROP SCI, V43, P1283 DOWD PF, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P1067 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 FARNHAM DE, 2003, CORN CHEM TECHNOLOGY, P5 FEDERICI BA, 2002, TESTING GENETIC MANI, V22 HAMMOND B, 2004, IN PRESS MYCOPATHOLO HAMMOND B, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P22 LYNCH RE, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P246 MAGG T, 2002, PLANT BREEDING, V121, P146 MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MARCON PCRG, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P279 MASON CE, 1996, NC REGIONAL EXTENSIO, V327 MAUPIN LM, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P106 MCCLINTOCK JT, 1995, PESTIC SCI, V45, P95 MILLER JD, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P321 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 ODVODY GN, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P107 OSTLIE K, 1997, N CENTRAL EXTENSION, V602 PIETRI A, 2000, P 6 INT FEED PROD C, P226 PILCHER CD, 1997, J ECON ENTOMOL, V90, P669 RICE LG, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P1002 RICE ME, 1998, AM ENTOMOL, V44, P75 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P1123 SIEGEL JP, 2001, J INVERTEBR PATHOL, V77, P13 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STAVE JW, 2002, J AOAC INT, V85, P780 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 2003, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V51, P5574 WILLIAMS WP, 2004, IN PRESS MYCOPATHOLO WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 WISEMAN BR, 1980, FLA ENTOMOL, V63, P425 English Article 800PI J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000220039800060 5870-5874$://000185881300018|vOswald, I. P. Desautels, C. Laffitte, J. Fournout, S. Peres, S. Y. Odin, M. Le Bars, P. Le Bars, J. Fairbrother, J. M.f`Mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 increases intestinal colonization by pathogenic Escherichia coli in pigs,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologycontaining culture material; fusarium-moniliforme; pulmonary- edema; corn screenings; immune-responses; animal health; t-2 toxin; swine; toxicity; exposureFumonisin B-1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin that commonly occurs in maize. FB1 causes a variety of toxic effects in different animal species and has been implicated as a contributing factor of esophageal cancers in humans. In the present study, we examined the effect of dietary exposure to FB1 on intestinal colonization by pathogenic Escherichia coli associated with extraintestinal infection. Three-week-old weaned pigs were given FB1 by gavage as a crude extract or as a purified toxin at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight daily for 6 days. On the last day of the toxin treatment, the pigs were orally inoculated with an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strain. All animals were euthanized 24 h later, necropsies were performed, and tissues were taken for bacterial counts and light microscopic examination. Ingestion of FB1 had only a minimal effect on animal weight gain, did not cause any macroscopic or microscopic lesions, and did not change the plasma biochemical profile. However, colonization of the small and large intestines by an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strain was significantly increased. Our results show that FB1 is a predisposing factor to infectious disease and that the pig can be used as a model for the study of the consequences of ingesting mycotoxin-contaminated food. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003 Oct6910'.(INRA, Lab Pharmacol Toxicol, 180 Chemin Tournefuille, F-31931 Toulouse 9, France INRA, Lab Pharmacol Toxicol, F-31931 Toulouse 9, France Univ Montreal, Fac Med Vet, GREMIP, St Hyacinthe, PQ J2S 7C6, Canada Oswald IP INRA, Lab Pharmacol Toxicol, 180 Chemin Tournefuille, F-31931 Toulouse 9, France Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 60 Cited References: ALMOND GW, 1996, VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A, V12, P707 BACKHED F, 2002, J BIOL CHEM, V277, P18198 BANE DP, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P121 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BIBEL DJ, 1992, CAN J MICROBIOL, V38, P983 BONDY GS, 2000, J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B, V3, P109 BRAUNER A, 1990, EUR J CLIN MICROBIOL, V9, P762 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 COLVIN BM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P79 DOZOIS CM, 1997, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V152, P307 DRESDENOSBORNE C, 2002, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V40, P1789 DUPUY J, 1992, CRYPTOGAM MYCOL, V13, P159 DUTTON MF, 1996, PHARMACOL THERAPEUT, V70, P137 EDRINGTON TS, 1995, J ANIM SCI, V73, P508 FAIRBROTHER JM, 1994, ESCHERICHIA COLI DOM, P221 FINKGREMMELS J, 1999, VET QUART, V21, P115 FOURNOUT S, 2000, INFECT IMMUN, V68, P839 FUKATA T, 1996, AVIAN DIS, V40, P924 GARABAL JI, 1995, VET MICROBIOL, V47, P17 GUMPRECHT LA, 1998, TOXICOL PATHOL, V26, P777 HASCHEK WM, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P251 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 JOHNSON JR, 2001, INFECT IMMUN, V69, P1306 KHAN AS, 2000, INFECT IMMUN, V68, P3541 KHAN MA, 1984, J AM COLL TOXICOL, V3, P337 KRIEK NPJ, 1981, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V48, P129 KUBENA LF, 2001, POULTRY SCI, V80, P411 LEBARS J, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P517 LI YC, 1999, POULTRY SCI, V78, P1275 LINGWOOD CA, 1999, BBA-MOL BASIS DIS, V1455, P375 MANNON J, 1985, NEW SCI, V105, P12 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARIN DE, 2002, J ANIM SCI, V80, P1250 MAXSON RT, 1995, J PEDIATR SURG, V30, P231 MEIVARLEVY I, 1999, J BIOL CHEM, V274, P4607 MERRILL AH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P297 MILLER ER, 1987, ANNU REV NUTR, V7, P361 MIMS CA, 1987, PATHOGENESIS INFECT MIROCHA CJ, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P520 MOTELIN GK, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V126, P27 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 OSWALD IP, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P585 OSWEILER GD, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P53 OSWEILER GD, 2000, VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A, V16, P511 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RILEY RT, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P301 RILEY RT, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P617 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 ROTTER BA, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P42 RUSSO TA, 2000, J INFECT DIS, V181, P1753 SANDVIG K, 1996, MOL BIOL CELL, V7, P1391 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SMITH GW, 1996, AM J VET RES, V57, P1233 SMITH H, 1992, CAN J MICROBIOL, V38, P747 STOEV SD, 2000, EXP TOXICOL PATHOL, V52, P287 TAI JH, 1988, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V26, P691 TAUNOCK GW, 1983, HUMAN INTESTINAL MIC, P517 ZOMBORSZKY MK, 2000, J VET MED B, V47, P277 ZOMBORSZKYKOVACS M, 2002, J VET MED B, V49, P197 English Article 731JV APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:000185881300018lD 83-93$://0001827028000014-Bhatnagar, D. Ehrlich, K. C. Cleveland, T. E.JCMolecular genetic analysis and regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis,&Applied Microbiology and Biotechnologyaspergillus-flavus strains; polyketide synthase gene; versiconal hemiacetal acetate; fatty-acid synthases; secondary metabolites; section flavi; cytochrome-p-450 monooxygenase; sterigmatocystin biosynthesis; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; promoter elementsRKAflatoxins, produced by some Aspergillus species, are toxic and extremely carcinogenic furanocoumarins. Recent investigations of the molecular mechanism of AFB biosynthesis showed that the genes required for biosynthesis are in a 70 kb gene cluster. They encode a DNA-binding protein functioning in aflatoxin pathway gene regulation, and other enzymes such as cytochrome P450-type monooxygenases, dehydrogenases, methyltransferases, and polyketide and fatty acid synthases. Information gained from these studies has led to a better understanding of aflatoxin biosynthesis by these fungi. The characterization of genes involved in aflatoxin formation affords the opportunity to examine the mechanism of molecular regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway, particularly during the interaction between aflatoxin-producing fungi and plants."Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2003 Apr6121'USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Bhatnagar D USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA D=Times Cited: 5 English Review 675PB APPL MICROBIOL BIOTECHNOLWISI:000182702800001n 124-&$://A1978FZ24900002::4Bilgrami, K. S. Misra, R. S. Prasad, T. Sinha, K. K.81Mycotoxin Problem in Standing Maize Crop in Bihar,&National Academy Science Letters-India"Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett.-India 19781r4aFZ249 NATL ACAD SCI LETTISI:A1978FZ24900002  1149-1156\$://000084472000001>7Billon, A. Petit, M. Doko, M. B. Bataille, B. Jacob, M.;xqEffects of cellulose derivatives and additives in the spray- drying preparation of acetaminophen delivery systems.(Drug Development and Industrial PharmacyDrug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 19992511"269JA DRUG DEVELOP IND PHARMISI:000084472000001506-511$://A1994NF078000342,Blackwell, B. A. Miller, J. D. Savard, M. E.B;Production of Carbon 14-Labeled Fumonisin in Liquid Culturen$Journal of Aoac Internationallff-sp lycopersici; fusarium-moniliforme; animal health; biosynthesis; deoxynivalenol; mycotoxins; toxinhbA method for the production and purification of radiolabeled fumonisin that involves the addition of C-14-acetate to liquid cultures of Fusarium moniliforme in shake flasks is reported. Stable isotope C-13 labeling studies were carried out using specifically enriched acetate and several amino acids to determine the location of labeled carbon atoms in the radiolabeled fumonisin that was also produced (650 mu Ci/mmol). These experiments determined that the C-14 was distributed throughout the molecule making it useful for studies of fumonisin residues in animal products. Additionally, the C-13 studies indicated that the biosynthesis of fumonisin involves the addition of methionine, glutarate, and serine or alanine to the hydrocarbon backbone. These data best fit the hypothesis that this back bone is polyketide in origin as opposed to being a modified lipid. J. AOAC Int. 1994Mar-Apr772'vpAGR CANADA,CTR PLANT RES,OTTAWA K1A 0C6,ON,CANADA BLACKWELL BA AGR CANADA,CTR PLANT RES,OTTAWA K1A 0C6,ON,CANADA60Times Cited: 29 English Article NF078 J AOAC INTISI:A1994NF0780003497-AGFD$://A1995QP23200097,PIBlackwell, B. A. Edwards, O. E. Fruchier, A. Apsimon, J. W. Miller, J. D.\VNmr Structural Studies of Fumonisin-B1 and Related-Compounds from Fusarium-Moniliforme:4Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995 Apr 2  209N'AGR CANADA,PLANT RES CTR,MYCOTOXIN RES GRP,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA CARLETON UNIV,OTTAWA CARLETON CHEM INST,OTTAWA,ON K1S 5B6,CANADA ECOLE NORMALE SUPER CHIM,F-34053 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE AGR CANADA,PLANT RES CTR,MYCOTOXIN RES GRP,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADANGTimes Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract 1 QP232 ABSTR PAP AMER CHEM SOCSISI:A1995QP23200097i\329-340$://000222396800007d]Mitterbauer, R. Poppenberger, B. Raditschnig, A. Lucyshyn, D. Lemmens, M. Glossl, J. Adam, G.zsToxin-dependent utilization of engineered ribosomal protein L3 limits trichothecene resistance in transgenic plants"Plant Biotechnology Journal deoxynivalenol; Fusarium; Gibberella; mycotoxin; ribosome; target alteration chimeric rna/dna oligonucleotides; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; arabidopsis-thaliana; in-vivo; macrocyclic trichothecenes; mycotoxin deoxynivalenol; trichodermin resistance; yeast; gene; fusarium@9The contamination of agricultural products with Fusarium mycotoxins is a problem of world-wide importance. Fusarium graminearum and related species, which are important pathogens of small grain cereals and maize, produce an economically important and structurally diverse class of toxins designated trichothecenes. Trichothecenes inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis. Therefore, a proposed role for these fungal toxins in plant disease development is to block or delay the expression of defence-related proteins induced by the plant. Using yeast as a model system, we have identified several mutations in the gene encoding ribosomal protein L3 (Rpl3), which confer semi-dominant resistance to trichothecenes. Expression of an engineered tomato RPL3 (LeRPL3) cDNA, into which one of the amino acid changes identified in yeast was introduced, improved the ability of transgenic tobacco plants to adapt to the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), but did not result in constitutive resistance. We show here that, in the presence of wild-type Rpl3 protein, the engineered Rpl3 protein is not utilized, unless yeast transformants or the transgenic plants are challenged with sublethal amounts of toxin. Our data from yeast two-hybrid experiments suggest that affinity for the ribosome assembly factor Rrb1p could be altered by the toxin resistance-conferring mutation. This toxin-dependent utilization of the resistance-conferring Rpl3 protein could seriously limit efforts to utilize the identified target alterations in transgenic crops to increase trichothecene tolerance and Fusarium resistance.Plant Biotechnol. J. 2004 Jul24'"Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Dept Appl Plant Sci & Plant Biotechnol, Inst Appl Genet & Cell Biol, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Dept Appl Plant Sci & Plant Biotechnol, Inst Appl Genet & Cell Biol, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Div Biotechnol Plant Prod, Dept Inst Agrobiotechnol, IFA Tulln, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Adam G Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Dept Appl Plant Sci & Plant Biotechnol, Inst Appl Genet & Cell Biol, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, AustriaZTTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 43 Cited References: *EUR COMM SCI COMM, 1999, OP FUS TOX 1 ALTPETER F, 1994, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V41, P384 BAILEYSERRES J, 1998, LOOK TRANSCRIPTION M, P125 BEETHAM PR, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P8774 BETINA V, 1989, MYCOTOXINS, P192 CANADY RA, 2001, WHO FOOD ADDIT SER, V47, P419 CHAMPNEY WS, 2003, CURR TOP MED CHEM, V3, P929 COMBRINCK S, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1700 DHAESE P, 1983, EMBO J, V2, P419 FRIED HM, 1981, P NATL ACAD SCI-BIOL, V78, P238 GROVE JF, 1993, NAT PROD REP, V10, P429 GROVE JF, 1988, NAT PROD REP, V5, P187 GROVE WM, 1996, PSYCHOL PUBLIC POLIC, V2, P1 GUTHRIE C, 1991, METHODS ENZYMOLOGY, V194 HAMILTON CM, 1997, GENE, V200, P107 HARRIS LJ, 2001, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V58, P173 JAMES P, 1996, GENETICS, V144, P1425 JIMENEZ A, 1975, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V383, P427 KIM YC, 1990, GENE, V93, P177 LEONARD KJ, 2003, FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT LOUK TL, 2001, MOL CELL BIOL, V21, P1260 MAGER WH, 1997, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V25, P4872 MAHE Y, 1996, J BIOL CHEM, V271, P25167 MCCORMICK SP, 2003, FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT, P165 MCMULLEN M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1340 MITTERBAUER R, 2002, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V108, P699 MULLER HM, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P24 NGANJE W, 2001, 464 N DAK STAT U DEP OKUBARA PA, 2002, THEOR APPL GENET, V106, P74 POPPENBERGER B, 2003, J BIOL CHEM, V278, P47905 ROSE MD, 1987, GENE, V60, P237 SCHAPER S, 2001, CURR BIOL, V11, P1885 SCHINDLER D, 1974, NATURE, V248, P535 SCHULTZ LD, 1983, J BACTERIOL, V155, P8 SHINA RC, 1997, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V19, P8 SIKORSKI RS, 1989, GENETICS, V122, P19 SPENCE J, 2000, CELL, V102, P67 THREADGILL GJ, 1986, BIOCHEM J, V237, P421 WARD TJ, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P9278 WARNER JR, 1999, TRENDS BIOCHEM SCI, V24, P437 WEI CM, 1974, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V71, P713 WOOD GE, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P459 ZHU T, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P8768 English Article 834FK PLANT BIOTECHNOL JISI:0002223968000070 13-18$://000180409900003>8Avantaggiato, G. Quaranta, F. Desiderio, E. Visconti, A.JCFumonisin contamination of maize hybrids visibly damaged by Sesamia4.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureSesamia nonagrioides; insect damage; maize hybrid; Fusarium proliferatum; Fusarium verticilhoides; fumonisins fusarium ear rot; mycotoxin contamination; symptomless infection; corn; kernels; moniliformeSesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the main insect pest of maize cultivated in Mediterranean areas, causing an increase in broken plants, a reduction in yield and a decline in grain quality. An investigation of Sesamia attacks and fumonisin accumulation on 25 maize hybrids sown as a second crop after wheat has been performed under field conditions in Central Italy in 2000. The hybrids tested in this study showed different degrees of insect damage, ranging from 12 to 57% of damaged ears per hybrid. Over 50% of the tested hybrids showed strong insect damage, with more than 30% of harvested ears visibly damaged by Sesamia. Fungal contamination by Fusarium verticillioides and F proliferatum, two well-known producers of fumonisins, was detected in both symptomless and insect-damaged samples. Fumonisin analysis of healthy-looking and insect- damaged ear samples of each hybrid showed 100% incidence of positive samples, with fumonisin contents ranging from 0.01 to 20 mg kg(-1) for healthy-looking ears and from 27 +/- 32 to 287 +/- 221 mg kg(-1) for insect-damaged ears. Extremely high levels of fumonisins were found in ear samples visibly damaged by Sesamia, with individual values of up to 694 mg kg (-1) and average values exceeding 100 mg kg(-1) in more than 50% of the hybrids. A good correlation (r = 0.749) was found between fumonisin contamination and the degree of insect damage by Sesamia of the tested hybrids, calculated on the basis of percentage of ears visibly damaged by insects and with more than 5% kernel loss. This finding leads to the conclusion that insect damage by Sesamia on maize could be used as an early indicator of fumonisin contamination. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.J. Sci. Food Agric. 2003 Jan 1831'CNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, Viali Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, I-70125 Bari, Italy Visconti A CNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, Viali Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, ItalyTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: *FDA, 2000, DRAFT GUID IND FUM L *IPCS, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, V219, P1 *SWISS FED OFF PUB, 1997, CIRCULAR, V11 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BARTELT RJ, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P2447 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 DUVICK JP, 2000, PESTS DIS 2000, P1213 FARRAR JJ, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P661 HOENISCH RW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P517 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 MASOERO F, 1999, MAYDICA, V44, P205 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 2000, PLANT HLTH PROG NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL PASCALE M, 1999, J SCI FOOD AGR, V79, P2094 PASCALE M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P1 QUARANTA F, 2001, INFO AGRARIO, V14, P45 QUARANTA F, 1992, INFO AGRARIO, V13, P57 QUARANTA F, 1989, P 15 S INT WORK GROU, P115 RAMIREZ ML, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V135, P29 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SMITH DR, 1988, CORN CORN IMPROVEMEN, P701 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 SPANU A, 1993, INFO AGRARIOK, V49, P73 TSITSIPIS JA, 1988, INTEGRATED CROP PROT, P171 VISCONTI A, 1999, 3 JOINT FAO WHO UNEP VISCONTI A, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P193 English Article 635QG J SCI FOOD AGRISI:000180409900003j415-422$://A1986C664200009"Shepherd, M. J. Gilbert, J.oMethod for the Analysis in Maize of the Fusarium Mycotoxin Moniliformin Employing Ion-Pairing Extraction and High- Performance Liquid-Chromatography Journal of Chromatographyt 1986 May 23 3582C6642 J CHROMATOGRISI:A1986C664200009z591-616$://000187562600010JCShier, W. T. Abbas, H. K. Abou-Karam, M. Badria, F. A. Resch, P. A.f`Fumonisins: Abiogenic conversions of an environmental tumor promoter and common food contaminant*#Journal of Toxicology-Toxin ReviewsB;mycotoxin; fumonisin; food contaminant; maize; cooking; nixtamalization neural-tube defects; ionization-mass-spectrometry; short-term carcinogenesis; activated protein-kinase; mammalian-cell cultures; fusarium-moniliforme; hydrolyzed fumonisin; absolute- configuration; corn products; n-(carboxymethyl)fumonisin b-1ZTFumonisins are a series of sphingosine-analog mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticilhoides, a ubiquitous contaminant of stored corn (maize) world-wide. Extensive alterations in the structures of fumonisins are possible without complete loss of in vitro toxicity. Numerous laboratories have reported that fumonisin B-1 (FB1) levels in corn-derived foods are reduced during roasting and frying. We have conducted radiotracer studies to determine the fate of tritium-labeled FB1 added in laboratory models of corn flake manufacture (roasting), and tortilla chip manufacture (frying). These studies have confirmed that most, but not all, FB1 is converted to other substances during cooking. Under roasting conditions the major conversion pathway resulted in radiolabeled FB1 becoming covalently bound to proteins. Several lines of evidence supported a proposed role for FB1-anhydride, an intermediate formed by loss of water from a FB1 side chain, which enabled the toxin to bind covalently to proteins by reacting with amino groups. Under nixtamalization/frying conditions in preheated cooking oil, both FB1 and hydrolyzed FB1 were efficiently N- fatty acylated to the corresponding ceramide derivatives, presumably by fatty acid anhydrides or other degradation products formed from the fat by non-oxidative thermal degradation. The N-fatty acylated fumonisin derivatives were efficiently extracted from the chips into the hot oil. We will not understand the full threat to food safety posed by the fumonisins until we know what they are converted to during cooking, and what is the toxicity of those conversion products.J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 2003224'Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS USA Shier WT Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USATimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 89 Cited References: *NTP, 1999, TECHN REP SER NTP, V496 ABBAS HK, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V2, P293 ABBAS HK, 1995, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V40, P1681 ABBAS HK, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P1063 ABBAS HK, 1993, TOXICON, V31, P345 APSIMON JW, 1994, PURE APPL CHEM, V66, P2315 BADRIA FA, 1996, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V15, P273 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BOYLE CD, 1995, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V36, P4579 BRESSANI R, 1990, FOOD REV INT, V6, P225 BUCCI TJ, 1998, TOXICOL PATHOL, V26, P160 BURD S, 1992, CHRON HIGH ED, V38, PA25 CARLSON DB, 2001, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V172, P29 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1030 CASTELO MM, 2001, J FOOD SCI, V66, P416 CORNELL J, 1983, S AFR MED J, V64, P83 DEGIROLAMO A, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P701 DOBARGANES MC, 2000, PURE APPL CHEM, V72, P1563 DOMBRINKKURTZMA.MA, 2002, ACS SYM SER, P206 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P622 EDWARDS OE, 1999, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V40, P4515 FLYNN TJ, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P1135 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P407 GELDERBLOM WCA, 2002, TOXICOLOGY, V171, P161 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1983, TOXICON, V21, P467 GOMEZ MH, 1987, CEREAL FOOD WORLD, V32, P372 HANAHAN D, 2000, CELL, V100, P57 HARMANGE JC, 1994, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V35, P6819 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HARTL M, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5078 HARTL M, 2001, J ORG CHEM, V66, P3678 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HENDRICKS K, 1999, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V10, P198 HOPMANS EC, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1655 HOWARD PC, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3546 HOYE TR, 1994, J AM CHEM SOC, V116, P9409 HUMPF HU, 1998, J BIOL CHEM, V273, P19060 ITO T, 1979, AGR BIOL CHEM TOKYO, V43, P1237 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KRAUS GA, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P2331 LIN P, 1980, J CANCER RESCLIN ONC, V96, P121 LIU HJ, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P4113 LU Y, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P4726 LU Y, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P803 MARASAS WFO, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P1 MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 MCCANN J, 1975, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V72, P5135 MEISTER U, 2001, EUR FOOD RES TECHNOL, V213, P187 MEREDITH FI, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1218 MOORE CA, 1997, AM J MED GENET, V73, P113 MOREIRA RG, 1995, FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO, V49, P146 MURPHY PA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P323 NARAYAN KA, 1963, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V49, P339 NAWAR WW, 1985, CHEM CHANGES FOOD PR, P79 NCAYIYANA DJ, 1986, S AFR MED J, V69, P618 NORRED WP, 1997, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V147, P63 PINELLI E, 1999, CARCINOGENESIS, V20, P1683 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 RAMIREZWONG B, 1994, CEREAL CHEM, V71, P337 RAZYNSKA A, 1991, J CHEM SOC P2, V2, P1531 RILEY RT, 1993, ANNU REV NUTR, V13, P167 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 SADLER TW, 2002, TERATOLOGY, V66, P169 SCOTT PM, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P823 SEEFELDER W, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P2146 SERNASALDIVAR SO, 1990, ADV CEREAL SCI TECHN, V10, P243 SHEPHARD GS, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P31 SHIER WT, 1999, ACS SYM SER, V745, P54 SHIER WT, 2000, B I COMPR AGR SCI KI, V8, P71 SHIER WT, 1997, J NAT TOXINS, V6, P225 SHIER WT, 2000, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V19, P161 SHIER WT, 2000, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V19, P189 SHIER WT, 1999, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V18, P323 SHIER WT, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V116, P97 SHIER WT, 1995, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V36, P1571 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 STEVENS VL, 1997, J BIOL CHEM, V272, P18020 SUGIMURA T, 1986, SCIENCE, V233, P312 TATEMATSU M, 1977, GANN, V68, P499 TSUJI A, 1996, PHARMACEUT RES, V13, P963 VAINIO H, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P535 VOSS KA, 1996, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V34, P623 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WATTENBERG EV, 1996, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V227, P622 YEUNG JM, 1996, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V141, P178 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 English Article 757KZ J TOXICOL-TOXIN REVISI:000187562600010DAn 2400-2405$://A1995RW08900016JCSydenham, E. W. Thiel, P. G. Shephard, G. S. Koch, K. R. Hutton, T.ITMPreparation and Isolation of the Partially Hydrolyzed Moiety of Fumonisin B-10*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfumonisin b-1; alkaline hydrolysis; partially hydrolyzed fumonisin b-1; isolation fusarium-moniliforme; esophageal cancer; feeds; mycotoxins; corn; leukoencephalomalacia; contamination; transkeiThe natural occurrence in corn of carcinogenic mycotoxins, the fumonisins, has prompted the development of potential decontamination procedures. Chemical treatment of fumonisin B-1 (FB1)-contaminated corn with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)(2)] results in the base hydrolysis of FB1 (the major naturally occurring fumonisin analogue) to yield its corresponding aminopentol (AP(1)) and tricarballylic acid (TCA) moieties. Complete hydrolysis proceeds in a sequential reaction involving the removal of one TCA group and the formation of a partially hydrolyzed moiety (PH1), which exists as an equilibrium mixture of the two possible monoesters. PH1 was prepared by the treatment of Fusarium moniliforme culture material with Ca(OH)2 and subsequently isolated and purified using chromatographic methods. PH1 was also prepared, using similar methods, from pure FB1. The identity of the PH1 moiety was determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.0J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995 SepR439,'HBS AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT CHEM,RONDEBOSCH 7700,SOUTH AFRICA FISONS INSTRUMENTS VG ORGAN,ALTRINCHAM WA14 5RZ,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND SYDENHAM EW S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA<5Times Cited: 10 English Article RW089 J AGR FOOD CHEMaISI:A1995RW08900016M 1198-12018$://A1995QY97800014Lb[Sydenham, E. W. Stockenstrom, S. Thiel, P. G. Shephard, G. S. Koch, K. R. Marasas, W. F. O.\UPotential of Alkaline-Hydrolysis for the Removal of Fumonisins from Contaminated CornD0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfumonisin b-1; alkaline hydrolysis; decontamination; corn fusarium-moniliforme; esophageal cancer; mycotoxins; leukoencephalomalacia; toxicity; screenings; cultures; transkei; health; feedsRRKStudies have shown that fumonisin B-1 (FB1) may undergo alkaline hydrolysis to yield its aminopentol (AP(1)) and tricarballylic acid moieties. Treatment of fumonisin- contaminated ground corn with 0.1 M calcium hydroxide, over a period of 24 h at room temperature, resulted in the transfer of the majority of the FB1 (mean = 74.1%) to the easily separable aqueous fraction, where it was present predominantly as the AP(1) moiety. Following similar treatment of intact corn kernels, only 5.1% of the original FB1 concentration was retained in those kernels devoid of their outer pericarp.J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995 May435'S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT CHEM,RONDEBOSCH 7700,SOUTH AFRICA SYDENHAM EW S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA<5Times Cited: 36 English Article QY978 J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:A1995QY97800014 f185-190$://000182178700015Trewavas, A. Stewart, D.<6Paradoxical effects of chemicals in the diet on health& Current Opinion in Plant Biologydose-response relationships; coronary heart-disease; lung- cancer; public-health; beta-carotene; ochratoxin-a; apple juice; dna-damage; hormesis; riskIn 1992, Block et al. [1] published a summary of 200 epidemiological185-190$://000182178700015Trewavas, A. Stewart, D.<6Paradoxical effects of chemicals in the diet on health& Current Opinion in Plant Biologydose-response relationships; coronary heart-disease; lung- cancer; public-health; beta-carotene; ochratoxin-a; apple juice; dna-damage; hormesis; riskIn 1992, Block et al. [1] published a summary of 200 epidemiological investigations which indicated that a diet that was high in fruit and vegetables cut cancer risks approximately in half. These investigations used conventionally farmed produce that contained traces of synthetic pesticides and mycotoxins as well as an estimated 10 000 secondary products (i.e. natural pesticides). Dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables also reduces risks of cardiovascular disease, cataracts and brain dysfunction. Before genetic manipulation is undertaken to elevate or diminish any individual constituent of fruits and vegetables, the contribution of each of these constituents to health must be better understood, as in many cases their effects on health can be paradoxical.Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2003 Apr62'tmUniv Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland Scottish Crop Res Inst, Qual Hlth & Nutr Programme, Genes Prod Theme, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland Trewavas A Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland:>8Times Cited: 0 English Review 666LL CURR OPIN PLANT BIOLISI:00018217870001518 21-24$://A1981MF8750000481Pienaar, J. G. Kellerman, T. S. Marasas, W. F. O.Field Outbreaks of Leukoencephalomalacia in Horses Consuming Maize Infected by Fusarium-Verticillioides (= Fusarium- Moniliforme) in South-AfricaepjJournal of the South African Veterinary Association-Tydskrif Van Die Suid-Afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging82J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.-Tydskr. Suid-Afr. Vet. Ver. 1981521E'jdVET RES INST,ONDERSTEPOORT 0110,SOUTH AFRICA PIENAAR JG VET RES INST,ONDERSTEPOORT 0110,SOUTH AFRICA<6Times Cited: 25 English Article MF875 J S AFR VET ASSNISI:A1981MF87500004E479-487$://0002212419000094.Pietri, A. Bertuzzi, T. Pallaroni, L. Piva, G.`YOccurrence of mycotoxins and ergosterol in maize harvested over 5 years in Northern Italy&Food Additives and Contaminantsmaize; mycotoxins; ergosterol; climatic parameters performance liquid-chromatography; fluorescence detection; fungal growth; fumonisins; corn; zearalenone; contamination; aflatoxins; cereals; grainsLEMaize samples collected from storage bins and feed mills in Northern Italy between 1995 and 1999 were surveyed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol ( DON) and fumonisin (FB1); further, ergosterol was analysed as a fungal growth marker. The incidence and mean content of AFB(1) were generally low; nevertheless, a remarkable contamination was found in two samples ( 109 and 158 mug kg(-1)), while five others exceeded 20 mug kg(-1). DON and ZEA mean levels were significantly higher in 1996 (2716 and 453 mug kg(-1)) with respect to the other years, when mean contents ranged from 7 to 30% and from 3 to 17%, respectively, expressed in per cent of 1996 contents. FB1 was present in all samples and was by far the most remarkable mycotoxin in Northern Italian maize, with the exception of samples from 1996. The average level was 3064 mug kg(-1), 69.6% of samples resulted over 1000 mug kg(-1) and 16.9% over 5000 mug kg(-1). Significant correlations were found between ergosterol and the major mycotoxin(s) in each year (FB1 in 1995 and 1997-99; ZEA + DON in 1996). Consequently, ergosterol seems to be a good index of the toxicological quality of maize. Climatic conditions influenced the growth of different fungal species. In 1996, the first 20 days of October were extremely rainy; these weather conditions delayed the harvest until the first week of November and favoured the growth of DON and ZEA producing fungi and the synthesis of mycotoxins. On the contrary, the temperate and dry climate of the other years supported the growth of FB1- producing fungi.Food Addit. Contam. 2004 May215'Fac Agr UCSC, Ist Sci Alimenti & Nutr, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy Fac Agr UCSC, Ist Sci Alimenti & Nutr, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy Pietri A Fac Agr UCSC, Ist Sci Alimenti & Nutr, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-29100 Piacenza, ItalyVPTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 42 Cited References: *ASS FRANC NORM, 1991, 18112 NFV ASS FRANC *UN FAO, 1997, 64 UN FAO *WHO, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, V219 BAILLY JD, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P686 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BOTTONI A, 1993, P GULP 93 ORS FRAN, P375 BUCHELI B, 1996, MITT GEBIETE LEBENSM, V87, P84 CAHAGNER B, 1988, IND ALIMENT AGR, V105, P5 COHEN H, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V64, P1372 DOKO MB, 1993, OCCURRENCE SIGNIFICA, P49 DRAGONI I, 2000, ATT SOC IT SCI VET 2, P467 GONZALEZ HHL, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P565 HASCHEK WM, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P251 JANARDHANA GR, 1999, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V37, P863 KRUGER SC, 1999, J AOAC INT, V82, P1364 LOGRIECO A, 2002, MYCOTOXINS PLANT DIS, P597 MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P1 MASOERO F, 1999, MAYDICA, V44, P205 MATCHAM SE, 1985, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V21, P108 MAUPETIT P, 1994, P M 26 27 OCT 1994 T MICCO C, 1989, RIV SOC IT SCI AL, V18, P29 MIEDANER T, 1996, PLANT BREEDING, V115, P347 OLSEN M, 1999, VAR FODA, V51, P6 PATEL S, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P187 PIETRI A, 1995, INT SEM FUS MYC TAX, P18 PITT JI, 1985, FUNGI FOOD SPOLAGE RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 SCHWADORF K, 1990, ARCH AN NUTR, V40, P385 SCHWADORF K, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P457 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P941 SCOTT PM, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V64, P1364 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SEITZ LM, 1977, CEREAL CHEM, V54, P1207 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 TANAKA T, 1985, J CHROMATOGR, V328, P271 VOSS KA, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P259 ZILL G, 1988, Z LEBENSM UNTERS FOR, V187, P246 ZUPPIROLL M, 2000, INFORMATORE AGR, V56, P43 English Article 818JR FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000221241900009Q,oxins fumonisinspreharvest maizefungi surveillance Nigeriahuman esophageal cancer159-162$://A1996VK29900006M,%Balachandran, C. Parthasarathy, K. R.TMOccurrence of cyclopiazonic acid in feeds and feedstuffs in Tamil Nadu, IndiaMycopathologiaMycopathologia 1996 133t3VK299 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1996VK29900006O$j119-123$://A1994QY29000010/\UWidstrom, N. W. McMillian, W. W. Wilson, D. M. Richard, J. L. Zummo, N. Beaver, R. W.ngPreharvest Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize Inoculated with Aspergillus-Flavus and Fusarium-MoniliformedMycopathologiaMycopathologia 1994 NovC 128A2NQY290 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1994QY29000010F195-223$://000185165300005,.(Widstrom, N. W. Guo, B. Z. Wilson, D. M.leIntegration of crop management and genetics for control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination of cornL*#Journal of Toxicology-Toxin ReviewsA. flavus; A. parasiticus; mycotoxins; maize; Zea mays L. aspergillus ear rot; zea-mays-l; gt-mas-gk; kernel infection; maize kernels; insect damage; field corn; earworm lepidoptera; planting date; silk-maysin@9Aflatoxin contamination of corn in the field is influenced by several factors. In the southern U.S., insect populations are usually large every year. Drought caused by warmer and drier than normal weather is conducive to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination of corn, Zea mays L. When loose-husked hybrids are used in the southern U.S., they accentuate insect damage and aflatoxin contamination. The development and breeding of "southern-type" hybrids is essential for control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination. Molecular biotechnology may make an impact on tackling the complexity of preharvest aflatoxin contamination of corn. Integration of crop management tactics and genetic strategies, conventional or molecular, may constrain the problem and help southern corn growers produce a quality, profitable crop.J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 200322 2-3' USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Guo BZ USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA>7Times Cited: 0 English Review 718UR J TOXICOL-TOXIN REVISI:000185165300005-805-811$://000180927100011jdMitterbauer, R. Weindorfer, H. Safaie, N. Krska, R. Lemmens, M. Ruckenbauer, P. Kuchler, K. Adam, G.|uA sensitive and inexpensive yeast bioassay for the mycotoxin zearalenone and other compounds with estrogenic activity,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologylinked-immunosorbent-assay; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; esophageal cancer; in-vivo; fusarium; receptor; iran; trichothecenes; reproduction; children,%Zearalenone (ZON) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by plant-pathogenic species of Fusarium. As a consequence of infection with Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum, ZON can be found in cereals and derived food products. Since ZON is suspected to be, a cause of human disease, including premature puberty syndrome, as well as hyperestrogenism in farm animals, several countries have established monitoring programs and guidelines for ZON levels in grain intended for human consumption and animal feed. We developed a low-cost method for monitoring ZON contamination in grain based on a sensitive yeast bioassay. The indicator Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YZRM7 is unable to grow unless an engineered pyrimidine biosynthetic gene is activated by the expressed human estrogen receptor in the presence of exogenous estrogenic substances. Deletion of the genes encoding ATP- binding cassette (ABC) transporters Pdr5p and Snq2p increases net ZON uptake synergistically. Less than 1 mug of ZON per liter of medium is sufficient to allow growth of the indicator strain. To prevent interference with pyrimidines potentially present in biological samples, we also disrupted the genes FUR1 and URK1, blocking the pyrimidine salvage pathway. The bioassay strain YZRM7 allows qualitative detection and quantification of total estrogenic activity in cereal extracts without requiring further cleanup steps. Its high sensitivity makes this assay suitable for low-cost monitoring of contamination of maize and small grain cereals with estrogenic Fusarium mycotxins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003 Feb692'Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, Muthgasse 18-05-66, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Inst Agrobiotechnol, Ctr Chem Anal, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Inst Agrobiotechnol, Dept Plant Prod Biotechnol, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Univ Vienna, Dept Mol Genet, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Bioctr, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Tarbiat Modarres Univ, Coll Agr, Tehran, Iran Adam G Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, Muthgasse 18-05-66, A-1190 Vienna, Austria d ^Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 64 Cited References: 1996, OFF J EUR COMMUNIT L, V125, P10 *BUND ERN LANDW FO, 2000, 20003243830323 BUND *BUND GES SPORT KU, 1993, MITT OEST SAN VIENN, V94, P360 *DEP HHS, 2002, NAT TOX PROGR TECHN, V235 *EUR COMM SCI COMM, 2000, OP FUS TOX 2 *FAO, 1997, FOOD NUTR PAP, V64, P1 *JOINT FAO WHO EXP, 2000, JOINT FAO WHO EXP CO ADAM G, 2001, MYCOTOXIN RES, V17, P19 AHAMED S, 2001, MOL CARCINOGEN, V30, P88 ALIZADEH A, 1999, FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT BARNAVETRO I, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P729 BAUER J, 1987, TIERARZTL PRAX, V15, P33 BENNETT GA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P1500 BOTALLICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BURKE DT, 1987, SCIENCE, V236, P806 DERODRIGUEZ CAS, 1985, J PEDIATR, V107, P393 DIEL P, 1999, PLANTA MED, V65, P197 ELLNER FM, 1999, P 21 MYC WORKSH GERM ETIENNE M, 1982, J ANIM SCI, V55, P1 ETIENNE M, 1994, LIVEST PROD SCI, V40, P99 FRENITITULAER LW, 1986, AM J DIS CHILD, V140, P1263 GAUMY JL, 2001, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V152, P123 GIETZ RD, 1995, YEAST, V11, P355 HIDY PH, 1977, ADV APPL MICROBIOL, V22, P59 HILAKIVICLARKE L, 1999, BRIT J CANCER, V80, P1682 HORMOZDIARI H, 1975, CANCER RES, V35, P3493 JONES JS, 1990, YEAST, V6, P363 JUBERG DR, 2000, ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE, V45, P93 KENNEDY DG, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P393 KERN L, 1990, GENE, V88, P149 KERN L, 1990, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V18, P5279 KRSKA R, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V369, P469 KRSKA R, 2001, MYCOTOXIN RES, V17, P92 KUIPER GGJM, 1998, ENDOCRINOLOGY, V139, P4252 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LEW H, 1999, FORDERUNGSDIENST, V47, P157 LIU MT, 1985, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V50, P332 MAHE Y, 1996, J BIOL CHEM, V271, P25167 MAYER U, 1992, TOXICOLOGY, V74, P135 MIKSICEK RJ, 1994, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V49, P153 MILLIGAN S, 2002, REPRODUCTION, V123, P235 MIROCHA CJ, 1974, MYCOTOXINS, P129 MITTERBAUER R, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P1336 MITTERBAUER R, 2000, THESIS U AGR SCI VIE MULLER HM, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P24 PARK DL, 2002, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V504, P277 PFOHLLESZKOWICZ A, 1995, CARCINOGENESIS, V16, P2315 PIERRAT B, 1994, GENE, V143, P193 PIERRAT B, 1992, GENE, V119, P237 RICHARDSON KE, 1985, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V33, P862 ROCCO JA, 1988, REV ARGENT MICROBIOL, V20, P119 SAIDI F, 2000, BRIT J CANCER, V83, P1249 SCHOENTAL R, 1985, ADV CANCER RES, V45, P217 SCHOENTAL R, 1983, LANCET, V1, P573 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCOTT PM, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P333 SHERMAN F, 1991, METHOD ENZYMOL, V194, P3 SHIER WT, 2001, TOXICON, V39, P1435 SMITH DR, 1990, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V87, P8242 SZUETS P, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P429 SZUETS P, 1998, PEDIATR RES, V43, P86 TOMASSZEWSKI J, 1998, GINEKOL POL, V69, P363 YAZDANPANAH H, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P337 ZOLLNER P, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P2494 English Article 644PK APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:000180927100011625-631$://A1995QP09300029rPIGelderblom, W. C. A. Snyman, S. D. Vanderwesthuizen, L. Marasas, W. F. O.RLMitoinhibitory Effect of Fumonisin B-1 on Rat Hepatocytes in Primary CultureCarcinogenesisprotein-kinase-c; growth-factor receptor; fusarium-moniliforme; dna-synthesis; sphingolipid biosynthesis; inhibition; carcinogenesis; cytotoxicity; mycotoxins; liverRThe inhibitory effect of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes was investigated by monitoring the incorporation of [H-3]thymidine in the DNA. A pulse-labelling technique was adapted to determine the incorporation of the radioactivity in the DNA (S-phase) quantitatively, FB1 inhibits the EGF-induced DNA synthesis up to 90% when incorporated at concentrations of 150 to 300 mu M for a period of 44 h. A continued presence of FB1 is required to exhibit this inhibition as (i) the subsequent removal of FB1 resulted in a reversal of the effect, (ii) a higher stimulatory response in EGF-treated hepatocytes was found when the exposure period of hepatocytes to FB1 was reduced, and (iii) pretreatment of hepatocytes with FB1 only slightly reduced (not significantly) DNA synthesis induced by EGF. Whilst the growth inhibitory effect of FB1 was not associated with a cytotoxic effect, binding studies using [I- 125]EGF indicated that the growth factor-receptor interaction was not altered. No relationship was found between the disruption of the sphingolipid biosynthesis by FB1 and (i) the mitoinhibitory effect on the EGF response and (ii) the cytotoxicity of FB1 in primary hepatocytes.Carcinogenesis 1995 Mar 163e'PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA GELDERBLOM WCA PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA:4Times Cited: 32 English Article QP093 CARCINOGENESISISI:A1995QP09300029a101-108$://A1996VZ69800013spiGelderblom, W. C. A. Snyman, S. D. LebepeMazur, S. vanderWesthuizen, L. Kriek, N. P. J. Marasas, W. F. O.arkThe cancer-promoting potential of fumonisin B-1 in rat liver using diethylnitrosamine as a cancer initiatorTCancer Lettersfumonisin B-1; diethylnitrosamine; rat liver; cancer promotion fusarium-moniliforme; cell-proliferation; dna-synthesis; hepatocytes; mycotoxins; foci; hepatocarcinogenesis; inhibition; cultures; nodulesf`The cancer-promoting potential of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) was investigated by feeding different dietary levels (10, 50, 100, 250, 500 mg FB1/kg) to diethynitrosamine (DEN)-initiated rats for 21 days. Dietary levels containing 50 mg FB1/kg and higher, markedly increased the number and size of the placental form of glutathione-S-transferase-positive (GSTP(+)) foci in the liver of the rats. The cancer-promoting activity of FB1 was associated with an inhibitory effect on partial hepatectomy (PH)-induced regenerative hepatocyte proliferation, as the incorporation of H-3-labelled thymidine was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by those FB1-containing diets that exhibited cancer promotion. In vitro studies on the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in primary rat hepatocytes further supported the in vivo data in that FB1, similar to other cancer promoters such as phenobarbital and 2- acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), alters growth stimulatory responses in primary hepatocytes. No significant (P > 0 05) changes in the sphinganine/sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio were observed in the liver of the rats fed the lowest FB1-containing diet (50 mg FB1/kg diet) that effected cancer promotion. The present study indicated that FB1 exhibited cancer-promoting activity in the absence of adverse hepatotoxic effects and at dietary levels that failed to effect cancer initiation. Cancer Lett. 1996 Dec 3b 109n 1-2f'PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV PRETORIA,DEPT VET PATHOL,ZA-0002 PRETORIA,SOUTH AFRICA PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICAo81Times Cited: 30 English Article VZ698 CANCER LETT ISI:A1996VZ69800013a< ^515-523$://000222172600007EF?Mirete, S. Vazquez, C. Mule, G. Jurado, M. Gonzalez-Jaen, M. T.JlfDifferentiation of Fusarium verticillioides from banana fruits by IGS and EF-1 alpha sequence analyses*#European Journal of Plant Pathology4EF-1 alpha; fumonisins; Gibberella fujikuroi; IGS; maize fujikuroi species complex; intergenic spacer region; cryptic speciation; gene genealogies; section liseola; evolution; strains; dna; populations; moniliformeRKFusarium verticillioides ( Gibberella moniliformis, G. fujikuroi mating population A) is an important pathogen of maize and produces several mycotoxins, including fumonisins, which cause diseases in humans and animals. The partial sequences of the IGS region ( Intergenic Spacer of rDNA units) and the translation elongation factor EF-1alpha gene of a representative sample ( 48 strains) of F. verticillioides isolated from diverse hosts, geographical origins and with different levels of fumonisin production were analyzed. A phylogenetic approach by PAUP was used to evaluate the genetic variability in this species and to detect the occurrence of lineages which could be associated with different hosts or produced different toxin profiles within this species. Genetic variability detected by both sequences was high, especially with the IGS sequence which showed a high number of parsimony- informative sites and nucleotide diversity. The results of the phylogenetic analysis indicated that F. verticillioides occurs as (i) a major fumonisin-producing population with a wide geographical distribution, wide host preferences ( cereals), showing variability and considerable incidence of sexual reproduction and (ii) a minor fumonisin non-producing population, with restricted host preference ( banana), low variability and clonal reproductive strategy.0Eur. J. Plant Pathol.  2004 JunA 1102 5-6R'~wUniv Complutense Madrid, Fac Biol, Dept Genet, Jose Antonio Novais 2, E-28040 Madrid, Spain Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Biol, Dept Genet, E-28040 Madrid, Spain Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Biol, Dept Microbiol 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain CNR, ISPA, I-70126 Bari, Italy Gonzalez-Jaen MT Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Biol, Dept Genet, Jose Antonio Novais 2, E-28040 Madrid, Spain pjTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: APPEL DJ, 1995, EXP MYCOL, V19, P120 APPEL DJ, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P125 BACON CW, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P1195 DESJARDINS AE, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5773 EXCOFFIER L, 1992, GENETICS, V131, P479 FARRIS JS, 1994, CLADISTICS, V10, P315 GEISER DM, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P388 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 HILLIS DM, 1991, Q REV BIOL, V66, P411 HILLIS DM, 1993, SYST BIOL, V42, P182 HUSS MJ, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3750 JUKES TH, 1969, MAMMALIAN PROTEIN ME, P21 KERENYI Z, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P4071 KISHINO H, 1989, J MOL EVOL, V29, P170 LESLIE JF, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, P5282 LESLIE JF, 1996, GENETICS, V144, P557 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 MIRETE S, 2003, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V89, P213 MOSS MO, 1998, J APPL BACTERIOLOL S, V84, P625 NEI M, 1987, MOL EVOLUTIONARY GEN NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 ODONNELL K, 1998, MYCOLOGIA, V90, P465 ODONNELL K, 2000, MYCOSCIENCE, V41, P61 ODONNELL K, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P7905 ODONNELL K, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P2044 ROZAS J, 1999, BIOINFORMATICS, V15, P174 SCHNEIDER S, 1997, ARLEQUIN VERSION 1 1 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 STEENKAMP ET, 2002, MYCOLOGIA, V94, P1032 SWOFFORD DL, 2002, PAUP PHYLOGENETIC AN TAYLOR JW, 1999, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V37, P197 TEMPLETON AR, 1983, EVOLUTION, V37, P221 English Article 831DG EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYISI:000222172600007R699-703$://000178595700013Mitterbauer, R. Adam, G.Saccharomyces cerevisae and Arabidopsis thaliana: Useful model systems for the identification of molecular mechanisms involved in resistance of plants to toxins*#European Journal of Plant Pathologymycotoxin; deoxynivalenol; drug efflux; ribosomal protein L3; trichothecene complete inventory; reduced virulence; gibberella-zeae; gene; disease; yeast; wheat; maize; scabVPSecondary metabolites produced by pathogens during the infection process are thought to play a role as pathogenicity or virulence determinants in many plant diseases. Baker's yeast and the plant Arabidopsis thaliana are attractive models for elucidating molecular mechanisms of resistance to toxic substances. For the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, the following resistance mechanisms were identified in yeast: (1) reduced toxin uptake due to the ABC transporter protein Pdr5p (molecular efflux pump), (2) detoxification by the acetyltransferase Ayt1p, and (3) modification of the ribosomal target by amino acid changes in the ribosomal protein L3 (Rp13p). PDR5-like genes exist in plant genomes as large gene families and could play an important role as a first line of defence against a broad range of toxic metabolites. Amino acid alterations in the highly conserved RPL3 genes could likewise play a role in trichothecene resistance in plants. The knowledge obtained using model systems should be valuable in biotechnological approaches to disease control and marker- assisted resistance breeding.Eur. J. Plant Pathol.  2002 Sep, 108 7L'Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, Muthgasse 18-05166, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Adam G Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, Muthgasse 18-05166, A-1190 Vienna, AustriaOTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 19 Cited References: ADAM G, 1996, 8 IS MPMI C KNOXV TN BUIATTI M, 1991, EXPERIENTIA, V47, P811 DECOTTIGNIES A, 1997, NAT GENET, V15, P137 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DUDLER R, 1992, J BIOL CHEM, V267, P5882 GRAUSGRUBER H, 1998, J GENET BREED, V52, P173 JOHAL GS, 1992, SCIENCE, V258, P985 KIMURA M, 1998, J BIOL CHEM, V273, P1654 KOMBRINK E, 1997, MYCOTA A, V5, P107 LEMMENS M, 1994, ACTA HORTIC, V355, P223 LU YP, 1997, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V94, P8243 MCMULLEN M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1340 MILLER JD, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P234 MITTERBAUER R, 2000, BIOL PLANT MICROBE I, V2, P352 MITTERBAUER R, 2000, THESIS U AGR SCI VIE PANACCIONE DG, 1992, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V89, P6590 PARRY DW, 1995, PLANT PATHOL, V44, P207 PROCTOR RH, 1995, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V8, P593 SANCHEZFERNANDEZ R, 2001, J BIOL CHEM, V276, P30231 English Article 604BL EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGY ISI:000178595700013F j t@LHJournal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth<7Journal of Invertebrate Pathology J. Invertebr. Pathol.84Journal of Liquid Chromatography J. Liq. Chromatogr.4.Journal of Mass Spectrometry J. Mass Spectrom.,)Journal of Natural Products J. Nat. Prod.,(Journal of Natural Toxins J. Nat. Toxins Journal of Nutrition J. Nutr.PJJournal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine J. Occup. Environ. Med.,)Journal of Phytopathology J. Phytopathol.\XJournal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschrift J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z.<8Journal of Stored Products Research J. Stored Prod. Res.HBJournal of the American Oil Chemists Society J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.XSJournal of the Chemical Society-Chemical Communications J. Chem. Soc.-Chem. Commun.D>Journal of the National Cancer Institute J. Natl. Cancer Inst.HBJournal of the Science of Food and Agriculture J. Sci. Food Agric.Journal of the South African Veterinary Association-Tydskrif Van Die Suid-Afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.-Tydskr. Suid-Afr. Vet. Ver.@:Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev.Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health J. Vet. Med. Ser. B-Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health<6Letters in Applied Microbiology Lett. Appl. Microbiol. Lipids LipidsLung Cancer Lung Cancer4/Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja Magy. Allatorv. LapjaMaydica Maydica Medical Mycology Med. Mycol. Medical Oncology Med. Oncol.<6Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental Metab.-Clin. Exp.("Microchemical Journal Microchem J.$!Mikrochimica Acta Mikrochim. ActaLFMilchwissenschaft-Milk Science International Milchwiss.-Milk Sci. Int.0-Molecular & General Genetics Mol. Gen. Genet.84Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Mol. Genet. Metab.DAMolecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact.Mutagenesis MutagenesisMutation ResearchpmMutation Research-Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen.tpMutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen.PKMutation Research-Reviews in Mutation Research Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res.Mycologia Mycologia$ Mycological Research Mycol. Res. Mycopathologia MycopathologiaNahrung-Food Nahr.-FoodHCNational Academy Science Letters-India Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett.-India Natural Toxins Nat. Toxins Nature NatureNature Medicine Nat. Med.,'Naturwissenschaften NaturwissenschaftenTPNew Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. Nutrition Reviews Nutr. Rev. Oncology Reports Oncol. Rep.LGOnderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res.<8Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras.,(Pest Management Science Pest Manag. Sci.@=Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology Pest. Biochem. Physiol.$!Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenetics84Physics and Chemistry of Minerals Phys. Chem. Miner.LGPhysiological and Molecular Plant Pathology Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol.,'Phytochemical Analysis Phytochem. Anal. Phytochemistry Phytochemistry$Phytoparasitica Phytoparasitica Phytopathology PhytopathologyPlant and Soil Plant Soil40Plant Biotechnology Journal Plant Biotechnol. J. Plant Breeding Plant Breed.Plant Disease Plant Dis.qD"371-375$://A1992HN93400018e2,Keller, N. P. Cleveland, T. E. Bhatnagar, D.RKVariable Electrophoretic Karyotypes of Members of Aspergillus Section FlaviCurrent Geneticselectrophoretic karyotyping; aspergillus section flavi; chromosome length polymorphisms transformation system; aflatoxin mutants; parasiticus; gene; linkage; complementation; nomius; dnapiContour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis was used to establish karyotypes for fungi of Aspergillus Section Flavi. Under identical electrophoretic conditions, five to eight chromosomal bands were separated in Aspergillus flavus isolates and five to seven chromosomal bands in A. parasiticus isolates. Each distinct chromosomal band contained one or more chromosomes. Other members of Aspergillus Section Flavi (A. oryzae, A. sojae, and A. tamarii) had similar karyotypes to those of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. A related species, A. versicolor, showed six chromosomal bands. With the exception of small chromosomes present in some isolates, the estimated sizes of chromosomes for all six species range from approximately 3.0 to greater-than-or-equal-to 7.0 Mb. It is likely that all isolates of these species contain the same number of large (> 3 Mb) chromosomes; however, not all of the chromosomal bands could be resolved into separate chromosomes for each isolate due to chromosome length polymorphisms. This variability, observed in A. flavus and A. parasiticus, generated unique chromosomal band patterns within these species. The total genome sizes of these fungi were at least as large as those reported for A. nidulans and A. niger (31- 38.5 Mb). Conserved genes were mapped to analogous chromosomes of A. flavus and A. parasiticus by gene hybridization.i Curr. Genet. 1992 Apr:21 4-5 'USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124 KELLER NP USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 701246:3Times Cited: 28 English Article HN934 CURR GENETICS6ISI:A1992HN93400018M479-484$://A1993KK91600019cTNKeller, N. P. Dischinger, H. C. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E. Ullah, A. H. J.d^Purification of a 40-Kilodalton Methyltransferase Active in the Aflatoxin Biosynthetic-Pathway,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology'2,USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179versiconal hemiacetal acetate; aspergillus-parasiticus; enzyme- activities; sequence motifs; versicolorin-a; conversion; sterigmatocystin; identification; precursor; averufinTNThe penultimate step in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus involves conversion of sterigmatocystin to O- methylsterigmatocystin. An S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes this reaction was purified to homogeneity (>90%) from 78-h-old mycelia of A. parasiticus SRRC 163. Purification of this soluble enzyme was carried out by five soft-gel chromatographic steps: cell debris remover treatment, QMA ACELL chromatography, hydroxylapatite-Ultrogel chromatography, DEAE-Spherodex chromatography, and Octyl Avidgel chromatography, followed by MA7Q high-performance liquid chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein peak from this step on silver staining identified a single band of approximately 40 kDa. This purified protein was distinct from the dimeric 168- kDa methyltransferase purified from the same fungal strain under identical growth conditions (D. Bhatnagar, A. H. J. Ullah, and T. E. Cleveland, Prep. Biochem. 18:321-349, 1988). The chromatographic behavior and N-terminal sequence of the 40- kDa enzyme were also distinct from those of the 168-kDa methyltransferase. The molar extinction coefficient of the 40- kDa enzyme at 278 nm was estimated to be 4.7 X 10(4) M-1 cm-1 in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993 FebE5923B://A1994NN88100009E>8Keller, N. P. Butchko, R. A. E. Sarr, B. Phillips, T. D.RLA Visual-Pattern of Mycotoxin Production in Maize Kernels by Aspergillus SppPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1994 May845NN881 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1994NN881000097 1141-1152$://000188092200007TMKrska, R. Pettersson, H. Josephs, R. D. Lemmens, M. Mac Donald, S. Welzig, E.leZearalenone in maize: stability testing and matrix characterisation of a certified reference material&Food Additives and Contaminantszearalenone; mycotoxin; stability; matrix; certified reference material (CRM) estrogenic mycotoxins; deoxynivalenol; wheat; cleanup; columnsWithin the certification process of a reference material for the determination of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON) in maize, short- and long-time stability tests of naturally contaminated maize have been performed. The short- term stability of ZON in the maize was evaluated under four different conditions (4, 25, 40 and 70degrees C) in preliminary studies. Four storage times of 0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks were investigated using HPLC. The long- term stability study was conducted with measurements after 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months under three storage conditions (4, 25 and 40degrees C) in preliminary studies using HPLC. Stability data gained under two different conditions (4 and 25degrees C) with five storage times of 0, 1, 6, 12 and 18 months were further evaluated for the contaminated maize in the certification process. Before the certification, the maize matrix had been characterized with respect to dry residue, ash content, fat content, protein content, ergosterol content and total dietary fibre, and the efficiency of gamma-irradiation on the fungal. ora was investigated. The stability of the maize matrix was evaluated by monitoring UV absorption and ergosterol content under four different storage conditions (4, 25, 35 and 70degrees C) with five storage times of 0, 1, 6, 12 and 24 months. Other possibly occurring mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X and moniliformin) have been quantified. On the basis of the stability measurements, which showed no significant trends for both short- and long-term stabilities, it can be recommended to store the samples at temperatures < 4&DEG; C and ship the samples at ambient temperatures.7Food Addit. Contam.c 2003 Dec 2012'Ctr Analyt Chem, Inst Agrobiotechnol, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A- 3430 Tulln, Austria Ctr Analyt Chem, Inst Agrobiotechnol, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Nutr & Management, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Commiss European Communities, DG Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium Cent Sci Lab, York YO41 1LZ, N Yorkshire, England Krska R Ctr Analyt Chem, Inst Agrobiotechnol, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, AustriaTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: *INT ORG STAND, 1999, GUID ISO, V34 *INT ORG STAND, 1998, GUID ISO, V31 *NORM FRANC, 1991, 18112 NF V *PHARM EUR, 1990, EUR ARZN, V1 *SCI COMM FOOD, 2000, OP FUS TOX 2 ATHENSTADT J, 1989, PRAKTISCHE TIERARZT, V1, P60 CUERO RG, 1986, FOOD MICROBIOL, V3, P107 ENGELHARDT G, 1988, NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, V75, P309 HELRICH K, 1990, 92086 AOAC HELRICH K, 1990, 92303 AOAC HELRICH K, 1990, 92510 AOAC HELRICH K, 1990, 96806 AOAC JOSEPHS RD, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P417 KRSKA R, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V369, P469 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LAMBERTY A, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P359 LINSINGER TPJ, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V370, P183 MAUPETIT P, 1993, 44 ANN M EAAP COMM A MILLER JD, 1985, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V7, P132 MULLER HM, 1993, OCCURRENCE SIGNIFICA, P32 OSBORNE DR, 1978, ANAL NUTR FOODS, P156 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 SCHNEWEIS I, 2001, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V17, P87 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCHUHMACHER R, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V359, P510 SCOTT PM, 1991, DEV FOOD SCI, V26, P119 SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P459 SHIER WT, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P599 WEINGAERTNER J, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V357, P1206 WOLFF J, 1995, GETREIDE MEHL BROT, V49, P139 English Article 763NK FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000188092200007 z3 securityseed seed coatseed deterioration seed mixtures seed oilseed-germinationseedling alfalfaseedling and stalk rotseedling blight seedlingsseedsSEERselectable marker selectionself-incompatibility seminoma sequencesequence motifssequence-analysis sequencessequential-estimationserumserum 25-hydroxyvitamin-d serum folate SesamiaSesamia calamistisSesamia nonagrioides severity SH-SY5Y cellsshear localizationsheath rot disease short-term signaling silk maysin silk-maysinsilkssitesite-directed mutagenesisSitophilus zeamaissitophilus-zeamais motsch$sitophilus-zeamais motschulsky Sitopholussizeskullslab smokingsocial support$sodium calcium aluminosilicatesodium taurocholate$sodium-calcium aluminosilicatesoilsoil populationssoil properties soil samplingsojae solanine SolanumSolanum tuberosumsolid phase extractionsolid-phase extractionsolid-solutionssolid-state flow solutes sorbents sorghumsorghum genotypes sorghum- sorting South Africa south georgia south- south-africasouth-carolina Southernsouthern africa southern-southern-africa southwesternsouthwestern corn borersouthwestern corn-borersowssoy soybeansoybean cyst nematodesoybean pod walls sp-novspanish marketspatial patternspatial patterns speciationspecies complex specificity spectrometry spectroscopy sphinganinesphinganine/sphingosine sphinganine/sphingosine ratio sphingolipidsphingolipid biosynthesis$sphingolipid breakdown productssphingolipid metabolismsphingolipid synthesis sphingolipids sphingomyelinsphingomyelins sphingosinesphingosine ratiospice essential oils spina-bifida spinel spinifera spoilagespoilage fungisporotrichioidessporotrichioides encodes sporulationsppspp.sprague-dawley rats stabilitystaged rat embryos stalk borer stalk rot stalksstandardization starch statisticalstem stem borersstem tunnelingstem-cell compartmentsterigmatocystin sterigmatocystin biosynthesissterigmatocystinsStewart's bacterial wilt storage storage fungiLIStorage method, Remain kernel weight, Tolerance level, storage treatment. storage pestsstorage systems stored corn stored maize strainstrain composition strains stressstress tolerancestress-response StrigaStriga hermonthica Striga spp.striga-hermonthica strokestructural genestructure elucidation structures stubble stuffs suberin subglutinans substrate subtilissugar regulation sugars sunflower$supercritical fluid extractionsuperoxide anion radicalsuperplasticitysupplement usesupplementation suppressionsuppressor gene surveillance survey survivalsusceptibilitysusceptible maize hybrids suturessweet sweet cornswine sympodial symptomlesssymptomless infection synanamorph syndromes synthase synthase gene synthesis synthetase system0-system na2o-k2o-cao-mgo-feo-fe2o3-al2o3-sio2- systematics systemic systemic acquired-resistancesystemic fungicide systemst-2 T-2 toxin t-harzianum T2 toxin tamoxifen Tarai regiontarget alteration taxonomytc1Tc1-mariner transposonTCA ester configuration tebuconazoletebuconazole (Folicur teleomorphs temperature temperaturestenuazonic acid teosinte terreus testicular germ cell tumortesting shelled corn testis cancer tetraconazoletexas thaliana:205-210$://A1995TA01600011B<Setamou, M. Schulthess, F. Bosqueperez, N. A. Thomasodjo, A.\UThe Effect of Stem and Cob Borers on Maize Subjected to Different Nitrogen Treatments.'Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicatannitrogen; maize; lepidopterous stem and cob borers; sesamia calamistis; eldana saccharina; mussidia nigrivenella; cryptophlebia leucotreta; dead hearts; stem tunneling; yields lepidoptera; cas393-396$://000179074700022cZTShephard, G. S. Leggott, N. L. Stockenstrom, S. Somdyala, N. I. M. Marasas, W. F. O.XQPreparation of South African maize porridge: effect on fumonisin mycotoxin levels& South African Journal of Sciencecorn-based foods; fusarium-moniliforme; n- (carboxymethyl)fumonisin b-1; esophageal cancer; risk assessment; products; rats; contamination; carcinogenicity; temperature2,The estimated levels of fumonisin exposure in South African communities that consume maize as their staple diet have previously been based on the analysis of raw maize collected from subsistence farmers, rather than on analysis of traditionally cooked food. During the preparation of a typical South African stiff porridge, fumonisin levels in naturally contaminated maize meal were reduced during cooking. A mean reduction in fumonisin B, levels of 23% was observed, with a correlation coefficient between the levels in uncooked meal and cooked porridge of r = 0.90 (P < 0.01). A survey of available maize consumption data from around the world indicated that the highest levels of maize consumption are found in the general Mexican population and in the rural population of the Transkei region of South Africa.S. Afr. J. Sci. 2002Jul-Aug98 7-8'MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Shephard GS MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africay60Times Cited: 4 English Article 612KR S AFR J SCIISI:000179074700022o IX Odvody, G. Oerke, E. C. Oesch, F.Oforiadjei, D. Ogle, R. A. Ogle, R. C. Ogonar, J. I. Ogonor, J. I. Ohmomo, S. Ohsato, S. Ohtani, E.Okerberg, C. V. Okolie, N. P.Okubara, P. A. Olakojo, SA.* Oldenburg, E.Oliveira, J. N.Oliveira, Tcrm Omori, M. Omori, N.Oneill, H. S. C. Oneill, K. Ono, E. Y. S. Ono, M. A.Onyike, N. B. N. Oren, L. Orsi, R. B. Ortega, E. M. Osada, H. Oswald, I. P. Osweiler, G. Otsuki, T.Ottinger, S. E. Ouellet, T. Overduin, B.Oyebanji, A. O. Pace, P. Pacin, A. Pacin, A. M.Padayachee, T.Pagliai, A. M. B. Palencia, E. Palermo, C. Palermo, D. Pallaroni, L.Pamphile, J. A. Panzer, A. Papp, E. Parich, A. Park, J. Park, J. W.Parthasarathy, K. R. Pascale, M.Pasikatan, M. C. Pataky, J. K. Patel, S. Patino, B. Patkar, K. L.Patterson, M. F. Patton, R. E. Paul, C. Payne, G. Payne, G. A.Pearson, T. C. Peluso, G. Pengue, R. Peres, S. Y.Perez-Alzola, L. Perkowski, J. Perrone, G. Pestka, J. J. Peters, U.Petersen, N. J. Peterson, S. Petit, M.Pettersson, H.Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A.Pfohlleszkowicz, A.Phillips, S. I.Phillips, T. D.Philogene, B. J. R. Philp, J. M. Picco, M.Pienaar, J. G. Pietri, A.Pietrobono, P. Pilcher, C.Pilcher, C. D. Pilgeram, A. Pimpukdee, K.Pineda-Valdes, G. Pinsky, P.Piramanayagam, S.Pirttila, A. M. Pitchon, D. Pitt, J. I. Piva, G.Placinta, C. M. Platis, C. E. Platt, K. L.Plattner, R. D.Poehling, H. M. Poliakov, A. Poling, S. M. Pollak, M.Poppenberger, B. Possi, C. R. Postel, D. Potgieter, H.Potgieter, H. C. Prandini, A. Prasad, T.Prasongsidh, B. C.Preciado, O. R. E.Preciado-Ortiz, R. E.Prentice, A. M. Press, IOS Price, M. S. Prima, B.Pringle, H. C. Prioli, R. Prisk, V.Proctor, R. H. Pronczuk, M. Pronczuk, P.Puigdomenech, P.Puigserver, A. Qiao, Y. L. Quaranta, F. Quinz, A. R., Nuss, D., Rabie, C. J.Raditschnig, A. Rafai, P.Raffaseder, C.Ragland, W. L. Rahbeeni, F. Rahimian, H.Rajasekaran, K.Ramakrishna, N.Ramirez, M. L. Ramljak, D. Ramos, A. J. Ramsey, C. S. Randazzo, G. Ranjan, K. S. Rao, A. G. Rao, P. S. Rapior, S. Rasekh, H. R. Rati, E. R.Ratnavathi, C. V.Raveesha, K. A. Raventos, D. Razzazi, E.Rebbeck, T. R.Reddy, D. V. R. Reddy, DVR Reddy, G.Regnault-Roger, C. Regueiro, S. Reid, L. M.Reinbrecht, C. Resch, P. A. Resnik, S. Resnik, S. L.Reynoso, M. M. Rheeder, J.Rheeder, J. P. Rice, L. G. Richael, C.Richard, J. L.Richard-Molard, D.Richardson, M. D. Richter, W. Riezler, R. Riley, R. T.Ringrose, M. A. Rinna, R. Rintelen, J.Riordan, S. G. Ritieni, A. Robbs, C. F.Robinson, A. E. Rocheford, T.Rocheford, T. R. Rodriguez, M.Rodriguez, M. I.Rodriguez, M. T. Rojas, M. G. Rojo, F. G.Rollins, J. A. Roman, A. V.Rombouts, F. M. Rood, T. Rooney, L. W. Roselli, M. Rosenberg, E. Rossi, F.Rossouw, J. E.Rosvold, E. A. Rothman, N.Rottinghaus, G.Rottinghaus, G. E. Rotunno, T.Roufail, W. M. Roush, J. Roux, C. Roux, J. Roy, A. K.Rubinstein, H. R.Ruckenbauer, P. Ruhland, M. Rull, F. Russell, PE2 J255-273$://A1989CB86500002 Karato, S.2+Grain-Growth Kinetics in Olivine AggregatesTectonophysics'0)UNIV TOKYO,OCEAN RES INST,TOKYO 164,JAPANTectonophysics 1989 Nov 1 1684:4Times Cited: 53 Cited Reference Count: 41 Cited References: BROOK RJ, 1969, J AM CERAM SOC, V52, P65 CAHN JW, 1956, T AIME, V206, P610 CARPAY FMA, 1977, CERAMIC MICROSTRUCTU, P261 CHOPRA PN, 1984, J GEOPHYS RES, V89, P7861 CHOPRA PN, 1981, TECTONOPHYSICS, V78, P453 COOPER RF, 1982, HIGH PRESSURE RES GE, P217 HILLERT M, 1965, ACTA METALL, V13, P227 KARATO S, 1980, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V7, P649 KARATO S, 1987, HIGH PRESSURE RES MI, P455 KARATO S, 1988, PHYS EARTH PLANET IN, V51, P107 KARATO S, 1982, PHYS EARTH PLANET IN, V28, P102 KARATO S, 1989, RHEOLOGY SOLIDS EART, P176 KARATO SI, 1986, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V91, P8151 KARATO SI, 1984, TECTONOPHYSICS, V104, P155 KINGERY WD, 1976, INTRO CERAMICS KINGERY WD, 1965, J AM CERAM SOC, V48, P546 KOHLSTEDT DL, 1984, DEFORMATION CERAMICS, V2, P251 KOHLSTEDT DL, 1974, J GEOPHYS RES, V79, P2045 LALLEMANT HGA, 1980, TECTONOPHYSICS, V70, P85 MARCHANT DD, 1971, J AM CERAM SOC, V55, P19 MENDELSON MI, 1969, J AM CERAM SOC, V52, P443 MERCIER JCC, 1979, MANTLE SAMPLE INCLUS, P197 NAKAMURA Y, 1974, CARNEGIE I WASH YB, V73, P255 NICHOLS FA, 1966, J APPL PHYS, V37, P4599 NICOLAS A, 1987, AM GEOPHYS UNION GEO, V16, P111 NICOLAS A, 1976, CRYSTALLINE PLASTICI NICOLAS A, 1978, PHILOS T R SOC LON A, V288, P49 OLGAARD DL, 1986, J AM CERAM SOC, V69, PC272 PATERSON MS, 1970, INT J ROCK MECH MIN, V7, P517 PATERSON MS, 1986, PHYS CHEM MINER, V13, P245 PIACENTE V, 1975, SILIKATY, V19, P289 SMITH DA, 1980, GRAIN BOUNDARY STRUC, P337 TORIUMI M, 1982, PHYS EARTH PLANET IN, V30, P26 TULLIS J, 1982, J GEOL, V90, P301 TWISS RJ, 1976, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V33, P88 TWISS RJ, 1977, PURE APPL GEOPHYS, V115, P227 URAI JL, 1986, GEOPHYS MONOGR AM GE, V36, P161 URAI JL, 1983, TECTONOPHYSICS, V96, P125 WAFF HS, 1981, J GEOPHYS RES, V86, P3677 YAN MF, 1977, CERAMIC MICROSTRUCTU, P276 ZEUCH DH, 1982, TECTONOPHYSICS, V83, P293 English Article CB865 TECTONOPHYSICSISI:A1989CB86500002J<g8297-312$://A1995RC65700002,&Juanlopez, M. Carvajal, M. Ituarte, B.81Supervising Program of Aflatoxins in Mexican Corn&Food Additives and ContaminantsFood Addit. Contam.d 1995May-Juno123oRC657 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMaISI:A1995RC65700002683-687$://000175000200017M(!Juglal, S. Govinden, R. Odhav, B. JDSpice oils for the control of co-occurring mycotoxin-producing fungi Journal of Food Protectionfumonisin b-1; natural cooccurrence; aflatoxin b-1; food- products; zearalenone; growth; maize; deoxynivalenol; biosynthesis; inhibitionThe effect of nine different oils was evaluated on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and Fusarium moniliforme. The experimental design to examine the inhibition of mycotoxins involved the incorporation of each of seven oils into broth and patty cultures. The fungal mycotoxin was identified by high- pressure liquid chromatography. Clove oil (eugenol) was the most inhibitory to the growth of A. parasiticus and F. moniliforme, followed by cinnamon (cinnamic aldehyde), oregano (thymol and carvacol) and mace oils (myristin). Neem and eucalyptus oil (cineole) did not affect fungal growth. The feasibility of implementing the results of this study to control mycotoxin toxicity was examined by costoring whole and ground cloves with mycotoxin-infected grain. Addition of both whole and ground cloves markedly reduced the aflatoxin contamination of the grain. These results clearly suggest that commonly occurring mycotoxigenic fungi can be controlled with clove oil (eugenol), thus spice oil successfully inhibited the growth of A. parasiticus and F. moniliforme, regulated the production of fumonisins, and prevented the formation of aflatoxins. The social implication of this finding is that rural communities can prevent the formation of fungal toxins in contaminated grain by simple measures. J. Food Prot. 2002 Apr654'ML Sultan Technikon, Dept Biol Sci, POB 1334, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa ML Sultan Technikon, Dept Biol Sci, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa Odhav B ML Sultan Technikon, Dept Biol Sci, POB 1334, ZA-4001 Durban, South AfricaTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 33 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON, V56 ALBERTS JF, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P2 BHATNAGAR D, 1991, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V30, P4343 BLACKWELL BA, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P31 BULLERMAN LB, 1977, J FOOD SCI, V42, P1107 CHATTERJEE D, 1990, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V11, P148 DASILVA JB, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P4352 DAW ZY, 1995, J AFR CORP SCI, V3, P511 DOKO MB, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3240 DUTTON MF, 1988, MICROBIOL REV, V52, P274 ELBAROTY GS, 1997, J AGR SCI MANSOURA U, V22, P1223 ELBAROTY GS, 1994, TEXAS S U RES J, V4, P22 FARAG RS, 1989, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V66, P792 FARAG RS, 1989, J FOOD SCI, V54, P74 GONZALEZ HHL, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P565 GUTEMA T, 2000, J FOOD PROTECT, V63, P1732 HASSAN MN, 1996, ZAGZIG J AGR RES, V23, P829 HIRASA K, 1998, SPICE SCI TECHNOLOGY, P163 JACKSON LS, 1999, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V459, P243 KIM JM, 1995, J FOOD SCI, V60, P1364 KPODO K, 2000, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V61, P147 LI FQ, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P93 MEDINAMARTINEZ MS, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2833 MILLER JD, 1991, ACIAR P, V36, P126 MILLER JD, 1993, HELSINKI AFR NEWSL O, V3, P32 NAKATANI N, 1994, SPICES HERBS EDIBLE, P251 PONS WA, 1972, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V49, P124 RAMJEE G, 1990, THESIS U NATAL DURBA RILEY RT, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P3 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SOLOVEY MMS, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P325 TAKAHASHI DM, 1979, REVERSED PHASE HIGH, V1, P100 THIEL PG, 1993, J AOAC INT, V76, P361 English Article 541TH J FOOD PROTECTISI:000175000200017P 1073-1080d$://0001791636000104-Park, J. W. Kim, E. K. Shon, D. H. Kim, Y. B.pjNatural co-occurrence of aflatoxin B-1, fumonisin B-1 and ochratoxin A in barley and corn foods from Korea&Food Additives and Contaminants("aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)); fumonisin B-1 (FB1); ochratoxin A (OTA); mycotoxins; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); high-performance liquid-chromatographic determination; balkan endemic nephropathy; human exposure; products; cereals; contamination; maize; feeds; zearalenone; mycotoxins.(A survey for aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)), fumonisin B-1 and ochratoxin A (OTA) was conducted on 127 samples that included 30 food-grade barley, 32 barley foods, 18 food-grade corn and 47 corn foods, randomly collected during 1998-99 in Seoul, Korea. The presence of mycotoxins was analysed by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and most of the positive samples from ELISA were confirmed using high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Recoveries of AFB(1) and OTA spiked at 10 ng g(-1) and FB1 spiked at 50 ng g(-1) were 106, 87 and 105% by ELISA, whereas those by HPLC were 80, 79 and 84%, respectively. Detection limits by ELISA for AFB(1), FB1 and OTA were 1, 5 and 5 ng g(-1), and those by HPLC were 0.6, 35 and 1 ng g(-1). Naturally occurring AFB(1), FB1 and OTA were found in 4/32 (12%), 2/32 (6%) and 4/32 (12%) samples of barley foods with an average of 26, 16 and 9 ng g(-1), respectively. AFB(1) and FB1 in corn foods were detected in 4/47 (8%) and 9/47 (19%) samples with the average being 20 and 74 ng g(-1) while no OTA was found in any corn foods samples. No AFB(1), FB1 or OTA was detected in any of food-grade barley and corn samples. This is the first report on the natural co- occurrence of AFB(1) and FB1 in barley and corn foods as well as on surveillance of OTA in Korea.Food Addit. Contam. 2002 Nov1911'JCKorea Univ, Inst Biotechnol, Grad Sch Biotechnol, 5-1 Anam Dong, Seoul 136701, South Korea Korea Univ, Inst Biotechnol, Grad Sch Biotechnol, Seoul 136701, South Korea Korea Food Res Inst, Seongnam 463420, Kyunggi, South Korea Kim YB Korea Univ, Inst Biotechnol, Grad Sch Biotechnol, 5-1 Anam Dong, Seoul 136701, South Korea X RTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 52 Cited References: *FAO, 1997, 64 FAO UN *IARC, 1993, MON EV CARC RISKS HU, V56 *MIN HLTH WELF KOR, 1998, NAT NUTR SURV REP BARNAVETRO I, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2821 BERETTA B, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P70 BHAT RV, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P151 CANDLISH AAG, 2000, MYCOTOXIN RES, V16, P2 CARVAJAL M, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1301 CASTELLA G, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P4707 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P704 DENIJS M, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P879 ENGEL G, 2000, ARCH LEBENSMITTELHYG, V51, P81 EWAIDAH EH, 1992, INT J FOOD SCI TECH, V27, P697 FREITAS VPS, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P807 GOURAMA H, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P1395 GUTEMA T, 2000, J FOOD PROTECT, V63, P1732 JELINEK CF, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P223 JURJEVIC Z, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P67 KIM EK, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P459 KIM EK, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P151 KIM EK, 1998, FOOD SCI BIOTECHNOL, V7, P221 KWAK BY, 2000, FOOD SCI BIOTECHNOL, V9, P168 LI FQ, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P4122 MACHINSKI M, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P875 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MARTINS ML, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P1268 MOSS MO, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM S, V13, P5 NESHEIM S, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P481 ODHAV B, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P55 OMURTAG GZ, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P1072 PARK JW, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P158 PETERSEN A, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P221 PETKOVABOCHAROV.T, 1985, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V2, P267 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RICE LG, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P536 RYU JC, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P333 SCOTT PM, 1991, CEREAL GRAIN MYCOTOX, P529 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SEO JA, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1331 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SHIM WB, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P1 SOLOVEY MMS, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P325 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 THIRUMALADEVI K, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5079 TRUCKSESS MW, 1999, J AOAC INT, V82, P85 VANEGMOND HP, 1994, J NAT TOXINS, V3, P125 VRABCHEVA T, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2483 WANG B, 1995, STRUCT ENG MECH, V3, P445 WANG JS, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P2712 WOGAN GN, 1999, HEPATOLOGY, V30, P573 English Article 614AA FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000179163600010{< 61-68$://A1993KW517000070Hasan, H. A. H.nhaDifferential Action of Cercoran and Topsin-M on Sensitive and Tolerant Strains of Toxigenic FungiCryptogamie MycologieyCryptogam. Mycol. 1993 Mar141KW517 CRYPTOG MYCOL0ISI:A1993KW517000070:3Hell, K. Cardwell, K. F. Setamou, M. Schulthess, F.o 2000xrInfluence of insect infestation on aflatoxin contamination of stored maize in four agroecological regions in BeninAfrican Entomology8l2o169-177 Sep  Afr. Entomol.ISI:000167228800002Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; Carpophilus dimidiatus; Sitophilus zeamais; Cathartus quadricollis; Cryptophlebia leucotreta; Mussidia nigrivinella aspergillus-flavus infection; seed deterioration; preharvest maize; corn; damage; lepidoptera; resistance; vectors; grain; earsInsect species and damage levels were evaluated and related to aflatoxin content in maize sampled from farmers' stores in four agroecological zones over a two-year period in Benin, West- Africa. In 1993, no aflatoxin was detected in maize that was free of insect damage. In the same year, in maize with more than 70 % of cobs damaged by insects 30.3 % were aflatoxin- positive, with a mean aflatoxin contamination of 77.8 ppb (parts per billion or mug/kg). Grain moisture increased with damage levels. The mean aflatoxin content of maize infested with Carpophilus dimidiatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) was significantly higher than maize free of this pest (F = 5.05, P less than or equal to 0.05). In 1994/95, the density of Mussidia nigrivinella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was significantly higher in the Northern Guinea Savanna than in the other zones, and the presence of this pest was positively correlated with the cob area visibly infected with Aspergillus flavus Link (Deutoremycetes: Monoliales) (r = 0.239, P less than or equal to 0.05) early in storage. Six months later, damage levels due to insects were significantly lower in the Sudan Savanna than in the other ecozones. The infestation level of the most common storage pest, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curcilionidae) decreased from the south to the north. After six months of storage aflatoxin level was positively correlated with the cob area damaged by Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (r = 0.25, P less than or equal to 0.05), the number of Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) observed on maize (r = 0.26, P less than or equal to 0.05) and cob area damaged by S. zeamais (r = 0.22, P less than or equal to 0.05).nhTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 44 Cited References: *INT ORG STAND, 1979, CEREALS CEREAL PRODU, V150, P712 *SPSS, 1993, SPSS WIND ADV STAT R ALBERT H, 1992, ASPECTS EC PROTECTIO BARRY D, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P2492 BETI JA, 1995, J ECON ENTOMOL, V88, P1776 BORGEMEISTER C, 1994, P 6 INT C STOR PROD, P906 BOURAIMA Y, 1993, HUM OCHRATOXICOSIS P, V231, P101 BOWEN KL, 1991, HIGHLIGHTS AGR RES A, V38, P3 CARDWELL K, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P103 COTTY PJ, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P1270 DIENER UL, 1987, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V25, P249 DOWD PF, 1994, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V71, P177 FENNELL DI, 1977, CEREAL CHEM, V54, P770 GORMAN DP, 1991, PLANT BREEDING, V107, P1 HELBIG J, 1995, ECOLOGY PROSTEPHANUS HELL K, IN PRESS J STORED PR HELL K, 1996, WORKSH MYC FOOD AFR, P6 KLICH MA, 1988, LAB GUIDE COMMON ASP LUBULWA G, 1994, P 6 INT C STOR PROD, P1017 LUSSENHOP JL, 1991, T JAPANESE MYCOLOGIC, V31, P63 LYNCH RE, 1991, INT ARACHIS NEWSLETT, V10, P24 LYNCH RE, 1991, PEANUT SCI, V18, P110 MCMILLIAN WW, 1987, AFLATOXIN MAIZE, P194 MCMILLIAN WW, 1990, J ENTOMOL SCI, V25, P123 MILLS JT, 1983, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V73, P330 MOYAL P, 1995, INT J PEST MANAGE, V41, P114 ODINDO MO, 1989, INSECT SCI APPL, V10, P225 SAMSON RA, 1995, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN SAUER DB, 1980, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V70, P516 SETAMOU M, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P433 SETAMOU M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1323 SETAMOU M, 1996, THESIS U CAPE COAST SINGH K, 1991, ILLUSTRATED MANUAL I SINHA KK, 1992, J STORED PROD RES, V28, P211 SINHA KK, 1991, J STORED PROD RES, V27, P65 SOARES LMV, 1992, PLANT TOXIN ANAL, V13, P227 THOMAS F, 1975, J AOAC, V58, P114 TUITE J, 1985, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V75, P1137 UDOH J, 1995, THESIS U IBADAN NIGE VEGA FE, 1995, BIOL CONTROL, V5, P545 WATANABE T, 1994, PICTORIAL ATLAS SOIL WICKLOW DT, 1988, N CENTRAL REGIONAL R, V329, P315 WICKLOW DT, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P621 ZAR JH, 1974, BIOSTATISTICAL ANAL English Article 406RK AFR ENTOMOL~w://000167228800002 and http://journals.sabinet.co.za/essa/ http://journals.sabinet.co.za/ej/ejour_ento.htmle'Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div 08, BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div 08, Cotonou, Benin Hell K Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div 08, BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin 25-35$://A1989AE40800003&Siame, B. A. Lovelace, C. E. A.f`Natural Occurrence of Zearalenone and Trichothecene Toxins in Maize-Based Animal Feeds in Zambia4.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureJ. Sci. Food Agric. 1989491'UNIV ZAMBIA,DEPT CHEM,POB 32379,LUSAKA,ZAMBIA UNIV ZAMBIA,DEPT BIOMED SCI,LUSAKA,ZAMBIA SIAME BA UNIV ZAMBIA,DEPT CHEM,POB 32379,LUSAKA,ZAMBIA:3Times Cited: 4 English Article AE408 J SCI FOOD AGRISI:A1989AE40800003a 1486-1491f$://A1993LY34300026mD=Siame, B. A. Weerasuriya, Y. Wood, K. Ejeta, G. Butler, L. G. ZTIsolation of Strigol, a Germination Stimulant for Striga- Asiatica, from Host Plants0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryd]seed-germination; witchweed germination; growth-regulators; lutea lour; ethylene; hermonthicajcThe germination of Striga asiatica, a root parasite of many cereal and leguminous crops, is stimulate by several host and nonhost plant derived stimulants. HPLC revealed the presence of three active compounds in root exudates from Striga host plants, maize and sorghum, and also from proso millet. A fourth active compound was present in sorghum exudates. Acetate and heptafluorobutyrate derivatives were prepared and analyzed by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Each step involved in the isolation, chromatographic purification, and derivatization was followed by a sensitive Striga seed germination bioassay. We report the isolation of strigol as the major Striga seed germination stimulant in maize and proso millet root exudates and as a minor component of the total activity in sorghum root exudates. Strigol was previously isolated only from cotton, a nonhost plant.J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993 Sep419'PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907<5Times Cited: 49 English Article LY343 J AGR FOOD CHEMdISI:A1993LY34300026 G.146-154$://0001752110000084-Magg, T. Melchinger, A. E. Klein, D. Bohn, M.Relationship between European corn borer resistance and concentration of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. in grains of transgenic Bt maize hybrids, their isogenic counterparts, and commercial varietiesOPlant Breeding Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Bacillus thuringiensis; Fusarium spp.; mycotoxin concentration; transgenic maize bacillus-thuringiensis; liquid-chromatography; insecticidal protein; gas-chromatography; wheat; deoxynivalenol; damage; performance; kernels; cleanupThe European corn borer (ECB). Ostrinia nubilalis Hb.. is a major pest of maize in central Europe and promotes the infection of maize with Fusarium spp. In this study, transgenic Bt maize hybrids Acre compared with their isogenic counterparts, and with commercial hybrids from the recommended list with regard to their level of ECB resistance and their concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON). its 15-acetyl (15-A-DON) and 3-acetyl (3-A-DON) derivatives. nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon- X (FUS-X). fumonisins (FUM). and zearalenon (ZEN) in harvested grains. The field experiments Acre performed in Germany at four locations in 1999 and at five locations in 2000. Transgenic Bi hybrids showed significantly lower means than their corresponding isogenic counterparts and than commercial hybrids for all resistance traits: damage rating of stalks. number of larvae per plant. number of larvae per ear, and percentage of damaged plants or ears under infestation. Among all mycotoxins analysed. DON consistently showed the highest concentration across all year x location combinations, Mycotoxin concentrations varied significantly between locations, years and genotypes, whereas mycotoxin concentrations were not significantly different between infested and protected plots. Associations between ECB resistance traits and mycotoxin concentrations were not consistent across years. It is concluded that under central European conditions. the use of Bt maize hybrids will only slightly reduce the contamination of maize kernels with mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. Plant Breed. 2002 Apr 1212'Univ Hohenheim, Inst Plant Breeding Seed Sci & Populat Genet, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, Inst Plant Breeding Seed Sci & Populat Genet, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Bohn M Univ Hohenheim, Inst Plant Breeding Seed Sci & Populat Genet, D-70593 Stuttgart, GermanyNGTimes Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56 *SAS I, 1988, SAS STAT US GUID REL AJANGA S, 2000, CROP PROT, V19, P297 ARCHER TL, 2000, CROP PROT, V19, P181 BOHN M, 1998, MAIS, V26, P150 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 DHILLON BS, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P931 ESTRUCH JJ, 1997, INSECT RESISTANT MAI, P172 GRIMM H, 1960, BIOMETR Z, V2, P164 HUDON M, 1991, MAYDICA, V36, P69 JANSENS S, 1997, CROP SCI, V37, P1616 JARVIS JL, 1984, MAYDICA, V24, P247 KOZIEL MG, 1993, BIO-TECHNOL, V11, P194 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LEW H, 1993, VEROFF BUNDESANSTALT, V21, P5 MAGG T, 2001, PLANT BREEDING, V120, P397 MESTERHAZY A, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P97 MIHM JA, 1983, EFFICIENT MASS REARI MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 PILCHER CD, 1997, J ECON ENTOMOL, V90, P669 SAGERS J, 1997, INSECT RESISTANT MAI SCHUHMACHER R, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V359, P510 SNEDECOR GW, 1980, STAT METHODS SOLFRIZZO M, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P227 UTZ HF, 1998, PLABSTAT COMPUTERPRO WALKER F, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P741 WEINGAERTNER J, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V357, P1206 English Article 545HJ PLANT BREEDISI:000175211000008 j*,'Plant Molecular Biology Plant Mol.Biol. Plant Pathology Plant Pathol.Plant Science Plant Sci. Poultry Science Poult. Sci.,'Preparative Biochemistry Prep. Biochem.toProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.d`Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids0+Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure Appl. Chem.TQRevista Cientifica-Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias Rev. Cient.-Fac. Cienc. Vet.0+Revista De Saude Publica Rev. Saude PublicaRisk Analysis Risk Anal.<7Samj South African Medical Journal SAMJ S. Afr. Med. J.Science Science4.Seed Science and Technology Seed Sci. Technol.4/South African Journal of Botany S. Afr. J. Bot.("South African Journal of Chemistry40South African Journal of Science S. Afr. J. Sci.0-South African Medical Journal S. Afr. Med. J.Sydowia SydowiaTalanta Talanta Tectonophysics TectonophysicsTetrahedron Tetrahedron(%Tetrahedron Letters Tetrahedron Lett.84Theoretical and Applied Genetics Theor. Appl. Genet.($Toxicological Sciences Toxicol. Sci.Toxicology Toxicology@=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.("Toxicology in Vitro Toxicol. VitroToxicon Toxicon@;Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry Trac-Trends Anal. Chem.($Transactions of the Asae Trans. ASAE4/Transactions of the British Mycological Society83Veterinary and Human Toxicology Vet. Human Toxicol. Veterinary Quarterly Vet. Q.,(Vibrational Spectroscopy Vib. Spectrosc.Weed Research Weed Res.<9Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift Wien. Tierarz. Monats.PMWorld Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.Xenobiotica Xenobiotica0-Zeitschrift Fur Jagdwissenschaft Z. Jagdwiss.XSZeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung Z. Lebensm.-Unters.-Forsch.Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. 3zTheobroma cacao therapythermodynamic datathermolabile variant thiabendazole thiamine$thin-layer chromatography (TLC) thuringiensisthyme essential oils tillage time trends tio2-h2o-co2 tissuetissue interactionsTLC tobacco tobacco anionic peroxidase tobacco genes tolerancetolerance levels tomato tortillatortilla quality tortillas total antioxidant activity total counttotal homocysteinetotal homocysteine levels toxic corin toxic corn toxic effecttoxic tall fescue toxicity$!toxicity of fumonisin B-1 in ratstoxicokinetics toxigenictoxigenic fungitoxigenic mouldstoxigenic potential toxigenicitytoxin toxin aaltoxin production toxin t-atoxin-contaminated wheat toxinsTP53traditional brew traits trans-transactivation transcribed spacer sequences transcriptiontranscription factortranscriptional(%transepithelial electrical resistancetransformationtransformation systemtransformations transgenictransgenic cropstransgenic maizetransgenic micetransgenic tobaccotransgenic wheat transkei translation initiation site transporters transvection trehalose tri101 triadimefontricarballylic Trichoderma trichodermintrichodermin resistance trichodiene trichothecene,(trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase genetrichothecene mycotoxinstrichothecene productiontrichothecene resistancetrichothecenes tricyclazole TriticumTriticum aestivumtriticum-aestivumtriticum-aestivum l. tropicaltrypsin inhibitortrypsin-inhibitor tuberosum tuberstubular bioassaytumortumor exposuretumor-suppressor genetumor-suppressor genestumorigenicity turkey turkey poult tyrosine-ubiquitin promoterultrastructure uncertaintyunited-kingdom united-states unsaturated update upper mantle upper-mantleurineUstilaginoidea virens vaccine validationvar-var-israelensisvar-subglutinans variability varieties variety vascular-vascular-disease vectorsvegetable consumption vegetables vegetativevegetative compatibility versicolorinversicolorin-aversicolorin-b synthaseversiconal acetateversiconal hemiacetal versiconal hemiacetal acetateverticillioidesvervet monkeys victoriaVigna unguiculatavii coagulant activityvinyl chloridevinyl-chloride virginia virulencevirulence analysisvirusvirus transgenic micevirus-infectionvisual disease vitamin B-12vitamin supplementation vitamin use vitamin-b-12 vitamin-b12 vitaminsvitis viniferavitis-viniferavitrovitro toxicity volatiles vomitoxinwaterwater activitywater availability water-deficitwax weaningweather variablesweeds West Africa west-africa western kenyawesternized people wet milling wetherswheat wheat flourwheat head scab wheat kernel wheat kernels wheat spikes wheat tissue white corn white flour whitefly whole diet wild tobaccowine witchweedwitchweed germination witchweed striga-hermonthicawomen woodchucks worldwidewound response woundingx maize crosses x-proteinxeniayeastyeast candida-sakeyield yield losses yieldsyoungZea Zea mays zea mays . Zea mays L. zea-mays zea-mays l zea-mays-l zearalanone zearalenol zearalenonezearalenone (ZEA) zearalenone detoxificationzearalenone formation zeranolzeste Zimbabwezinc zinc-fingerZn(II)2cys6 binuclear$!Zn(II)2cys6 binuclear cluster DNAznoZONE  91-94$://000176168300002LFJurjevic, Z. Solfrizzo, M. Cvjetkovic, B. De Girolamo, A. Visconti, A.4.Occurrence of beauvericin in corn from Croatia(!Food Technology and Biotechnologybeauvericin; fumonisins; ochratoxin A; mycotoxins; Fusarium fusarium mycotoxin beauvericin; fumonisin b-1; fusaproliferin; maizeB;The occurrence of beauvericin has been investigated in corn kernel (Zea mays L.) samples collected in 1996 (105 samples) and 1997 (104 samples) from 14 corn-producing counties of Croatia. Corn sample extracts were cleaned up by silica gel minicolumns and analyzed for beauvericin by high performance liquid chromatography with UV diode array detector. Higher incidence of positive samples was found in the 1996 crop as compared to the 1997 crop. In particular, 18 samples (17.4 %) of the 1996 crop were found contaminated with a mean beauvericin content of 393 ng/g and the highest level at 1864 ng/g. Only 1 out of 104 samples collected in the 1997 crop was contaminated with 696 ng/g of the toxin. Beauvericin co- occurred with fumonisins B-1 and B-2 and with ochratoxin A in 17 and 4 samples, respectively. The results of mycological analysis of corn samples for beauvericin producing Fusaritan species were in agreement with results of chemical analysis. In particular, higher incidence of Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (known as Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) (3.7 %) and Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenweber & Reinking) Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas (5.3 %) was found in 1996 with respect to 1997 (1.9 % of F. verticillioides and 0.4 % of F. subglutinans). This is the first report on the occurrence of beauvericin in Croatia. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2002Apr-Jun402':3Univ Zagreb, Fac Agr Sci, Dept Plant Pathol, Svetosimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia Univ Zagreb, Fac Agr Sci, Dept Plant Pathol, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia CNR, Inst Toxins & Mycotoxins, I-70125 Bari, Italy Jurjevic Z Univ Zagreb, Fac Agr Sci, Dept Plant Pathol, Svetosimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 11 Cited References: BOTTALICO A, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P599 JOSEPHS RD, 1999, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V363, P130 JURJEVIC Z, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P455 JURJEVIC Z, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P67 KRSKA R, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V746, P233 KRSKA R, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P11 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 NEERGAARD P, 1977, SEED PATHOLOGY, V1, P739 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 SHEPHARD GS, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5111 English Article 561XL FOOD TECHNOL BIOTECHNOLISI:000176168300002645-652$://A1994NV48900008.(Kale, S. P. Bhatnagar, D. Bennett, J. W.Isolation and Characterization of Morphological Variants of Aspergillus-Parasiticus Deficient in Secondary Metabolite ProductionMycological Research>7fusarium-graminearum; p53 gene; aflatoxin-b1; precursorPolyketide-producing Aspergillus parasiticus was developed as a model system to study fungal strain degeneration. One wild type and five spore colour and auxotrophic mutants of A. parasiticus (designated sec+ for secondary metabolism plus) making aflatoxin and/or pigmented pathway intermediates were subjected to a protocol of serial mycelial transfers in a defined medium. Variant forms (designated sec- for secondary metabolism minus) were isolated from the sec+ forms after 5-12 transfers. The sec- forms exhibited altered morphology, reduced sporulation and inability to make detectable levels of polyketide secondary metabolites. The variants were stable and did not revert to the parental characteristics after more than ten transfers. This pleiotrophic class of non-aflatoxigenic variants serves as a model system to study the commonly occurring, but poorly understood, phenomenon of strain degeneration in filamentous fungi. Mycol. Res. 1994 Jun98'USDA,SO REG CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 TULANE UNIV,DEPT CELL & MOLEC BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118 USDA,SO REG CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 7017981Times Cited: 15 English Article 6 NV489 MYCOL RESISI:A1994NV48900008 3399-34040$://A1996VF61600052e:4Kale, S. P. Cary, J. W. Bhatnagar, D. Bennett, J. W.ngCharacterization of experimentally induced, nonaflatoxigenic variant strains of Aspergillus parasiticus:,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologyrkaflatoxin biosynthesis; conidiophore development; regulatory locus; sterigmatocystin; cloning; flavus; aflrSix previously isolated, nonaflatoxigenic variants of Aspergillus parasiticus, designated sec mutants, were characterized morphologically by electron microscopy, biochemically by biotransformation studies,vith an aflatoxin precursor, and genetically by Northern (RNA) hybridization analysis of aflatoxin biosynthetic gene transcripts, Scanning electron micrographs clearly demonstrated that compared with the parental sec(+) forms, the variant sec forms had an abundance of vegetative mycelia, orders of magnitude reduced number of conidiophores and conidia, and abnormal metulae, Conidiospores were detected in sec cultures only at higher magnifications (x500), in contrast to the sec(+) (wild type) strain, in which abundant conidiospores (masking the vegetative mycelia) were observed even at lower magnifications (x300), All sec(+) forms, but none of the sec forms, showed bioconversion of sterigmatocystin to aflatoxins, Northern blots probed with pathway genes demonstrated lack of expression of both the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway structural (nor-1 and omtA) and regulatory (aflR) genes in the sec forms; PCR and Southern hybridization analysis confirmed the presence of the genes in the sec genomes. Thus, the loss of aflatoxigenic capabilities in the sec form is correlated with alterations in the conidial morphology of the fungus, suggesting that the regulation of aflatoxin synthesis and conidiogenesis may be interlinked. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996 Sep629'XAVIER UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70125 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124 TULANE UNIV,DEPT CELL & MOL BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118 Kale SP XAVIER UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70125B://A1993LF64200003Mahmoud, A. L. E.LFToxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxin Content in Poultry Feedstuff Ingredients$Journal of Basic Microbiology J. Basic Microbiol.a 1993332sLF642 J BASIC MICROBISI:A1993LF64200003E371-376$://0001660174000220$Maragos, C. M. Thompson, V. S..'Fiber-optic immunosensor for mycotoxins Natural ToxinsTMfiber optic immunosensor; biosensor; immunoassay; mycotoxins fumonisins; cornTpiEvanescent wave-based fiber-optic immunosensors were studied for the detection of fumonisins and aflatoxins in maize. Two formats, competitive and non-competitive, were used. A competitive format was used to measure fumonisin B-1 (FB1) in both spiked and naturally contaminated maize samples. Fumonisin monoclonal antibodies were covalently coupled to an optical fiber and the competition between FB1 and FB1 labeled with fluorescein (FB1-FITC) for the limited number of binding sites on the fiber was assessed. The signal generated in the assay was inversely proportional to the FB1 concentration. For samples, the concentration causing an inhibition of binding by 50% (IC50) was dependent upon the clean-up procedure used. Simple dilution of methanolic maize extracts yielded an assay with an IC50 equivalent to 25 mug FB1 g(-1) maize with a limit of detection of 3.2 mug g(-1) maize. Affinity column clean-up yielded an assay with an IC50 equivalent to 5 mug FB, g(-1) maize (limit of detection 0.4 mug FB1 g(-1)). An HPLC method and the immunosensor method agreed well for naturally contaminated maize samples except when large amounts of other fumonisins that cross-react with the immunosensor were present. The second sensor format, for the mycotoxin aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)), was a non-competitive assay using the native fluorescence of this mycotoxin. Because the fluorescence of AFB1 itself was detected, the response of the sensor was directly proportional to the toxin concentration. The sensor, while capable of detecting as little as 2 ng ml(-1) of AFB(1) in solution was technically not an immunosensor, since the attachment of aflatoxin specific antibodies was not required. Sensors of the formats described have the potential to rapidly screen individual maize samples but require coupling with a clean-up technique to be truly effective. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.E Nat. Toxins  1999766I'USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Maragos CM USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USAPJTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 10 Cited References: BENNETT GA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P501 BOIARSKI AA, 1996, P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS, V2686, P45 GLASS TR, 1987, APPL OPTICS, V26, P2181 MARAGOS CM, 1997, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V9, P3 MULLETT W, 1998, ANAL BIOCHEM, V258, P161 POPE NM, 1993, BIOCONJUGATE CHEM, V4, P166 SCHEPER T, 1994, BIOSENS BIOELECTRON, V9, P73 THOMPSON VS, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P1041 THOMPSON VS, 1997, P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS, V2980, P532 VANDERGAAG B, 1997, AOAC INT M SAN DIEG English Article 385RL NAT TOXINSISI:000166017400022L 127-137$://000169996600004,^WGelderblom, W. C. A. Galendo, D. Abel, S. Swanevelder, S. Marasas, W. F. O. Wild, C. P.nRLCancer initiation by fumonisin B-1 in rat liver - role of cell proliferationCancer Lettersfumonisin B-1; cancer initiation; cell proliferation; risk assessment fusarium-moniliforme; lipid-peroxidation; chemical hepatocarcinogenesis; dietary iron; carcinogenesis; mycotoxins; hepatocytes; promotion; dna; inhibition6/Fumonisin B-1 (FB1), a carci267-276$://000168824500013OngGelderblom, W. C. A. Seier, J. V. Snijman, P. W. Van Schalkwyk, D. J. Shephard, G. S. Marasas, W. F. O.wb\Toxicity of culture material of Fusarium verticillioides strain MRC 826 to nonhuman primates(!Environmental Health Perspectivesuculture material; fumonisins; Fusarium verticillioides; hepatotoxicity; nonhuman primates sphingolipid metabolism; vervet monkeys; fumonisin b-1; moniliforme; rats; cancer; carcinogenicity; disruption; cornWe conducted a chronic feeding study in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) over 13.5 years. The experimental design consisted of two dietary treatment groups, each including males and females, fed varying levels of culture material of Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (= F. moniliforme Sheldon) strain MRC 826 mixed into their daily food ration. Two females were included as treatment controls. We conducted blood chemical analyses bimonthly and recorded all clinical signs during the course of the experiment. We took liver biopsies at various stages during the initial phase of the experiment. Several monkeys were terminated in extremis during the experiment. Detailed feed intake profiles were determined 5 years after the experiment began, and the fumonisin B (FB) mycotoxin content of the feed was determined during the final stages of the experiment. The apparent FB consumption patterns were related to changes observed in the biochemical parameters in the blood and urine, including the liver function enzymes and creatinine clearance as well as differential blood counts and sphingolipid levels in the serum and urine. An apparent no-effect threshold for kidney and liver damage is estimated to be between 0.11 and 0.18 mg FB/kg body weight (bw/day, which corresponds to a feed contamination level of between 8.21 and 13.25 mg FB/kg bw diet. Apart from the effects on the liver and kidney, a wide variety of parameters, including cholesterol and creatine kinase, were also adversely affected. Several blood parameters, including white and red blood cells, also significantly decreased in the treated animals. The serum sphinganine level and the sphingosine/sphinganine ratio, monitored toward the end of the experiment, significantly increased in both the low-dose and high-dose animals. The present study provides important information about the diversity of lesions induced by culture material of F. verticillioides in vervet monkeys and the dosage levels of fumonisins to be used in long-term studies in nonhuman primates. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001 May 109'\VS African MRC, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, PROMEC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Expt Biol Programme, Primate Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Cape Technikon, Business Informat, Cape Town, South Africa Gelderblom WCA S African MRC, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaD>Times Cited: 3 English Article 2 434PF ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECTISI:0001688245000131Z RR sFRss   <#RON MICROB, V56, P3723 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MERRILL AH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P297 MERRILL AH, 1988, ANAL BIOCHEM, V171, P373 NIMKAR S, 1988, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V29, P3037 NORRED WP, 1998, J TOXICOL SCI S2, V23, P160 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, TOXICON, V34, P527 SIMONATO L, 2000, MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT, V462, P355 TURNER PC, 1999, MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN, V443, P81 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 1999, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V37, P1153 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 2001, TOXICON, V39, P273 VANRENSBURG SJ, 1981, J NATL CANCER I, V67, P243 VANRENSBURG SJ, 1987, S AFR MED J, P9 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WANG E, 1999, J NUTR, V129, P214 WANG E, 1992, J NUTR, V122, P1706 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 YU Y, 1993, CANCER CAUSE CONTROL, V4, P195 ZHANG ZX, 1990, RES ESOPHAGEAL CANC, V1, P1 English Article 479HB CANCER CAUSE CONTROLRISI:000171398000007E 115-119$://000181545100017:4Nadubinska, M. Ritieni, A. Moretti, A. Srobarova, A.LFChlorophyll content in maize plants after treatment with fusariotoxinsBiologiamoniliformin; fusaproliferin; fumonisin; deoxynivalenol; zearalenone fusarium-moniliforme; wheat tissue; metabolites; resistance; inhibition; toxicityThe aim of this study was to prove the effect of fusariotoxins on maize plants. Two-week-old plants of two cultivars with different susceptibility to Fusarium infection were used to study chlorophyll a, b contents after toxins treatment. Moniliformin (MF), fumonisin B-1 (FB1), fusaproliferin (FP), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were added to root medium of intact plants at concentration 30 mug mL(-1), or directly to chlorophyll extracts at concentration 20 mug mL(- 1). The greatest decrease in chlorophyll content in vivo caused ZEN and FP in both tested cultivars and DON only in the susceptible one. On the other hand the treatments with FB1 and in susceptible cultivar also with MF have led to increase in chlorophyll content. Depending on toxin, there were slight differences between the cultivars. When toxins were added directly to the chlorophyll extracts, the greatest decrease in chlorophyll a content was induced by MF, followed by FB1 and FP. After treatment with DON and ZEN chlorophyll content reduction did not rearch the level in controls. Recently isolated FP in vitro acted similarly as toxins with the well known phytotoxic properties (MF, FB1) and in vivo as DON and ZEN.Biologia 2003 Jan581c'pjSlovak Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Dubravska Cesta 14, SK-84523 Bratislava, Slovakia Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Bot, SK-84523 Bratislava, Slovakia Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, I-80055 Naples, Italy Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, I-70125 Bari, Italy Srobarova A Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Dubravska Cesta 14, SK-84523 Bratislava, SlovakiaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 24 Cited References: ABBAS HK, 1991, WEED SCI, V39, P673 BACON CW, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P65 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BOTTINI AT, 1981, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V22, P2719 BRODNIK T, 1975, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V3, P691 BRUINS MBM, 1993, PLANT SCI, V94, P195 CASALE WL, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P1673 CHAUHAN RS, 1997, J PHYTOPATHOL, V145, P435 COLE RJ, 1973, SCIENCE, V179, P1324 FISHER H, 1979, CHEM ABSTR 198882, V90 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 MILLER JD, 1988, ACS SYM SER, V379, P117 MORETTI A, 1998, B I COMPR AGR SCI KI, V6, P13 NADUBINSKA M, 1999, P 9 C MICR FUNG PLAN, P80 NELSON P, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL PAVLOVKIN J, 1996, BIOL BRATISLAV, V51, P70 RITIENI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P17 SAHUN SC, 1998, CANC LETT, V1, P117 SHINHA KK, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P79 SROBAROVA A, 2001, CEREAL RES COMMUN, V29, P101 SROBAROVA A, 1999, P 5 WORKSH NEW RES G, P136 VERNON LP, 1960, ANAL CHEM, V32, P1144 VIANELLO A, 1978, PLANTA, V143, P51 VURRO M, 1997, PLANT SCI, V126, P29 English Article 655HK BIOLOGIAISI:000181545100017Rocellular carc563-572$://000184564300008d^Widstrom, N. W. Butron, A. Guo, B. Z. Wilson, D. M. Snook, M. E. Cleveland, T. E. Lynch, R. E.Control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination in maize by pyramiding QTL involved in resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp"European Journal of Agronomyaflatoxin; Aspergillus infection; husk tightness; maysin; resistance to insects; pyramiding QTL; Zea mays L. quantitative trait loci; gt-mas-gk; corn-earworm; metabolic pathways; larvae lepidoptera; diverse locations; genetic- control; flavus; maysin; silks0)Several resistance sources and resistance mechanisms to aflatoxin formation and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) damage to maize (Zea mays L.) have been identified. Based on this knowledge, experiments were initiated toward achievement of the following objectives: (1) to confirm earlier determinations on resistance traits of germplasm sources and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with each of the traits, and (2) upon estimation of the degree of QTL effects on each trait, to generate a maize population, with chemical and physical resistance to Aspergillus spp. and ear- feeding insects, for inbred development. A 2-year field experiment to evaluate selected genotypes inoculated with A. flavus and infested with corn earworm revealed that significant variation exists among the genotypes for aflatoxin contamination and corn earworm damage. The protection of maize ears against aflatoxin contamination was primarily dependent on resistance to fungal infection and ear-feeding insects, and excellent husk coverage and tightness. A major QTL (p]) identified on chromosome IS had effects of 54.0, 42.1, and 28.3% on the phenotypic variability for concentrations of silk maysin, 3'-methoxymaysin + apimaysin, and chlorogenic acid, respectively. Markers/QTLs for husk phenotypic traits and total aflatoxin concentrations have been determined, but more detailed mapping of these chromosomic regions will be necessary to locate precise markers/QTLs for husk traits and aflatoxin production. Realizing the complexity of the Aspergillus- aflatoxin-maize system and the factors affecting aflatoxin contamination, we are directing our program toward marker- assisted breeding to enhance or improve general genetic resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.Eur. J. Agron. 2003 Aug194'USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Guo BZ USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USAtmTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 44 Cited References: *SAS I INC, 1990, SAS STAT US GUID ANDERSON HW, 1975, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V23, P775 BARRY D, 1985, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V14, P634 BARRY D, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P2492 BLOUNT JW, 2000, PLANT PHYSIOL, V122, P107 BYRNE PF, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P8820 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DAVIS GL, 1999, GENETICS, V152, P1137 GARDINER JM, 1993, GENETICS, V134, P917 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GORMAN DP, 1992, PLANT BREEDING, V109, P296 GRAY FA, 1982, PLANT DIS, V66, P221 GUO BZ, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P746 GUO BZ, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P295 GUO BZ, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P276 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 GUO BZ, 2001, THEOR APPL GENET, V103, P533 HESSELTINE CW, 1981, MYCOLOGIA, V73, P216 LEE EA, 1998, GENETICS, V149, P1997 LEVINGS CS, 1971, GENETICS, V69, P491 LI R, 1998, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO LILLEHOJ EB, 1975, CROP SCI, V15, P267 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, PLANT SOIL, V54, P469 MCMILLIAN WW, 1993, CROP SCI, V33, P882 MCMILLIAN WW, 1987, J ENTOMOL SCI, V22, P307 MCMILLIAN WW, 1985, J ENVIRON QUAL, V14, P200 MCMULLEN MD, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P1996 MORENO OJ, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P1 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCOTT GE, 1991, AGRON J, V83, P595 SNOOK ME, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1481 SNOOK ME, 1989, J CHROMATOGR, V477, P439 SNOOK ME, 1994, P INT S HELD CIMMYT, P37 THEAN JE, 1980, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V63, P631 WIDSTROM NW, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P202 WIDSTROM NW, 1992, HDB APPLIED MYCOLOGY, V5, P23 WIDSTROM NW, 1975, J ECON ENTOMOL, V68, P855 WIDSTROM NW, 1984, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V74, P887 WIDSTROM NW, 1997, RRD AGR FOOD CHEM, V1, P301 WIDSTROM NW, 1983, SO COOP SERIES B, V279, P72 WILSON DM, 1979, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V56, P798 WISEMAN BR, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P2473 ZUBER MS, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P185 English Article 708JU EUR J AGRONISI:000184564300008 Hetmanski, M. T. Heyt, G. J.Heyward, W. L. Higa, A. Highley, E.85Highley, E., Wright, EJ, Banks, HJ, and Champ, BR EdsHilakivi-Clarke, L. Hill, R. A.Hillocks, R. J.Hinterholzer, J. Hinton, D. M.Hirooka, E. Y.Hocking, A. D. Hofmann, G.Hofseth, L. J. Hohn, T. M.Holland, J. B.Holland, K. A. Hollis, B. W. Holt, P. R. Hooker, D. C. Hope, R.Hopmans, E. C. Horak, R. M. Hornok, L. Horst, R. K. Hounsa, A. Hourcade, E. Howard, P. C. Hsing, A. W. Hu, W. Q. Hu, Y. Hua-Van, A. Huang, L. L. Huber, W. W. Hughes, G. Humphreys, J. Hunter, K.Hussain, S. P.Hussein, H. M. Hutton, T. Hyde, W. G. Ibeh, I. N. Igawa, T.Ikediobi, C. O. Ikotun, T. Iles, A.Illincic-Tamburic, L. Imerman, P. Ingber, B. Inman, L. Irelan, N. A. Isakeit, T.Isea-Fernandez, G. Itano, E. N. Ituarte, B. Izzotti, A.Jackson, D. S.Jackson, E. L. Jacob, M. Jakab, L. Jakobsen, M.Janardhana, G. R.Jardine, D. J. Jardine, DJ.Jaskiewicz, K. Javed, T. Jayas, D. S.Jeenes, David J. Jellal, A.Jenkins, F. P. Jensen, D. J. Jeschke, N. Jespersen, L. JF., Leslie Jha, Y. K. Jodlbauer, J. Joggerst, B.Johnson, K. M. K. Jolley, M. E. Jones, A. J. Jordan, C. A. Josephs, R.Josephs, R. D.Joubert, A. M. Joubert, E. Joubert, F. Joubert, G.Joubert, J. J. Joubran, J. Juanlopez, M. Juba, J. H. Juglal, S. Julian, A. M. Jurado, M.Jurgenson, J. E. Jurjevic, Z.Kailasapathy, K. Kakeya, H. Kale, S. P. Kamidi, R. E. Kandler, W. Kang, Z. Karato, S. Karlovsky, P. Kato, T. Kaul, H. P. Kawamura, O. Kedera, C. J. Kelberman, I. Keller, N. P.Kellerman, T. S.Kemp, G. H. J. Kennedy, R. Kerenyi, Z. Keyser, Z. Khidr, R. Kiendler, E. Kim, E. K. Kim, Y. B. Kimura, M.Kingston, D. G. I. Kinsey, A. Kirsch, R. E. Kis, M. Kissileff, H.Kitamoto, H. K.Kitbamroong, C.Klaasen, J. A. Klauber, A. Kleifeld, Y. Klein, D. Klein, O.Kleinschmidt, C. E. Klich, M. A. Kling, J. Kling, J. G.Klittich, C. J. R. Klobasa, F. Kmetov, V. Knabe, O.Knoxdavies, P. S. Koch, K. R. Kofer, J. Kohmoto, K. Kohn, B. Kongsdal, O. Kos, G. Kostecki, M. Koupparis, M. Kovacs, F. Kovacs, G. Koyama, Y. Kpodo, K. Kramer, P. S. Kratky, Z.Kriek, N. P. J.Kritzinger, Q. Kroschel, J. Krska, R. Kruger, M. Kruger, S. C. Kubler, E. Kuchler, K. Kumar, H. Kwon, O. S. La Penna, M. Lacey, J. Laffitte, J.Lambert, R. J. Lammer, E. J.Lamprecht, S. C. Lancaster, M. Lange, B. Langin, T. Larsen, R. Larsen, R. D. Latreite, S. Lauren, D. R. Lax, A. R. Lazarus, C. Le Bars, J. Le Bars, P.Lebepe-Mazur, S.LebepeMazur, S. Ledoux, D. R. Lee, C. Lee, L. S. Lee, R. Lee, R. C. Lee, Y. J. Leggott, N.Leggott, N. L. Leistner, L. Leitgeb, R. Lemke, S. L. Lemmens, M. Lemmer, E. R.Leontopoulos, D. Lepom, P. Lepschy, J. Leslie, J. F. LeVoyer, T. Lew, H. Lewtas, J. Li, H. Li, R. G. Lienau, A.Lillehoj, E. B. Limpert, E. Lin, W. Y.Lincoln, J. E. Lindner, W. Linz, J. Linz, J. E. Lipkin, M. Liu, B. H.Livesey, C. T.Loarca-Pina, M. G. Logrieco, A. Lohninger, H. Loiseau, N. London, W. T. Lopez, A. G.Lottering, M. L.Lovelace, C. E. A. Lu, M. Lu, Y. Lu, Z. Lubben, A.*x237-249$://000181566600009D=Proctor, R. H. Brown, D. W. Plattner, R. D. Desjardins, A. E.vpCo-expression of 15 contiguous genes delineates a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in Gibberella moniliformis"Fungal Genetics and BiologyGibberella moniliformis; Fusarium verticillioides; maize; fumonisins; mycotoxin biosynthesis; gene cluster mating population-a; fusarium-moniliforme; fujikuroi; b-1; saccharomyces; mycotoxins; cloning; pathway; enzyme; verticillioidesf_Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by the maize pathogen Gibberella moniliformis and are associated with cancer in rodents. In this study, we determined the nucleotide sequence of a 75-kb region of G. monilijformis DNA and identified 18 heretofore undescribed genes flanking a cluster of five previously identified fumonism biosynthetic (FUM) genes. Ten of the newly identified genes downstream of the cluster were coregulated with FUM genes and exhibited patterns of expression that were correlated with fumonisin production. BLASTX analyses indicated that the predicted functions of proteins encoded by the 10 genes were consistent with activities expected for fumonisin biosynthesis or self-protection. These data indicate that the 10 newly identified genes and the previously identified FUM genes constitute a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster. Disruption of two of the new genes, encoding longevity assurance factors, had no apparent effect on fumonisin production, but disruption of a third, encoding an ABC transporter, had a subtle effect on ratios of fumonisins produced. Published by Elsevier Science (USA).Fungal Genet. Biol. 2003 Mar382'USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Proctor RH USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Times Cited: 16 Cited Reference Count: 49 Cited References: AHN JH, 2002, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V35, P31 ALTSCHUL SF, 1997, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V25, P3389 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BLACKWELL BA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P506 BRANDWAGT BF, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P4961 BRANHAM BE, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V124, P99 BROWN DW, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V32, P121 BUEDE R, 1991, J BACTERIOL, V173, P4325 CALDAS ED, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P4734 CHITNIS MV, 2002, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V36, P215 DELSORBO G, 2000, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V30, P1 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P2571 GUILLAS I, 2001, EMBO J, V20, P2655 GURR SJ, 1987, GENE STRUCTURE EUKAR, P93 HOHN TM, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V26, P224 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 JORNVALL H, 1995, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V34, P6003 KEATING TA, 2000, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V39, P15513 KELLER NP, 1997, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V21, P17 KENNEDY J, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P1368 KEYSER Z, 1999, S AFR J SCI, V95, P455 LACOMBE E, 1997, PLANT J, V11, P429 LAICH F, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1236 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 MARAHIEL MA, 1997, CHEM REV, V97, P2651 MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MERRILL AH, 1990, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1044, P1 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NAGIEC MM, 1994, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V91, P7899 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 PLATTNER RD, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P57 PLATTNER RD, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P17 PRECOTT AG, 2000, EVOLUTION METABOLIC, P249 PROCTOR RH, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V27, P100 PROCTOR RH, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P251 SAMBROOK J, 1989, MOL CLONING LAB MANU SCHORLING S, 2001, MOL BIOL CELL, V12, P3417 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 SHIM WB, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P1607 STACHELHAUS T, 1998, J BIOL CHEM, V273, P22773 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 TUDZYNSKI B, 1998, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V25, P157 TURGEON BG, 1987, MOL CELL BIOL, V7, P3297 VANDENBRINK HJM, 1998, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V23, P1 VOSS T, 2001, CURR GENET, V39, P377 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WOLOSHUK CP, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P2408 YOUNG C, 2001, MOL MICROBIOL, V39, P754 YUN SH, 2000, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V31, P7 English Article 655RN FUNGAL GENET BIOLISI:000181566600009 MONTESANO R, 1997, J NATL CANCER I, V89, P1844 MORA M, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V138, P77 REGUEIRO OS, 1996, MICOTOXINAS PERSPECT, P132 RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 RICHARD JL, 1993, J ANIM SCI, V71, P2563 SABINO M, 1993, J BRAZILLIAN ASS ADV, V45, P359 SANTUARIO JM, 1996, MICOTOXINAS PERSPECT, P149 SIAME BA, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1670 WOOD GE, 1992, J ANIM SCI, V70, P3941 English Article'Natl Ctr Anim & Plant Protect, CENSA, Apartado 10 San Jose Lajas, Havana, Cuba Natl Ctr Anim & Plant Protect, CENSA, Havana, Cuba Inst Nutr & Hyg Food, INHA, Havana, Cuba$mycotoxins; zearalenone; maizeGuo, B. Z.309-310$://A1988P035600008 :3Engelhardt, G. Zill, G. Wohner, B. Wallnofer, P. R.\VTransformation of the Fusarium Mycotoxin Zearalenone in Maize Cell-Suspension CulturesNaturwissenschaftenNaturwissenschaften 1988 Jun756  P0356 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN5ISI:A1988P035600008(%%Y1 }{  qZV cknnFwP1cc%2y?%'4/~Yv  'JBnk_ :VdV 1-14$://000172861900001$Reid, L. M. Zhu, X. Ma, B. L.ngCrop rotation and nitrogen effects on maize susceptibility to gibberella (Fusarium graminearum) ear rotPlant and Soilcrop rotation; deoxynivalenol; Fusarium graminearum; maize; nitrogen aflatoxin contamination; grain-yield; stalk rot; corn; deoxynivalenol; resistance; disease; manure; amendment; wheatd^An experiment was established in 1992 in eastern Ontario, Canada to determine the effects of crop rotation (continuous maize, soybean-maize and alfalfa-maize) and nitrogen (N) amendment [0, 100 and 200 kg N ha(-1) of fertilizer (NH4NO3), and 50 and 100 Mg ha(-1) (wet wt.) each of stockpiled and rotted dairy manure] on maize production and soil properties. From 1997 to 1999, an additional study was added to the experiment to investigate treatment effects on the susceptibility of maize hybrids to gibberella ear rot. A moderately resistant and a susceptible hybrid were planted in each plot and inoculated with a macroconidial suspension of Fusarium graminearum by both the silk channel injection and the kernel-wound techniques. At harvest, ears were rated for the severity of disease symptoms and harvested kernels were analyzed for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). The greatest number of significant N effects were found in the continuous maize treatments and with the susceptible hybrid. Most N amendments decreased both disease severity and DON accumulation in the susceptible hybrid. The most consistent effect was a decrease in disease severity with 100 kg N ha(-1) fertilizer and an increase in disease severity with the higher rate of 200 kg N ha(-1). This study is the first to report on the effects of soil N amendments on gibberella ear rot susceptibility. Plant Soil 2001 Nov 2371'<6Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cent Expt Farm, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cent Expt Farm, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Reid LM Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cent Expt Farm, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada \ VTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 53 Cited References: *SAS I INC, 1996, SAS SYST REL 6 12 ANDERSON HW, 1975, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V23, P775 ANSARI MM, 1998, J OILSEEDS RES, V15, P368 CHANG C, 1993, AGRON J, V85, P1013 COLBACH N, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P26 ENERSON PM, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P1123 FIDANZA MA, 1996, HORTSCIENCE, V31, P389 GREGORICH EG, 1998, J ENVIRON QUAL, V27, P209 GREWAL SK, 1991, PLANT DIS RES, V6, P1 HESSELTINE CW, 1977, MYCOLOGIA, V69, P328 HUBER DM, 1974, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V12, P139 HUBER DM, 1981, HDB PEST MANAGEMENT, V1, P357 HUBER DM, 1970, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V60, P22 JONES RK, 1981, PLANT DIS, V65, P741 KARLEN DL, 1973, COMM SOIL SCI PLANT, V4, P359 KASHEM MA, 1999, PAKISTAN J SCI IND R, V42, P89 KEENEY DR, 1982, METHODS SOIL ANAL, V2, P643 KERR WE, 1965, RHOD AGR J, V62, P11 KOMMEDAHL T, 1984, NITROGEN CROP PRODUC, P461 KRUGER W, 1976, P 12 C INT POT I IZM, P145 KUMAR S, 1997, J MYCOL PLANT PATHOL, V27, P1 MA BL, 1999, AGRON J, V91, P650 MA BL, 1999, AGRON J, V91, P1003 MATHEW T, 1996, AGR SCI DIGEST KARNA, V16, P8 MCLAUGHLIN NB, 1998, P CAN SOC AGR ENG SA, P98 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J MICROBIOL, V29, P1171 OERKE FC, 1989, Z PFLANZENK PFLANZEN, V96, P140 OSUNLAJA SO, 1990, PLANT SOIL, V127, P237 PAYNE GA, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P556 PESTKA JJ, 1990, CAN J PHYSIOL PHARM, V68, P1009 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 PURKAYASTHA RP, 1976, Z PFLANZENKRANKHEITE, V83, P221 REDDY APK, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P970 REID LM, 1996, AGR AGRIFOOD CANADA REID LM, 1996, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V18, P279 REID LM, 1992, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V14, P211 REID LM, 1992, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V14, P293 REID LM, 1998, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V104, P147 REID LM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P1028 RHEEDER JP, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P131 RINGER CE, 1997, COMPOST SCI UTIL, V5, P6 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1997, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V103, P737 SINHA RC, 1996, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V18, P233 SINHA RC, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1740 SMILEY RW, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P813 SOLLINGER J, 1997, 4 SCI M EC AGR MARCH, V4, P315 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 TEICH AH, 1987, CEREAL RES COMMUN, V15, P35 VESONDER RF, 1981, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V42, P1132 VOLAND RP, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P461 WARREN HL, 1975, AGRON J, V67, P655 WHITE DG, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P811 English Article 504NC PLANT SOILISI:000172861900001 ID Lubulwa, ASG. Lucyshyn, D. Luschnig, C.Lustbader, E. D. Lutz, M. P. Lynch, R. E. Lyr, H Ma, B. L.Mabekoje, O. O.Mac Donald, S.Macdonald, A. M. C.Macdonald, M. V. MacDonald, S.Macgeorge, K. M. Machinski, M. Mackay, M. F.MacKenzie, S. E. Macko, V.Mackwell, S. J. Madden, L. V. Maddox, J. Magan, N. Magg, T.Maghirang, E. B. Mahanti, N. Mahfoud, R.Mahmoud, A. L. E.Mahrous, S. R. Mainprice, D.Mallmann, C. A.Mallozzi, M. A. B.Malozzi, M. A. B. Manandhar, G.Manandhar, G. G.Manandhar, H. K. Manley, M. Mantle, P. G.Maragos, C. A.Maragos, C. M. Marasas, W.Marasas, W. F. O. Marasas, WFO. Marcaki, P. Maree, J. L. Maresca, M. Marin, S. Maritato, F. Mark, S. D. Markaki, P.Markham, R. H. Marnewick, J.Marnewick, J. L. Marois, J. J.Marquardt, R. R.Marques, M. M. Marquez, C.Martinez, A. J. Martinez, C. Martinez, E.Martinez, E. J. Martinez, S.Martinson, C. A.Martlbauer, E.Mascagni, H. J. Masih, D. T. Masoero, F. Mather, D. E. Mathur, S. B.Matsushima, K. Matten, S. R. Matthes, S. Matthies, A. Maupin, L. M. Mayer, Z. Mayo, M. A. Mayura, K.Maziya-Dixon, B.McClure, S. A.McCormick, S. P. McGee, D. C.McGlynn, K. A.McGuire, S. M.McIntyre, L. M. McKemy, J. M.McKinlay, R. G.McMahon, B. J.McMillen, B. L.McMillian, W. W. Medina, A. E.Medina-Martinez, M. S.Medlock, V. F. P. Mehta, A. D. Meister, U.Melchinger, A. E. Melcion, D.Mendez-Albores, J. A.Mendiola-Olaya, E.Mendoza, E. M. Mengheri, E. Menguy, L. Menkir, A. Meredith, E. Meredith, F.Meredith, F. I.Merrill, A. H. Meyer, C. J. Meyer, J. R. Meyer, U. Meyers, D. M.Michielli, R. A. Miedaner, T.Mikkilineni, V.Milbradt, E. L. Miles, M. Miller, B. M. Miller, H. Miller, J. D. Mimori, K.Mincsovics, E. Minervini, F. Minne, J. A. Minoia, P. Minto, R. E. Miraglia, M. Mirete, S.Mirocha, C. J. Mirsaidi, N. Misra, R. S.Missmer, S. A.Mitterbauer, R.Mohawed, S. M.Monahan, B. J.Montalbano, B.Montalbano, B. G. Monti, S. M. Moody, C. J. Moore, K. G. Moore, S. E.Moreno-Martinez, E. Moretti, A. Moritz, W.Mortensen, G. K. Moschini, M. Moss, S. F.Mostofi, F. K.Moussa, L. A. A.Mphande, F. A. Mpuchane, S.Mpuchane, S. F.Mshicileli, N. Mugwanya, D.Muhitch, M. J. Mule, G.Mullaney, E. J.Muller-Stover, D. Munimbazi, C.Munkvold, G. P. Munkvold, GP. Munoz, A. Murillo, I. Murphy, E. C. Murphy, P. A. Murray, K. E.Muthomi, J. W. Mutitu, E. W.Nadubinska, M. Nagler, M. J. Naicker, V. Naidoo, G. Nair, J. J. Nakajima, T. Nasir, M. S. Nauta, M. Nawaz, S. Nayak, S. Ndemah, R. Neely, D.Negron-Gonzalez, G. Neira, S. Nelsen, T. C. Nelson, P. E.Nesbitt, T. C. Nesci, A. Ngoko, Z.Nichols, R. E.Nichols, S. J. Nicholson, P. Nicol, R. W.Nieuwenhuis, J. J.Nieuwoudt, T. W. Nikiema, P.Nirenberg, H. I. Nishiuchi, T.Nogueira, J. R. Norton, R. A.Notermans, S. H. W.Nout, M. J. R. Nwude, N.Nystrom, G. J. O'Donnell, K. O'Mara, J. K. Obilana, B. Obrian, G. Obrian, G. R. Ochanda, J.Ochiai-Fukuda, T.Ochieng, J. A. W. Ochor, T. E. Odhav, B. Odin, M.=628-634$://000178371500016MDowd, P. F. White, D. G.~wCorn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) and other insect associated resistance in the maize inbred Tex6,$Journal of Economic EntomologyAspergillus; Helicoverpa zea; plant resistance; corn; aflatoxin aspergillus ear rot; aflatoxin contamination; kernel infection; flavus; hybrids; field60A 2-yr field and laboratory study investigated insect resistance of the maize, Zea mays L., inbred Tex6, which has previously demonstrated resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production, relative to susceptible inbred B73. Field studies indicated significantly greater resistance to insect feeding of V4 -V8 growth stage Tex6 plants compared with B73 plants in both years, primarily to flea beetles (Chaetonema spp.). Field studies of natural (1999) and artificial (2000) infestations of corn earworms, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), indicated much lower levels of kernel damage at milk stage (approximately three-fold) and smaller surviving larvae (approximately three-fold) in Tex6 compared with B73 ears. At harvest similar trends in reduction of numbers of damaged kernels per ear, as well as incidence and numbers of kernels per ear symptomatically infected by Fusarium spp. were noted. Laboratory studies indicated little difference in mortality or survivor weight of caterpillars or sap beetle adults caged with milk stage kernels of the two inbreds. However, assays with silks indicated significantly greater mortality of H. zea in both 1999 and 2000, and European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) in 1999 (only year tested) when fed Tex6 silks compared with B73 silks. Pollinated Tex6 silks were generally darker colored and more toxic than unpollinated silks. Thus, it is possible that commercially usable inbreds with resistance to insects, which also contribute to the mycotoxin problem through vectoring and damage, could be produced using Tex6 as a source.J. Econ. Entomol. 2002 Jun953'\VUSDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop BioProtect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop BioProtect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Dowd PF USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop BioProtect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 42 Cited References: *SAS I, 1987, SAS STAT US GUID PER *USDA ARS, 1999, FOOD SAF NAT PROGR BARRY D, 1986, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V15, P1116 BENNETT SE, 1967, J ECON ENTOMOL, V60, P171 BROWN BL, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P351 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 DOWD PF, 1994, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V71, P177 DOWD PF, 1991, J AGR ENTOMOL, V8, P149 DOWD PF, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3775 DOWD PF, 1997, J CHEM ECOL, V23, P2357 DOWD PF, 1994, J CHEM ECOL, V20, P2777 DOWD PF, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P1067 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 DOWD PF, 1987, J ECON ENTOMOL, V80, P1351 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 DOWD PF, 1999, P 1999 AFL EL WORKSH, P29 DOWD PF, 2000, P 2000 AFL FUM WORKS, P57 DOWD PF, 1988, PESTIC BIOCH PHYSL, V32, P123 GRAY ME, 1999, HDB CORN INSECTS, P85 HAMBLIN AM, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P292 JOSEPHSON LM, 1966, J ECON ENTOMOL, V59, P1322 KRAMER KJ, 1997, ADV INSECT CONTROL R, P185 LILLEHOJ EB, 1992, HDB APPL MYCOLOGY, V5, P1 LUCKMANN WH, 1964, J ECON ENTOMOL, V57, P778 MCGEE DC, 1995, P 199K AFL EL WORKSH, P52 MCMILLIAN WW, 1987, J ENTOMOL SCI, V22, P307 MCMILLIAN WW, 1985, J ENTOMOL SCI, V20, P66 MCMULLEN MD, 1995, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V8, P811 MILLER JD, 1996, BIOCHEM SYST ECOL, V24, P647 MOORE KG, 1999, P 1999 AFL EL WORKSH, P73 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 PRIVALLE L, 1999, 6002068, US RITCHIE SW, 1989, 48 IOW STAT COOP EXT SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 TINGEY WM, 1980, BREEDING PLANTS RESI, P87 TRENHOLM HL, 1989, ARCH ENV CONTAM TOXI, V18, P433 TROYER F, 2001, SPECIALTY CORNS, P393 WALTER EV, 1957, J ECON ENTOMOL, V50, P105 WINDHAM GL, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P281 WISEMAN BR, 1976, FLA ENTOMOL, V59, P305 WISEMAN BR, 1999, HDB CORNS INSECTS, P59 WISEMAN BR, 1995, J ECON ENTOMOL, V88, P1795 English Article 600BV J ECON ENTOMOLISI:000178371500016 361-365$://000082303700001 b\Kostecki, M. Wisniewska, H. Perrone, G. Ritieni, A. Golinski, P. Chelkowski, J. Logrieco, A.The effects of cereal substrate and temperature on production of beauvericin, moniliformin and fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM-1434&Food Additives and ContaminantstFusarium subglutinans; mycotoxin; production; substrate; cereals; beauvericin; moniliformin; fusaproliferin section liseola; maize; proliferatum; toxigenicity; mycotoxins; toxicity; strains; toxin; areas; earszsOne strain of Fusarium subglutinans (ITEM-1434) isolated from maize ear rot in Poland was tested for the ability to synthesize moniliformin (MON), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FP) on six cereal substrates (wheat, rye, barley, oat, maize and rice kernels) for 3 weeks at 25 degrees C and on rice at three different temperatures (20, 25 and 30 degrees C). Most MON (497 mu g/g) was produced on rice; most BEA (704 mu g/g) on wheat or rice, and most FP (422 mu g/g) on rye. When cultured on rice, F. subglutinans produced the highest levels of BEA and FP at 20-25 degrees C, while MON production was best at 30 degrees C.Food Addit. Contam. 1999 Sep169'CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, V Luigi Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy August Cieszkowski Agr Univ, Dept Chem, PL-60625 Poznan, Poland Logrieco A CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, V Luigi Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, ItalyTimes Cited: 9 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: BOTTALICO A, 1983, MICROBIOLOGIE ALIMEN, V1, P133 CHELKOWSKI J, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P493 CHELKOWSKI J, 1992, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V10, P49 CHELKOWSKI J, 1990, MYCOTOXIN RES, V6, P41 COLE RJ, 1973, SCIENCE, V179, P1324 DIPAOLA R, 1994, ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN S, V2, P256 GUPTA S, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V123, P171 KIREK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMETICS TOXIC, V15, P579 KOSTECKI M, 1995, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V13, P67 LACEY J, 1992, CEREALS GRAIN MYCOTO, P77 LESLIE JF, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P1058 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LOGRIECO A, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3084 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V122, P185 LOGRIECO A, 1990, PHYTOPATHOL MEDITERR, V29, P81 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MARASAS WFO, 1987, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V53, P693 MARASAS WFO, 1986, MYCOLOGIA, V78, P242 MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MORETTI A, 1995, MYCOL RES, V99, P282 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P44 NELSON PE, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P2410 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NIRENBERG HI, 1981, CAN J BOT, V59, P1599 OJCIUS DM, 1991, EXP CELL RES, V197, P43 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 RITIENI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P17 SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADD CONTAM, V4, P459 English Article 231HZ FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000082303700001I 19-27S$://000175261000002 Miller, J. D.:4Aspects of the ecology of Fusarium toxins in cereals Mycotoxins and Food Safety $KLUWER ACADEMIC / PLENUM PUBLblight resistant wheat; head blight; maize hybrids; fumonisin production; mycotoxin production; fungal growth; ear rot; corn; deoxynivalenol; moniliforme|vSpecies of the genus Fusarium account for three of the five agriculturally important mycotoxins which are deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin, fumonisin, zearalenone and ochratoxin. The toxigenic fusaria have been complicated to study because morphologically- similar strains represent different biologies: saprophytes, pathyotypes and endophytes. This might explain the difficulties with systems of taxonomy for Fusarium species and increasing reliance on molecular techniques to characterize taxa. Another remarkable feature of the toxigenic fusaria is that each species produces compounds that cross several species as well as families of compounds that are species specific. In addition, reproductively-isolated strains (from different continents) of important species such as F. graminearum produce different compounds, and even produce the same compounds by different biosynthetic pathways.4-Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2002 504 j cTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 59 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON, V56 BLAIS LA, 1992, CAN J CHEM, V70, P1281 BRIAN PW, 1961, J EXP BOT, V12, P1 COSSETTE F, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P383 CREASIA DA, 1989, TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTO, V1, P161 DEMERS F, 1994, PRELIMINARY ASSESSME DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 DOEHLERT DC, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V127, P117 DOWD PF, 1989, MYCOLOGIA, V81, P646 DREPPER WJ, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P952 FOSTER BC, 1986, MICROBIOLOGIE ALIMEN, V4, P199 GREENHALGH R, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P98 GREENHALGH R, 1986, P 6 IUPAC INT S MYC, P137 HIDY PH, 1977, ADV APPL MICROBIOL, V22, P54 JAVED T, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V123, P171 KRISTENSEN P, 1997, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V146, P329 KRISTENSEN P, 2000, SCAND J WORK ENV HEA, V26, P331 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P439 LAMPRECHT SC, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P383 LAPPALAINEN S, 1996, ATMOS ENVIRON, V30, P3059 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LI SJ, 1992, CHINESE J ONCOL, V14, P27 MESTERHAZY A, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P97 MILLER JD, 1996, BIOCHEM SYST ECOL, V24, P647 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J BOT, V64, P1 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 MILLER JD, 1998, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V20, P95 MILLER JD, 1995, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V17, P233 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V8, P147 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V8, P147 MILLER JD, 2000, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V109, P321 MILLER JD, 1995, J STORED PROD RES, V31, P1 MILLER JD, 1991, MYCOLOGIA, V83, P121 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 MILLER JD, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P234 MILLER JD, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P354 MILLER JD, 1985, PHYTOPATHOL Z, V113, P359 MOROOKA N, 1972, J FOOD HYG SOC JPN, V13, P368 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 PASCALE M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P1 PEDERSEN PB, 2001, NAT TOXINS, V109, P321 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 PRELUSKY DB, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P121 RILEY RT, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P3 ROTTER RG, 1992, CAN J ANIM SCI, V72, P107 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SCOTT PM, 1984, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V48, P884 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SNIJDERS CHA, 1992, CAN J BOT, V70, P1570 SNIJDERS CHA, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P37 SNIJDERS CHA, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P566 STURZ AV, 1983, CANADIAN J PLANT PAT, V5, P107 UENO Y, 1983, TRICHOTHECENES VANASCH MAJ, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P1330 VESONDER RF, 1973, APPL MICROBIOL, V26, P1008 WANG YZ, 1988, J PHYTOPATHOL, V122, P118 English Article BU17X New York'D>Miller JD Carleton Univ, Dept Chem, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, CanadaISI:000175261000002361-369$://A1996UJ87300005rkGelderblom, W. C. A. Smuts, C. M. Abel, S. Snyman, S. D. Cawood, M. E. vanderWesthuizen, L. Swanevelder, S.nXQEffect of fumonisin B-1 on protein and lipid synthesis in primary rat hepatocyteso"Food and Chemical Toxicologydenovo sphingolipid biosynthesis; fatty-acid composition; fusarium-m433-437$://A1992HJ82400019bB://A1995QP02000001hB;Blackwell, B. A. Edwards, O. E. Apsimon, J. W. Fruchier, A.mHBRelative Configuration of the C-10 to C-16 Fragment of Fumonisin-BTetrahedron Lettersfusarium-moniliformeThe relative stereochemistry of the C-10 to C-16 fragment of fumonisin B-1 has been deduced through NMR studies of the parent compound and comparison to the configuration found for a 10, 14-cyclic ether derivative of the FB1 aminopentaol (3). It is shown that the substituents at C-14 and C-15 are erythro, that those at C-14 and C-10 have the opposite relative configuration and that the methyl substituents at C-12 and C-16 have the same configuration as the hydroxyl at C-14.Tetrahedron Lett. 1995 Mar 203612'AGR CANADA,CTR PLANT RES,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA CARLETON UNIV,OTTAWA CARLETON CHEM INST,OTTAWA,ON L1S 5B6,CANADA ECOLE NATL SUPER CHIM MONTPELLIER,F-34053 MONTPELLIER 1,FRANCE BLACKWELL BA AGR CANADA,CTR PLANT RES,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA<6Times Cited: 18 English Article QP020 TETRAHEDRON LETTISI:A1995QP02000001PIBlackwell, B. A. Gilliam, J. T. Savard, M. E. Miller, J. D. Duvick, J. P.l 1999b\Oxidative deamination of hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1 (AP(1)) by cultures of Exophiala spiniferaNatural Toxins7C1d 31-38U Nat. ToxinstISI:000083573600003KExophiala spinifera; fumonisin B-1; Fusarium verticillioides; N-acetyl AP(1); 2-OP1 hemiketal; maize fusarium-moniliforme; relative configuration; mycotoxins; identification; proliferatum; fragment; maize; cornFumonisins are mycotoxins of world-wide distribution in maize infected by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides. They are highly toxic to certain livestock and are potential carcinogens. Exophiala spinifera, a black yeast fungus found on moldy maize kernels, was identified previously as capable of growing on fumonisin B1 as a sole carbon source and thus is a potential source for fumonisin detoxifying enzymes. Pure cultures of E. spinifera transform fumonisin B-1 to the amino polyol AP(1) plus free tricarballylic acid through the activity of a soluble extracellular esterase, and further transformation is evidenced by accumulation in culture supernatant of a less polar compound(s) lacking a fluorescamine-reactive amino group. A free amine is thought to be critical for biological activity of FB1 or AP(1). As a first step towards characterizing this amine-modifying activity, we investigated the biotransformation of AP(1) by E. spinifera liquid cultures that had been previously grown in liquid medium containing AP(1) as a sole carbon source. Accumulation of AP(1)-derived metabolites was monitored by thin-layer chromatography of culture supernatants, and product metabolites were purified and evaluated by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Two products of treatment of purified AP(1) with cultures of E. spinifera are shown to be N-acetyl AP(1) and a new compound, 2-oxo-12,16- dimethyl-3,5,10,14,15-icosanepentol hemiketal (or 2-OP1 hemiketal). Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.6/Times Cited: 7 English Article 253UF NAT TOXINSo|u://000083573600003 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Blackwell-Deamination-Fumonisin-1999.pdfn'~Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Dept Crop Protect, Box 552, Johnston, IA 50131 USA Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Dept Crop Protect, Johnston, IA 50131 USA Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Carleton Univ, Ottawa Carleton Chem Inst, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada Duvick JP Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Dept Crop Protect, Box 552, Johnston, IA 50131 USA993-1012$://A1991GB55000005$Blaney, B. J. Williams, K. C.Effective Use in Livestock Feeds of Moldy and Weather-Damaged Grain Containing Mycotoxins - Case-Histories and Economic Assessments Pertaining to Pig and Poultry Industries of Queensland2+Australian Journal of Agricultural ResearchlAust. J. Agric. 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Sisler, HDSkurray, G. R. Slazus, W.Smalley, E. B. Smart, M. G. Smith, J. E. Smith, K. Smith, L. W. Smith, W. A. Smuts, C. M. Smyk, B.Snijman, P. W. Snook, M. E. Snyman, S. D.Soares, L. M. V. Sobek, E. A. Sokoloff, L. Solfrizzo, M. Solyakov, A.Somashekar, D.Somdyala, N. I. M. Song, Y. S. Souissi, T.Spangler, S. M.Sparks, N. H. C. Speake, B. K.Spies, H. S. C. Spiteller, G. Srobarova, A.St Martin, S. K. St.-LegerStabler, S. P.Stahlhut, M. W. Staib, F. Standley, L. Starr, L.Steenkamp, E. T.Stefanon, E. B. Steinberg, P. Steiner, B. Stepien, A.Stevens, V. L. Stewart, D.Stewart, D. W. Steyn, M. Steyn, P. S.Stierschneider, M.Stockenstrom, S.Strobel, B. W. Strong, F. M. Sturgess, R. Suarez, L. Sugiura, T.Sullards, M. C.Summerell, B. A. Sun, C. Surai, P. F. Susca, A. Sutton, B. C.Swanevelder, S.Swanevelder, S. A. Swart, P.Sweeney, A. M. Sydenham, E.Sydenham, E. W. Symmank, H. Tagne, A. Takahashi, T.Takahashi-Ando, N.Taljaard, J. J. F. Tammen, J. F.Tanboonrek, P. Tanyi, J. Tar, A. Tar, A. K. Tarone, R. E. Taylor, J. E. Taylor, P. R.85Technology, CAST Council for Agricultural Science and Teferra, G. Teffera, G. The, C.Theumer, M. G. Thiel, P. G.Thirumala-Devi, K.Tholpady, S. S. Thomas, H. Thomas, R.Thomasodjo, A.Thompson, V. S.Thomsett, M. A. Thoreson, D.Thorgeirsson, S. S. Thrane, U. Thylin, I. Tokai, T. Tomassi, A. Toriumi, M. Torres, A.Fn4+|212-218$://A1985AGF1000004ED>Burgess, L. W. Nelson, P. E. Toussoun, T. A. Marasas, W. F. O.RKFusarium-Scirpi - Emended Description and Notes on Geographic- Distribution Mycologia Mycologia, 1985772I'(!UNIV SYDNEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & AGR ENTOMOL,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802 S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA BURGESS LW UNIV SYDNEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & AGR ENTOMOL,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA6/Times Cited: 10 English Article AGF10 MYCOLOGIAISI:A1985AGF1000004119-124$://A1993KT62500016ZTBurgess, L. W. Forbes, G. A. Windels, C. Nelson, P. E. Marasas, W. F. O. Gott, K. P.ZSCharacterization and Distribution of Fusarium-Acuminatum Subsp Armeniacum Subsp Nov MycologiaM^Wavena-sativa; fusarium; hordeum-vulgare; soil; systematics; triticum-aestivum; zea-mays9 Mycologiaa 1993Jan-FebO851'ZTUNIV SYDNEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & AGR ENTOMOL,FUSARIUM RES LAB,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA UNIV MINNESOTA,NE EXPT STN,CROOKSTON,MN 56716 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIV PK,PA 16802 S AFRICAN MRC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA BURGESS LW UNIV SYDNEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & AGR ENTOMOL,FUSARIUM RES LAB,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA2,Times Cited: 10 English Note KT625 MYCOLOGIAISI:A1993KT62500016380-387$://A1997WQ78800008 :4Burow, G. B. Nesbitt, T. C. Dunlap, J. Keller, N. P.LFSeed lipoxygenase products modulate Aspergillus mycotoxin biosynthesis*$Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 1997 Apr103A*#WQ788 MOL PLANT MICROBE INTERACTION ISI:A1997WQ788000080; 645-651$://000178595700006.'Pascale, M. Visconti, A. Chelkowski, J.{Ear rot susceptibility and mycotoxin contamination of maize hybrids inoculated with Fusarium species under field conditions*#European Journal of Plant Pathologybeauvericin; ear rot; fumonisins; fusaproliferin; Fusarium infection; maize hybrids; resistance fumonisin production; section liseola; beauvericin; fusaproliferin; corn; subglutinans; accumulation; proliferatum4.The development of new maize hybrids with resistance to Fusarium infection is an effective means of minimizing the risk of mycotoxin contamination. Several maize hybrids have been investigated for Fusarium ear rot and accumulation of fumonisin B-1 (FB1), fumonisin B-2 (FB2), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FP) after artificial inoculation in the field with toxigenic strains of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. The year of inoculation had a significant influence on the disease severity and mycotoxin accumulation in maize kernels. Of all the hybrids tested, only Mona exhibited resistance to ear rot caused by F. verticillioides and produced low levels of fumonisins during three years of experiments. In Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), fumonisin B-1, fumonisin B-2,B- beauvericin and fusaproliferin were detected at concentrations much higher (up to 10-20 times) than in healthy-looking kernels (HLK). Animal and human exposure to these mycotoxins can be drastically reduced by removing mouldy and visibly damaged kernels from the commodity.Eur. J. Plant Pathol.R 2002 Sep, 108 7 'CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, Viale L Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, I-70125 Bari, Italy Polish Acad Sci, Inst Plant Genet, PL-60479 Poznan, Poland Pascale M CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, Viale L Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *IPCS, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, V219 *US NPT, 1999, NIH PUBL BOTTALICO A, 1989, TOPICS SECONDARY MET, P85 BULLERMAN LB, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P27 CHELKOWSKI J, 1989, TOPICS SECONDARY MET, P53 CHULZE SN, 1998, MYCOL RES 2, V102, P141 GROVE JF, 1980, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V70, P103 HART LP, 1982, PLANT DIS, V66, P1133 KRSKA R, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3665 KRSKA R, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P11 LOGRIECO A, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3084 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P45 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 MURPHY PA, 1996, ADV EXPT MED BIOL FU, P232 OJCIUS DM, 1991, EXP CELL RES, V197, P43 PASCALE M, 1999, J SCI FOOD AGR, V79, P2094 PASCALE M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P1 PASCALE M, 2001, UNPUB MYCOLOGICAL RE RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SHEPHARD GS, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5111 VISCONTI A, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P193 English Article 604BL EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYNISI:000178595700006APJstallized-grain upper mantle olivine calcite quartzcreepsize 1011-1013S$://A1996VK55700019- Dragacci, S. Fremy, J. M.haApplication of immunoaffinity column cleanup to aflatoxin M(1) determination and survey in cheese3 Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot.i 1996 Sepc599aVK557 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1996VK557000199 d0> essential oils esterase estradiol estrogenestrogen-receptorestrogenic activityestrogenic mycotoxinsESTs ethylene etiology europeEuropean corn borereutypa armeniacae Eutypa lataeutypa-armeniacaeevaluate maize events evolution ex vivo excision ExophialaExophiala spinifera expanded expansum exposure expression extraction extractsextrusion cookingeye infectionsf sp-lycopersici f sp-pinif- f-2 screenf-chlamydosporumf-crookwellense f-dlamini f-graminearum f-moniliforme f-napiforme f-nygamaif-proliferatum f-semitectum f-sp avenae f-sp glycineaf-sp lycopersicif-sp orthoceras f-sp pinif-sp-lycopersici f-sp-piniF.F. crookwellenseF. graminearumF. moniliforme F. oxysporumF. pallidoroseumF. proliferatum F. solaniF. subglutinansF. verticillioides factorfactor-alpha-receptor factorsfallfall armyworm lepidoptera false smut farnesyl-protein transferase fastmoc(tm)fate fatty acids fatty-fatty-acid compositionfatty-acid synthasefatty-acid synthases fatty-acids fayalite-ironFB1 fecundityfed dietary treatmentsfeedfeed consumption feed intake feed productsfeeds feedstuffsfemale fertility femonisin fermentation ferritin ferulicfetalfiber optic immunosensorfibroblast growth factorsfibroblast growth-factors fibroblastsfieldfield application field cornfield immunoassay field inoculation techniquesfield pathogens field-tests fieldsfilamentous fungi finger transcription factor flavonoids flavoprotein flavus flavus groupflavus strains fluorescencefluorescence detectionfluorescence polarization fluorometryfluquinconazole flurprimidolfoci folatefolate metabolismfolate-deficiencyfoliar disease folic acid folic- folic-acid follow-upfood food analyses food analysis food and feedfood contaminantfood contamination food controlfood frequency food safetyfood-foods foodstuffs foot rot forestryforms formulation formulations fragment fragment-length-polymorphismfreefree radical scavengingfree sphinganinefree sphingoid bases free-radicals frequency frequent lossfreshly harvested corn fujikuroi fujikuroi culture material fujikuroi mating populationfujikuroi species complex fumonisin fumonisin B fumonisin B-1fumonisin B-1 (FB1)fumonisin b-1 presentfumonisin B-1-glucose fumonisin b1fumonisin b1 productiona d Duvick, J. 2001ZTProspects for reducing fumonisin contamination of maize through genetic modification(!Environmental Health Perspectivesf 109n337-342u Mayn Environ. Health Perspect.ISI:000168824500023aflatoxin; Bacillus thuringiensis toxin; chitinase; corn earworm; Cry1Ab; Cry1Ac; European corn borer; Exophiala spinifera; fumonisin; fumonisin deaminase; fumonisin esterase; gene silencing; quantitative trait loci; Rhinocladiella atrovirens; trypsin inhibitor quantitative disease resistance; systemic acquired-resistance; zea-mays l; aspergillus-flavus; fusarium-moniliforme; mycotoxin biosynthesis; gibberella-fujikuroi; confers resistance; ear rot; expression  Fumonisins (FB) are mycotoxins found in Fusarium verticillioides-infected maize grain worldwide. Attention has focused on FBs because of their widespread occurrence, acute toxicity to certain livestock. and their potential carcinogenicity. FBs are present at low levels in most field- grown maize but may spike to high levels depending on both the environment and genetics of the host plant. Among the strategies for reducing risk of FB contamination in maize supplied to the market, development and deployment of Fusarium ear mold-resistant maize germplasm is a high priority. Breeding for increased ear mold tolerance and reduced mycotoxin levels is being practiced today in both commercial and public programs, but the amount of resistance achievable may be limited due to complicated genetics and/or linkage to undesirable agronomic traits. Molecular markers can be employed to speed up the incorporation of chromosomal regions that have a quantitative effect on resistance (quantitative trait loci). Transgenic approaches to ear mold/mycotoxin resistance are now feasible as well. These potentially include genetically enhanced resistance to insect feeding, increased fungal resistance, and detoxification/prevention of mycotoxins in the grain. An example of the first of these approaches is already on the market, namely transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, targeted to the European corn borer. Some Bt maize hybrids have the potential to reduce FB levels in field-harvested grain, presumably through reduced feeding of Bt-susceptible insects in ear tissues. However, improved ear mold resistance per se is still an important goal, as the plant will still be vulnerable to noninsect routes of entry to Fusarium. A second approach, transgene-mediated control of the ability of Fusarium to infect and colonize the ear, could potentially be achieved through overexpression of specific antifungal proteins and metabolites, or enhancement of the plant's own defense systems in kernel tissues. This has not yet been accomplished in maize, although promising results have been obtained recently in other monocots versus other fungal and bacterial pathogens. Achieving reproducible and stable enhanced ear mold resistance under field conditions will be immensely challenging for biotechnologists. A third approach, transgene strategies aimed at preventing mycotoxin biosynthesis, or detoxifying mycotoxins in plants, could provide further protection for the grower in environments where FBs present a risk to the crop even when the maize is relatively resistant to Fusarium mold. In one example of such a strategy, enzymes that degrade FBs have been identified in a filamentous saprophytic fungus isolated from maize, and corresponding genes have been cloned and are currently being tested in transgenic maize.Times Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 89 Cited References: ABLE PP, 1986, SCIENCE, V232, P738 ASSABGUI RA, 1993, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V83, P949 BALDWIN D, 1999, CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL, V2, P96 BASS HW, 1995, PLANT PHYSIOL, V107, P661 BLACK D, 1931, PALAEONTOL SIN D, V7, P1 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 BULLERMAN LB, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P27 BUROW GB, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P380 BUSHNELL WR, 1998, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V20, P137 CAO H, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P6531 CHAREONPORNWATTANA S, 1999, THEOR APPL GENET, V98, P371 CHEN ZY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1320 COLLINS N, 1999, PLANT CELL, V11, P1365 DEHOOG GS, 1977, BLACK YEAST ALLIED H, V15 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, 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Kato19961% Kaul2001Kawamura2001* Kedera1994+ Kedera1994) Kedera19990 Kelberman1997 Keller1991 Keller1992 Keller19939 Keller1993q Keller1994 Keller1995F Keller19977 Keller20000 Keller20011H Kellerman1979? Kellerman19807 Kellerman19818 Kellerman19819 Kellerman1981 Kellerman1988 Kellerman1990 Kemp1995x Kennedy1993 Kerenyi2001 Keyser1999o Khidr2000Kiendler2001 Kim2001 Kim2001 Kim2002 Kim2002 Kim2004 Kimura2002n Kimura2003 Kimura20040Kingston19911^ Kinsey1995 Kirsch19977 Kirsch19988 Kirsch19999 Kirsch19999 Kirsch20044U Kis1996$ Kissileff2002tKitamoto1994i Kitbamroong1995 Klaasen1999j Klauber2000Kleifeld20010 Klein2001G Klein2002 Kleinschmidt2003 Klich1991 Klich1995 Kling2000 Kling2001Klittich19929Klittich1997 Klobasa2003, Kmetov19989 Knabe1990( Knoxdavies1985* Knoxdavies1985  Knoxdavies1986 Knoxdavies1987 Knoxdavies1988a Knoxdavies1989] Koch1990wA Koch19951D Koch19951j Kofer2000 Kohn19999)Kongsdal2003B Kos2002.Kostecki1998Kostecki1999 Koupparis2000z Kovacs1993e Kovacs2001 Koyama20020m Kpodo1994 Kpodo2000 Kramer19881 Kratky1983L Kriek1977M Kriek1977I Kriek1978K Kriek1978B Kriek1979C Kriek1979D Kriek19797 Kriek19819 Kriek1981= Kriek1981. Kriek1984 Kriek1988 Kriek1991 Kriek1992 Kriek1996 Kriek2001 Kritzinger2002 Kritzinger2003Kroschel20010M Krska1996O Krska19969 Krska1997, Krska1998( Krska1999b Krska20013 Krska2002B Krska2002 Krska2003 Krska2003+ Krska2003- Krska2003 Krska2004 Krska2004 Kruger19929 Kruger19971 Kruger1999% Kubler2001 Kuchler2003- Kuchler2003_ Kumar2002Y Kwon1996=La Penna2004 Lacey1988x Lacey1993A Lacey1996E Lacey1996Laffitte20033Z Lambert2003 Lammer2003} Lammer2004  Lamprecht1986 Lamprecht1987 Lamprecht1988 Lamprecht1988a Lamprecht1989 Lamprecht1994 Lamprecht1995 Lamprecht2001 Lancaster1961; Lange1990K Langin20010L Langin20010 Larsen20000 Larsen20000 Larsen20000 Larsen20020[Latreite1996 Lauren1991V Lauren1996@ Lauren1997 Lauren1999h Lauren2001/ Lauren20022 Lax1987 Lax1987 Lax1989 Lax1996< Lax1997 Lazarus1988 Lazarus1988 Le Bars2003 Le Bars2003 Lebepe-Mazur2001 Lebepe-Mazur2002 LebepeMazur1996 Ledoux2003 Lee1986 Lee1987 Lee1987 Lee1987 Lee1987 Lee1988 Lee1991 Lee1995 Lee1996 Lee20011 Leggott2000 Leggott20007 Leggott2002 Leggott2004FLeistner1979 Leitgeb1999o Leitgeb2000 Leitgeb2003Z Lemke2001M Lemmens1996Q Lemmens2002 Lemmens2003- Lemmens2003 Lemmens2004 Lemmer1996 Lemmer1997 Lemmer1998 Lemmer1998 Lemmer1999 Lemmer1999 Lemmer20011 Lemmer2004a Leontopoulos2003 Lepom1990% Lepschy1998 Leslie1992 Leslie1992+ Leslie1994 Leslie19959> Leslie1996 Leslie19961 Leslie19979 Leslie19988 Leslie19999 Leslie19999 Leslie20000 Leslie20010L Leslie20020 Leslie20032 LeVoyer2003X Lew1996 Lew1999o Lew2000 Lew2001 Lewtas19959 Li20011 Li20012w Li20022! Lienau20033Lillehoj19899E Limpert1999# Lin2002 Lincoln2002W Lindner1996 Lindner1999| Lindner2000! Lindner2003 Linz19939 Linz19955 Linz1995 Linz19969 Linz19969p Linz2000mu Linz20000~ Linz20044$ Lipkin20022 Liu1997 Liu19991 Livesey1998F Loarca-Pina2004dLogrieco1995>Logrieco1997.Logrieco1998Logrieco1998Logrieco19999Logrieco19999Logrieco2002Logrieco2002Logrieco20022Logrieco2003Logrieco20030 Logrieco20044Logrieco2004B Lohninger2002 Loiseau2004A London19859@ London19866> London19879? London19877< London19888: London199195 London199512 London19966/ London19977) London20011# London20020 London20030 Lopez2003 Lottering2000Lovelace1989G Lu1997 Lu1998rA Lu20026 Lubben19822d Lubben19868 Lubben19877 Lubben19888X Lubben19919 Lubulwa1994Lucyshyn20030Lucyshyn20040Luschnig20030A Lustbader1985@ Lustbader1986> Lustbader1987: Lustbader19916 Lustbader19938 Lustbader19933 Lustbader19954 Lustbader19955 Lustbader1995 Lutz2003 Lynch2001 Lynch2001w Lynch2002R Lynch2003V Ma20011Mabekoje2004@Mabekoje2004 Mac Donald2003f Macdonald1995& Macdonald1998  Macdonald1999  Macdonald1999 Macdonald2001+ MacDonald2003 MacDonald2004  MacDonald2004 Macgeorge1990 Machinski2001 Mackay19898 MacKenzie1998 Macko19831Mackwell1991l Madden1996n Madden19969 Maddox1992 Maddox1998 Maddox20040* Magan1998 Magan2000 Magan2002 Magan2002 Magan2003 Magan2003 Magan2004 Magan2004G Magg200204G Magg20022004G Magg200204G Magg200204G Magg2002G Magg2002gan2004 Magan2004G Magg2002 S omega- ontario onychomycosis oral cleftsorganic agricultureOrobanche spp.ortho-pyroxene oryzaeosmotic/matric osseous OstriniaOstrinia nubilalisOTA outbreaks oval cellsoverpressured-layeroxalate oxidase oxalic acid oxidase oxidationoxidative damageoxidative dna-damageoxidative stressoxygen diffusion oxysporump-450 monooxygenase P-expansum P. popilliaep1p53 p53 genep53 tumor-suppressor PaenibacillusPALPantoea stewartii paprika parameters parasiticparasitic weeds parasitica parasiticus parasitism parentagepartially hydrolyzedpaternal occupation pathogen pathogenesis pathogenesis- pathogenesis-related proteins pathogenicity pathogens pathwaypathway evolutionpathway gene clusters pathways patterns patulinPCR peach bark peanut peanut butter peanut pod peanutspear penetration penicillin penicilliumPenicillium-diseasespenicillium-expansum pepperpeptide synthesis performance$!performance liquid-chromatography pericarppericonceptional,(periconceptional vitamin supplementation perithecia peroxidation pesticidal crystal proteinspests pet food pH regulationphanephasephase extraction columnsphase hptlc methodphenolic compounds phenolic- phenolics phenylpropanoid metabolism phialidesphospholipase-c phospholipid- phospholipidsphylogenetic species phylogenetic-relationshipsphysical decontaminationphysical methodphysical-activity phytic phytoalexinPhytomyza orobanchiaphytophthora root-rotphytophthora-infestans phytotoxicity phytotoxin phytotoxinspichia-anomalapig pigletspigspini Piper nigrum piperonylpiperonylbutoxidepitch pitch cankerplantplant breedingplant chitinases plant debris plant defenseplant disease resistanceplant fractionsplant pathogen plant phenolsplant populationsplant resistance plant stress$plant-incorporated protectantsplant-pathogensplant/microbe interaction$planthopper nilaparvata-lugens planting planting date plants plasmaplasma homocyst(e)ineplasma homocysteine0-platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptorpolyacrylamidepolygalacturonase polyketidepolyketide synthasepolyketide synthase genepolymerase chain-reactionpolymerase-chain-reactionpolymerase-ii holoenzyme polymorphism polymorphisms polyols polyphenolpolyphenol content polyphenols polyps populationpopulation geneticspopulation-density populationsPopulus trichocarpa Torr porcinepostcolumn derivatization postharvest,&postinfectional fungicide applicationspostlabeling analysispostmenopausal womenpotassium sorbate potatopotato phytoalexin potato-tubers potent poultry poultspozolpr-like protein pre-harvest precursor pregnancies pregnancypregnant-women preharvest("preharvest aflatoxin contaminationpreharvest cornpreharvest infectionpreharvest maizepreinfectional andpreliminary publicationpremenopausal women prenylationATHOL,AMES,IA 50011 MUNKVOLD GP IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 500114.Times Cited: 4 English Article TG176 PLANT DISISI:A1995TG17600020324-324$://A1995QP75200037,"Munkvold, G. P. Yang, X. B.ZSCrop Damage and Epidemics Associated with 1993 Floods in Iowa (Vol 79, Pg 95, 1995) Plant Disease Plant Dis. 1995 Mar 793PB;Times Cited: 0 English Correction, Addition QP752 PLANT DISSISI:A1995QP75200037s FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P327 PARK JJ, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1642 PATEL S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P833 PETKOVABOCHAROV.T, 1985, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V2, P267 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 POHLAND AE, 1993, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V10, P17 RAFAI P, 1998, ALLATORVOSOK LAPJA, V120, P501 RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 RYU JC, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P333 SCHNURER J, 1991, CEREAL CHEM, V68, P434 SCOTT PM, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P333 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SHOTWELL OL, 1983, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V66, P1466 STRATTON GW, 1993, ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX, V24, P399 SZIGETI G, 1995, MAGY ALLATORVOSOK, V50, P511 TANAKA T, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P979 THELLMAN A, 1997, DEUT LEBENSM-RUNDSCH, V93, P1 VRABCHEVA T, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V136, P47 WIDIASTUTI R, 1988, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V102, P45 English Article 348RT FOOD ADDIT CONTAMSISI:000089000800011t  21-37$://000079535900003l<5Placinta, C. M. D'Mello, J. P. F. Macdonald, A. M. C.d]A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxinsw("Animal Feed Science and TechnologyFusarium sp.; trichothecenes; zearalenone; fumonisins; toxicity; cereal grains; co-occurrence; control strategies natural occurrence; fumonisin b-1; trichothecene mycotoxins; liquid-chromatography; culture material; deoxynivalenol; maize; wheat; zearalenone; cornr From a global perspective, three classes of Fusarium mycotoxins may be considered to be of particular importance in animal health and productivity. Within the trichothecene group, deoxynivalenol (DON) is widely associated with feed rejection in pigs, while T-2 toxin can precipitate reproductive disturbances in sows. Another group comprising zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives is endowed with oestrogenic properties. The third category includes the fumonisins which have been linked with specific toxicity syndromes such as equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) and porcine pulmonary oedema. Many toxigenic species of Fusarium are also common pathogens of cereal plants, causing diseases such as head blight of wheat and barley and ear rut of maize. Consequently, when cereal plants are infected with these fungi, there is a risk that grain may become contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins and that these may subsequently be transferred to compound feeds. The surveillance of grain and animal feed for the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins continues to attract worldwide attention and has been the subject of extensive investigations over recent years. For example, high incidence rates of contamination with DON and another trichothecene, nivalenol (NIV), have been reported in maize samples in New Zealand. In Poland, unacceptably high values (up to 927 mg/kg) for DON were recorded for maize grain and cobs. Potentially harmful levels of DON (up to 40 mg/kg) were also observed in wheat produced in Germany, Poland, Japan, New Zealand, USA, Canada and Argentina. Samples of barley grain in Norway, Japan and USA were found with DON levels of up to 71 mg/kg. In the Norwegian study oat samples were also contaminated with DON at levels ranging from 7 to 62 mg/kg grain. Abnormally high concentrations of both NIV and ZEN have been observed in some Japanese barley samples (up to 26 and 15 mg/kg, respectively), and in maize produced in New Zealand (up to 7 and 10.5 mg/kg, respectively). Other trichothecenes such as 3-acetyl DON, diacetyoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin have also been found in cereals and animal feed in both temperate and tropical countries. In Uruguay all samples of maize-based animal feeds tested were positive for fumonisin B-1 (FB1). However, highest FB1 values were observed in South Africa for compound feed (11 000 mu g/kg), and in Thailand and China for maize (18 800 and 25 970 mu g/kg, respectively). In a study of Argentinian maize, FB2 was the major fumonisin at values of up to 11 300 mu g/kg. An alarming feature of several surveys is that in the tropics in particular, several Fusarium mycotoxins may co-occur with each other and with anatoxin B-1, an Aspergillus compound sharing carcinogenic properties with fumonisins. It is concluded that, although sample size has been small in a number of surveys, there is nevertheless unequivocal evidence of global contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with several trichothecenes, ZEN and fumonisins. Furthermore, it is clear that legislation for the control of these mycotoxins in animal feed is now overdue and that further work is required to exploit cereal genotypes that are resistant to diseases caused by toxigenic Fusarium phytopathogens. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1999 Mar 3178 1-2'Scottish Agr Coll, Dept Biotechnol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland Scottish Agr Coll, Dept Biotechnol, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland D'Mello JPF Scottish Agr Coll, Dept Biotechnol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland>7Times Cited: 67 English Review 183CF ANIM FEED SCI TECHISI:000079535900003'$,&487$://000177944700020$Tubajika, K. M. Damann, K. E.\VGlufosinate-ammonium reduces growth and aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus flavus Journal of Food Protection&biosynthesis; maize; inhibitionThe herbicide glufosinate-ammonium (GA) [butanoic acid, 2- amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-ammonium salt] was tested at concentrations from 2 to 2,000 g GA per ml for activity against growth and aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) production by the mycotoxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. The highest concentration (2,000 mug GA per ml) reduced colony diameter of A. flavus strain AF13 by 80%. AFB(1) production was inhibited by 90% at this concentration. Reduction in mycelial dry weight and AFB(1) production in response to GA application ranged from 17.2 to 97.1% and from 39.1 to 90.1%, respectively. of four concentrations tested, 2 mug GA per ml was weakly inhibitory. In the kernel scree 521$://000089400700522`YTsai, Y. Y. McGlynn, K. A. Cassidy, A. B. Hu, Y. Arnold, J. Engstrom, P. F. Buetow, K. H.if`Identification of lung cancer susceptibility genes after adjusting for population stratification("American Journal of Human GeneticsAm. J. Hum. Genet. 2000 Oct-674T'lfNCI, DCEG, Bethesda, MD USA Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA NCI, DCEG, Bethesda, MD USAF@Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract 2 355TA AMER J HUM GENETISI:000089400700522E 155$://000171648900155`YTsai, Y. Y. McGlynn, K. A. Cassidy, A. B. Hu, Y. Arnold, J. Engstrom, P. F. Buetow, K. H. F?Dietary patterns and genetic susceptibility to lung cancer risk("American Journal of Human GeneticsAm. J. Hum. Genet. 2001 Octc694d'NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA DCEG, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USAmF@Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract 1 483RD AMER J HUM GENETISI:000171648900155e 1368-13758$://000187065200012HALedoux, D. R. Broomhead, J. N. Bermudez, A. J. Rottinghaus, G. E.rkIndividual and combined effects of the fusarium Mycotoxins fumonisin B-1 and moniliformin in broiler chicksAvian Diseasesfumonisin B-1; moniliformin; Fusarium moniliforme; Fusarium fujikuroi; broilers fujikuroi culture material; fed dietary treatments; young turkey poult; natural occurrence; var-subglutinans; market age; toxicity; corn; maize; leukoencephalomalaciaThe individual and combined effects of feeding fumonisin B-1 (FB1; 0, 100, 200 mg FB1/kg) and moniliformin (M; 0, 100, 200 mg M/kg) were evaluated using a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Significant mortality (P < 0.05) occurred in chicks fed all diets containing 200 mg M/kg (50%-65%). Compared with controls and chicks fed FB1, both feed intake and body weight gain were decreased (P < 0.05) in chicks fed diets containing 100 mg M/kg. Chicks fed M had heavier heart weights (P < 0.05) than control chicks or chicks fed FB1. Compared with controls, chicks fed diets containing 200 mg M/kg or a combination of 200 mg FB1/kg and 100 mg M/kg had increased kidney and liver weights (P < 0.05). Significant FB1 by M interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for serum total protein and aspartate aminotransferase. Mild to moderate periportal extramedullary hematopoiesis and mild focal hepatic necrosis were observed in chicks fed FB1 alone. An increased incidence of large pleomorphic cardiomyocyte nuclei, loss of cardiomyocytes, and mild focal renal tubular mineralization were observed in chicks fed M alone. Both cardiac and renal lesions were observed in chicks fed combinations of FB1 and M. Data indicate FB1 and M, alone or in combination, can adversely affect chick performance and health at these dietary concentrations. The interactive effects of FB1 and M were not synergistic and were less than additive in nature. At the dietary concentrations studied, M is much more toxic to broilers than FB1. Avian Dis. 2003Oct-Dec474'XRUniv Missouri, Fusarium Poultry Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA Univ Missouri, Fusarium Poultry Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA Univ Missouri, Coll Agr, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA Ledoux DR Univ Missouri, Fusarium Poultry Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA\VTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 43 Cited References: *NAT RES COUNC, 1994, NUTR REQ POULTR, P35 *SAS I INC, 1985, SAS US GUID STAT *US FDA, 2000, FUM LEV HUM FOODS AN ALLEN NK, 1981, POULTRY SCI, V60, P1415 BERMUDEZ AJ, 1997, AVIAN DIS, V41, P304 BERMUDEZ AJ, 1995, AVIAN DIS, V39, P879 BERMUDEZ AJ, 1997, AVIAN PATHOL, V26, P565 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BROOMHEAD JN, 2002, AVIAN DIS, V46, P901 BROOMHEAD JN, 2002, POULTRY SCI, V81, P56 BROOMHEAD JN, 2000, THESIS U MISSOURI CO BROWN TP, 1992, AVIAN DIS, V36, P450 ENGELHARDT JA, 1989, AVIAN DIS, V33, P357 ESPADA Y, 1994, AVIAN DIS, V38, P454 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HARVEY RB, 1997, AVIAN DIS, V41, P957 HENRY MH, 2000, POULTRY SCI, V79, P1378 JAVED T, 1995, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V7, P520 JAVED T, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V123, P171 KRIEK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V15, P579 KUBENA LF, 1999, POULTRY SCI, V78, P1499 KUBENA LF, 1997, POULTRY SCI, V76, P265 LEDOUX DR, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P330 LEDOUX DR, 1996, POULTRY SCI, V75, P1472 LEDOUX DR, 1995, POULTRY SCI, V74, P297 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 REAMS RY, 1997, AVIAN DIS, V41, P20 ROTTINGHAUS GE, 1982, P 25 ANN AM ASS VET, P477 SEWRAM V, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V848, P185 SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P459 TAREKEGN G, J FOOD PROTECTION, V63, P1732 THIEL PG, 1978, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V27, P483 THIEL PG, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P773 THIEL PG, 1982, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V30, P308 VOSS KA, 1989, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V27, P89 WEIBKING T, 1995, AVIAN DIS, V39, P32 WEIBKING TS, 1993, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V5, P75 WEIBKING TS, 1994, POULTRY SCI, V73, P1517 WEIBKING TS, 1993, POULTRY SCI, V72, P456 English Article 751KF AVIAN DISISI:000187065200012z Pitt, J. I.I 2000,%Toxigenic fungi: which are important?sMedical Mycology38 17-22 Med. Mycol.tISI:000166958800003uaflatoxin; mycotoxigenic fungi; mycotoxins fusarium-moniliforme; aflatoxin exposure; esophageal cancer; ochratoxin-a; corn; mycotoxins; hepatitis; mycofloraGrowth of commonly occurring filamentous fungi in foods may result in production of mycotoxins, which can cause a variety of ill effects in humans, from allergic responses to immunosuppression and cancer. According to experts, five kinds of mycotoxins are important in human health around the world: aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, certain trichothecenes, and zearalenone. These toxins are produced by only a few species of fungi, in a limited range of commodities. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens, produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in peanuts, maize and some other nuts and oilseeds. Ochratoxin A is a kidney toxin and probable carcinogen. It is produced by Penicillium verrucosum in cereal grains in cold climates, by A. carbonarius in grapes, wines and vine fruits, and by A. ochraceus sometimes in coffee beans. Fumonisins, which may cause oesophageal cancer, are formed by Fusarium moniliforme and F. proliferatum, but only in maize. Trichothecenes are highly immunosuppressive and zearalenone causes oestrogenic effects; both are produced by F. graminearum and related species. Current reporting probably under-estimates the effect of mycotoxins as a cause of human mortality. \ UTimes Cited: 18 Cited Reference Count: 47 Cited References: *INT AG RES CANC, 1993, MON INT AG RES CANC, V56 ABARCA ML, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P2650 BEARDALL JM, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P487 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BRETHOLTZEMANUE.A, 1993, J AOAC INT, V76, P842 CAMPBELL TC, 1983, ENV ASPECTS CANC ROL, P187 CASTEGNARO M, 1991, IARC SCI PUBLICATION, V115 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 COLE RJ, 1982, DEV IND MICROBIOL, V23, P299 FROBISH RA, 1986, J FOOD PROTECT, V49, P781 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P251 GROOPMAN JD, 1988, CRC CRIT R TOXICOL, V19, P113 HEENAN CN, 1998, J FOOD MYCOL, V1, P67 JOFFE AZ, 1978, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V3, P21 KLICH MA, 1988, T BR MYCOL SOC, V91, P99 KRISHNAMACHARI KAV, 1975, INDIAN J MED RES, V63, P1036 KROGH P, 1974, ACTA PATHOL MIC SC, V82, P301 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P255 LUBULWA ASG, 1994, STORED PRODUCT PROTE, P1017 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARASAS WFO, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P792 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MILLER JD, 1996, AFRICAN NEWS OCCU S1, V6, PS22 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN MOREAU C, 1979, MOULDS TOXINS FOOD PEERS F, 1987, INT J CANCER, V39, P545 PESTKA JJ, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN, P339 PITT JI, 1987, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V53, P266 PITT JI, 1997, FUNGI FOOD SPOILAGE PITT JI, 1993, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V20, P211 PITT JI, 1998, J FOOD MYCOL, V1, P41 PITT JI, 1996, MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINAT, P5 RILEY RT, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P3 RODRICKS JV, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI SCOTT PM, 1977, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V1, P283 SHANK RC, 1978, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V1, P1 SMITH JE, 1985, MYCOTOXINS FORMATION STOLOFF L, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI, P7 STOLOFF L, 1983, NUTR CANCER, V5, P165 UENO Y, 1983, TRICHOTHECENES CHEM VANDERMERWE KJ, 1965, NATURE, V205, P1112 VANRENSBURG SJ, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI, P699 VANWALBEEK W, 1969, CAN J MICROBIOL, V15, P1281 VARGA J, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P4461 WILLIAMS KC, 1989, AUST J AGR RES, V40, P1095 YOSHIZAWA T, 1983, TRICHOTHECENES CHEM, P195 English Article 1 401ZE MED MYCOLrkhttp://www.ingenta.com/isis/searching/Expand/ingenta?pub=infobike://rsm/bmb/2000/00000056/00000001/art00016'Food Sci Australia, POB 52, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia Food Sci Australia, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia Pitt JI Food Sci Australia, POB 52, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia 0d deoxynivalenol (DON)deoxynivalenol contentdeoxynivalenol vomitoxin deoxynivalenol-contaminateddependent protein-kinasederivatization desaturase descent detection determinants determinationdetoxificationdetoxification enzymes detoxifyingdetoxifying agentdeuteromycetesdeveloping-countriesdiabetes-mellitusdiacetoxyscipenoldiamondback moth diaphoraseDiatraea grandiosella diatrypaceaediazotrophic bacteria dichlorvos diebackdietdietary aflatoxindietary calciumdietary exposure dietary irondietary patternsdietary-folatediethylnitrosaminediets$different geographical regionsdifferential expression differential gene-expressiondifferentiation digestibilitydihydrobisfuran formation$dihydrodemethylsterigmatocystin dimensional electrophoresis diplodiadiplodia-maydis diseasedisease incidencedisease resistance genedisease spread disease-specific mortality diseases disruption distributiondistributional analysisdisulfide bondsdiverse locations dividenddnadna adduct formation dna adductsDNA binding motifdna fragmentationdna microarrays dna-bindingDNA-binding domain dna-damagedna-repair assay dna-synthesisdog domain DON contents dose-response relationships down-syndromedowns-syndrome downy mildew DPPH radical dried beansdried yam chips drosophila element marinerdrosophila-brown gene droughtdrought stressdrug drug effluxdrug-drug-metabolizing-enzymesdrug-resistancedt- dura mater dura-mater durum wheatdynamic recrystallization dynamicsE. proliferatumear ear blight ear rotears earwormearworm lepidopteraEastern Africa ecologyeconomic benefitseconomic impactsedemaedible caterpillar EF-1 alphaEgypt eicosanoidsEldana saccharinaelderly population electron-capture detection electrophoretic karyotypingelectrospray mass- elevated$elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine elicitorELISAembryo globulinsembryogenesis- emergence encoding nitrate reductaseendemic nephropathy endochitinase-encoding gene$endocrine disrupting chemicalsendophthalmitis endophyteendopolygalacturonase endosymbiontsendothelial-cell injury$!endovaginal sonographic diagnosis engraver beetles scolytidae enniatinsent-kaurene oxidationentomopathogenic fungi environmentenvironmental-environmental-conditionsenvironmental-factors$!environmentally selective control enzyme enzyme-enzyme-activitiesenzyme-immunoassay,)enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enzymes epidemics epidemiologyepidermal growth-factor epithelial-cell proliferation epithelium equation equilibria equine equine leukoencephalomalacia ergosterolergosterol contentergosterol contentserysiphe-graminisescherichia-coli esophagealesophageal canceresophageal cancer areasesophogeal cancermately in half. These investigations used conventionally farmed produce that contained traces of synthetic pesticides and mycotoxins as well as an estimated 10 000 secondary products (i.e. natural pesticides). Dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables also reduces risks of cardiovascular disease, cataracts and brain dysfunction. Before genetic manipulation is undertaken to elevate or diminish any individual constituent of fruits and vegetables, the contribution of each of these constituents to health must be better understood, as in many cases their effects on health can be paradoxical.Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2003 Apr62'tmUniv Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland Scottish Crop Res Inst, Qual Hlth & Nutr Programme, Genes Prod Theme, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland Trewavas A Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland:>8Times Cited: 0 English Review 666LL CURR OPIN PLANT BIOLISI:0001821787000151463-467$://000167023600014B;Tubajika, K. M. Mascagni, H. J. Damann, K. E. Russin, J. S.XQSusceptibility of commercial corn hybrids to aflatoxin contamination in Louisiana$Cereal Research CommunicationsD>carcinogen; mycotoxin; Zea mays aspergillus-flavus; maize; waxSusceptibility of commercial corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids to aflatoxin contamination was determined at Winnsboro, Louisiana in 1997 and 1998. Thirty-three hybrids were inoculated with 10(6) conidia/ml of Aspergillus flavus 20 days after midsilk using the pinbar technique. All corn hybrids grown in Louisiana were susceptible to A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination in the field, but differences were detected among hybrids. When averaged across 1997 and 1998, levels of aflatoxin were highest in DeKalb 683 (26,854 ng/g) and Mycogen 2725 (25,254 ng/g) and lowest in Terra TR1185 (3,967 ng/g), Terra TR1167 (5,104 ng/g), Asgrow RX 938 (5,112 ng/g), Terra TR 1226 (5,540 ng/g), Pioneer 3394 (6,354 ng/g), and Pioneer 3167 (7,174 ng/g). This study documents the extreme susceptibility of commercial corn hybrids grown in the southern United States and demonstrates the need for continued research to identify host plant resistance.Cereal Res. Commun. 2000284' Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Damann KE Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USATNTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 16 Cited References: *AOCS, 1998, AFL MAIZ, PA13 CASTEGNARO M, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P671 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 HALL W, 1987, LOUISIANA AGR EXPT S, V11 JONES RK, 1981, PLANT DIS, V65, P741 KANG MS, 1998, LOUISIANA AGR EXPT S, V105 KING SB, 1982, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V72, P782 MORENO OJ, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P1 PARK DL, 1993, TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH, V4, P334 PAYNE GA, 1983, S COOP SER B, V279, P16 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCOTT GE, 1991, AGRON J, V83, P595 TUBAJIKA KM, 2000, AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION, V102, P1 TUBAJIKA KM, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5257 WIDSTROM NW, 1983, AFLATOXIN ASPERGILLU, P72 WIDSTROM NW, 1978, AGRON J, V70, P986 English Article 403BX CEREAL RES COMMUNISI:000167023600014D8 qH 55-61$://A1996UR89200008YD=Visconti, A. Doko, M. B. Solfrizzo, M. Pascale, M. Boenke, A.ERKEuropean intercomparison study for the determination of fumonisins in maize1Mikrochimica ActaiMikrochim. Acta 1996 123v 1-4UR892 MIKROCHIM ACTAISI:A1996UR89200008530-534$://A1996WG89500010piVismer, H. F. Sydenham, E. W. Schlechter, M. Brown, N. L. Hocking, A. D. Rheeder, J. P. Marasas, W. F. O.,d]Patulin-producing Penicillium species isolated from naturally infected apples in south Africa & South African Journal of Science<6water activity; stability; expansum; mycotoxins; juicePenicillium expansum, a well-known post-harvest pathogen, causes 'blue mould rot' in apples and produces patulin, a toxic secondary metabolite. Patulin is regarded as a mutagen and exhibits immunotoxic, neurotoxic and gastrointestinal effects in rats. No information exists regarding the identity and patulin-producing ability of fungi occurring in South African apples. This study was conducted, in collaboration with a local processing facility, to quantify and identify the fungal species from naturally infected apples. The ability of the isolates to produce patulin in artificially inoculated apples, as well as in yeast extract sucrose (YES) liquid medium, was also tested. Few fungal species other than Penicillium, of which P. expansum was the most prominent, were isolated from three apple cultivars examined. The number of colony forming units and the levels of patulin produced varied widely between apple cultivar and sample origin. The P. expansum isolates produced significant levels of patulin in YES medium (43-2176 mu g ml(-1)), while production by P. roqueforti var. carneum, P. corylophilum, P. funiculosum, P. rugulosum and P. fellutanum varied (<0.1-1705 mu g ml(-1)). This is the first report of patulin production by the last four species. The application of Koch's postulates revealed that, amongst the Penicillium spp. tested, only P. expansum had the ability to infect apples and to produce patulin at levels ranging between 0.2-130 mu-g g(- 1). Patulin levels were the highest in artificially inoculated apples of three cultivars (Starking, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith) when P. expansum isolates originating from Granny Smith apples were used as inoculum.S. Afr. J. Sci. 1996Nov-Dec92 11-12' S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA CSIRO,DIV FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,N RYDE,NSW 2113,AUSTRALIA Vismer HF S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA60Times Cited: 4 English Article WG895 S AFR J SCIISI:A1996WG89500010399-406$://000177706100008D=Vismer, H. F. Marasas, W. F. O. Rheeder, J. P. Joubert, J. J.I:3Fusarium dimerum as a cause of human eye infectionsMedical Mycologyeye infections; Fusarium dimerum; South Africa mycotic keratitis; fungal keratitis; antifungal susceptibility; endophthalmitis; onychomycosis; cancerpiFusarium dimerum, typically a soil fungus, was isolated from an adult male suffering from a corneal ulcer following an injury to the eye. This fungus has not been described to cause human infections in South Africa and has not been recorded from soil, plant or organic material in this country. The macro- and microscopic characteristics of the isolate were found to be indistinguishable from described strains. Its authenticity was confirmed by comparing it to other human isolates from the eye obtained in the USA, thus rendering this the first report of F. dimerum from an eye infection in a human in South Africa. Med. Mycol. 2002 Aug404'MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Dept Med Virol, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Vismer HF MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa4.Times Cited: 0 English Article 588MW MED MYCOLISI:00017770610000858 MEISTER U, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P13 SAUNDERS DS, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P333 SCHNEIDER E, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P2548 SCOTT PM, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P823 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 TURRINI A, 2001, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V55, P571 VISCONTI A, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P909 WILSON TM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P115 English Article 827KB J FOOD PROTECTISI:000221897200030iRoxin 88-94$://000166561000015B;Velluti, A. Marin, S. Gonzalez, R. Ramos, A. J. Sanchis, V.Fumonisin B-1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium moniliforme, F proliferatum and F graminearum in mixed cultures on irradiated maize kernels4.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureFusarium; fumonisins; zearalenone; deoxynivalenol; water activity; temperature; maize barley-grain; competing fungi; water activity; corn; mycotoxins; colonization; aspergillus; temperature; growth; field~wThe impact on fungal growth and mycotoxin formation of interactions between fumonisin-producing isolates of Fusarium moniliforme and F proliferatum and a zearalenone (ZEA)- and deoxynivdenol (DON)-producing isolate of F graminearum inoculated together on irradiated maize at 15 and 25 degreesC and at 0.98, 0.95 and 0.93 a(w) was studied. The presence of F graminearum decreased the fungal populations (CFUg(-1) grain) of F moniliforme and F proliferatum under almost all conditions tested. In the presence of F moniliforme, CFUs of F graminearum increased significantly at 25 OC, especially at 0.93 and 0.95 a(w), while the presence of F proliferatum caused them to increase at 15 degreesC. The presence of F graminearum always inhibited FB, production, except at 25 degreesC and 0.98a(w) where it increased. However, the observed differences were not statistically significant. There was no effect of fungal interaction on ZEA production by F graminearum; however, when paired with F moniliforme and Ii proliferatum, DON production by F graminearum was significantly stimulated, especially at 0.98a(w). (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.dJ. Sci. Food Agric.t 2001 Jan 1811:'B;Univ Lleida, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, Rovira Roure 177, E- 25198 Lleida, Spain Univ Lleida, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, E-25198 Lleida, Spain Univ Republ Oriental Uruguay, Fac Engn, Fac Sci, Lab Mycol, Montevideo 23859, Uruguay Sanchis V Univ Lleida, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, Rovira Roure 177, E-25198 Lleida, Spain Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 35 Cited References: *ISTA, 1976, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V43, P3 BLANEY BJ, 1986, AUST J AGR RES, V37, P235 COMERIO RM, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P24 COOKE RC, 1993, ECOPHYSIOLOGY FUNGI, P219 CUERO RG, 1987, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V53, P1142 DALLYN H, 1978, THESIS S BANK U LOND ETCHEVERRY M, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V142, P37 GAO HP, 1997, MYCOTOXINS, V45, P51 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GUNNIFF P, 1997, OFFICIAL METHODS ANA, P45 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HOLLINGER K, 1999, VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A, V15, P133 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, J VET RES, V57, P269 LOU Y, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3723 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P83 MARASAS WFO, 1984, IDENTITY MYCOTOXICOL, P328 MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 MARIN S, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P289 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOL RES 7, V102, P831 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P939 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P1311 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1993, MYCOL RES, V97, P1393 RHEEDER JP, 1990, PHYTOPHYLACTICA, V22, P213 RYU D, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1451 SCOTT PM, 1990, TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTO, P1 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SINGH DV, 1974, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V2, P349 SOHN HB, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P153 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 VANWYK PS, 1988, PLANT SOIL, V107, P251 VELLUTI A, 2000, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V59, P59 WICKLOW DT, 1980, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V70, P761 YOSHIZAWA T, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P163 English Article 395CK J SCI FOOD AGRHISI:0001665610000157 96-102$://0001879398000150)Mphande, F. A. Siame, B. A. Taylor, J. E.F\VFungi, aflatoxins, 96-102$://0001879398000150)Mphande, F. A. Siame, B. A. Taylor, J. E.F\VFungi, aflatoxins, and cyclopiazonic acid associated with peanut retailing in Botswana Journal of Food Protectionf`aspergillus-parasiticus; mycotoxins; african; kwashiorkor; mycoflora; flavus; health; feeds; b-1Peanuts are important food commodities, but they are susceptible to fungal infestation and mycotoxin contamination. Raw peanuts were purchased from retail outlets in Botswana and examined for fungi and mycotoxin (aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid) contamination. Zygomycetes were the most common fungi isolated; they accounted for 41% of all the isolates and were found on 98% of the peanut samples. Among the Zygomycetes, Absidia corymbifera and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most common. Aspergillus spp. accounted for 35% of all the isolates, with Aspergillus niger being the most prevalent (20.4%). Aspergillus flavus/parasiticus were also present and accounted for 8.5% of all the isolates, with A. flavus accounting for the majority of the A. flavus/parasiticus identified. Of the 32 isolates of A. flavus screened for mycotoxin production, 11 did not produce detectable aflatoxins, 8 produced only aflatoxins B-1 and B-2, and 13 produced all four aflatoxins (B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2)) in varying amounts. Only 6 of the A. flavus isolates produced cyclopiazonic acid at concentrations ranging from 1 to 55 mug/kg. The one A. parasiticus isolate screened also produced all the four aflatoxins (1,200 mug/kg) but did not produce cyclopiazonic acid. When the raw peanut samples (n = 120) were analyzed for total aflatoxins, 78% contained aflatoxins at concentrations ranging from 12 to 329 mug/kg. Many of the samples (49%) contained total aflatoxins at concentrations above the 20 mug/kg limit set by the World Health Organization. Only 21% (n = 83) of the samples contained cyclopiazonic acid with concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mug/kg. The results show that mycotoxins and toxigenic, fungi are common contaminants of peanuts sold at retail in Botswana. J. Food Prot.L 2004 Jan9671E'Univ Botswana, Dept Biol Sci, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana Univ Botswana, Dept Biol Sci, Gaborone, Botswana Siame BA Univ Botswana, Dept Biol Sci, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana1:3Times Cited: 0 English Article 761XB J FOOD PROTECTIISI:0001879398000154Zo 171-178$://000165377100005F?Leitgeb, R. Lew, H. Khidr, R. Bohm, J. Zollitsch, W. Wagner, E.TMInfluence of fusarium toxins on growth and carcass characteristics of turkeys Bodenkulturlfturkey; mycotoxin; growth; carcass; blood deoxynivalenol; vomitoxin; broilers; cleanup; columns; wheatngIn a feeding trial with 60 turkeys in 4 feeding groups the effects of mycotoxin contaminated maize on growing performance and carcass traits, chemical composition of eviscerated carcass, organoleptic traits and biochemical parameters of blood were investigated. Four diets with different levels of mycotoxin contamination were tried. In feeding group 1 uncontaminated maize was used, in feeding group 2, 3 and 4; 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 of uncontaminated maize were substituted by mycotoxin contaminated maize. The percentage of maize in starter feed, grower diet I and II was 36.8, 48.9 and 59.3 %, respectively. The contaminated maize contained 4.94 mg moniliformin, 3.24 mg beauvericin, 2.02 mg deoxynivalenol, and 0.35 mg fumonisines B1 per kg. At the end of the growing period (77 days) live weight of the turkeys of group 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 6.71, 6.26, 6.33 and 6.27 kg and feed conversion rate was 2.07, 2.16, 2.23 and 2.19, respectively. The dressing percentages of eviscerated carcass and roast carcass, the weight of heart, liver Bursa fabricii, spleen and the valuable parts of carcass showed no significant differences between the feeding groups. The DM content of eviscerated carcass was significantly (P=0.10) decreasing from 31.5 to 31.1, 30.9 and 30.1 % for feeding group 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The organoleptic traits (tenderness, juiciness and taste) of breast meat and the biochemical parameters of blood were not at all influenced by the contaminated feed. The experiment shows, that maize contaminated with fusarium toxins had negative effects on growing performance only in the first 8 weeks of age, but not further on. Bodenkultur 2000 Oct513'2,Agr Univ Vienna, Abt Tierernahrung, Inst Nutztierwissensch, Gregor Mendelstr 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria Agr Univ Vienna, Abt Tierernahrung, Inst Nutztierwissensch, A-1180 Vienna, Austria Leitgeb R Agr Univ Vienna, Abt Tierernahrung, Inst Nutztierwissensch, Gregor Mendelstr 33, A-1180 Vienna, AustriayTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 22 Cited References: BERGSJO B, 1994, POULTRY SCI, V73, P1758 BOSTON S, 1996, J WILDLIFE DIS, V32, P17 ESSL A, 1987, STAT METHODEN TIERPR HARVEY R, 1987, MIXED MODEL LEAST SQ HUFF WE, 1986, POULTRY SCI, V65, P1291 JOSEPHS RD, 1999, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V363, P130 KRSKA R, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V746, P233 KRSKA R, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P11 KUBENA LF, 1985, POULTRY SCI, V64, P1649 LEITGEB R, 1999, BODENKULTUR, V50, P57 LEW H, 1999, FORDERUNGSDIENST, V47, P157 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LEW H, 1996, P 18 MYC WORKSH KULM, P6 MIROCHA CJ, 1974, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V57, P1104 NAUMANN K, 1976, CHEM UNTERSUCHUNG FU, V3 PIETRI A, 1997, ATTI ASS SCI PRODUZI, V12, P351 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 ROMER TR, 1986, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V69, P699 ROTTER BA, 1996, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V48, P1 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCOTT PM, 1986, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V69, P889 TRENHOLM HL, 1986, P 6 INT C MYC PAN AM English Article 375AJ BODENKULTURISI:000165377100005 17-29$://000171062100002`YLemke, S. L. Ottinger, S. E. Mayura, K. Ake, C. L. Pimpukdee, K. Wang, N. Phillips, T. D.of`Development of a multi-tiered approach to the in vitro prescreening of clay-based enterosorbents("Animal Feed Science and Technologyaflatoxin B-1; chemisorption index; gastrointestinal fluid; isotherm; sorbents sodium-calcium aluminosilicate; activated-charcoal; aflatoxin b-1; adsorption; toxicity; prevention; equation; reduce; hscas; modelThe successful inclusion of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate clay (HSCAS) in diets for the prevention of aflatoxicosis in animals has led to the investigation of other sorbents that bind mycotoxins. Unfortunately, in vitro studies are not always predictive of in vivo results. In the current study, three previously established in vitro methods: single- concentration sorption. isotherms and chemisorption index (C- alpha) were compared as methods for predicting the adsorption of aflatoxin B-1 (AfB(1)) from solution by four sorbents: HSCAS, charcoal, clinoptilolite and sand. In addition, a gastrointestinal (GI) model was utilized to measure adsorption. Finally, maize was included in modified isotherm studies to examine interactions. As supported by published in vivo studies, HSCAS proved efficacious in all testing methods (>99% bound in single-concentration and GI sorption studies, C-alpha = 0.89, Q(max) = 0.26 mol kg(-1)). Binding of AfB(1) by charcoal was comparable to HSCAS (>99% bound in single- concentration and GI sorption studies, C-alpha = 0.78, Q(max) = 0.889 mol kg(-1)) but was hindered in the presence of maize as seen by the distribution constant (K-d = 1.19 x 10(6) versus 1.11 x 10(5)), Under GI conditions, clinoptilolite demonstrated catalytic activity not observed in the other methods. Results indicate that the GI model is a rapid and more physiologically relevant method of screening sorbents. A three-tiered system that includes: (1) an aqueous binding study; (2) a GI study and (3) isotherms (with and without matrix inclusion), may be used to prescreen mycotoxin/sorbent combinations more effectively before testing in animals. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2001 Sep 1793 1-2'Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Fac Toxicol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Fac Toxicol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA Texas A&M Univ, Dept Stat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA Phillips TD Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Fac Toxicol, College Stn, TX 77843 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 29 Cited References: *AOAC, 1995, OFF METH AN, V2, P18 BONNA RJ, 1991, ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX, V20, P441 DAVIDIAN M, 1995, NONLINEAR MODELS REP DECKER WJ, 1980, VET HUM TOXICOL, V22, P388 EDRINGTON TS, 1997, POULTRY SCI, V76, P1205 EDRINGTON TS, 1996, TOXICOL LETT, V89, P115 GILES CH, 1960, J CHEM SOC, P3973 GRANT PG, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P599 HASSLER JW, 1974, PURIFICATION ACTIVAT HOLFORD ICR, 1974, J SOIL SCI, V25, P242 HUFF WE, 1992, POULTRY SCI, V71, P64 JINDAL N, 1994, RES VET SCI, V56, P37 LANGMUIR I, 1916, J AM CHEM SOC, V38, P2221 LARSSON M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P99 MAYURA K, 1998, TOXICOL SCI, V41, P175 OTT LR, 1993, INTRO STAT METHODS D PHILLIPS TD, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P204 PHILLIPS TD, 1988, POULTRY SCI, V67, P243 PHILLIPS TD, 1999, TOXICOL SCI S, V52, P118 PHILLIPS TD, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN, P383 PLANK G, 1990, TIERARZTL PRAX, V18, P483 RAMOS AJ, 1997, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V65, P197 RUBY MV, 1993, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V27, P2870 SAPANSKI WB, 1984, MANUAL ASSISTANT LAB SEBER GAF, 1989, NONLINEAR REGRESSION STANGROOM KE, 1984, CAN J PHYSIOL PHARM, V62, P1219 TOMASEVICCANOVI.M, 1996, ACTA VET BELGRADE, V46, P27 TOMASEVICCANOVIC M, 1994, ACTA VET-BEOGRAD, V44, P309 VEITH JA, 1977, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V41, P697 English Article 473RP ANIM FEED SCI TECHISI:000171062100002{ 292-296$://000085499400013"Hamblin, A. M. White, D. G.b[Inheritance of resistance to aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production of corn from Tex6Phytopathologyvpmaize; mycotoxin kernel infection; flavus; maize; contamination; inoculation; genotypes; field; hybrids; inbredsxqThe inheritance of resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and anatoxin production in corn (Zen mays L.) caused by Aspergillus flavus was studied in progeny derived from crosses between the resistant corn inbred cv. Tex6 and susceptible inbred cvs. B73 and Mo17. From 1994 to 1996, plant generations included were the P-1 (susceptible B73 or Mo17), P-2 (resistant Tex6), F-1, F-2, F-3, BCP1, BCP1-selfed, and BCP2. The BCP2-selfed generation was added in 1995 and 1996 for the B73 x Tex7 cross. Primary ears were pinboard inoculated and evaluated for Aspergillus ear rot severity. F-1 means deviated from the midparent value toward resistance for anatoxin production and toward susceptibility for ear rot in both crosses. Analyses of generation means indicate that additive gene action was most important in the resistance to both ear rot and anatoxin production in the B73 x Tex6 cross. Mo17 was somewhat resistant to both traits, so resistance from Tex6 was not well defined in this cross. Broad-sense heritabilities for ear rot and anatoxin production were 58 and 63% for Mo17 x Tex6, and 66 and 65% for B73 x Tex6. Narrow-sense heritabilities for ear rot and anatoxin production were 39 and 45% for B73 x Tex6. It is estimated that one cycle of selection for resistance within B73 x Tex6 F-3 families would reduce the percentage of ear rot severity by 8.5% and anatoxin concentration by 19 ng/g. Phytopathology 2000 MarC9031'Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Hamblin AM Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USATimes Cited: 11 Cited Reference Count: 25 Cited References: CAMPBELL KW, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1144 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CAMPBELL KW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P778 CAMPBELL KW, 1993, PLANT DIS, V77, P1169 CHEN ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, PS19 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 GAMBLE EE, 1962, CAN J PLANT SCI, V42, P339 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GORMAN DP, 1992, PLANT BREEDING, V109, P292 HALLAUER AR, 1988, QUANTITATIVE GENETIC HAYMAN BI, 1960, GENETICA, V31, P133 HAYMAN BI, 1958, HEREDITY, V12, P371 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 KANG MS, 1990, EUPHYTICA, V51, P19 KAUFMAN B, 1995, ABSTR ANN M AM SOC A, P174 KEARSEY MJ, 1996, GENETICAL ANAL QUANT LILLEHOJ EB, 1975, CROP SCI, V15, P267 LOZOVAYA VV, 1998, CROP SCI, V38, P1255 POEHLMAN JM, 1995, BREEDING FIELD CROPS SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 TUCKER DH, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P290 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WIDSTROM NW, 1984, CROP SCI, V24, P1155 ZUBER MS, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1346 English Article 287HA PHYTOPATHOLOGYSISI:000085499400013,B755-768$://000185661500011,&Doohan, F. M. Brennan, J. Cooke, B. M.NGInfluence of climatic factors on Fusarium species pathogenic to cereals*#European Journal of Plant Pathologywater availability; wheat; barley; conidia; ascospores; germination head blight; f-proliferatum; water activity; maize grain; gibberella-zeae; environmental-factors; zearalenone formation; mycotoxin production; fumonisin production; roseum graminearumpiFusarium head blight of small-grain cereals, ear rot of maize, seedling blight and foot rot of cereals are important diseases throughout the world. Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae, F. avenaceum and Microdochium nivale (formerly known as F. nivale) predominantly cause Fusarium diseases of small-grain cereals. Maize is predominantly attacked by F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans. These species differ in their climatic distribution and in the optimum climatic conditions required for their persistence. This review deals with the influence of climate on the production and dispersal of inocula, growth, competition, mycotoxin production and pathogenicity. Most species produce inocula, grow best, and are most pathogenic to cereal heads at warm temperatures and under humid conditions. However, the optimal conditions for F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum maize ear rot tend to be hot and dry and M. nivale head blight, seedling blight and foot rot of small-grain cereals tend to occur under cooler conditions. Seedling blight and foot rot caused by other species are favoured by warm dry weather. Between them, these fungi produce four important classes of mycotoxins: trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and moniliformin. Conditions favourable for in vitro growth are also generally the most favourable for mycotoxin production on cereal grains. These fungi rarely exist in isolation, but occur as a complex with each other and with other Fusaria and other fungal genera. Climatic conditions will influence competition between, and the predominance of, different fungi within this complex.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2003 Sep 1097'6/Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Dublin, Fac Agr, Dept Environm Resource Management, Dublin 4, Ireland Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Dublin, Fac Agr, Dept Environm Resource Management, Dublin 4, Ireland Doohan FM Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Dublin, Fac Agr, Dept Environm Resource Management, Dublin 4, Irelandf`Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 78 Cited References: ALKARAGHOULI AA, 2001, RENEW ENERG, V24, P131 ANDERSEN AL, 1948, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V38, P595 ATANASOFF D, 1920, J AGR RES, V20, P1 BARRAN LR, 1977, CAN J MICROBIOL, V23, P148 BATEMAN GL, 2001, APPL SOIL ECOL, V18, P117 BEATTIE S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P103 BRENNAN JM, 2003, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V109, P577 CAHAGNIER B, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V20, P247 CASTELLA G, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V4, P129 CONRATH U, 2002, TRENDS PLANT SCI, V7, P210 COOK RJ, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P193 DAS J, 1990, INT J DEV BIOL, V34, P319 DICKSON JG, 1921, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V11, P35 DMELLO JPF, 1999, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V80, P183 DMELLO JPF, 1997, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V69, P155 DOOHAN FM, 1998, PLANT PATHOL, V47, P197 ETCHEVERRY M, 2002, J APPL MICROBIOL, V92, P624 FERNANDO WGD, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P414 FRANCIS RG, 1977, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V68, P421 GILBERT J, 2000, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V22, P1 GREENHALGH R, 1983, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V46, P625 GRIFFITHS DA, 1974, NOVA HEDWIGIA, V25, P503 HALL R, 1998, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V20, P69 HOMDORK S, 2000, J PHYTOPATHOL, V148, P7 HORBERG HM, 2002, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V108, P73 JENKINSON P, 1994, MYCOL RES, V98, P506 JIMENEZ M, 1996, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V29, P417 KATAN J, 1981, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V19, P211 KELLER SE, 1997, J IND MICROBIOL BIOT, V19, P305 KIECANA I, 2002, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V108, P245 KOSTECKI M, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P361 LESLIE JF, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P153 LESLIE JF, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1182 LORI GA, 1990, MICROBIOLOGIA, V6, P76 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P83 MAGG T, 2002, PLANT BREEDING, V121, P146 MARIN S, 1996, CAN J MICROBIOL, V42, P1045 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1999, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V51, P159 MARIN S, 1999, J STORED PROD RES, V35, P15 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOL RES 7, V102, P831 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOLOGICAL RES, V120, P959 MARTINS ML, 2002, FOOD CHEM, V79, P315 MATEO JJ, 2002, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V72, P115 MCMULLEN MP, 1997, P NAT FUS HEAD BLIGH, P46 MESTERHAZY A, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P97 MIEDANER T, 2001, PLANT BREEDING, V120, P97 MIEDANER T, 1997, PLANT BREEDING, V116, P201 MILLER JD, 1995, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V17, P233 MILLER JD, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P321 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 MOLISZEWSKA E, 1996, ENVIRON INT, V22, P579 ODIEMAH M, 1994, ACTA PHYTOPATHOLOGIC, V17, P91 ONO EYS, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V147, P139 ORSI RB, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P75 PARRY DW, 1994, ECOLOGY PLANT PATHOG, P301 PARRY DW, 1995, PLANT PATHOL, V44, P207 PAULITZ T, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P1070 PAULITZ TC, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P674 PETTITT TR, 1996, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V79, P233 PLACINTA CM, 1999, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V78, P21 POMERANZ Y, 1990, ADV CEREAL SCI TECHN, V10, P373 PUGH GW, 1933, J AGR RES, V46, P771 RABIE CJ, 1986, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V52, P594 REID LM, 2002, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V24, P162 REID LM, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P461 ROSSI V, 2002, J PLANT PATHOL, V84, P53 RYU D, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1451 SAREMI H, 1999, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V31, P941 SCHUTT F, 2001, THESIS TU BERLIN GER SUNG JM, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P499 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 TEKAUZ A, 2000, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V22, P9 TORRES AM, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P836 TSCHANZ AT, 1976, MYCOLOGIA, V68, P327 VELLUTI A, 2000, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V59, P59 VIGIER B, 1997, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V19, P60 WINDER RS, 1999, MYCOL RES 9, V103, P1145 English Article 727MA EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYISI:000185661500011 ~>`growth-factor receptorgrowth-factor-alphagrowth-regulators gt-mas-gk guazatineGUSHaGiS haimen-cityhamster ovary cells haplotype harvest harvest date harvest timeHBV hbv infectionHCVhead head blight head scab head-blight health health risk health riskshealth surveillance healthy postmenopausal women heat stressheat-shock proteins hela-cellshelicobacter-pylori HelicoverpaHelicoverpa zea helicoverpa-helicoverpa-zea hemostasis hepatic lipid hepatitis hepatitis b hepatitis Chepatitis viruses hepatitis-bhepatitis-b infectionhepatitis-b virushepatitis-b-virushepatitis-c virushepatitis-c-virushepatocarcinogenesishepatocarcinogenshepatocellular carcinomahepatocellular-hepatocellular-carcinomahepatocyte growth-factorhepatocyte nodules hepatocyteshepatoma-cellshepatotoxicity hepatotoxins herbicides heritability hermonthica heterogeneity heterogeneousheterokaryosis heterologous transpositionheterozygosityhexose transporthigh moisture maize0-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)0-high performance liquid chromatography-tandemhigh prevalencehigh- high-levelhigh-performance0-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) high-riskHispanic Americans Hispanicshobo homocysteinehomocysteine levels$ homologous transformation system homologs Homoptera honeybush honeybush teahordeum-vulgare hormesis horseshosthost plant resistance host plants host rangehost resistancehost-pathogen complexhost-specific toxinshot air dryingHPLChplc determination HPLC maizehscas HT-2 toxinhuman human bloodhuman esophageal cancerhuman exposure human foodshuman foodstuffs human hair$human hepatocellular-carcinomahuman hepatocyteshuman monocyteshuman neuroblastoma-cells human plasmahuman primateshuman-breast-milk human-cells human-diseasehuman-leukocytes human-urine humanshusk tightness hybridhybrid poplar cells hybridization hybridshydrocortisone hydrolysis hydrolyzedhydrolyzed fumonisinhydrolyzed fumonisin B-1($hydroxylethyl)-(gamma)-butyrolactone hymenopterahyperhomocysteinemia Hyphomycetes hyphomycetous hypothesis i-compounds ibadan ice cream (cyclopiazonic acididentificationIGS iminoctadineimmune responseimmune-responses immunityimmunoaffinityimmunoaffinity assay immunoaffinity column cleanup immunoassay immunoassays$ immunomodulating agent gliotoxinimmunomodulation immunosuppressant activity impactimported beers improvementin in uteroin vitro maturationin- in-vitro in-vivo inactivation inbred lines inbreds incidenceincompatibility increaseincreased expressionindependent risk factorindiaIndian maize varieties indirectindirect reductioninduced resistance inductionindustry workersinfected grasses infection infestation inflammation ingestion ingredients inheritance inhibition inhibitor inoculant inoculationinoculation techniques inoculum inoculum size insect insect damageinsect herbivory insect pests insect vector insecticidal insecticidal crystal proteinsinsecticidal protein insecticides insects insertion integrated pest management integrated pest-management interactions interface interferenceintergenic spacer regioninterlaboratory study intermediate internal insect infestation interspecific interactionss953-958$://000074931700024)>7Desjardins, A. E. Plattner, R. D. Lu, M. Claflin, L. W..zDistribution of fumonisins in maize ears infected with strains of Fusarium moniliforme that differ in fumonisin production Plant Diseaserfujikuroi mating population; gibberella-fujikuroi; vegetative compatibility; aspergillus-flavus; esophageal cancer; section liseola; corn; contamination; feeds; b-1haStrains of Fusarium moniliforme (Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A) that differ in fumonisin production in vitro were previously identified in a Kansas field population. One strain that produced high levels of fumonisins and two strains that produced very low levels of fumonisins were applied to maize kernels at planting at the Rocky Ford Farm near Manhattan, Kansas. The distribution of fumonisins in symptomatic and symptomless kernels from individual harvested ears was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and the distribution of the three applied strains in the kernels was determined by vegetative compatibility group analysis. Both symptomatic and symptomless kernels were extensively colonized with F. moniliforme, but the highest levels of fumonisins were in the symptomatic kernels. All three applied strains were recovered from kernels in 1993, and two of them were recovered from kernels in 1994. However, a high frequency of ear and kernel infection with a strain that produced little fumonisin in vitro did not consistently decrease the level of fumonisins. The frequency of infection with fumonisin low-producing strains may have been too low for competitive exclusion of naturally occurring fumonisin high-producing strains. Also, strains that are low-fumonisin producers under laboratory conditions may be high producers in the field.h Plant Dis. 1998 Augt828e'>8ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA Desjardins AE ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA6/Times Cited: 14 English Article 102NY PLANT DISsISI:000074931700024n865-872$://000088847400018C6/Desjardins, A. E. Plattner, R. D. Gordon, T. R.DGibberella fujikuroi mating population A and Fusarium subglutinans from teosinte species and maize from Mexico and Central AmericaMycological Research^Wsection liseola; fumonisin production; moniliforme; complex; beauvericin; strains; pini6Seed samples of maize (Zen mays ssp. mays) from Mexico and of teosintes (Zea spp.), the nearest wild relatives of maize, from Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua were assessed for infection with Fusarium species. Strains similar in morphology to Fusarium moniliforme and F. subglutinans were the most frequent isolates from maize and from teosinte species including Z. diploperennis, Z. luxurians, Z. mays ssp. mexicana, and Z. mays ssp. parviglumis. Analysis of fertility, vegetative compatibility and mycotoxin production identified 63% of the 70 F. moniliforme strains from teosinte as genetically diverse members of Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A, a common pathogen of maize. The F. subglutinans strains from maize and teosinte were similarly genetically diverse, but were not fertile with standard testers of G. fujikuroi mating populations B and E, common pathogens of Poaceae, or of mating population H, which causes pitch canker disease of pine. Fifty- four percent of the 80 F. subglutinans strains were fertile when crossed with female tester strains from teosinte and maize collected in a field at Netzahualcoyotyl in the state of Mexico. These strains from Mexico and Central America may comprise a new and distinct G. fujikuroi mating population, but a strain from the Netzahualcoyotyl field site was fertile with a strain of G. fujikuroi mating population H from California. Thus, F. subglutinans from teosinte and maize may have a close relationship to mating population H from pine.l Mycol. Res.d 2000 Julb 104j'ZSARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA Desjardins AE ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA("Times Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 43 Cited References: BIRD RMK, 1995, MAIZE GENET COOP NEW, V69, P100 BRITZ H, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1198 CORELL JC, 1987, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V77, P1640 DANIELSEN S, 1998, PLANT PATHOL, V47, P609 DESJARDINS AE, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1695 DOEBLEY J, 1991, GENETICS, V129, P285 DOEBLEY J, 1994, MAIZE HDB, P66 DOEBLEY JF, 1984, SYST BOT, V9, P203 DORWEILER J, 1993, SCIENCE, V262, P233 FARR DF, 1989, FUNGI PLANTS PLANT P FRY WE, 1992, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V30, P107 GORDON TR, 1996, MYCOL RES 7, V100, P850 KERENYI Z, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P4071 KLAASEN JA, 1996, MYCOLOGIA, V88, P965 KLITTICH CJR, 1988, GENETICS, V118, P417 KLITTICH CJR, 1997, MYCOLOGIA, V89, P643 KUHLMAN EG, 1982, MYCOLOGIA, V74, P759 LENNE JM, 1991, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V29, P35 LESLIE JF, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1182 LESLIE JF, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, PS282 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 MACDONALD MV, 1997, PLANT PATHOL, V46, P112 MARASAS WFO, 1986, MYCOLOGIA, V78, P242 MCGEE DC, 1988, MAIZE DIS REFERENCE MIROV NT, 1967, GENUS PINUS MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P45 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NELSON PE, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P984 NELSON PE, 1983, FURASIUM SPECIES ILL NIRENBERG HI, 1998, MYCOLOGIA, V90, P434 ODONNELL K, 1998, MYCOLOGIA, V90, P465 PATERSON AH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P1714 PERKINS DD, 1994, MYCOLOGIA, V86, P758 PLATTNER RD, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P3894 SHURTLEFF MC, 1980, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS STEVENS RD, 1981, MYCOLOGY GUIDEBOOK STORER AJ, 1997, J FOREST, V95, P21 TABA S, 1995, MAIZE GENETIC RESOUR THIEL PG, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P1089 VIBRANS H, 1998, MAYDICA, V43, P45 WILKES HG, 1967, TEOSINTE CLOSEST REL English Article 7 346AF MYCOL RESISI:0000888474000185t@z435-443$://A1997XJ75500003T$Lauren, D. R. Ringrose, M. A.Determination of the fate of three Fusarium mycotoxins through wet-milling of maize using an improved HPLC analytical techniqueo&Food Additives and ContaminantsoFood Addit. Contam. 1997 Jul145XJ755 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMSISI:A1997XJ755000038215-223$://000083058300004t$Lauren, D. R. Di Menna, M. E.eFusaria and Fusarium mycotoxins in leaves and ears of maize plants 2. A time course study made in the Waikato region, New Zealand, in 1997<5New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural ScienceB}maize; mycotoxins; Fusarium; F. graminearum; F. crookwellense; infection; plant fractions deoxynivalenol; infection; maturityB://A1989CA13900022PD=Crous, P. W. Wingfield, M. J. Marasas, W. F. O. Sutton, B. C.@9Pseudocercospora-Eucalyptorum Sp-Nov on Eucalyptus LeavesMycological Research Mycol. Res.1 1989 OctC93'XQPLANT PROTECT RES INST,DR WET FOREST RES STN,POB 520,SABIE 1260,SOUTH AFRICA RES INST NUTR DIS,POB 75,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA CAB INT MYCOLOG INST,RICHMOND TW9 3AF,SURREY,ENGLAND UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT MICROBIOL,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA CROUS PW PLANT PROTECT RES INST,DR WET FOREST RES STN,POB 520,SABIE 1260,SOUTH AFRICA4-Times Cited: 6 English Note 3 CA139 MYCOL RESISI:A1989CA13900022452-456$://A1988N915700006& Cuero, R. Smith, J. E. Lacey, J.}Mycotoxin Formation by Aspergillus-Flavus and Fusarium- Graminearum in Irradiated Maize Grains in the Presence of Other Fungih Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot. 1988 Jun516SN9157 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1988N915700006z 1259-1262A$://A1983RQ18900051Culvenor, C. C. J. Cockrum, P. A. Edgar, J. A. Frahn, J. L. Gorstallman, C. P. Jones, A. J. Marasas, W. F. O. Murray, K. E. Smith, L. W. Steyn, P. S. Vleggaar, R. Wessels, P. L.AzsStructure Elucidation of Phomopsin-a, a Novel Cyclic Hexapeptide Myco-Toxin Produced by Phomopsis-Leptostromiformis7>7Journal of the Chemical Society-Chemical CommunicationsR"J. Chem. Soc.-Chem. Commun. 198321'f_CSIRO,DIV ANIM HLTH,PRIVATE BAG 1,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA CSIR,NATL CHEM RES LAB,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICA AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV FAC,DEPT CHEM,CANBERRA,ACT 2600,AUSTRALIA MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA CSIRO,DIV FOOD RES,N RYDE,NSW 2113,AUSTRALIA CULVENOR CCJ CSIRO,DIV ANIM HLTH,PRIVATE BAG 1,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIAB://A1989U178100009 {Culvenor, C. C. J. Edgar, J. A. Mackay, M. F. Gorstallman, C. P. Marasas, W. F. O. Steyn, P. S. Vleggaar, R. Wessels, P. L.Structure Elucidation and Absolute-Configuration of Phomopsin- a, a Hexapeptide Mycotoxin Produced by Phomopsis- Leptostromiformis Tetrahedron0 TetrahedronH 1989458:'\VCSIRO,DIV ANIM HLTH,PRIVATE BAG 1,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA LA TROBE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,BUNDOORA,VIC 3083,AUSTRALIA CSIR,DIV PROC & CHEM MFG TECHNOL,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICA CSIR,DIV FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICA MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA CSIRO,DIV ANIM HLTH,PRIVATE BAG 1,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA81Times Cited: 23 English Article U1781 TETRAHEDRONCISI:A1989U178100009 97-103$://000079327200006D>Curtui, V. Usleber, E. Dietrich, R. Lepschy, J. Martlbauer, E.VPA survey on the occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat and maize from western RomaniaMycopathologiaMycopathologia 1998 1432a179KV MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:000079327200006 21-25$://A1994MY05700004m Cvetnic, Z.axqCyclopiazonic Acid and Aflatoxin Production by Cultures of Aspergillus-Flavus Isolated from Dried Beans and Maize Nahrung-Food Nahr.-Food 1994381 MY057 NAHRUNGISI:A1994MY05700004741-751$://000078775900001f_D'Mello, J. P. F. Macdonald, A. M. C. Postel, D. Dijksma, W. T. P. Dujardin, A. Placinta, C. M.XQPesticide use and mycotoxin production in Fusarium and Aspergillus phytopathogensg*#European Journal of Plant Pathology Eur. J. Plant Pathol.0 1998 Nov: 10468H"169XX EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYrISI:000078775900001rQ 799-808$://000089000800011a,&Rafai, P. Bata, A. Jakab, L. Vanyi, A.\UEvaluation of mycotoxin-contaminated cereals for their use in animal feeds in Hungary, 84-91$://000173851500010d]Buerstmayr, H. Lemmens, M. Hartl, L. Doldi, L. Steiner, B. Stierschneider, M. Ruckenbauer, P.Molecular mapping of QTLs for Fusarium head blight resistance in spring wheat. I. Resistance to fungal spread (type II resistance)& Theoretical and Applied GeneticsTriticum aestivum; QTL; Fusarium head blight; scab; resistance triticum-aestivum l.; x maize crosses; scab resistance; bread wheat; graminearum; markers; heritability; cultivars; culmorum; loci Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) is a fungal disease of wheat and other small cereals that is found in both temperate and semi-tropical regions. FHB causes severe yield and quality losses, but the most-serious concern is the possible mycotoxin contamination of cereal food and feed. Breeding for FHB resistance by conventional selection is feasible, but tedious and expensive. This study was conducted to identify and map DNA markers associated with FHB resistance genes in wheat. A population of 364 F-1-derived doubled-haploid (DH) lines from the cross 'CM-82036' (resistant)/'Remus' (susceptible) was evaluated for Type II resistance (spread within the spike) during 2 years under field conditions. Marker analysis was performed on 239 randomly chosen DH lines. Different marker types were applied, with an emphasis on AFLP and SSR markers. Analysis of variance, as well as simple and composite interval mapping, were applied. Three genomic regions were found significantly associated with FHB resistance. The most- prominent effect was detected on the short arm of chromosome 3B, explaining up to 60% of the phenotypic variance for Type II FHB resistance. A further QTL was located on chromosome 5A and a third one on 1B. The QTL regions on 3B and 5A were tagged with flanking SSR markers, the 1B QTL was found associated with the high-molecular-weight glutenin locus. These results indicate that FHB resistance is under control of a few major QTLs operating together with unknown numbers of minor genes. Marker-assisted selection for these major QTLs involved in FHB resistance appears feasible and should accelerate the development or resistant and agronomically improved wheat cultivars.Theor. Appl. Genet. 2002 Jan 1041'IFA Tulln, Inst Agrobiotechnol, Dept Biotechnol Plant Prod, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria IFA Tulln, Inst Agrobiotechnol, Dept Biotechnol Plant Prod, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Bayer Landesanstalt Bodenkultur & Pflanzenbau, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany Buerstmayr H IFA Tulln, Inst Agrobiotechnol, Dept Biotechnol Plant Prod, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, AustriavpTimes Cited: 23 Cited Reference Count: 44 Cited References: *SAS I INC, 1989, SAS STAT US GUID VER ANDERSON JA, 2001, THEOR APPL GENET, V102, P1164 BAI GH, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P343 BAI GH, 2000, THEOR APPL GENET, V100, P1 BAN T, 2000, BREEDING SCI, V50, P131 BAN T, 2000, P INT S WHEAT IMPR S, P82 BITSCH C, 1998, EUPHYTICA, V103, P319 BUERSTMAYR H, 1996, BODENKULTUR, V47, P183 BUERSTMAYR H, 1996, CEREAL RES COMMUN, V24, P195 BUERSTMAYR H, 2000, CROP SCI, V40, P1012 BUERSTMAYR H, 1999, THEOR APPL GENET, V98, P76 CHEN P, 1997, FUSARIUM HEAD SCAB G, P59 DILLMACKY R, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P711 GILBERT J, 2000, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V22, P1 GROGER S, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN, V25, P955 GUPTA PK, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P369 HALDANE JBS, 1919, J GENET-CAMB, V8, P299 HARTL L, 1999, GENOME, V42, P322 HOISINGTON D, 1994, LAB PROTOCOLS CIMMYT JANSEN RC, 1994, GENETICS, V136, P1447 KNAPP SJ, 1985, CROP SCI, V25, P192 LANDER ES, 1987, GENOMICS, V1, P174 LANGRIDGE P, 1998, P 9 INT WHEAT GEN S, V1, P107 LAURIE DA, 1988, THEOR APPL GENET, V76, P393 LEMMENS M, 1993, BODENKULTUR, V44, P65 MCMULLEN M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1340 MESTERHAZY A, 1997, FUSARIUM HEAD SCAB G, P79 MESTERHAZY A, 1995, PLANT BREEDING, V114, P377 MESTERHAZY A, 1983, Z PFLANZENZUCHT, V91, P295 PARRY DW, 1995, PLANT PATHOL, V44, P207 ROEDER MS, 1998, GENETICS, V149, P2007 RUDD J, 1997, FUSARIUM HEAD SCAB G, P66 SAUR L, 1991, AGRONOMIE, V11, P535 SCHROEDER HW, 1963, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V53, P831 SNAPE JW, 1988, THEOR APPL GENET, V76, P125 SNAPE JW, 1984, THEOR APPL GENET, V67, P143 SNIJDERS CHA, 1990, EUPHYTICA, V50, P171 STACK RW, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P667 UTZ HF, 1996, PLABQTL PROGRAM COMP UTZ HF, 1995, PLABSTAT COMPUTER PR VANEEUWIJK FA, 1995, THEOR APPL GENET, V90, P221 WALDRON BL, 1999, CROP SCI, V39, P805 WILCOXSON RD, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P658 ZHOU WC, 2000, NATL FUSARIUM HEAD B, P69 English Article 521QD THEOR APPL GENETISI:00017385150001074 10-17$://000071718400009, Boenke, A.LEMethod validation for mycotoxin determinations in food and feedstuffse*#Trac-Trends in Analytical ChemistrynTrac-Trends Anal. Chem. 1998 Jan171 YU449 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEMISI:0000717184000090233-242$://000074584600005.`ZBorgemeister, C. Adda, C. Setamou, M. Hell, K. Djomamou, B. Markham, R. H. Cardwell, K. F.Timing of harvest in maize: effects on post harvest losses due to insects and fungi in central Benin, with particular reference to Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera : Bostrichidae)*$Agriculture Ecosystems & EnvironmentTMProstephanus; aflatoxin; maize; harvest time; Benin sitophilus-zeamais motschATNA storage experiment was conducted in Bante, central Benin between autumn 1994 and spring 1995. The maize was harvested 1, 3, and 7 weeks after physiological maturity and stored for up to eight months. The main results were: (a) Leaving the maize in the field for extended periods after physiological maturity resulted in severe grain losses after eight months of storage; (b) Most of the grain losses were attributed to Prostephanus truncatus; (c) Early harvested maize had a higher proportion of mouldy grain; (d) Harvest date had no consistent effect on the level of aflatoxin contamination; (e) Based on a participatory evaluation of maize quality by local farmers, the economic value of maize stored for eight months was highest in maize harvested three weeks after physiological maturity. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1998 Jul693' Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, Cotonou, Benin Univ Hannover, Inst Plant Protect, D-30419 Hannover, Germany Borgemeister C Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin>8Times Cited: 4 English Article ZY080 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRONISI:000074584600005165-171$://000187988800021tmBouhet, S. Hourcade, E. Loiseau, N. Fikry, A. Martinez, S. Roselli, M. Galtier, P. Mengheri, E. Oswald, I. P.ztThe mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 alters the proliferation and the barrier function of porcine intestinal epithelial cellsToxicological Sciences fumonisin B-1; intestinal epithelial cells; IPEC-1; swine; barrier function; transepithelial electrical resistance free sphingoid bases; fusarium-moniliforme; ceramide synthase; esophageal cancer; escherichia-coli; pulmonary-edema; inhibition; apoptosis; toxicity; cornFumonisin B-1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides (formerly F. moniliforme), a fungus that commonly contaminates maize. FB1 causes toxicological effects in laboratory and domestic animals including pigs. Because the gastrointestinal tract represents the first barrier met by exogenous food compounds, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of FB1 on IPEC-1, a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line. We first verified that low concentrations of FB1 did not exert any cytotoxic effect on IPEC-1. Indeed, significant LDH release was only observed for FB1 concentrations greater than 50 and 700 muM on proliferating and nonproliferating cells, respectively. We then demonstrated that FB1 inhibits proliferation of IPEC-1. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of the cell cycle indicated that FB1 blocks the proliferation of intestinal cells in the G0/G1 phase. Similar results were obtained with LLC-PK1, a renal porcine epithelial cell line, which is considered to be a good model for studying FB1 in vitro effects. We have also assessed the effects of FB1 on the integrity of the barrier formed by the intestinal epithelium. We demonstrated that FB1 decreases the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of IPEC-1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This effect was only noticed after a long exposure (8-12 days of treatment). FB1 induced the TEER decrease independently of the cell differentiation stage, and this effect was partially reversible. Taken together, our data indicate that FB1 alters the proliferation and the barrier function of intestinal cells. These results may have implications for humans and animals consuming FB1-contaminated food or feed. Toxicol. Sci. 2004 Jan771'INRA, Lab Pharmacol Toxicol, 180 Chemin Tournefeuille, F-31931 Toulouse 9, France INRA, Lab Pharmacol Toxicol, F-31931 Toulouse 9, France Ist Nazl Ric Alimenti & Nutr, I-00178 Rome, Italy Oswald IP INRA, Lab Pharmacol Toxicol, 180 Chemin Tournefeuille, F-31931 Toulouse 9, FranceTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 43 Cited References: *WHO, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, V219 BOLGER M, 2001, WHO FOOD ADDITIVES S, V47, P103 BULLERMAN LB, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P27 CALONI F, 2002, TOXICON, V40, P1181 CIACCIZANELLA JR, 1998, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V36, P791 ENONGENE EN, 2002, TOXICOL SCI, V67, P173 FAZEKAS B, 1998, J VET MED B, V45, P171 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GONZALEZVALLINA R, 1996, AM J PHYSIOL, V271, P249 GUMPRECHT LA, 1998, TOXICOL PATHOL, V26, P777 HASCHEK WM, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P251 KHAN AS, 2000, INFECT IMMUN, V68, P3541 KIM MS, 2001, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V176, P118 LI W, 2000, J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A, V60, P441 MILLER ER, 1987, ANNU REV NUTR, V7, P361 MOBIO TA, 2000, ARCH TOXICOL, V74, P112 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 NORRED WP, 1993, NAT TOXINS, V1, P341 NUSRAT A, 2000, J CELL SCI, V113, P1771 OSWALD IP, 2003, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V69, P5870 PRELUSKY DB, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P265 PRELUSKY DB, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P389 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P73 RAMASAMY S, 1995, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V133, P343 RAMLJAK D, 2000, CARCINOGENESIS, V21, P1537 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RIEBELING C, 2003, J BIOL CHEM, V278, P43452 RILEY RT, 1999, ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR, V7, P109 SCHMELZ EM, 1998, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V148, P252 SEEGERS JC, 2000, PROSTAG LEUKOTR ESS, V62, P75 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P145 SHIER WT, 2000, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V19, P161 SHIER WT, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V116, P97 STEVENS VL, 1997, J BIOL CHEM, V272, P18020 SWINDLE MM, 1992, SWINE MODELS BIOMEDI TIPTON DA, 2003, TOXICOL IN VITRO, V17, P301 TOLLESON WH, 1996, CARCINOGENESIS, V17, P239 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WANG W, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P3461 YOO HS, 1996, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V138, P211 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 YU CH, 2001, ARCH PHARM RES, V24, P136 English Article 762NJ TOXICOL SCIISI:000187988800021w"J161-187$://000087187200003 Shier, W. T.The fumonisin paradox: A review of research on oral bioavailability of fumonisin B-1, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme*#Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviewsf-sp-lycopersici; sphingolipid breakdown products; liquid- chromatographic method; activated protein-kinase; mammalian- cell cultures; corn-based products; oligopeptide transporter; intestinal-absorption; biological-activities; multidrug- resistance^XThe fumonisins are a series of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, a ubiquitous contaminant of stored corn (maize) worldwide. Consumption of food products contaminated with F. moniliforme has been correlated with increased risk of human esophageal cancer in epidemiological studies in southern Africa and China. The most abundant component, fumonisin B-1 (FB1), was isolated from F. moniliforme culture extracts using a shortterm tumor promoter bioassay to guide the fractionation. Purified FB1 has been confirmed to act as a tumor promoter in animal model systems; to cause hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis and proximal tubule nephrosis in rats; and to mediate agriculturally significant diseases associated with consumption of F. moniliforme-contaminated feeds, including equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema. However, studies on the toxicokinetics of radiolabeled and unlabeled FB1 carried out by three research groups in five animal species all indicate that it is absorbed very poorly if at all when administered orally. There is no evidence for functionally significant metabolism of FB1 in vivo. These observations result in what might be called the "fumonisin paradox''-how can the toxin cause agriculturally significant diseases and possibly human cancer if it is not effectively adsorbed after oral administration? There are several plausible explanations including (i) an unknown, readily bioavailable contaminating toxin is responsible; (ii) higher FB1 bioavailability at lower dose; (iii) greater conversion to active metabolites at lower dose; (iv) bioaccumulation and (v) effective uptake of FB1 derivatives that are readily converted back to FB1 or active metabolites in the body. The full extent of the threat to food safety posed by the fumonisins will not be known until the factors affecting oral bioavailability are understood.J. 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Rafai, P. Kovacs, G.vpInvestigation and 111-115$://000188120500014$Bankole, S. A. Mabekoje, O. O.piMycoflora and occurrence of aflatoxin B-1 in dried yam chips from markets in Ogun and Oyo States, NigeriaMycopathologiaD>aflatoxin B-1; dried yam chips; mycoflora storage; maize; corn^WSeventy-six samples of dried yam chips locally called elubo isu were purchased in 2000 from markets in Ogun and Oyo States of southwestern Nigeria. The samples were assessed for pH, moisture content, associated fungi and aflatoxin B-1 contamination. The pH of samples ranged from 5.6 to 6.1, while the moisture contents varied from 6.8 to 14.5% in Ogun samples, and 7.1 to 13.6% in samples from Oyo. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the two prevalent genera of fungi, and the number of colony forming units per gram of these two genera in the yam chips studied exceeded the tolerance limit in foodstuffs. The other fungal genera isolated included Botryodiplodia, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Mucor, Aureobasidium and Paecilomyces. The two most frequent fungal species were A. niger and A. flavus. Thin layer chromatographic analysis showed that 17 samples or 22% contained aflatoxin B-1 beyond the detection limit (5 ppb), but only three samples or 4% had toxin level above 30 ppb, the tolerance level in food for human consumption. The mean concentration of aflatoxin B-1 in positive samples was 27.1 ppb.Mycopathologia 2004 Jan 1571'Olabisi Onabanjo Univ, Dept Biol Sci, PMB 2002, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria Olabisi Onabanjo Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria Bankole SA Olabisi Onabanjo Univ, Dept Biol Sci, PMB 2002, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, NigeriaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 36 Cited References: *AOAC, 1990, OFF METH AN *FAO, 1998, ANN PROD YB ADAMS MR, 1995, FOOD MICROBIOLOGY ADEBAJO LO, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V126, P21 ADEBAJO LO, 1988, THESIS U IBADAN IBAD ADEBANJO A, 1993, INT BIODETER BIODEGR, V31, P255 ADESUYI SA, 1978, NIGERIAN J PLANT PRO, V2, P34 ARENE OB, 1985, ADV YAM RES BIOCH TE ATANDA OO, 1990, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V10, P35 BANKOLE SA, 1996, CROP RES, V11, P219 BANKOLE SA, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V146, P135 BANKOLE SA, 1906, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V132, P155 BARNETT HL, 1987, ILLUSTRATED GENERA I BETINA V, 1989, MYCOTOXINS CHEM BIOL, P42 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1965, 226 U MINN AGR EXT S CHRISTENSEN CM, 1973, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V1, P547 COURSEY DG, 1967, J STORED PROD RES, V2, P227 DAVEY PM, 1965, INT, V11, P439 ELLIOT RP, 1981, INT COMMISSION MICRO HORN BW, 1983, CAN J MICROBIOL, V29, P1087 IGE MT, 1981, J FD TECHN, V16, P603 IKOTUN T, 1983, FITOPATOL BRASI, V8, P25 IKOTUN T, 1989, INT J TROP PLANT DIS, V7, P1 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 NELSON PE, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL OGUNDANA SK, 1972, INT BIOETERIOR B, V8, P75 ONAYEMI O, 1983, 6 S INT SOC ROOT CRO OSAI EO, 1988, PATHOLOGICAL PROBLEM, P21 OYENUGA VA, 1968, NIGERIAS FOOD FEEDIN PITT JI, 1979, GENUS PENICILLIUM IT RAPER KB, 1965, GENUS ASPERGILLUS SAMSON RA, 1981, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN STACK ME, 1975, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V58, P114 UDOH JM, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P187 UGOCHUKWU EN, 1974, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V16, P1159 WATT AW, 1963, FIELD CROP ABSTR, V16, P145 English Article 763VE MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:000188120500014 of Food and AgricultureJ. Sci. Food Agric.8 1998 Mayi771lZN315 J SCI FOOD AGRISI:000073633600001u 30-55$://000071522200004n2+Scudamore, K. A. Nawaz, S. Hetmanski, M. T.voMycotoxins in ingredients of animal feeding stuffs: II. determination of mycotoxins in maize and maize products&Food Additives and ContaminantsFood Addit. Contam.M 1998 Jan4151 YR707 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM ISI:000071522200004>ium graminearumcorn cultivars491-505$://000178639300005 "Asran, M. R. Buchenauer, H.PpiVirulence of Fusarium moniliforme isolates on maize plants in relation to fumonisin and ergosterol levelsTf_Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and ProtectionSFusarium moniliforme; maize; seedling blight; stalk rot; ear rot; fumonisin content; ergosterol content mating populations; corn; phytotoxicity; b1; aggressiveness; mycotoxins; biomass; strains; assay; toxinsJDFusarium moniliforme is considered as one of the most important fungal pathogens of maize and may cause seedling blight, stalk and ear rot. Of 32 F. moniliforme isolates obtained from naturally infected maize plants, six isolates were subjected to PCR-analysis using species-specific primers. In growth chamber experiments following seed inoculation, all isolates caused pre- and post-emergence death of maize seedlings. Dry weights of infected seedlings were markedly reduced compared to uninoculated control seedlings. The F. moniliforme isolates varied in seedling disease severities. Eleven isolates of F. moniliforme selected and one isolate of F. graminearum were tested for their stalk and ear rot pathogenicity under field conditions using the toothpick inoculation method. Stalk rot symptoms were produced by all isolates, however, they differed in their degree of pathogenicity. Positive correlation between seedling blight severity and stalk rot symptoms was observed. The reaction of maize cultivars varied in their stalk rot sensitivity and no significant interactions among isolates and cultivars could be observed. Resistance of maize cultivars to stalk rot was not associated with ear rot. Six isolates were examined with regard to possible relations between seedling blight severity and fumonisin production as well as to ergosterol levels in the infected tissues. While in the most and least virulent isolates fumonisin and ergosterol contents in the seedlings was associated with disease severity, in the isolates with middle virulence no relations between these parameters were found.2,Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2002 Sepd 109o5 'Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed, 360, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Asran MR Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed, 360, D-70593 Stuttgart, GermanyTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 33 Cited References: ABBAS HK, 1992, WEED TECHNOL, V6, P548 BACON CW, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P4039 BACON CW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P302 BARNES JM, 1960, THESIS CORNELL U ITH BAUSCH P, 1982, ANGEW BOT, V56, P9 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 DESJARDINS AE, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P79 GARETHJONES D, 1987, PLANT PATHOLOGY PRIN GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GESSNER MO, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P502 HILL D, 1982, PESTS DIS TROPICAL C, V1 HOOKER AL, 1956, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V46, P175 JARDINE DJ, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P690 JARDINE DJ, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P897 KEDERA CJ, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P1138 KOEHLER B, 1960, AGR EXP STN B, V658 LAMPRECHT SC, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P383 LESLIE JF, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1182 LESLIE JF, 1991, P 17 BIENN GRAIN SOR, P80 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 LUMSDEN RD, 1990, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V22, P187 MARASAS WFO, 2001, AM PHYTOPATH SOC EDT, P332 MURILLO I, 1998, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V104, P301 REID LM, 1996, AGR AGR FOOD CAN TEC, V196, PE5 SALAMA AM, 1973, PHYTOPATHOL Z, V77, P356 SCHWADORF K, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P457 SEITZ LM, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1202 SPRAGUE GF, 1954, ANN CORN SORGH RES C, P38 THIEL PG, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P773 THOMAS MD, 1980, MYCOLOGIA, V72, P882 VANASCH MAJ, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P1330 WANG H, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P3461 WIEBE LA, 1981, J FOOD SCI, V46, P1424 English Article 604UK Z PFLANZENKR PFLANZENSCHISI:000178639300005B5 } 2094-2098$://000084669500006eLEPascale, M. Visconti, A. Avantaggiato, G. Pronczuk, M. Chelkowski, J.-ZSMycotoxin contamination of maize hybrids after infection with Fusarium proliferatum 4.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureFusarium proliferatum; maize hybrid; ear rot; fumonisins; beauvericin; fusaproliferin fumonisin production; esophageal cancer; culture material; corn ears; beauvericin; fusaproliferin; subglutinans; moniliforme; toxigenicity; accumulationThe ear rot severity of nine maize hybrids and the accumulation of fumonisin B-1 (FB1), fumonisin B-2 (FB2), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FP) after artificial inoculation in the field with a toxigenic strain of Fusarium proliferatum have been investigated. Different degrees of ear rot were observed in different hybrids. Inoculated ears contained 11-38% of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK). Mycotoxin analyses showed a pronounced contamination of FDK with concentrations ranging from 116 to 343 mgkg(-1) for FB1, from 8 to 29 mgkg(-1) for FB2, from 1 to 14 mgkg(-1) for BEA and from 2 to 10 mgkg(-1) for FP. Lower levels of contamination were found in healthy- looking kernels (up to 26, 2, 0.2 and 0.3 mgkg(-1) for FB1, FE2, BEA and FP respectively). A good correlation was observed between mycotoxin contamination and the Fusarium ear rot index, calculated on the basis of average ear infection with a scale ranging from 0 to 500 to represent healthy cobs and totally rotted cobs respectively. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry.J. Sci. Food Agric.9 1999 Dec,7915'CNR, Inst Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, Viale L Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Inst Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, I-70125 Bari, Italy Inst Plant Breeding & Acclimatisat, PL-05870 Blonie, Poland Polish Acad Sci, Inst Plant Genet, PL-60479 Poznan, Poland Visconti A CNR, Inst Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, Viale L Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy9Times Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 38 Cited References: ABBAS HK, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P1258 BOTTALICO A, 1989, TOPICS SECONDARY MET, V2, P85 BULLERMAN LB, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P27 CHELKOWSKI J, 1992, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V10, P49 CHELVAM P, 1989, J GASTROEN HEPATOL, V2, P53 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 CHULZE SN, 1998, MYCOL RES 2, V102, P141 DIPAOLA R, 1994, ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN S, V2, P256 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 FADLALLAH E, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P43 GROVE JF, 1980, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V70, P103 GUPTA S, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V115, P185 HART LP, 1982, PLANT DIS, V66, P1133 JAVED T, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V123, P171 KRSKA R, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3665 KRSKA R, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V746, P233 KRSKA R, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P11 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P45 NAGARAJ RY, 1994, POULTRY SCI, V73, P617 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL OJCIUS DM, 1991, EXP CELL RES, V197, P43 PASCALE M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P1 PLATTNER RD, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P3894 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 ROSS PF, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P109 SANTINI A, 1996, J NAT PROD, V59, P109 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 VISCONTI A, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P546 English Article 272UN J SCI FOOD AGRISI:000084669500006I 1026-1030M$://000179299000005lJCPascale, M. Visconti, A. Pronczuk, M. Wisniewska, H. Chelkowski, J.oAccumulation of fumonisins, beauvericin and fusaproliferin in maize hybrids inoculated under field conditions with Fusarium proliferatumMycological Researchtmmycotoxin beauvericin; section liseola; ear rot; corn; subglutinans; contamination; moniliforme; europe; iowa The ear rot severity of 15 maize hybrids and the accumulation of fumonisin B-1 (FB1), fumonisin B-2 (FB2), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FP) after artificial inoculation in the field with a toxigenic strain of Fusarium proliferatum has been investigated in Poland during the seasons 1996, 1997 and 1999. The year of inoculation proved a significant influence on ear infection degree and mycotoxin accumulation. Inoculated ears contained 11-71 % Fusarium-damaged kernels. Mycotoxins were detected in all hybrids at levels of 18-231.9 mug g(-1) for FB1, 0.4-26.5 mug g(-1) for FB2, 0.2-19.6 mug g(-1) for BEA and 0.3-6.4 mug g(-1) for FP. Mycotoxin concentrations were higher in Fusarium-damaged kernels (up to 361.5, 41.1, 44.3 and 10.0 mug g(-1) for FB1, FB2, BEA and FP, respectively) than in healthy-looking kernels (up to 26.0, 2.3, 1.9, 0.3 mug g(-1) for FB1, FB2, BEA and FP, respectively). All hybrids showed high susceptibility to the fungal infection and high toxin content in kernels during the three years of investigation.G Mycol. Res.U 2002 SepO 106 '>8CNR, Inst Sci Food Protect, Viale L Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Inst Sci Food Protect, I-70125 Bari, Italy Inst Plant Breeding & Acclimatisat, PL-05870 Blonie, Poland Polish Acad Sci, Inst Plant Genet, PL-60479 Poznan, Poland Pascale M CNR, Inst Sci Food Protect, Viale L Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, ItalyTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 33 Cited References: *US NPT, 1999, NIH PUBLICATION, V99 BOTTALICO A, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P85 BULLERMAN LB, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P27 CHELKOWSKI J, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P493 CHELKOWSKI J, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P53 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 CHULZE SN, 1998, MYCOL RES 2, V102, P141 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 GROVE JF, 1980, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V70, P103 HART LP, 1982, PLANT DIS, V66, P1133 KRSKA R, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3665 KRSKA R, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V746, P233 KRSKA R, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P11 LOGRIECO A, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3084 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P45 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 MURPHY PA, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P323 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 OJCIUS DM, 1991, EXP CELL RES, V197, P43 PASCALE M, 1999, J SCI FOOD AGR, V79, P2094 PASCALE M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P1 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SHEPHARD GS, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5111 VISCONTI A, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P546 English Article 9 616HU MYCOL RESRISI:000179299000005 7x 1860-1864$://000087116000069^XShephard, G. S. Marasas, W. F. O. Leggott, N. L. Yazdanpanah, H. Rahimian, H. Safavi, N.82Natural occurrence of fumonisins in corn from Iran0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfumonisins; Iran; esophogeal cancer; Fusarium; mycotoxins; corn human esophageal cancer; fusarium-moniliforme; human foodstuffs; mycotoxins; risk; china; b-1; contamination; toxicity; transkei|vCorn collected in the Mazandaran and Isfahan Provinces of Iran was analyzed for fumonisin B-1 (FB1), fumonisin B-2 (FB2), and fumonisin B-3 (FB3). The samples from Mazandaran Province, situated on the Caspian littoral of Iran, were random samples from farmers' corn lots collected in September 1998, whereas those from Isfahan Province, situated further south in the center of Iran, were bought as corn cobs in the local retail market during October 1998. All 11 samples from Mazandaran showed high levels of fumonisin contamination with FB1 levels between 1.270 and 3.980 mu g/g, FB2 levels between 0.190 and 1.175 mu g/g, and FB3 levels between 0.155 and 0.960 mu g/g. Samples from Isfahan showed lower levels of contamination with eight of eight samples having detectable FB1 (0.010-0.590 mu g/g), two of eight samples having detectable FB2 (0.050 -0.075 mu g/g), and two of eight samples having detectable FB3 (0.050- 0.075 mu g/g). This is the first report of fumonisin contamination of corn from Iran, in which samples from the area of high esophageal cancer on the Caspian littoral have been shown to contain high levels of fumonisins.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000 Mays485:'S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Tehran, Iran Mazandaran Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Plant Protect, Sari, Iran Shephard GS S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa:4Times Cited: 7 English Article 315LV J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000087116000069B393-396$://000179074700022ZTShephard, G. S. Leggott, N. L. Stockenstrom, S. Somdyala, N. I. M. Marasas, W. F. O.XQPreparation of South African maize porridge: effect on fumonisin mycotoxin levels& South African Journal of Sciencecorn-based foods; fusarium-moniliforme; n- (carboxymethyl)fumonisin b-1; esophageal cancer; risk assessment; products; rats; contamination; carcinogenicity; temperature2,The estimated levels of fumonisin exposure in South African communities that consume maize as their staple diet have previously been based on the analysis of raw maize collected from subsistence farmers, rather than on analysis of traditionally cooked food. During the preparation of a typical South African stiff porridge, fumonisin levels in naturally contaminated maize meal were reduced during cooking. A mean reduction in fumonisin B, levels of 23% was observed, with a correlation coefficient between the levels in uncooked meal and cooked porridge of r = 0.90 (P < 0.01). A survey of available maize consumption data from around the world indicated that the highest levels of maize consumption are found in the general Mexican population and in the rural population of the Transkei region of South Africa.S. Afr. J. Sci. 2002Jul-Aug98 7-8'MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Shephard GS MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa t nTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 52 Cited References: *EUR COMM, 2000, OP SCI COMM FOOD FUS *SWISS FED OFF PUB, 1997, 11 SWISS FED OFF PUB *WHO, 1998, GLOB SUMM HIV AIDS E, P1 *WHO, 2002, WHO TECHN REP SER, V906 ALBERTS JF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P1729 BORDSON GO, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P1183 CAMPUSBAYPOLI ON, 1999, STARCH-STARKE, V51, P173 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 DENIJS M, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P879 DRAGACCI S, 1999, REGLEMENTATION MATIE DUPUY J, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P2864 ERIKSEN GS, 1998, FUSARIUM TOXINS CERE GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P279 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HENDRICKS K, 1999, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V10, P198 HENNIGEN MR, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P55 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 HOWARD PC, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3546 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P369 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1995, TOXICOL LETT, V82, P853 LANGER JJ, 1988, MATER SCI, V14, P41 MACHINSKI M, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P875 MARASAS WFO, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P1 MARASAS WFO, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P399 PASCALE M, 1995, P 2 NAT C FOOD CHEM, P1067 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 SCAFF RMC, 1999, P INT S MYC 99 CHIB, P226 SCOTT PM, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P541 SEEFELDER W, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P2146 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SMITH JE, 1994, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN NUT, P43 SOLOVEY MMS, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P325 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2014 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 THUVANDER A, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P696 TREJOGONZALEZ A, 1982, MODIFICATION PROTEIN, P245 TRUCKSESS MW, 2001, J AOAC INT, V84, P202 UENO Y, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P1143 VAINIO H, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P535 VASANTHI S, 1998, INDIAN J MED RES, V108, P212 VILJOEN JH, 1993, CEREAL SCI TECHNOLOG, P791 VOSS KA, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P3120 WANG JH, 2000, P INT SYMP DISCH EL, V19, P139 WATSON SA, 1977, CORN MARKETING PROCE, P721 WEI HJ, 1999, ZHONG GUO ZHONG LIU, V8, P401 ZHANG H, 1997, MYCOTOXINS, V44, P29 ZOLLER O, 1994, MITT GEB LEBENSMITTE, V85, P81 English Article 612KR S AFR J SCIISI:000179074700022141-157$://000221094000011@:Danicke, S. Valenta, H. Doll, S. Ganter, A. Flachowsky, G.d]On the effectiveness of a detoxifying agent in preventing fusario-toxicosis in fattening pigs("Animal Feed Science and Technologypig; deoxynivalenol; Fusarium toxin; detoxifying agent; growth; feed intake; digestibility toxin-contaminated wheat; nutrient digestibility; graded- levels; deoxynivalenol; performance; zearalenone; diets; parameters; wethers; maize A growing experiment and a digestibility study were carried out with fattening pigs to examine the effect of a deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated wheat (6.6 mg DON/kg) on growth performance, feed efficiency, digestibility and serum clinical parameters. Diets containing the contaminated wheat were compared to control diets containing uncontaminated wheat, at inclusion levels of 400 and 450 g/kg in starter and grower diets, respectively. These diets were fed either without or with supplementation of a detoxifying agent (Mycofix(R)Plus, Biomin, Herzogenburg, Austria) (NIP). The uncontaminated control diet was evaluated in a similar way. By this factorial arrangements it was possible to identify DON effects and both mycotoxin- specific and -unspecific effects of the addition of NIP. Live weight gain was reduced by approximately 10% (P = 0.003) due to feeding of the DON-contaminated diets which was caused by a reduced feed intake of the ad libitum fed pigs (P = 0.111). No effects of MP-supplementation were detected. Digestibility and metabolizable energy content were significantly higher for DON- contaminated diets in pigs fed restrictively. NIP- supplementation reduced fat digestibility independently of DON contamination in both diet types whereas crude fiber digestibility was increased when MP was added to the DON- contaminated diet. DON excretion with the urine as the main excretory route of DON elimination in pigs was not decreased by supplementing the DON-containing diet with NIP which indicates that DON was neither adsorbed or degraded by this additive. This finding was further substantiated by unaltered DON concentrations in serum of DON-exposed pigs fed the MP- supplemented and DON-containing diet. It can be concluded that the DON-related decrease in performance of pigs could not be alleviated by the addition of MP The inconsistent effects of MP on component digestibility need to be examined further especially in the view of an unspecific binding of nutrients or micro-nutrients. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2004 May 3 114 1-4'60Fed Agr Res Ctr, FAL, Inst Anim Nutr, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Fed Agr Res Ctr, FAL, Inst Anim Nutr, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Sch Vet, Clin Small Domest Anim, D-30173 Hannover, Germany Danicke S Fed Agr Res Ctr, FAL, Inst Anim Nutr, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany:3Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 37 Cited References: *AUSSCH BED GES ER, 1987, EMPF EN NAHRST SCHWE *BML, 2000, OR VAL CRIT CONC DEO *STAT SOFT INC, 1994, STAT WIND OP SYST CHELKOWSKI J, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P45 COPPOCK RW, 1985, AM J VET RES, V46, P169 DANICKE S, 2002, ARCH ANIM NUTR, V56, P245 DANICKE S, 2003, BRIT POULTRY SCI, V44, P113 DANICKE S, IN PRESS ARCH ANIM N DANICKE S, IN PRESS MYCOTOX RES DANICKE S, 2002, J ANIM FEED SCI, V11, P437 DANICKE S, 2000, LANDBAUFORSCHUNG VOL, V216, P35 DANICKE S, 2001, P SOC NUTR PHYSL, V10, P171 DANICKE S, 2002, POULTRY SCI, V81, P1671 DOLL S, 2003, ARCH ANIM NUTR, V57, P311 DOLL S, 2001, MYCOTOXIN RES, V17, P214 DUSEL G, 1998, THESIS M LUTHER U HA FARRIES FE, 1961, Z TIERPHYSIOL TIERER, V16, P11 FRIEND DW, 1986, CAN J ANIM SCI, V66, P1075 HAMILTON RMG, 1988, J SCI FOOD AGR, V43, P37 HOPPENBROCK KH, 2002, FOR ANG FORSCH RIND, P99 KANG Z, 2000, MYCOL RES, V140, P1083 KARLOVSKY P, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P1 KOLLARCZIK B, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P105 LAUBER U, 2000, MYCOTOX RES A, V16, P166 MATTHAUS K, IN PRESS ARCH ANIM N OLDENBURG E, 2000, LANDBAUFORSCHUNG VOL, V216, P5 PASTEINER S, 1998, MYCOTOXINS ANIMAL HU PRELUSKY DB, 1988, FUND APPL TOXICOL, V10, P276 RAMOS AJ, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P631 SCHIEMANN R, 1981, ARCH ANIM NUTR, V31, P13 SCHMIDT E, 1970, METHODEN ENZYMATISCH, P607 SCHOLLENBERGER M, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P123 SZASZ G, 1974, Z KLIN CHEM KLIN BIO, V12, P228 VALENTA H, IN PRESS MYCOTOX RES VALENTA H, 2002, IN PRESS VLDUFA SCHR VALENTA H, 1999, VDLUFA SCHRIFTREIHE, V52, P429 WEISS J, 1999, DTSCH GEFLUGEL SCHWE, V44, P33 English Article 816EU ANIM FEED SCI TECHISI:000221094000011t689-701$://000088558600005O@9Reid, L. M. Zhu, X. Savard, M. E. Sinha, R. C. Vigier, B.IhbPre-harvest accumulation of deoxynivalenol in sweet corn ears inoculated with Fusarium graminearum&Food Additives and Contaminantsdeoxynivalenol; Fusarium graminearum; mycotoxin; sweet corn kernel infection; rot development; inbred lines; moniliforme; resistance; maize; carbohydrate; mycotoxins; zearalenone; emergence Three types of commercial sweet corn hybrids [sugary (su1), shrunken or 'supersweet' (sh2) and sugary enhancer (se1)] were silk channel inoculated in 1996 and 1997 with a macroconidial suspension of Fusarium graminearum to determine how early the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol accumulates in kernels. Disease symptoms rapidly developed on all hybrids and were apparent 4 days after inoculation. Symptoms stabilized by 28 days after inoculation. Toxin levels were greater than 1 mu g/g in kernels as early as 2 weeks after silk emergence and rapidly increased to extremely high levels. Susceptibility in all hybrids decreased as the silk dried out. Deoxynivalenol concentrations were correlated to disease severity. There was some indication that the sh2 genotype was more susceptible than the su1 or se1 genotypes. These results suggest that improvement needs to be made in sweet corn with respect to resistance to gibberella ear rot.CFood Addit. Contam.T 2000 AugE1784'<6Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Cent Expt Farm, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Cent Expt Farm, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Reid LM Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Cent Expt Farm, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, CanadaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 45 Cited References: *AGR AGR CAN, 1997, CAN VEG SIT TRENDS *SAS I, 1985, US GUID BAS VERS 5 ATLIN GN, 1983, CAN J PLANT SCI, V63, P847 BARZUR A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P243 CAMPBELL CL, 1990, INTRO PLANT DIS EPID, P532 DOUGLASS SK, 1993, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V21, P433 DUTOIT LJ, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, PS24 DUTOIT LJ, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P176 FERNANDEZ C, 1996, 110 AOAC INT ANN M E, P58 GONZALES JW, 1976, PLANT PHYSIOL, V58, P28 HART LP, 1987, 42ND P ANN CORN SORG, P161 HART LP, 1982, PLANT DIS, V66, P1133 HEADRICK JM, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P268 HEADRICK JM, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P487 HEADRICK JM, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P887 HESSELTINE CW, 1977, MYCOLOGIA, V69, P328 HOISINGTON DA, 1988, MAIZE GENET COOP NEW, V62, P125 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P439 LACEY J, 1991, CEREAL GRAIN MYCOTOX, P77 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 MIROCHA CJ, 1974, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V12, P303 NANKAM C, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P593 PATAKY JK, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P1323 PESTKA JJ, 1990, CAN J PHYSIOL PHARM, V68, P1009 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 REID LM, 1996, AGR AGRIFOOD CANADA REID LM, 1992, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V14, P293 REID LM, 1998, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V104, P147 REID LM, 1996, J PHYTOPATHOL, V144, P431 RUSSO VM, 1994, CEREAL RES COMMUN, V22, P121 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SINHA RC, 1996, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V18, P233 SINHA RC, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1740 STYER RC, 1984, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V74, P189 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 SUTTON JC, 1981, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V3, P26 TRACY WF, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P692 TRACY WF, 1987, HORTSCIENCE, V22, P645 TRUCKSESS MW, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P135 VANEGMOND HP, 1989, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V6, P139 VESONDER RF, 1981, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V42, P1132 VIGIER B, 1997, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V19, P60 WETTER MT, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P119 WOLF EA, 1974, S226 FLOR AGR EXP ST English Article 340WH FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000088558600005S,^-T.0hFf(n132-137$://A1996TU72500001O.(Hughes, G. Madden, L. V. Munkvold, G. P.2+Cluster sampling for disease incidence dataPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1996 Feb2862O'VPUNIV EDINBURGH,INST ECOL & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,W MAINS RD,EDINBURGH EH9 3JG,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,WOOSTER,OH 44691 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011 Hughes G UNIV EDINBURGH,INST ECOL & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,W MAINS RD,EDINBURGH EH9 3JG,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND:3Times Cited: 33 English Letter TU725 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1996TU72500001 35-42$://000073069700007-,%Hughes, G. Munkvold, G. P. Samita, S. rlApplication of the logistic-normal-binomial distribution to the analysis of Eutypa dieback disease incidence.(International Journal of Pest Managementdisease incidence; spatial pattern; logistic-normal-binomial distribution; Eutypa lata; epidemiology aggregated patterns; spatial patterns; heterogeneity; armeniacae; perithecia; california; lata The analysis of disease incidence data when diseased plants are aggregated in clusters is discussed. The logistic-normal- binomial distribution provides a basis both for analysing experiments according to their factor structure and for describing the observed frequency distribution of affected plants per sampling unit. These analyses are illustrated with data from disease assessments of Eutypa dieback of grapevine in Californian vineyards. A comparison of the results of this study with those of a previous one suggests that clustering of Eutypa dieback may occur on different scales, dependent on the presence of perithecia of the causal organism, Eutypa lata, in a vineyard.Int. J. Pest Manage. 1998Jan-Mar441'Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland Hughes G Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland<6Times Cited: 4 English Article ZH076 INT J PEST MANAGEISI:000073069700007u 35-40$://A1991EU35700007<6Hussein, H. M. Baxter, M. Andrew, I. G. Franich, R. A.VPMycotoxin Production by Fusarium Species Isolated from New- Zealand Maize FieldsMycopathologiaMycopathologia 1991 Janb 1131EU357 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1991EU35700007I171-174$://A1991GW18800009A*#Ibeh, I. N. Uraih, N. Ogonor, J. I. ^WDietary Exposure to Aflatoxin in Benin-City, Nigeria - a Possible Public-Health Concern0*International Journal of Food MicrobiologyInt. J. Food Microbiol. 1991 Nov0142u GW188 INT J FOOD MICROBIOLISI:A1991GW18800009D208-214$://A1994PF72600004M*#Ibeh, I. N. Uraih, N. Ogonar, J. I. TNDietary Exposure to Aflatoxin in Human Male-Infertility in Benin-City, Nigeria@9International Journal of Fertility and Menopausal Studies& Int. J. Fertil. Menopausal Stud. 1994Jul-Aug 394("PF726 INT J FERTIL MENOPAUSAL STUDISI:A1994PF72600004 Ibeh, I. N.I 1995NGEvaluation of Cassava Extract Soya Bean Digest Medium for Fungal Growtht4-World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnologyv112r244-244\ Mar&World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.ISI:A1995QN83400029("QN834 WORLD J MICROBIOL BIOTECHNOL$://A1995QN834000294221-224$://000074340100007 Ibeh, I. N. Saxena, D. K. f_Effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on the impact of aflatoxin B-1 on the testes of rats,&Experimental and Toxicologic PathologyExp. Toxicol. Pathol. 1998 Jun 503ZV777 EXP TOXICOL PATHOLISI:000074340100007 81-93$://000081753100006,%Turner, P. C. Nikiema, P. Wild, C. P.pjFumonisin contamination of food: progress in development of biomarkers to better assess human health risksHBMutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis0)fumonisin; biomarker; sphinganine; mycotoxin; oesophageal cancer liquid-chromatographic determination; human esophageal cancer; fusarium mycotoxins fumonisins; free sphingoid bases; natural occurrence; culture material; hepatocellular-carcinoma; mechanistic implications; human exposure; rat-liverFumonisins, fungal toxins produced by Fusarium monilifome, contaminate maize based foods and feeds throughout the world. They cause Liver and kidney toxicity in animals in addition to leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary edema in pigs. Fumonisin B-1 is carcinogenic in rats and mice. Ecological studies have linked consumption of fumonisin contaminated maize with oesophageal cancer in human populations in South Africa and China. This review discusses the potential health risks for people exposed to the fumonisins, and describes how mechanistic studies of toxicity in animal models have allowed the development of putative biomarkers of fumonisin exposure at the individual level. The requirements for an applicable biomarker include sample availability as well as a high specificity and sensitivity for the exposure of interest. Most environmental toxic insults involve complex exposures both to other toxins and to infections; these confounding factors need to be considered in assessing both the validity of the biomarker and the exposure-disease associations. Fumonisins can be detected in the urine of animals in feeding studies but the sensitivity of the current methodology means only highly exposed people could be monitored. Mechanistic studies indicate that ceramide synthase, an enzyme involved in sphingolipid synthesis, is one cellular target for fumonisin toxicity and carcinogenicity, and this disruption to sphingolipid metabolism increases the ratio of two sphingoid precursors, sphinganine and sphingosine. The altered ratio has been observed in tissues, serum and urine for a number of animal models suggesting it as a good candidate marker of fumonisin exposure. Despite development of analytical methods to measure this biomarker there have been no studies to date correlating it to fumonisin intake in people. Given the toxic effects of fumonisins in animals and the widespread human exposure, which has been calculated to reach 440 mu g kg(-1) body weight day(-1) in a population consuming high quantities (460 g day(-1)) of contaminated maize, then the development of biomarkers and their application in epidemiological studies should be a priority for research on these toxins. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.4-Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 1999 Jul 15 443 1-2'^WUniv Leeds, Sch Med, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Algernon Firth Bldg, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England Univ Leeds, Sch Med, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England Univ Ouagadougou, Fac Sci & Tech, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso Wild CP Univ Leeds, Sch Med, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Algernon Firth Bldg, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, EnglandTimes Cited: 21 Cited Reference Count: 96 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON, V56 ALI N, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P377 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BRANHAM BE, 1993, J NAT PRODUCTS, V56, P1630 BRERA C, 1998, MICROCHEM J, V59, P45 BUCCI TJ, 1996, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V15, P293 BUCCI TJ, 1998, TOXICOL PATHOL, V26, P160 CASTEGNARO M, 1998, J CHROMATOGR B, V720, P15 CASTEGNARO M, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P284 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P704 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1030 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 CHAMBERLAIN WJ, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P995 CHU FS, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P123 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CIACCIZANELLA JR, 1998, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V36, P791 COLLINS TFX, 1998, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V36, P673 DENIJS M, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P385 DENIJS M, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P879 DUPUY J, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P2864 FRANCESCHI S, 1990, J NATL CANCER I, V82, P1407 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P279 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1994, CARCINOGENESIS, V15, P209 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1992, CARCINOGENESIS, V13, P433 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, P117 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES, V7, P46 GOEL S, 1996, VET HUM TOXICOL, V38, P265 HALL AJ, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN, P233 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HARVEY RB, 1995, AM J VET RES, V56, P1668 JASKIEWICZ K, 1988, ANTICANCER RES, V8, P711 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, J VET RES, V57, P269 KNASMULLER S, 1997, MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN, V391, P39 KUBENA LF, 1997, POULTRY SCI, V76, P265 LEE JY, 1998, BIOCHEM J 2, V334, P457 LIM CW, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P34 LUO Y, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3723 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P1 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MERRILL AH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P297 MERRILL AH, 1993, ADV LIPID RES, V26, P215 MERRILL AH, 1988, ANAL BIOCHEM, V171, P373 MERRILL AH, 1997, J NUTR S5, V127, PS830 MONTESANO R, 1997, J NATL CANCER I, V89, P1844 MUSSER SM, 1996, J NAT PROD, V59, P970 NORRED WP, 1992, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V30, P233 NORRED WP, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P73 NORRED WP, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V115, P37 NORRED WP, 1997, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V147, P63 OSTRY V, 1998, CENTRAL EUR J PUBLIC, V6, P57 PATEL S, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P187 PENNER JD, 1998, J APPL TOXICOL, V18, P197 PRELUSKY DB, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P265 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RILEY RT, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P533 RILEY RT, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P3 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 ROSS RK, 1992, LANCET, V339, P943 SCHMELZ EM, 1998, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V148, P252 SCHROEDER JJ, 1994, J BIOL CHEM, V269, P3475 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1998, J CHROMATOGR B, V710, P219 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SHEPHARD GS, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P145 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, TOXICON, V34, P527 SHETTY PH, 1998, J CHROMATOGR B, V705, P171 SMITH JS, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P39 SOLFRIZZO M, 1997, J CHROMATOGR B, V692, P87 STEVENS VL, 1990, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1051, P37 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P994 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P285 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 TOLLESON WH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P237 UENO Y, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P1143 VANRENSBURG SJ, 1985, BRIT J CANCER, V51, P399 VOSS KA, 1989, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V27, P89 VOSS KA, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V141, P45 WANG B, 1995, STRUCT ENG MECH, V3, P445 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WANG E, 1992, J NUTR, V122, P1706 WILD CP, 1998, CANCER DETECT PREV, V22, P273 WILD CP, 1996, MYCOTA, V6, P213 WILD CP, 1998, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P213 WILD CP, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P126 YAMASHITA A, 1995, BIOSCI BIOTECH BIOCH, V59, P1804 YANG CS, 1980, CANCER RES, V40, P2633 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 YOSHIZAWA T, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P163 ZHEN YZ, 1984, ZHONGHUA ZHONGLIU ZA, V6, P27 English Article 221XP MUTAT RES-GENET TOXICOL E MISI:000081753100006k251-258$://00016601740000560Proctor, R. H. Desjardins, A. E. Plattner, R. D.xrBiosynthetic and genetic relationships of B-series fumonisins produced by Gibberella fujikuroi mating population ANatural ToxinsGibberella fujikuroi; Fusarium verticillioides; fumonisin; mycotoxin biosynthesis fusarium section liseola; phase extraction columns; rapid purification; moniliforme; mycotoxins; chemistry; synthase; strains; maize; b-1Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by the maize pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A and frequently contaminate maize. Wild-type G. fujikuroi produces four B- series fumonisins, FB1, FB2, FB3 and FB4. These toxins are identical in structure except for the number and positions of hydroxyls along their linear carbon backbone. To elucidate the genetic and biosynthetic relationships among these fumonisins, we conducted meiotic and biochemical analyses of G. fujikuroi mutants with altered fumonisin production that resulted from defective alleles at three loci, Fum1, Fum2 and Fum3. These mutants produced either no fumonisins, only FB2 and FB4, or only FB3 and FB4. Genetic analyses revealed the orientation of the Fum loci along linkage group 1 of the fungus. The mutants were grown together in pair-wise combinations to determine if their fumonisin production phenotypes could be complemented. When FB3- and FB2-producing mutants were grown together, complementation occurred. However, when a nonproducing mutant was grown with a FB2- or FB3-producing mutant, complementation did not occur or was incomplete. When purified FB2, FB3 or FB4 was fed to mutant cultures, FB4 was converted primarily to FB2, FB3 was converted to FB1 and FB2 was not converted. The results from these assays suggest a previously unrecognized branch in the fumonisin biosynthetic pathway. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.8 Nat. Toxins0 19997U60'USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Proctor RH USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USANGTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: BETINA V, 1989, MYCOTOXINS CHEM BIOL, P1 BHATNAGAR D, 1991, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V30, P4343 BLACKWELL BA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P506 BRANHAM BE, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V124, P99 BROWNNAGIN T, 1999, WOMEN HIST REV, V8, P81 CALDAS ED, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P4734 CLOUSE SD, 1985, J CHROMATOGR, V350, P255 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P2571 DESJARDINS AE, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1695 DESJARDINS AE, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P2799 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P165 DESJARDINS AE, 1993, MICROBIOL REV, V57, P595 HEATHCOTE JG, 1976, CHEM IND-LONDON, P270 HOHN TM, 1992, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V5, P249 KLITTICH CJR, 1988, GENETICS, V118, P417 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 LESLIE JF, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P1058 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P1 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 PLATTNER RD, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P57 POLING SM, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P2344 POLING SM, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2792 PROCTOR RH, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V27, P100 SAMBROOK J, 1989, MOL CLONING LAB MANU SHIM WB, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, PS72 TUITE J, 1969, PLANT PATHOLOGICAL M, P1 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WILLIAMS JGK, 1990, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V18, P6531 XU JR, 1996, GENETICS, V143, P175 YODER OC, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P383 English Article 385RL NAT TOXINSNISI:000166017400005t100-112$://000081854100009B://000176315800007 2,Fazekas, B. Tar, A. K. Zomborszky-Kovacs, M.XROchratoxin a contamination of cereal grains and coffee in Hungary in the year 2001 Acta Veterinaria Hungaricaochratoxin A; wheat; barley; maize; coffee; HPLC human blood; liquid-chromatography; endemic nephropathy; united-kingdom; a ota; samples; plasma; wheat; food Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin, a secondary metabolite produced by mould fungi belonging to several Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It is formed during the storage of cereal grains and other plant-derived products. OTA ingested by humans and animals with the food or feed may exert deleterious effects on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ochratoxin contamination of the most important potential sources of OTA. The OTA content of cereal samples for human consumption (36 baking wheat, 16 wheat flour and 6 maize coarse meat samples) and feed grain samples (30 feeding wheat, 32 feeding maize and 20 feeding barley samples) collected in the mid-phase or at the end of the storage period and of 50 commercial coffee samples was determined. The analyses were performed by immunoaffinity column - high-performance liquid chromatography (IAC-HPLC). The limit of detection of the method was 0.1 ng/g. Of the wheat samples intended for human consumption, 8.3% contained OTA at 0.29 ng/g on the average (OTA ranges: 0.12-0.5 ng/g; Table 2). The OTA contamination of wheat flour and maize meal samples for human consumption was similar to that of the baking wheat samples. OTA contamination was found in 26.7% of the feeding wheat, 15.6% of the feeding maize and 35% of the feeding barley samples. The average values and the ranges of OTA levels found in the above samples were 12.2 and 0.3-62.8 ng/g, 4.9 and 1.9- 8.3 ng/g, and 72 and 0.14-212 ng/g, respectively (Table 3). Sixty-six percent of the coffee samples were contaminated with OA (average level: 0.57 ng/g, ranges: 0.17-1.3 ng/g; Table 4). OTA contamination of baking wheat samples was found to be relatively low, presumably as a result of the favourable weather at harvest and the optimal storage conditions. Calculations made on the basis of the obtained results show that the daily OTA intake of an adult human from edible cereals is only 6.7 ng, while the amount taken up with coffee is 4.1 ng daily. The high prevalence and high levels of OTA contamination in feed grains can be explained by the unfavourable storage conditions, and this finding suggests that OA-related health problems may arise in animals, and that foods of animal origin may be contaminated with this mycotoxin.Acta Vet. Hung. 2002502'Vet Inst Debrecen, Bornemissza U 3-5, H-4031 Debrecen, Hungary Vet Inst Debrecen, H-4031 Debrecen, Hungary Univ Kaposvar, Fac Anim Sci, Dept Anim Physiol & Hyg, Kaposvar, Hungary Fazekas B Vet Inst Debrecen, Bornemissza U 3-5, H-4031 Debrecen, Hungary&Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: *CCFAC, 1997, 9816 CCFAC WHO CX FA *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56, P26 ABRAMSON D, 1992, ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX, V23, P259 BREITHOLTZEMANU.A, 1993, J AOAC INT, V76, P842 BRESCH H, 2000, NAHRUNG, V44, P276 DRAGACCI S, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P167 FRANK HK, 1991, MYCOTOXINS ENDEMIC N, V115, P77 HUFF JE, 1991, IARC SCI PUBL, V115, P229 JIMENEZ AM, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P559 JORGENSEN K, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P95 KOVACS F, 1995, ACTA VET HUNG, V43, P393 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1991, IARC SCI PUBL, V115, P307 LARSEN S, 1928, MAANEDSSKR DYRL, V40, P259 OTTENEDER H, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P431 OTTENEDER H, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P793 OZCELIK N, 2001, TOXICOL LETT, V121, P9 PETZINGER E, 2000, J VET PHARMACOL THER, V23, P91 PUNTARIC D, 2001, CROAT MED J, V42, P175 SANDOR G, 1982, 5 INT IUPAC S MYC PH, P349 SCOTT PM, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P555 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SCUDAMORE KA, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P157 SOLTI L, 1997, J ANAL TOXICOL, V21, P44 STEGEN VDG, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P211 STUDERROHR I, 2000, ARCH TOXICOL, V74, P499 TRUCKSESS MW, 1999, J AOAC INT, V82, P85 VARGA I, 2000, EGESZSEGTUDOMANY, V44, P224 VISCONTI A, 2000, J CHROMATOGR A, V888, P321 VRABCHEVA T, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2483 WOOD GM, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P275 English Article 564LL ACTA VET HUNGISI:000176315800007504-508$://00018528720000482Felkner, M. Hendricks, K. Suarez, L. Waller, D. K.:4Diarrhea: A new risk factor for neural tube defects?F?Birth Defects Research Part a-Clinical and Molecular Teratologybacterial overgrowth; developing-countries; mexico border; folic-acid; folate; malabsorption; nutrition; vitamin-b12; absorption; childrenngBACKGROUND: Neural tube defects (NTDs) affect approximately 4000 US pregnancies annually. Folic acid supplementation taken before conception protects against the occurrence of NTDs. Adequate levels of vitamin B-12 also appear to play a significant role. Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as those caused by diarrhea, might negatively affect the availability of these vitamins, thereby increasing the risk of these birth defects. METHODS: To determine whether periconceptional diarrhea increases the risk of NTD-affected pregnancies, a population-based case-control study was conducted in the 14 Texas-Mexico border counties. Information on diarrhea and other risk factors was ascertained by in-person interview. Study subjects were Mexican-American women who resided and delivered in any border county during 1995-2000. Case women, identified through active surveillance, had liveborn or stillborn infants or fetuses diagnosed with anencephalus, spina bifida, or encephalocele. Control women were randomly selected from women delivering normal live births in study area health facilities. RESULTS: One or more episodes of periconceptional diarrhea were associated with increased risk of NTD-affected pregnancies compared to no episodes of diarrhea (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.8- 7.6). This association was independent of fever, obesity, maternal age, maternal birthplace, income, prior unproductive pregnancy, and dietary plus multivitamin folate intake, known risk factors for NTDs. CONCLUSIONS: Confirmation of this new risk factor might have public health implications due to the feasibility of modifying exposure. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.4-Birth Defects Res. Part A-Clin. Mol. Teratol. 2003 Jul677'Texas Dept Hlth, Infect Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, 1100 W 49th St, Austin, TX 78756 USA Texas Dept Hlth, Infect Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Austin, TX 78756 USA Texas Dept Hlth, Off Associate Commiss Dis Control & Prevent, Austin, TX 78756 USA Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA Felkner M Texas Dept Hlth, Infect Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, 1100 W 49th St, Austin, TX 78756 USAB;Times Cited: 1 English Article 720XH BIRTH DEFECTS RES PT AISI:000185287200004  1278-12832$://000221897200033VPPatino, B. Mirete, S. Gonzalez-Jaen, M. T. Mule, G. Rodriguez, M. T. Vazquez, C.RKPCR detection assay of fumonisin-producing Fusarium verticillioides strains Journal of Food ProtectionZSfujikuroi mating population; gibberella-fujikuroi; biosynthesis; moniliforme; maizeuFusarium verticillioides is considered to be the main source of fumonisins, a group of toxins that contaminate commodities and result in chronic and acute diseases affecting humans and animals. The detection and control of this species is crucial to prevent fumonisins from entering the food chain. The objective of the present research was to develop a specific, sensitive, and robust PCR assay to detect F. verticillioides strains using two pairs of specific primers for F. verticillioides, which have been designed on the basis of the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA units. The first pair of primers was F. verticillioides species specific, whereas the second pair of primers detected fumonisin-producing F. verticillioides strains. This second pair of primers allowed for the discrimination between the major group of F. verticillioides strains, fumonisin-producing strains that are mainly associated with crops, and a minor group of strains, non-fumonisin-producing strains that are associated with bananas. Fifty-four strains of F. verticillioides from different geographical regions and hosts were tested using both sets of primers. Sixteen additional Fusarium species were examined. The specificity of the primer sequences provides the basis for a simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection and identification method of this fungal species that represents a risk for human and animal health. J. Food Prot.  2004 JunV676A'JCUniv Complutense Madrid, Dept Microbiol 3, Madrid, Spain Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Microbiol 3, Madrid, Spain Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Genet, Madrid, Spain Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Biol Vegetal, Madrid, Spain Inst Sci & Food Prod, Bari, Italy Vazquez C Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Microbiol 3, Madrid, SpainE@9Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 26 Cited References: APPEL DJ, 1995, EXP MYCOL, V19, P120 BACON CW, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P1195 BLUHM BH, 2002, J FOOD PROTECT, V65, P1955 BOOTH C, 1971, GENUS FUSARIUM DESJARDINS AE, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P2571 DESJARDINS AE, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5773 DOOHAN FM, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P3850 EDWARDS SG, 2002, MYCOL RES 9, V106, P1005 GRIMM C, 1998, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V26, P456 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HILLIS DM, 1991, Q REV BIOL, V66, P411 HOWARD PC, 1999, MYCOTOXINS S, P45 JIMENEZ M, 1997, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V63, P364 LESLIE JF, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, PS282 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MIRETE S, 2003, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V89, P213 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P45 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NIESSEN ML, 1998, SYST APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P618 NIRENBERG HI, 1998, MYCOLOGIA, V90, P434 PATINO B, 2002, 6 C FUNG GEN PIS PLATTNER RD, 1996, MYCOLOGIA, V88, P416 PROCTOR RH, 2003, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V38, P237 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 TURNER AS, 1998, PLANT PATHOL, V47, P278 English Article 827KB J FOOD PROTECT ISI:000221897200033  |745-759$://000184576800004@:Bravo, J. M. Campo, S. Murillo, I. Coca, M. Segundo, B. S.Fungus- and wound-induced accumulation of mRNA containing a class II chitinase of the pathogenesis-related protein 4 (PR-4) family of maizePlant Molecular Biologyfungal elicitor; fungus; germination; maize; pathogenesis- related protein; wounding antifungal activity; fusarium-moniliforme; plant chitinases; differential expression; transgenic tobacco; molecular-cloning; prms protein; wheat kernel; zea-mays; gened^Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are plant proteins that are induced in response to pathogen attack. PR proteins are grouped into independent families based on their sequences and properties. The PR-4 family comprises class I and class II chitinases. We have isolated a full-length cDNA encoding a chitinase from maize which shares a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology with the class II chitinases of the PR-4 family of PR proteins. Our results indicate that fungal infection, and treatment either with fungal elicitors or with moniliformin, a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme, increase the level of ZmPR4 mRNA. In situ mRNA hybridization analysis in sections obtained from fungus- infected germinating embryos revealed that ZmPR4 mRNA accumulation occurs in those cell types that first establish contact with the pathogen. ZmPR4 mRNA accumulation is also stimulated by treatment with silver nitrate whereas the application of the hormones gibberellic acid or acetylsalicylic acid has no effect. Wounding, or treatment with abscisic acid or methyl jasmonate, results in accumulation of ZmPR4 mRNA in maize leaves. Furthermore, the ZmPR4 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and used to obtain polyclonal antibodies that specifically recognized ZmPR4 in protein extracts from fungus-infected embryos. Accumulation of ZmPR4 mRNA in fungus-infected maize tissues was accompanied by a significant accumulation of the corresponding protein. The possible implications of these findings as part of the general defence response of maize plants against pathogens are discussed.Plant Mol.Biol. 2003 Jul524'XRCSIC, Dept Mol Genet, Inst Biol Mol Barcelona, Ctr Invest & Desarrollo, Jordi Girona 18, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain CSIC, Dept Mol Genet, Inst Biol Mol Barcelona, Ctr Invest & Desarrollo, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain Segundo BS CSIC, Dept Mol Genet, Inst Biol Mol Barcelona, Ctr Invest & Desarrollo, Jordi Girona 18, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain F @Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 52 Cited References: ANDERSEN NH, 1993, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V32, P1407 BOWLES DJ, 1990, ANNU REV BIOCHEM, V59, P873 BROEKAERT W, 1990, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V87, P7633 BROEKAERT WF, 1997, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V16, P297 BROGLIE K, 1991, SCIENCE, V254, P1194 CARUSO C, 1999, DNA SEQUENCE, V10, P301 CARUSO C, 1996, J PROTEIN CHEM, V15, P35 CARUSO C, 1993, J PROTEIN CHEM, V12, P379 CASACUBERTA JM, 1992, MOL GEN GENET, V234, P97 CASACUBERTA JM, 1991, PLANT MOL BIOL, V16, P527 CHEVALIER C, 1995, PLANT MOL BIOL, V28, P473 CHRISTENSEN AB, 2002, MOL PLANT PATHOL, V3, P135 CHURCH GM, 1984, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V81, P1991 COLLINGE DB, 1993, PLANT J, V3, P31 CORDERO MJ, 1994, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V7, P23 CORDERO MJ, 1992, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V41, P189 CORDERO MJ, 1994, PLANT J, V6, P141 DELLAPORTA SL, 1983, PLANT MOL BIOL REP, V1, P19 FRIESEN HG, 1991, PROG NEUROENDOCRINIM, V4, P1 GARCIAOLMEDO F, 1998, BIOPOLYMERS, V47, P479 GRAHAM LS, 1994, CAN J BOT, V72, P1057 GREGERSEN PL, 1997, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V51, P85 HEJGAARD J, 1992, FEBS LETT, V307, P389 ISELI B, 1993, PLANT PHYSIOL, V103, P221 JACH G, 1995, PLANT J, V8, P97 JOOSTEN MHAJ, 1990, PLANT PHYSIOL, V94, P585 LAEMMLI UK, 1970, NATURE, V227, P680 LINTHORST HJM, 1991, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V4, P585 LOGEMANN J, 1987, ANAL BIOCHEM, V163, P16 LOGRIECO A, 1990, PHYTOPATHOL MEDITERR, V29, P81 LOTAN T, 1989, PLANT CELL, V1, P881 MAUCH F, 1988, PLANT PHYSIOL, V88, P936 MURILLO I, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P737 MURILLO I, 1997, PLANT CELL, V9, P145 MURILLO I, 2001, PLANT MOL BIOL, V45, P145 NEUHAUS JM, 1999, PATHOGENESIS RELATED, P77 NURNBERGER T, 1999, CELL MOL LIFE SCI, V55, P167 PONSTEIN AS, 1994, PLANT PHYSIOL, V104, P109 POTTER S, 1993, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V6, P680 RAVENTOS D, 1994, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V45, P349 SAITOU N, 1987, MOL BIOL EVOL, V4, P406 SCHLUMBAUM A, 1986, NATURE, V324, P365 SELABUURLAGE MB, 1993, PLANT PHYSIOL, V101, P857 SOMSSICH IE, 1998, TRENDS PLANT SCI, V3, P86 STANFORD A, 1989, MOL GEN GENET, V215, P200 SVENSSON B, 1992, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V31, P8767 VANLOON LC, 1999, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V55, P85 VANLOON LC, 1985, PLANT MOL BIOL, V4, P111 VERA P, 1988, PLANT SCI, V55, P223 VONHEIJNE G, 1984, EMBO J, V3, P2315 VONHEIJNE G, 1983, EUR J BIOCHEM, V133, P17 ZHU Q, 1994, BIO-TECHNOL, V12, P807 English Article 708PH PLANT MOL BIOLISI:000184576800004P dB535-540$://000080433500009 2+Windham, G. L. Williams, W. P. Davis, F. M.1yEffects of the southwestern corn borer on Aspergillus flavus kernel infection and aflatoxin accumulation in maize hybridsN Plant DiseaseEBt-toxin; corn; Diatraea grandiosella; mycotoxin; resistance; Zea mays preharvest corn; united-states; ear rot; contamination; resistance; damage; lepidoptera; registration; inoculation; genotypes4.Field studies were conducted in 1995 to 1997 to determine the effect of the southwestern corn borer (SWCB) on Aspergillus flavus kernel infection and aflatoxin accumulation in maize hybrids. In 1995, when A. flavus conidia were applied to silks in a spray and SWCB neonate larvae in maize cob grits were placed in the leaf axil at the top ear of commercial hybrids, aflatoxin contamination and A. flavus kernel infection were highest in plants treated with both the fungus and the insect. In 1996, using the same inoculation and infestation techniques, aflatoxin levels and kernel infection were much lower than in 1995 and SWCB had no effect on aflatoxin contamination or kernel infection. In another study in 1996, the effect of SWCB on aflatoxin contamination and A. flavus kernel infection in hybrids resistant and susceptible to A. flavus was determined. The inoculation-infestation technique involved applying maize cob grits containing A. flavus conidia and SWCB larvae to silks. When SWCB was combined with A. flavus, aflatoxin levels and kernel infection were dramatically higher than in hybrids inoculated with A. flavus alone, regardless of whether the hybrids were resistant or susceptible to A. flavus. In 1997, die interaction of A. flavus and SWCB was determined on hybrids resistant and susceptible to A. flavus and on a commercial hybrid with and without the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin. Maize cob grits were used to inoculate A. flavus and infest SWCB on the silks 7 or 21 days after midsilk (50% of the plants in a row had silks emerged). All four hybrids had the highest levels of Aspergillus spp. kernel infection and aflatoxin contamination when A. flavus and SWCB were applied at 21 days after midsilk. These studies indicate that SWCB can substantially increase aflatoxin levels when combined with A. flavus. However, inoculation and infestation techniques, placement of the fungus and the insect, and timing of inoculation and infestation are all critical in demonstrating a synergistic relationship between A. flavus and SWCB on aflatoxin contamination of maize. Plant Dis. 1999 Jun836'ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Windham GL ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USATimes Cited: 19 Cited Reference Count: 36 Cited References: CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DAVID FM, 1994, J ECON ENTOMOL, V87, P1105 DAVIS FM, 1989, INSECT RESISTANT MAI, P27 DAVIS FM, 1983, J ECON ENTOMOL, V76, P507 DAVIS FM, 1980, J ECON ENTOMOL, V73, P704 DAVIS FM, 1972, J ECON ENTOMOL, V65, P519 DIENER UL, 1989, BIODETERIORATION RES, V2, P217 GOURAMA H, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P1395 GRAY FA, 1982, PLANT DIS, V66, P221 GUTHRIE WD, 1981, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V29, P1170 HARRISON JC, 1993, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V99, P99 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CROP SCI, V20, P731 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, J ENVIRON QUAL, V9, P691 LILLEHOJ EB, 1984, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V86, P77 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, PLANT SOIL, V54, P469 MCMILLIAN WW, 1980, J ECON ENTOMOL, V73, P793 MCMILLIAN WW, 1985, J ENVIRON QUAL, V14, P200 MCMILLIAN WW, 1983, S COOP SER B, V279, P20 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 SCOTT GE, 1974, AGRON J, V66, P773 SCOTT GE, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1296 SCOTT GE, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P381 SCOTT GE, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P1378 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 SHANE SM, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN, P513 THRONE JE, 1995, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V24, P944 WIDSTROM NW, 1978, AGRON J, V70, P986 WIDSTROM NW, 1976, J ECON ENTOMOL, V69, P677 WILLIAMS WP, 1985, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V12, P201 WILLIAMS WP, 1998, J ENTOMOL SCI, V33, P105 WINDHAM GL, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P281 ZUBER MS, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P1120 ZUBER MS, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P185 ZUMMO N, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P313 English Article 198PQ PLANT DISISI:000080433500009232-234$://000173952300006$Windham, G. L. Williams, W. P.tmEvaluation of corn inbreds and advanced breeding lines for resistance to aflatoxin contamination in the field Plant DiseaseAspergillus flavus; maize; mycotoxin; resistance; Zea mays susceptible maize hybrids; aspergillus-flavus; kernel infection; genotypes resistant; united-states; registration; accumulation; mycotoxins; germplasm; proteinB;Eighteen corn inbred lines and advanced breeding lines were evaluated for resistance to aflatoxin contamination when artificially inoculated with Aspergillus flavus in 1998, 1999 (two tests), and 2000 at Mississippi State, MS, in field studies. The top ear of each plant was inoculated with the A. flavus isolate NRRL 3357 seven days after midsilk (50% of the plants in a plot had silks emerged) using the side-needle technique. Ears were harvested at kernel maturity approximately 63 days after midsilk and aflatoxin levels were measured using the Vicam AflaTest. Aflatoxin contamination in the inbreds was extremely high in 1998. Levels ranged from 139 to 21,090 ng/g. In 1999, aflatoxin contamination ranged from 17 to 1,070 ng/g in one test and 14 to 1,278 ng/g in another test. In 2000, aflatoxin levels ranged from 237 to 7,503 ng/g. Lines that supported lowest levels of aflatoxin contamination included Mp81:112, Mp92:673, Mp92:679, and Mp494. These lines provide potential new sources of resistance that can be used to move aflatoxin resistance into commercial corn hybrids., Plant Dis. 2002 MarO863E'ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Windham GL ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USATimes Cited: 6 Cited Reference Count: 26 Cited References: BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CASTEGNARO M, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P671 CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P276 DIENER UL, 1987, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V25, P249 GUO BZ, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P98 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 PARK DL, 1993, TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH, V4, P334 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCOTT GE, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1296 SCOTT GE, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P381 SCOTT GE, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P1378 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 WALLIN JR, 1991, J SCI FOOD AGR, V54, P235 WIDSTROM NW, 1996, ADV AGRON, V56, P219 WIDSTROM NW, 1984, CROP SCI, V24, P1155 WIDSTROM NW, 1996, MAYDICA, V41, P59 WILD CP, 2000, MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT, V462, P381 WILLIAMS WP, 2001, CROP SCI, V41, P1374 WINDHAM GL, 1999, 22 MISS AGR FOR EXP WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 WINDHAM GL, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P281 ZUBER MS, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P185 ZUMMO N, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P313 English Article 523KG PLANT DISISI:0001739523000068WPh459-466$://A1991GQ19900006,&Sharman, M. Gilbert, J. Chelkowski, J.haA Survey of the Occurrence of the Mycotoxin Moniliformin in Cereal Samples from Sources Worldwidee&Food Additives and ContaminantssFood Addit. Contam.o 1991Jul-Aug84cGQ199 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM ISI:A1991GQ19900006S 2077-2087$://A1990EF59600015UHAShephard, G. S. Sydenham, E. W. Thiel, P. G. Gelderblom, W. C. A.Quantitative-Determination of Fumonisin-B1 and Fumonisins-B2 by High-Performance Liquid-Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection& Journal of Liquid ChromatographyJ. Liq. Chromatogr.o 19901310'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA SHEPHARD GS S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAe>7Times Cited: 241 English Article EF596 J LIQ CHROMATOGRuISI:A1990EF59600015 195-205$://A1991FL97000020RKShephard, G. S. Thiel, P. G. Sydenham, E. W. Vleggaar, R. Marasas, W. F. O.PjcReversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid-Chromatography of Tenuazonic Acid and Related Tetramic Acids181Journal of Chromatography-Biomedical Applications5A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic system for the determination of the fungal toxin, tenuazonic acid, (5S,8S)-3-acetyl-5-sec.-butyltetramic acid, is described. The system utilizes a column packed with deactivated end-capped C18 silica with a high carbon load to overcome the problem of poor chromatographic performance of this beta-diketone on reversed- phase liquid chromatography which previously necessitated the use of anion-exchange, ligand-exchange or ion-pairing methods. The reversed-phase system allows the separation of tenuazonic acid from its (5R,8S)-diastereomer, allo-tenuazonic acid and was applied to the detection of tenuazonic acid in cultures of Alternaria alternata and Phoma sorghina. By means of diode- array ultraviolet detection, (5S)-3-acetyl-5-isopropyltetramic acid was observed in extracts of culture material. This metabolite was purified using the analytical reversed-phase system and was identified by H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy."J. Chromatogr.-Biomed. Appl. 1991 May 3 566F1R'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV PRETORIA,DEPT CHEM,PRETORIA 0002,SOUTH AFRICA SHEPHARD GS S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAD=Times Cited: 6 English Article FL970 J CHROMATOGR-BIOMED APPL ISI:A1991FL970000200768-770$://A1992JD02000011SVPShephard, G. S. Thiel, P. G. Sydenham, E. W. Alberts, J. F. Gelderblom, W. C. A.RKFate of a Single Dose of the C-14-Labeled Mycotoxin, Fumonisin- B1, in RatsOToxiconsThe fate of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) dosed to rats by i.p. injection and by gavage was traced using C-14-labelled FB1. Twenty-four hours after i.p. injection, 66% of the radioactivity was recovered in faeces, 32% in urine, 1% in liver and trace amounts (< 1%) in kidney and red blood cells. When dosed by gavage, all (101%) radioactivity was recovered in faeces and trace amounts were found in urine, liver, kidney and red blood cells. The bulk of the radioactivity recovered was unmetabolized FB1.Toxicon 1992 Jul307'S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA SHEPHARD GS S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA0*Times Cited: 47 English Note JD020 TOXICONISI:A1992JD02000011>oxin B-1dried yam chips251-255$://000189258000007,$Bankole, S. A. Mabekoje, O. O.\VOccurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins in preharvest maize from south-western Nigeria&Food Additives and Contaminants aflatoxins; fumonisins; preharvest maize; fungi; surveillance; Nigeria human esophageal cancer; fusarium-moniliforme; aspergillus- flavus; dietary aflatoxin; gambian children; infection; corn; exposure; beninXRA survey was conducted on the incidence of fungi, and the natural occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins in preharvest maize from fields in south-western Nigeria. Mycological examinations revealed the predominance of F. verticillioides ( Zea mays ) (syn. F. moniliforme ), occurring in 89.3% of samples with a mean kernel infection of 49.4%, while Aspergillus flavus was isolated from 65% of samples having a mean kernel infection of 6.8%. Aflatoxin B-1 was detected in 18.4% of samples with a mean of 22 mug kg(-1) , while aflatoxins B-2 , G(1) and G(2) were present in 7.8, 2.9 and 1% of the samples with mean levels of 10, 8 and 7 mug kg(-1) , respectively, in contaminated samples. Total aflatoxins ranged from 3 to 138 mug kg(-1) in positive samples, with a mean of 28 mug kg(-1) . Fumonsin B-1 was the predominant toxin detected in terms of frequency (78.6% of samples) and quantity (concentration range 70-1780 mug kg(-1) , mean = 495 mug kg(- 1)). Fumonisin B-2 was detected in 68 samples (66%) with a mean of 114 mug kg(-1) . Fifteen samples were contaminated with both aflatoxins and fumonisins.Food Addit. Contam., 2004 MarG213 'Olabisi Onabanjo Univ, Dept Biol Sci, PMB 2002, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria Olabisi Onabanjo Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria Bankole SA Olabisi Onabanjo Univ, Dept Biol Sci, PMB 2002, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, NigeriaPTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 35 Cited References: *FAO, 1997, 64 FAO ADEBAJO LO, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V126, P183 BANKOLE SA, 1994, INT J TROPICAL PLANT, V12, P213 BANKOLE SA, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V132, P155 BANKOLE SA, 2003, TROPICAL SCI, V43, P76 BARNETT HL, 1987, ILLUSTRATED GENERA I CHATTERJEE D, 1990, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V11, P11 DIALLO MS, 1996, P WORKSH MYC FOOD AF GONG YY, 2002, BRIT MED J, V325, P20 HELL K, 1996, P WORKSH MYC FOOD AF HENDRICKSE RG, 1984, T ROY SOC TROP MED H, V78, P435 MANYONG VM, 1996, MACRO CHARACTERIZATI MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 MILLER JD, 1996, P WORKSH MYC FOOD AF, P18 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL OETTLE AG, 1964, J NATL CANCER I, V33, P383 OKEREKE GU, 1987, MIRCEN J MICROBIOLOG, V3, P201 OPADOKUN JS, 1979, AFLATOXIN CONTENTS L, P105 OWOLADE BF, 2001, AFRICAN CROP SCI J, V9, P693 OYELAMI OA, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V132, P35 OYENIRAN JO, 1977, NIGERIAN J PL PROT, V3, P102 PITT JI, 1979, GENUS PENICILLIUM IT RAPER KB, 1965, GENUS ASPERGILLUS RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RILEY RT, 1993, ANNU REV NUTR, V13, P167 SETAMOU M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1323 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 STACK ME, 1975, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V58, P114 THOMAS MD, 1980, MYCOLOGIA, V72, P882 TURNER PC, 2003, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V111, P217 TURNER PC, 2000, TROP MED INT HEALTH, V5, P837 UDOH JM, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P187 VONARX JA, 1981, GENUS FUNGI SPORULAT YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 English Article 778TZ FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000189258000007 3>6,> 1227$://000181518501232,PIRiley, R. T. Palencia, E. Torres, O. Hagler, W. Meredith, E. Williams, L. rkFate of fumonisin in maize during nixtamalization and tortilla production by Mayan communities in Guatemala-Toxicological Sciences Toxicol. Sci.x 2003 Mar721'Inst Nutr Cent Amer & Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Univ Georgia, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA Inst Nutr Cent Amer & Panama, Guatemala City, GuatemalaZTTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 0 English Meeting Abstract S 654WB TOXICOL SCIISI:000181518501232 3039-3043$://A1997XR85600038jdRitieni, A. Monti, S. M. Randazzo, G. Logrieco, A. Moretti, A. Peluso, G. Ferracane, R. Fogliano, V.>8Teratogenic effects of fusaproliferin on chicken embryos0*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryJ. Agric. Food Chem. 1997 AugI458NXR856 J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:A1997XR85600038T277-288$://000076082300031^XRosenberg, E. Krska, R. Wissiack, R. Kmetov, V. Josephs, R. Razzazi, E. Grasserbauer, M.High-performance liquid chromatography atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry as a new tool for the determination of the mycotoxin zearalenone in food and feed"Journal of Chromatography AJ. Chromatogr. A 1998 Sep 11 819s 1-2e122QE J CHROMATOGR AISI:000076082300031350-350$://A1993LW33500348WB://A1995TG66200018B://000076295100024 D=Meyers, D. M. Obrian, G. Du, W. L. Bhatnagar, D. Payne, G. A. d^Characterization of aflJ, a gene required for conversion of pathway intermediates to aflatoxin,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologyfungus aspergillus-flavus; molecular characterization; dehydrogenase gene; synthase gene; biosynthesis; parasiticus; cloning; cluster; linkageThe genes encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway enzymes have been localized as a cluster to a 75 kb DNA fragment. The enzymatic functions of the products of most of the genes in the cluster are known, but there are a few genes that have not yet been characterized. We report here the characterization of one of these genes, a gene designated aflJ. This gene resides in the cluster adjacent to the pathway regulatory gene, aflR, and the two genes are divergently transcribed. Disruption of aflJ in Aspergillus flavus results in a failure to produce aflatoxins and a failure to convert exogenously added pathway intermediates norsolorinic acid, sterigmatocystin, and O- methylsterigmatocystin to aflatoxin, The disrupted strain do es, however, accumulate pksA, nor-1, ver-1, and omtA transcripts under conditions conducive to aflatoxin biosynthesis, Therefore, disruption of aflJ does not affect transcription of these genes, and aflJ does not appear to have a regulatory function similar to that of aflR. Sequence analysis of aflJ and its putative peptide, AflJ, did not reveal any enzymatic domains or significant similarities to proteins of known function. The putative peptide does contain three regions predicted to be membrane-spanning domains and a microbodies C-terminal targeting signal. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.r 1998 OctE6410'N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Box 7616, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Payne GA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Box 7616, Raleigh, NC 27695 USAB://0000868908000022,Miedaner, T. Reinbrecht, C. Schilling, A. G.Association among aggressiveness, fungal colonization, and mycotoxin production of 26 isolates of Fusarium graminearum in winter rye head blightf_Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protectiontaggressiveness; ergosterol; Fusarium graminearum; deoxynivalenol; nivalenol; population genetics; rye; Secale cereal liquid-chromatography; reduced virulence; gibberella-zeae; wheat; deoxynivalenol; culmorum; cereals; resistance; trichothecenes; zearalenone & Fusarium graminearum infects winter rye in all growth stages. Twenty-six isolates collected on a worldwide basis were analyzed for aggressiveness for head blight of winter rye, host colonization, measured Ly ergosterol (ERG), deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) production in grain samples at two field locations in 1 year. Both aggressiveness traits, head blight rating and grain weight relative to noninoculated plots, significantly differed among isolates. Twenty-two isolates produced DON and four isolates NIV in considerable amounts (5.8-72.6 and 4.5-15.8 mg kg(-1), resp.). All DON producers also secreted 3-acetyl DON, 18 of them additionally 15-acetyl DON. Mean aggressiveness was slightly higher for the DON producers. Correlations among head blight rating, relative grain weight, ERG content and DON production were right (r = 0.8 - 0.9, P = 0.01). ERG content also differed significantly among isolates (34.7-159.1 mg kg(-1)). To evaluate DON production rate of the isolates irrespective of their amount of mycclium within host tissue, the DON/ERG ratio was calculated. This ratio, however, did nor correlate with head blight raring and relative grain weight (r = 0.28 and -0.25, rasp.) indicating that in the field DON might be nor the most important factor of aggressiveness of F. graminearum.2,Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2000 Mar 107e2a'leUniv Hohenheim, State Plant Breeding Inst 720, Fruwirthstr 21, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, State Plant Breeding Inst 720, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, Inst Plant Breeding Seed Sci & Populat Genet 350, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Miedaner T Univ Hohenheim, State Plant Breeding Inst 720, Fruwirthstr 21, D-70593 Stuttgart, GermanyoD>Times Cited: 10 English Article 311NQ Z PFLANZENKR PFLANZENSCHISI:000086890800002i233-239$://A1995TR40500006NGMiller, J. D. Savard, M. E. Schaafsma, A. W. Seifert, K. A. Reid, L. M.Mycotoxin production by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum from Ontario and occurrence of fumonisin in the 1993 corn cropNGCanadian Journal of Plant Pathology-Revue Canadienne De PhytopathologieA2,Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. 1995 Sep1739TR405 CAN J PLANT PATHOLISI:A1995TR40500006647-658$://A1996WD69700006ILEMiller, J. D. Fielder, D. A. Dowd, P. F. Norton, R. A. Collins, F. W.Isolation of 4-acetyl-benzoxazolin-2-one (4-ABOA) and diferuloylputrescine from an extract of gibberella ear rot- resistant corn that blocks mycotoxin biosynthesis, and the insect toxicity of 4-ABOA and related compounds*#Biochemical Systematics and EcologyBiochem. Syst. Ecol. 1996Oct-Dec24 7-8WD697 BIOCHEM SYST ECOLISI:A1996WD69700006 4456-4459$://A1997YH16200048,&Miller, J. D. Miles, M. Fielder, D. A.|vKernel concentrations of 4-acetylbenzoxazolin-2-one and diferuloylputrescine in maize genotypes and gibberella ear rot0*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryJ. Agric. Food Chem. 1997 Nov 4511YH162 J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:A1997YH16200048V2652-2656 $://000168915200088i$Tubajika, K. M. Damann, K. E.<6Sources of resistance to aflatoxin production in maize0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfood safety; mycotoxin; protein; scanning electron microscopy; Zea mays aspergillus ear rot; insect damage; inoculation techniques; kernel infection; cuticular lipids; preharvest corn; fall armyworm; field corn; flavus; co 45-52$://000087797300005XRBarber, R. Shalat, S. Hendricks, K. Joggerst, B. Larsen, R. Suarez, L. Finnell, R.zInvestigation of folate pathway gene polymorphisms and the incidence of neural tube defects in a Texas Hispanic population(!Molecular Genetics and Metabolismnmutated methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; periconceptional vitamin supplementation; spina-bifida; risk factor; folic-acid; 5;10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; thermolabile variant; methionine synthase; vascular-disease; common mutation Neural tube defects (NTDs) are multifactorial in their etiology, having both genetic and environmental factors contributing to their development. Recent evidence demonstrates that periconceptional supplementation of the maternal diet with a multivitamin containing folic acid significantly reduces the occurrence and recurrence risk for having a pregnancy complicated by NTDs. Unfortunately, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of folic acid remains unknown. NTD surveillance data from the Texas-Mexico border show that the high NTD rate (28/10,000 live births) noted during the 1990- 1991 Cameron county NTD cluster was superimposed on a background Cameron county NTD rate (16/10,000 five births) which is considerably higher than that generally noted in the United States (8-10/10,000 live births). These data suggest that genetic factors as well as transient environmental factors may contribute to the etiology of the NTDs. Furthermore, clinical and experimental evidence imply that allelic forms of genes involved with folate metabolism and/or transport may explain some of the observed variation in the NTD rates found across different populations. Two folate pathway genes were selected for evaluation in this study. The loci investigated included two known alleles of the 5,10- methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, as well as the promoter region of the folate receptor-alpha (FR-alpha) gene. Odds ratios (ORs) for the C677T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene were 1.8 (CI 0.47-6.8) for heterozygosity and 1.8 (CI 0.35-9.4) for homozygosity for the mutant 677T allele, relative to wildtype homozygotes. The odds ratio for the heterozygosity for the A1298C polymorphism in the same gene was 1.1 (CI 0.09- 14). No individuals homozygous for the 1298C allele were observed. The OR for heterozygosity of FR-cy gene polymorphisms detected at nucleotide 762 and at nucleotides 610/631 was 1.4 and 0.7, respectively. Neither of the FR-alpha polymorphisms was observed in the homozygous condition. No statistically significant associations were observed for any of the polymorphisms examined, as the 95% confidence intervals for all of the ORs included one. However, the frequency of the MTHFR 677T allele in the largely Hispanic control group from Texas was significantly different from other populations (P < 0.005), and among the highest reported for any control populations examined. (C) 2000 Academic Press.Mol. Genet. Metab. 2000 May701i' Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Ctr Human Mol Genet, Nebraska Med Ctr 985455, 600 S 42nd St, Omaha, NE 68198 USA Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Ctr Human Mol Genet, Nebraska Med Ctr 985455, Omaha, NE 68198 USA Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Environm & Rural Hlth, College Stn, TX USA Rutgers State Univ, UMDNJ, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ USA Texas Dept Hlth, Texas Neural Tube Defect Project, Austin, TX 78756 USA Finnell R Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Ctr Human Mol Genet, Nebraska Med Ctr 985455, 600 S 42nd St, Omaha, NE 68198 USA<5Times Cited: 28 English Article 327MH MOL GENET METABgISI:000087797300005;313-316$://A1990DN27700018n>7Hann, H. W. L. Lange, B. Stahlhut, M. W. McGlynn, K. A.\UPrognostic Importance of Serum Transferrin and Ferritin in Childhood Hodgkins-Disease Cancer Cancer 1990 Jul 15662c'CHILDRENS HOSP PHILADELPHIA,PHILADELPHIA,PA FOX CHASE CANC INST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111 CHILDRENS HOSP PHILADELPHIA,PHILADELPHIA,PA62,Times Cited: 11 English Article DN277 CANCERISI:A1990DN27700018 173-181$://000169344400004"Harris, L. J. Gleddie, S. C.{A modified Rpl3 gene from rice confers tolerance of the Fusarium graminearum mycotoxin deoxynivalenol to transgenic tobaccob2+Physiological and Molecular Plant PathologynPJfusarium head blight; gibberella ear rot; trichothecene tolerance; Nicotiana tabacum; Nicotiana debneyi; transformation; protoplasts; cell suspension cultures ribosomal-protein l3; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; trichodermin resistance; antibiotic-resistance; nicotiana-tabacum; n- debneyi; transformation; virulence; sequence; mutantsThe mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium graminearum is a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis and is believed to play a role in fungal pathogenesis on cereal crops worldwide. The putative site of action of this molecule has been theorized to be the 60S ribosomal protein L3 (RPLS). We have modified a rice (Oryza saliva L.) cDNA encoding the ribosomal protein RPL3 so that amino acid residue 258 is changed from tryptophan to cysteine. a change which is believed to confer resistance to similar mycotoxins in yeast. Both versions of the rice Rpl3 genes were introduced into two species of tobacco by Agrobacterium tumefaciens co-cultivation and expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter. When cells, tissues, and protoplasts of these transgenic tobacco plants were compared for growth in the presence of DON, a significant difference in growth rate and the ability to undergo differentiation was observed among those plants expressing the modified version of the Rpl3 gene (Rpl3:c258), compared to those expressing the wild-type Rpl3 gene. These results indicate a possible mechanism of host plant resistance to the fungal pathogen F. graminearum among the susceptible cereal species based on the expression of modified Rpl3 genes."Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol.I 2001 AprV584,'Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Harris LJ Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, CanadaTimes Cited: 6 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: BEVAN M, 1984, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V12, P8711 BROWNING KS, 1996, PLANT MOL BIOL, V32, P107 CARRASCO L, 1973, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V312, P368 DESJARDINS AE, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P147 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DIJAK M, 1991, PLANT CELL TISS ORG, V25, P189 FARBER JM, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P963 FEINBERG B, 1989, TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTO, V1, P27 FRIED HM, 1981, P NATL ACAD SCI-BIOL, V78, P238 GRANT PG, 1976, GENETICS, V83, P667 GREEN R, 1997, ANNU REV BIOCHEM, V66, P679 GREENHALGH R, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P98 HARRIS LJ, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P954 HUDAK KA, 1999, J BIOL CHEM, V274, P3859 KIM YC, 1990, GENE, V93, P177 KUWANO Y, 1992, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V187, P58 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 MIROCHA CJ, 1974, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V12, P303 MURASHIGE T, 1962, PHYSIOL PLANTARUM, V15, P473 NAGATA T, 1971, PLANTA, V99, P12 NISHI R, 1993, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1216, P110 PELTZ SW, 1999, MOL CELL BIOL, V19, P384 ROTINO GL, 1990, PLANT CELL REP, V9, P26 SCHINDLER D, 1974, NATURE, V9, P535 SCHULTZ LD, 1983, J BACTERIOL, V155, P8 SIMONIC T, 1994, BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR, V1219, P706 SPROULE A, 1991, THEOR APPL GENET, V82, P450 UCHIMIYA H, 1992, PLANT J, V2, P1005 English Article 443MF PHYSIOL MOLEC PLANT PATHOLISI:000169344400004MLANTARUM, V15, P473 NAGATA T, 1971, PLANTA, V99, P12 NISHI R, 1993, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1216, P110 PELTZ SW, 1999, MOL CELL BIOL, V19, P384 ROTINO GL, 1990, PLANT CELL REP, V9, P26 SCHINDLER D, 1974, NATURE, V9, P535 SCHULTZ LD, 1983, J BACTERIOL, V155, P8 SIMONIC T, 1994, BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR, V1219, P706 SPROULE A, 1991, THEOR APPL GENET, V82, P450 UCHIMIYA H, 1992, PLANT J, V2, P1005 English Article 443MF PHYSIOL MOLEC PLANT PATHOLISI:000169344400004Mp  j211-228$://000169125100007Amsellem, Z. Barghouthi, S. Cohen, B. Goldwasser, Y. Gressel, J. Hornok, L. Kerenyi, Z. Kleifeld, Y. Klein, O. Kroschel, J. Sauerborn, J. Muller-Stover, D. Thomas, H. Vurro, M. Zonno, M. C.sHBRecent advances in the biocontrol of Orobanche (broomrape) species Biocontrolformulations; inundative releases; mycelial formulations; parasitic weeds; toxins; Fusarium spp.; Orobanche spp.; Phytomyza orobanchia f-sp orthoceras; fusarium-oxysporum; striga-hermonthica; fungal toxins; herbicides; sporotrichioides; phytotoxins; formulation; sunflower; fieldsParasitic broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are major uncontrolled weeds in the Mediterranean regions of Europe and the Near East causing major losses to vegetable, grain legume, and sunflower crops. Selective herbicides alone cannot provide persistent, season-long control of these parasites, and much methyl bromide is used for their control, where affordable. Thus they are excellent targets for biocontrol. The recent progress by the COST 816 Orobanche working group in this area is reviewed herein. Natural infestation by the fly Phytomyza orobanchia of seed capsules of Orobanche crenata parasitising faba bean halved Orobanche seed production while inundative releases of adults reduced it to 5% of viable seeds. The fungi Fusarium arthrosporioides E4a and F. oxysporum E1d, as well as strains of bacteria were isolated from diseased, juvenile, Orobanche flower stalks. They are pathogenic to O. aegyptiaca, O. crenata and O. ramosa on most vegetable crops. A F. oxysporum f. sp. orthoceras was specifically pathogenic to O. cumana on sunflowers. All were used in various experiments with a modicum of success. Methods were developed to formulate isolated mycelia, which could eventually allow the use of transgenic hypervirulent pathogens in asporogenic (deletion) mutants (as a failsafe against spread). Mycotoxins were also isolated from different Fusarium and other fungal species that kill Orobanche, and are being considered for direct use, or to augment other strategies. All three Fusarium spp. used have been transformed with gus and/or gfp genes allowing tracing their movement in the environment, and opening the way to future transformations to hypervirulence. Biocontrol 2001 Jun462Article 439NZ BIOCONTROLISI:000169125100007 4656-4660$://000089957200032PIAnnis, S. L. Velasquez, L. Xu, H. X. Hammerschmidt, R. Linz, J. Trail, F.~wNovel procedure for identification of compounds inhibitory to transcription of genes involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis0*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryAspergillus; aflatoxin; beta-glucuronidase; mycotoxin; TLC; pepper; Piper nigrum aflatoxin biosynthesis; aspergillus-flavus; functional- analysis; beta-glucuronidase; maize kernels; parasiticus; expression; nidulans; cluster; pathwaymA novel assay is described for the identification and isolation of compounds that inhibit the transcription of genes involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis. The thin-layer chromatography-based assay was used to screen plant extracts for compounds that would inhibit the expression of the beta -glucuronidase reporter gene under the control of an aflatoxin biosynthesis gene promoter in Aspergillus parasiticus. The assay was used to track purification of an inhibitory compound, cp2, from extracts of black pepper (Piper nigrum). Cp2 did not inhibit mycelial growth or the expression of the beta -tubulin gene but did inhibit aflatoxin biosynthesis at the transcriptional level. Applications of cp2 to the control of mycotoxins are discussed.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000 Oct 4810'("Michigan State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA Michigan State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA Michigan State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA Trail F Michigan State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA2,Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: ACHENBACH H, 1986, PLANTA MED, V19, P12 AWUAH RT, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V134, P109 BOCK CH, 1999, BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN, V9, P529 BROWN MP, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V26, P81 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 BUCHANAN RL, 1987, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V53, P1224 BUROW GB, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P380 CHANG PK, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P360 FERNANDES M, 1998, MOL MICROBIOL, V28, P1355 FLAHERTY JE, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P2482 HICKS JK, 1997, EMBO J, V16, P4916 HITOKOTO H, 1978, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V66, P161 HOMANS AL, 1970, J CHROMATOGR, V51, P327 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 LIANG SH, 1997, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V63, P1058 LLEWELLYN GC, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V64, P955 MADHYASTHA MS, 1984, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V48, P376 PARMAR VS, 1997, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V46, P597 PESTKA JJ, 1988, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V71, P1075 SKORY CD, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P1642 SKORY CD, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P3527 STILL WC, 1978, J ORG CHEM, V43, P2923 TRAIL F, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P2665 TRAIL F, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P4078 WILSON DL, 1998, THESIS MICHIGAN STAT WOLOSHUK CP, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P670 WOLOSHUK CP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P164 WU TS, 1996, GENE, V182, P7 XU HX, 2000, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V56, P185 YU JH, 1996, CURR GENET, V29, P549 English Article 365NK J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:0000899572000320 z preservation of foods preservatives prevalence preventionprimary culture$ primary hepatocellular carcinomaprimary liver-cancerprimary rat hepatocytes primer sets prms protein processing prochlorazprochloraz (Sportak (R)) production products program progression proliferation proliferatum promoterpromoter elements promotion propertiesprostaglandinsprostate-cancer ProstephanusProstephanus truncates prostephanus-truncatus horn protease protection protein protein aflrprotein degradabilityprotein isoprenylation protein p35protein-kinase-bprotein-kinase-c proteinsprotoplast fusion protoplastspseudomonas-fluorescens public-health pulicaris pulicaris fusarium-sambucinumpulmonary edema syndrome pulmonary-pulmonary-edema purificationpurified fumonisin- pycnothyriumpyramiding QTLpyridoxal kinasepyridoxal-5'-phosphate pyridoxine pythiumQTLQTLs qualityquantification quantitation$quantitative disease resistancequantitative pcrquantitative trait loci quantitative-determination quartz queenslandquercus-robur l questionnairequinone oxidoreductase R(-) 3-(2 '- rabbitraces radiata radiationragonot lepidopteraRAPD rapd analysis RAPD markersrapid rapid methodsrasras transgenic miceratrat hepatocytes rat liver rat-liverratesratiorats real-time PCR receptor recombinantrecrystallized-grain rectal-cancer reducereduced virulencereducing sugars reduction regeneration regime region registrationregression analysis regulation regulatoryregulatory generegulatory proteinregulatory protein aflrrelated proteinrelated-changesrelative configuration reliability reporter gene repressor reproductionreproductive hormonesreproductive isolationrepublic-of-china residues resistanceresistance markerresistance to insects$resistance-associated proteins resistant responsesrestriction pointretrogradation reviewRFLP84RFLP markers-Zea mays-Helicoverpa Zea-husk tightness rheologyRhinocladiellaribosomal protein L3ribosomal-protein l3 ribosome ribosome-inactivating proteinricerice blast fungus rice culturerising incidenceriskrisk assessment risk factor risk factors risk-factorsrna roasting rooibos rooibos tea root rot root-rotroseum graminearumrotrot development rot diseaserumen deg radationrumen microorganisms rural gambiaryes-transferase m1 saccharomycessaccharomyces-saccharomyces-cerevisiae safetysalicylic-acidSalmonella assaysalmonella mutagenicitySAM-binding motif samples samplingsampling theorysan-carlos olivinesandhill crane mortality(#sanitary and phytosanitary measures sapwood sarcoidosisscabscab resistance scanning electron microscopySchizaphis graminumschizosaccharomyces-pombe sclerotia screeningsScrophulariaceae search season Secale secondarysecondary metabolismsecondary metabolitesecondary metabolites secretion section section flavisection liseola 222-226$://000174407700009VJDDowell, F. E. Pearson, T. C. Maghirang, E. B. Xie, F. Wicklow, D. T.Reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy applied to detecting fumonisin in single corn kernels infected with Fusarium verticillioidesPCereal Chemistryxrnear-infrared reflectance; wheat kernels; immunoaffinity columns; maize; b-1; classification; chromatography; hplcReflectance and transmittance visible and near-infrared spectroscopy were used to detect fumonisin in single corn kernels infected with Fusarium verticillioides. Kernels with >100 ppm and <10 ppm could be classed accurately as fumonisin positive or negative, respectively. Classification results were generally better for oriented kernels than for kernels that were randomly placed in the spectrometer viewing area. Generally, models based on reflectance spectra have higher correct classification than models based on transmittance spectra. Statistical analyses indicated that including near- infrared wavelengths in calibrations improved classifications, and some calibrations were improved by including visible wavelengths. Thus, the color and chemical constituents of the infected kernel contribute to classification models. These results show that this technology can be used to rapidly and nondestructively screen single corn kernels for the presence of fumonisin. and may be adaptable to on-line detection and sorting.  Cereal Chem. 2002Mar-AprE792 'ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Dowell FE ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USARXQTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 33 Cited References: *NEOG, 1999, FDA FUM STUD CONF TO *US FDA CFSAN, 2001, DRAFT GUID IND FUM L ABOUZIED MM, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P495 ANZAI K, 1993, 5190163, US BACON CW, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P514 BARTELT RJ, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P2447 COLVIN BM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P79 DELWICHE SR, 1996, CEREAL CHEM, V73, P399 DELWICHE SR, 1995, CEREAL CHEM, V72, P11 DENIJS M, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P879 DOWELL FE, 1999, CEREAL CHEM, V76, P573 DOWELL FE, 1998, CEREAL CHEM, V75, P142 DOWELL FE, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P899 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P11 HUBERTY CJ, 1994, APPL DISCRIMINANT AN KRAMER KJ, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P670 MARAGOS CM, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P390 MARTENS H, 1989, MULTIVARIATE CALIBRA MIYAHARA M, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P842 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 ORMAN BA, 1992, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V69, P1036 PEARSON, 2001, T ASAE, V44, P1247 PEARSON TC, 1999, FOOD SCI TECHNOL-LEB, V32, P73 PESTKA JJ, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P169 PLATTNER RD, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD RICE LG, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P1002 ROSS PF, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V114, P129 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V142, P107 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P941 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 WARE GM, 1994, ANAL LETT, V27, P693 WHITAKER TB, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P1162 WICKLOW DT, 1998, J STORED PROD RES, V34, P355 English Article 531GM CEREAL CHEMFISI:000174407700009L  3200-3203 $://000185711400033VOPalencia, E. Torres, O. Hagler, W. Meredith, F. I. Williams, L. D. Riley, R. T.rkTotal fumonisins are reduced in tortillas using the traditional nixtamalization method of mayan communitiesJournal of Nutritionrlfumonisin B-1; hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1; maize; nixtamalization; tortillas b-1; purification; toxicity; cornFumonisin B-1 (FB1) is a maize mycotoxin. In tortilla preparation, maize is treated with lime (nixtamalization), producing hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1) due to loss of the tricarballylic acid side chains. This study determined the following: 1) whether nixtamalization by Mayan communities reduces total fumonisins, and 2) the steps in the process at which reduction occurs. Tortillas prepared by the traditional process contained FB1, FB2 and FB3 and their hydrolyzed counterparts. There were equimolar amounts of FB1 and HFB1 in the tortillas, but the total fumonisins were reduced 50%. The total FB1 plus HFB1 in the residual lime water and water washes of the nixtamal accounted for 50% of the total FB1 in the uncooked maize. HFB1 and FB1 were present in a 1:1 mol/L ratio in the water washes of the nixtamal, the masa dough and the cooked tortillas, whereas the ratio of HFB1:FB1 in lime water after steeping was 21. Water washes contained 11% of the FB1 that was in the uncooked maize. The results show that the traditional method reduced the total fumonisins in tortillas and reduced the sphinganine elevation (a biomarker closely correlated with fumonisin toxicity) in cells treated with extracts of tortillas compared with cells treated with extracts of contaminated maize.J. Nutr. 2003 Oct 13310'USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Inst Nutr Cent Amer & Panama, Guatemala City 09001, Guatemala Riley RT USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA{Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 16 Cited References: *IARC, 2002, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V82, P275 BOLGER M, 2001, WHO FOOD ADDITIVES S, V47, P103 BRESSANI R, 1990, FOOD REV INT, V6, P225 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5781 HOWARD PC, 2002, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V185, P153 MARASAS WFO, 2000, ENV HLTH CRITERIA, V219 MEREDITH FI, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P195 MEREDITH FI, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1218 PLATTNER RD, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P525 POLING SM, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P2344 RILEY RT, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P407 SAUNDERS DS, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P333 SHEPHARD GS, 2002, S AFR J SCI, V98, P393 VOSS KA, 1998, ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR, V5, P101 VOSS KA, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P3120 YOO HS, 1996, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V138, P211 English Article 728HH J NUTRISI:0001857114000336 Odhav2003 Odin20033^ Odvody20022 Oerke2000 Oerke2002 Oesch19975 Oforiadjei19959 Ogle2004 Ogle20040. 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Pringle2002 Prioli1999G Prisk1997 Proctor1995 Proctor1995 Proctor1996k Proctor1999 Proctor1999T Proctor2001 Proctor2002 Proctor2002* Proctor2003MPronczuk19961XPronczuk19969BPronczuk19977}Pronczuk199915Pronczuk2002| Puigdomenech1992S Puigserver2002z Qiao200100Quaranta20032 Quinz1999 R.2001e6 Rabie1982d Rabie1986& Rabie1986 Rabie1987 Rabie1988X Rabie1991 Raditschnig2004r Rafai2000e Rafai2001 Raffaseder2003R Ragland1969Rahbeeni2000Rahimian20000Rahimian20020` Rajasekaran2002E Ramakrishna1996 Ramirez2001 Ramirez2002 Ramirez2002 Ramirez2003  Ramirez2004 Ramljak2000 Ramljak2001* Ramos1998 Ramos2000i Ramos2001 Ramos2001 Ramos2003 Ramos2003 Ramsey1999>Randazzo1997Randazzo1999 Ranjan19919 Rao19924 Rao1998 Rapior1995 Rasekh200207 Rati2004r Ratnavathi2000Y Ratnavathi2003Raveesha19999|Raventos19929, Razzazi19988 Rebbeck1993m Reddy2002m Reddy2002D Reddy2004(Regnault-Roger2003xRegueiro2002\ Reid19959I Reid1996] Reid1996' Reid199882 Reid1998 Reid1999t Reid2000V Reid2001 Reid20020 Reinbrecht2000 Resch2003M Resnik19939[ Resnik19962 Resnik19999 Resnik20022 Reynoso2001 Reynoso2002 Reynoso2004 Rheeder1990 Rheeder1990T Rheeder1992 Rheeder1993M Rheeder1993G Rheeder1994k Rheeder1995@ Rheeder19958 Rheeder1996; Rheeder1996 Rheeder19966 Rheeder19977 Rheeder19975 Rheeder1998 Rheeder1998 Rheeder19981 Rheeder2000] Rheeder2001 Rheeder2001F Rheeder2002F Rheeder2002Rheeder2002 Rheeder2002F Rheeder2002Plattner20020Plattner20022*Plattner2003BPoehling2003-Poliakov1999 Poppenberger2003 Poppenberger2004~ Possi2000& Postel19989Prandini1999̒ Prasad19787- Prasongsidh1998 Prasongsidh1999VPreciado2003s6Preciado-Ortiz2004: Price2004? Pringle2002 Prioli1999G Prisk1997k Proctor1999 Proctor1999T Proctor2001 Proctor2002 Proctor2002* Proctor2003MPronczuk19961XPronczuk19969BPronczuk19977}Pronczuk199915Pronczuk2002| Puigdomenech1992S Puigserver2002z Qiao200100Quaranta20032 Quinz1999 Raditschnig2004r Rafai2000e Rafai2001 Raffaseder2003Rahimian20020` Rajasekaran2002E Ramakrishna1996 Ramirez2001 Ramirez2002 Ramirez2002 Ramirez2003  Ramirez2004* Ramos1998i Ramos2001 Ramos2001 Ramos2003 Ramos2003A Ramos2003H Ramos2003 Ramsey1999>Randazzo1997̐Randazzo1999̅ Ranjan19914 Rao1998 Rapior1995 Rasekh200207 Rati2004rY Ratnavathi2003̇Raveesha19999|Raventos19929, Razzazi1998(Regnault-Roger2003\ Reid19959I Reid1996] Reid1996' Reid199882 Reid1998̄ Reid1999t Reid2000V Reid2001 Reid20020 Reinbrecht2000 Resch2003[ Resnik1996 Resnik20022\ Resnik20022 Reynoso2001 Reynoso2002 Reynoso2004k Rheeder1995] Rheeder2001F Rheeder2002 De Beer2003x de Castro2003 De Farias2000E De Girolamo2002de Greef20011 de Gruyter2003 de Kock2000/ de Nijs1998K De Saeger2002 De Saeger20043 De Villiers1998 de Villiers2001 Debegnach2004 Defago2003 Deflora1995 Degooyer2004S Degurse1967R Degurse1969 Dehne2000 Dehne2002 Dejong1987i Deleon1995\ Dell'Aquila2001 Delport1993 Delport1994 Delport1996 Delport1999f Delrio19959* Deng20010S Desai2003 Desautels2003bDeScenzo19990 Desiderio2003F deSilva2003 Desjardins1991 Desjardins1992 Desjardins1992 Desjardins19922 Desjardins1994 Desjardins1995 Desjardins1995 Desjardins1995 Desjardins1996 Desjardins1996j Desjardins1997 Desjardins1997 Desjardins1998k Desjardins1999 Desjardins1999) Desjardins1999s Desjardins2000y Desjardins2000 Desjardins2000 Desjardins2000 Desjardins2002 Desjardins2002 Desjardins2002$ Desjardins2003* Desjardins2003 Desjardins2003K Desmet20022j Deutz2000( Devesa20011" Devesa20033Di Menna1999hdi Menna2001~ Dias20002%Dietrich1998& Dijksma1998 Dilkin2002 Dill-Macky2002C Direito2002 Dischinger1991 Dischinger1993 Diwan2000^ Dixon2001Djomamou199812 Dodman2002 Doerge2002w Doko1991s Doko19941t Doko1994u Doko19941v Doko1994 Doko1995 Doko1996; Doko19969m Doko19969n Doko1996q Doko19961l Doko19999 Dola19949Q Doldi2002 Doll2003 Doll20040Dombrink-Kurtzman2002wDombrinkkurtzman1993 Dong20010 Doohan2003 Dorner1999GDorrance2002FDorrance2003V Dow1996J Dowd199690 Dowd1998 Dowd2000Y Dowd2001= Dowd2002 Dowd2003$ Dowd2003y Dowell20010 Dowell2002PDragacci1996/ Dresen1996 Driega19999nDriehuis2000 Du19981 Duffy2003&Dujardin19988F Dunlap19977v Duthie19939s Duthie19949^ Dutton1995 Dutton19988c Dutton20011 Duvick1983= Duvick19879 Duvick1992 Duvick1998 Duvick19999a Duvick2001W Dvorska2001 Dyer1998oF Eckardt19791 Edgar1983 Edgar1989X Edinger1996 Edinger2001#Edmonson2002 Edwards1994 Edwards1994 Edwards1995 Edwards1995 Edwards1999z Efiuvwevwere1999Q Egal2003 Egido2003 Ehrlich1993 Ehrlich1994 Ehrlich1995 Ehrlich1996 Ehrlich1996 Ehrlich1997 Ehrlich1998 Ehrlich1998 Ehrlich1998 Ehrlich1999 Ehrlich2000 Ehrlich2000 Ehrlich2002 Ehrlich2003~ Ehrlich2004H Eicker1979 Ejeta1993 Ejeta1993El-Serag2003El-Serag2004dEl-Zeany2002nElferink2000m Ellahuene2000 Ellis1997v Emejuaiwe1994b Engel19993 Engelbrecht1998 Engelhardt1988n Engelhardt1994L Engelhardt1996,Engstrom2000'Engstrom2001Engstrom2003Engstrom2004 Eppley2002x Escobar2002 Espin2002 Etcheverry1999 Etcheverry1999 Etcheverry2002 Etcheverry2002p Etcheverry2002U Etcheverry2003 Etcheverry2004= Etcheverry2004/ Evans1997 Evans2003Evidente1996Evidente20020 Ezrati2003 Faber1992 Fairbrother2003Fakhoury1999Fakhoury2001Fakhoury2003$ Fan2002CFancelli2002HFandohan2003S Fantini2002 Faraj1991 Farber19922] Farber20033b Fazekas1995R Fazekas1996U Fazekas1996D Fazekas19975 Fazekas1998 Fazekas1999 Fazekas2001D Fazekas2002 Feichtinger2003~ Felkner2003 Felkner2003| Felkner2004DFenyvesi19975Fenyvesi1998Fernandez-Surumay2000> Ferracane1997 Ferracane2002J Fielder1996: Fielder1997Figueira2003Figueira2003 Fikry2004W Filek1996! 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Fincham1984 Fincham1988 Fincham1992 Fincham1992 Finnell2000 Finnell2003} Finnell20042 Fisher19834 Flachowsky2002 Flachowsky20030#|oxin fumonisin 21-27$://000183623100004 Bruns, H. A. Abbas, H. K.VPEffects of plant populations on maize hybrids in the sub- tropical Mid South USAMaydicamycotoxins; aflatoxin; fumonisin; plant populations; irrigation united-states; density; yield; corn; aflatoxin; improvement; fumonisins; harvest; grainMaize (Zea mays L.) production in the Mid South USA has increased in the past 15 years. Hybrids produced in the 1950's and 1960's responded to increased plant densities by producing more barren plants ha(-1) and less grain per plant. Hybrids grown today, by contrast, produce high grain yields under high plant Populations. Maize production in the Mid South often uses a 101.6 cm row spacing, which is commonly used to produce cotton (Gossypium birsutum L.). Six maize hybrids, two Bt and four normal, were grown using a 101.6 cut row spacing and plant densities of 43,000, 48,000, 54,300, 64,000 and 76,500 plants ha(-1) in 2000 and 2001 at Stoneville, MS. Data on yield, grain bulk density, kernel weight, ear weight, leaf area plant(-1), LAI and mycotoxin concentrations were analyzed. Yields increased with increasing plant density with no yield plateau or decline observed at the highest population. Grain bulk densities varied among plant densities but no trend was evident. Kernel weights, ear weights, and leaf area plant-1 all declined with increasing plant density. However, declines in kernel and ear weights did not adversely affect grain yield. Ears ha-1 was the most important yield component in this experiment. Leaf area index increased with increasing plant density thus negating the decline in leaf area plant(-1). Leaf area index was higher in 2000 than in 2001, probably due to more rainfall. Hybrids differed in LAI, yield, kernel bulk density and kernel weight but, these differences were not correlated to each other. Aflatoxin levels were below the maximum allowable level of 30 mg Mg-1 both years of the experiment. Fumonisin levels were higher in 2001 (5-0-7.9 mg kg(-1)) than in 2000 (0.5-1.6 mg kg(-1)) due to a more favorable environment for its production. Maize can be grown in the Mid South USA using the currently available hybrids and a Population of 76,500 plants ha(-1) without a decline in yield or grain quality.Maydica 2003481P'USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Unit, Box 245, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA Bruns HA USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Unit, Box 245, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA,piTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 34 Cited References: *DREC, 2001, WEATH GIS DAT CTR *NASS USDA, 2001, GRAIN CROPS NAT STAT *NTP, 1999, TECH REPT SER NIH US, V496 *SAS I, 2001, SAS US GUID STAT VER ABBAS HK, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P22 ABOUZIED MM, 1995, J CLIN LIGAND ASSAY, V18, P145 BUNTING ES, 1973, J AGR SCI, V81, P455 CASTEGNARO M, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P327 CASTLEBERRY RM, 1984, CROP SCI, V24, P33 CLARK TL, 1999, J ENTOMOL SCI, V35, P118 COX WJ, 1993, AGR ABSTR, P132 COX WJ, 1996, AGRON J, V88, P489 DELOUGHERY RL, 1979, AGRON J, V71, P577 DICKE FF, 1988, AGRON MONOGR ASA CSS, V18, P767 DUVICK DN, 1999, CROP SCI, V39, P1622 DUVICK DN, 1984, CSSA SPEC PUBL, V7, P15 DUVICK DN, 1997, DEV DROUGHT LOW N TO, P332 DWYER LM, 1991, CAN J PLANT SCI, V71, P1 KOZIEL MG, 1993, BIO-TECHNOL, V11, P194 LILLEHOJ EB, 1976, CEREAL CHEM, V53, P505 MARASAS WF, 1998, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MCINTOSH MS, 1983, AGRON J, V75, P153 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 PONELEIT CG, 1979, CROP SCI, V19, P305 RITCHIE SW, 1992, 48 IOW STAT U SCI TE ROSSMAN EC, 1966, ADV CORN PRODUCTION, P54 SHIER WT, 1999, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V18, P323 SLATYER RO, 1969, PHYSL ASPECTS CROP Y, P53 TOLLENAAR M, 1992, AGRON J, V84, P536 TOLLENAAR M, 1991, CROP SCI, V31, P119 WIDSTROM NW, 1996, ADV AGRON, V56, P219 WILLIAMS WP, 1998, J AGR ENTOMOL, V15, P105 WINDHAM GL, 1999, MS AGR FORESTRY EXP, V22, P1 English Article 691UC MAYDICAPISI:000183623100004 327-350$://000185165300010 Dowd, P. F.F?Insect management to facilitate preharvest mycotoxin management*#Journal of Toxicology-Toxin ReviewszsAspergillus; Fusarium; aflatoxin; fumonisin; deoxynivalenol; integrated pest management; Bt; Helicoverpa; Ostrinia; Carpophilus; maize; cotton; peanut corn-borer lepidoptera; environmentally selective control; tobacco anionic peroxidase; malathion flour granules; zea-mays l; aspergillus-flavus; fusarium-verticillioides; aflatoxin production; indirect reduction; bt-cornMany species of insects can facilitate the entry of mycotoxin- producing fungi to commodities such as cotton seed, maize, peanuts, and tree nuts. The mycotoxins most commonly associated with insect damage are aflatoxin and fumonisin. Insecticides will likely remain an important management tool, especially as predictive models for forecasting mycotoxigenic fungi or mycotoxins become available. Plants with high levels of resistance to insects that facilitate mycotoxins are likely to assist in mycotoxin management. Several studies now indicate Bt maize hybrids that express the protein throughout the plant can prevent fumonisin levels rising above guideline levels of 1-2 ppm when European corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis) are the predominant insect pests.J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 200322 2-3'*#USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Dowd PF USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 89 Cited References: *CEMCA, 1993, PAQ TECHN INT SIEMBR ABADOBECOGNEE K, 1998, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V86, P135 ABEL CA, 2002, P 2 FUNG GEN 3 FUM E, P113 ANDOW DA, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P26 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BARTELT RJ, 1992, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V21, P1143 BARTELT RJ, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P2447 BARTELT RJ, 1997, RRD ENTOMOL, V1, P115 BELL K, 1998, PERFORM ART ENT CAN, V32, P21 BOCK CH, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P279 CAHAGNIER B, 2000, FOOD SAFETY CURRENT, P237 CARDWELL KF, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P276 CARPENTER JE, 2002, AGR BIOTECHNOLOGY UP CLEMENTS MJ, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P34 COTTY PJ, 1997, P 1997 AFL EL WORKSH, P13 COTTY PJ, 1997, P BELTW COTT C NAT C, P108 DANDEKAR AM, 2000, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V115, P103 DANDEKAR AM, 2000, P USDA ARS AFL FUM W, P108 DIEN BS, 2002, CEREAL CHEM, V79, P582 DOWD PF, 1998, BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN, V8, P221 DOWD PF, 1998, CELL MOL LIFE SCI, V54, P712 DOWD PF, 1994, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V71, P177 DOWD PF, 1992, HDB APPLIED MYCOLOGY, V5, P137 DOWD PF, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3775 DOWD PF, 1997, J CHEM ECOL, V23, P2357 DOWD PF, 1994, J CHEM ECOL, V20, P2777 DOWD PF, 1991, J CHEM ECOL, V17, P285 DOWD PF, 2002, J ECON ENTOMOL, V95, P628 DOWD PF, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P1067 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1424 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1714 DOWD PF, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P68 DOWD PF, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P1058 DOWD PF, 1992, J IND MICROBIOL, V9, P149 DOWD PF, 2002, MICROBIAL BIOPESTICI, P13 DOWD PF, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P46 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 DOWD PF, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P337 DOWD PF, 1998, NAT TOXINS, V6, P241 DOWD PF, 2002, P 2 FUNG GEN 3 FUM E, P117 DOWD PF, 2000, P 2000 AFL FUM WORKS, P57 DOWD PF, 2001, P 4I ANN CORN DRY MI, P16 FOLMER JD, 2000, J ANIM SCI, V80, P1352 GANASSI S, 2001, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V151, P131 GATCH EW, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P1149 GATCH EW, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P1156 GATEHOUSE JA, 2000, BIOL BIOTECHNOLOGICA, P211 GUO BZ, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P564 GUO BZ, 2001, MGCN, V75, P64 HAMMOND B, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P22 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LIGHT DM, 2001, NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, V88, P333 LONG K, 1998, BIOTECHNOL LETT, V20, P369 MAUPIN LM, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P106 MCMULLEN MD, 1995, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V8, P811 MUNKVOLD GP, 2000, P AFL FUM WORKSH 200, P142 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 NIELSEN K, 2002, MAIZE RIBOSOME INACT, V14, P164 ODVODY GN, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P107 OZIASAKINS P, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V115, P98 OZIASAKINS P, 2000, P USDA ARS AFL FUM W, P106 PENCHAN T, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P13319 PENCHAN T, 2000, PLANT CELL, V12, P1031 PENCHAN T, 1999, PLANT MOL BIOL, V40, P111 PIETRI A, 2000, P 6 INT FEED PROD C, P226 PRIVALLE LS, 1999, 6002068, US RODRIGUEZDELBOSQUE LA, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P796 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P1123 SCHULTHESS F, 2002, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V92, P120 SEARS MK, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P11937 SELITRENNIKOFF CP, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P2883 SETAMOU M, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P433 SETAMOU M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1323 SMITH MS, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P998 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STLEGER RJ, 2000, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V66, P320 TABASHNIK BE, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P12980 TUBIJIKA KM, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P2652 VEGA FE, 1999, P 18 C ASS SCI INT C, P229 WICKLOW DT, 1994, GENUS ASPERGILLUS TA, P93 WIDSTROM NW, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P47 WIDSTROM NW, 2000, P AFL FUM WORKSH 200, P64 WILLIAMS WP, 2002, J ECON ENTOMOL, V95, P1049 WILLIAMS WP, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P1471 WILLIAMS WP, 2002, P 2 FUNG GEN 3 FUM E, P109 WILSON DM, 1995, PEANUT HLTH MANAGEME, P87 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 English Article 718UR J TOXICOL-TOXIN REVISI:000185165300010A 4726-4733$://000177109400050NHLu, Y. Clifford, L. Hauck, C. C. Hendrich, S. Osweiler, G. Murphy, P. A.NHCharacterization of fumonisin B-1-glucose reaction kinetics and products0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfumonisin B-1; fumonisin B-1-glucose; detoxification; N-(1- deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B-1 fusarium-moniliforme; esophageal cancer; reducing sugars; corn; b-1; mycotoxins; rats; proliferatum; toxicity; maizeJDThe reaction of fumonisin B-1 with the reducing sugar D-glucose can block the primary amine group of fumonisin B-1 and may detoxify this mycotoxin. A method to separate hundred milligram quantities of fumonisin B-1-glucose reaction products from the excess D-glucose with a reversed-phase C-18 cartridge was developed. Mass spectrometry revealed that there were four primary products in this chain reaction when fumonisin B-1 was heated with D-glucose at 65 degreesC for 48 h: N-methyl- fumonisin B-1, N-carboxymethyl-fumonisin B-1, N-(3- hydroxyacetonyl)-fumonisin B-1, and N-(2-hydroxy, 2- carboxyethyl)-fumonisin B-1. The N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B-1 (fumonisin B-1-glucose Schiff's base) was detected by mass spectrometry, when fumonisin B-1 was heated with D-glucose at 60 degreesC. The nonenzymatic browning reaction of fumonisin B-1 with excess D-glucose followed apparent first-order kinetics. The activation energy, E-a, was 105.7 kJ/mol. Fumonisin B-1 in contaminated corn could precipitate the nonenzymatic browning reaction with 0.1 M D- glucose at 60 and 80 degreesC.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002 Jul 315016'`YIowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA Michigan State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA Murphy PA Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA " Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 51 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, MON EV CARC RISK HUM, V56, P445 ABBAS HK, 1993, TOXICON, V31, P345 ALLAH EMF, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V140, P99 ANGYAL SJ, 1984, ADV CARBOHYD CHEM BI, V42, P15 BEMILLER JN, 1996, FOOD CHEM, P157 CASTELO MM, 2001, J FOOD SCI, V66, P416 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CLIFFORD LJ, 1998, THESIS IOWA STATE U, P116 DANTZER WR, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P4291 DANTZER WR, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3730 DANTZER WR, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P168 DENIJS M, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P879 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P622 ESKIN NAM, 1990, BIOCH FOODS, P239 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1994, CARCINOGENESIS, V15, P209 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P407 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HOPMANS EC, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1655 HOWARD PC, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3546 JACKSON LS, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P906 KEDERA CJ, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P41 LIU HJ, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P4113 LU Z, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P803 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MCCREADY RM, 1970, METHODS FOOD ANAL PH, P541 MELCION D, 1998, SCI ALIMENT, V18, P301 MURPHY PA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P323 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NORRED WP, 1991, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V29, P815 OSWEILER GD, 2001, COMMUNICATION PITTET A, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P1352 POLING SM, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P1318 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 SHALLENBERGER RS, 1975, SUGAR CHEM, P169 SHIER WT, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V116, P97 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2014 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 TAOKIS P, 1996, FOOD CHEM, P1013 THAKUR RA, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P1047 THIEL PG, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 UENO Y, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P1143 VOSS KA, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P3120 VOSS KA, 1993, NAT TOXINS, V1, P222 WHISTLER RL, 1985, FOOD CHEM, P69 YAYLAYAN VA, 1994, CRIT REV FOOD SCI, V34, P321 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 English Article 578GQ J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000177109400050S .191-195$://A1996TN226000320D=Mahanti, N. Bhatnagar, D. Cary, J. W. Joubran, J. Linz, J. E.dStructure and function of fas-1A, a gene encoding a putative fatty acid synthetase directly involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologytransformation; cloning"A novel gene, fas-1A, directly involved in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis, was cloned by genetic complementation of an Aspergillus parasiticus mutant strain, UVM8, blocked at two unique sites in the AFB1 biosynthetic pathway, Metabolite conversion studies localized the two genetic blocks to early steps in the AFB1 pathway (nor-1 and fas-1A) and confirmed that fas-1A is blocked prior to nor-1, Transformation of UVM8 with cosmids NorA and NorB restored function in nor-1 and fas-1A, resulting in synthesis of AFB1. An 8-kb SacI subclone of cosmid NorA complemented fas-1A only, resulting in accumulation of norsolorinic acid, Gene disruption of the fas-1A locus blocked norsolorinic acid accumulation in A, parasiticus B62 (nor-1), which normally accumulates this intermediate, These data confirmed that fas-1A is directly involved in AFB1 synthesis. The predicted amino acid sequence of fas-1A showed a high level of identity with extensive regions in the enoyl reductase and malonyl/palmityl transferase functional domains in the beta subunit of yeast fatty acid synthetase. Together, these data suggest that fas-1A encodes a novel fatty acid synthetase which synthesizes part of the polyketide backbone of AFB1, Additional data support an interaction between AFB1 synthesis and sclerotium development. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.o 1996 Jan621'MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,E LANSING,MI 48824 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,E LANSING,MI 48824B://000173214500014ZTMahfoud, R. Maresca, M. Santelli, M. Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. Puigserver, A. Fantini, J.pH-dependent interaction of fumonisin B-1 with cholesterol: Physicochemical and molecular modeling studies at the air-water interface0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfumonisin B-1; monomolecular film; interface; cholesterol; sodium taurocholate fusarium-moniliforme; lipid-peroxidation; esophageal cancer; sphingomyelins; cytotoxicity; inhibition; mycotoxins; transkei; protein; maizeLangmuir film balance technology was used to study the interaction between the mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 (FB1) and cholesterol. FB1 was added in the aqueous subphase underneath a monomolecular film of cholesterol, and the interaction was measured as an increase in the surface pressure of the film. Above pH 9, a strong inhibition of the reaction was observed. Similar results were obtained with the bile salt sodium taurocholate. The FB1-cholesterol complex was reinforced by NaCl but was destabilized by NaF, a salt known to break hydrogen bonds. These data suggest that the molecular association between FB1 and cholesterol involves both hydrophobic interactions and a hydrogen bond between the NH3+ group of FB1 and the OH group of cholesterol. Molecular mechanics simulations of the FB1-cholesterol complex were consistent with this hypothesis. These data may shed some light on the mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption of FB1 and its biliary excretion.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002 Jan 16502C'~wInst Mediterraneen Rech Nutr, UMR INRA 1111, F-13397 Marseille 20, France Inst Mediterraneen Rech Nutr, UMR INRA 1111, F-13397 Marseille 20, France Fac Sci & Tech St Jerome, Organ Synth Lab, F-13397 Marseille, France ENSAT, Lab Toxicol & Secur Alimentaire, F-31326 Auzeville Tolosane, France Fantini J Inst Mediterraneen Rech Nutr, UMR INRA 1111, F-13397 Marseille 20, FranceA^WTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 26 Cited References: ABADOBECOGNEE K, 1998, ARCH TOXICOL, V72, P233 BEIER RC, 1995, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V54, P479 BHAT RV, 1997, J TOXICOL-CLIN TOXIC, V35, P249 DUNCAN K, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P41 FANTINI J, 2000, GLYCOCONJUGATE J, V17, P199 HAMMACHE D, 1998, J BIOL CHEM, V273, P7967 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1995, TOXICOL LETT, V82, P853 MAGGIO B, 1994, PROG BIOPHYS MOL BIO, V62, P55 MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 MOMANY FA, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P1056 NAIR MG, 1998, ANN TROP PAEDIATR S, V18, PS47 NORRED WP, 1993, NAT TOXINS, V1, P341 PINELLI E, 1999, CARCINOGENESIS, V20, P1683 PRELUSKY DB, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P389 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P73 QUINN PJ, 1994, LIPID HDB, P465 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 SCHROEDER JJ, 1994, J BIOL CHEM, V269, P3475 SMABY JM, 1996, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V35, P5696 SMABY JM, 1994, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V33, P9135 SUZUKI CAM, 1995, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V133, P207 TOLLESON WH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P237 VUDATHALA DK, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P81 YIN JJ, 1998, BBA-BIOMEMBRANES, V1371, P134 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 English Article 510NQ J AGR FOOD CHEM3ISI:000173214500014 <ZzTnl heterogeneous296-300$://A1995QT48300013LFGuo, B. Z. Russin, J. S. Cleveland, T. E. Brown, R. L. Widstrom, N. W.tnWax and Cutin Layers in Maize Kernels Associated with Resistance to Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus-Flavus Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot.  1995 Mar583oQT483 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1995QT48300013824-829$://A1996VB24600006:JDGuo, B. Z. Russin, J. S. Cleveland, T. E. Brown, R. L. Damann, K. E.piEvidence for cutinase production by Aspergillus flavus and its possible role in infection of corn kernelsoPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1996 Aug868:VB246 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1996VB24600006276-281$://A1996UA87500010LFGuo, B. Z. Russin, J. S. Brown, R. L. Cleveland, T. E. Widstrom, N. W.ngResistance to aflatoxin contamination in corn as influenced by relative humidity and kernel germination9 Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot. 1996 MarC593UA875 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1996UA87500010 1174-1178.$://A1997YD86700013AGuo, B. Z. Chen, Z. Y. Brown, R. L. Lax, A. R. Cleveland, T. E. Russin, J. S. Mehta, A. D. Selitrennikoff, C. P. Widstrom, N. W.f_Germination induces accumulation of specific proteins and antifungal activities in corn kernelsDPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1997 Nov 8711YD867 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1997YD86700013 &B%4$678-682$://A1986D681900022 D=Marasas, W. F. O. Nelson, P. E. Toussoun, T. A. Vanwyk, P. S.@9Fusarium-Polyphialidicum, a New Species from South-Africa Mycologia Mycologiae 1986Jul-Auge784'4-S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802 UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA MARASAS WFO S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA2,Times Cited: 11 English Note D6819 MYCOLOGIAISI:A1986D681900022369-374$://A1986C152200025*$Marasas, W. F. O. Vanrensburg, S. J.xrMycotoxicological Investigations on Maize and Groundnuts from the Endemic Area of Mseleni Joint Disease in Kwazulu$South African Medical JournalMS. Afr. Med. J.S 1986 Mar 15696E'S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,DIV NUTR PATHOL,PAROWVALLEI,SOUTH AFRICA MARASAS WFO S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,DIV NUTR PATHOL,PAROWVALLEI,SOUTH AFRICA60Times Cited: 9 English Article C1522 S AFR MED JISI:A1986C152200025242-247$://A1986A984100010PIMarasas, W. F. O. Thiel, P. G. Rabie, C. J. Nelson, P. E. Toussoun, T. A.:3Moniliformin Production in Fusarium Section Liseolaa Mycologia MycologiaI 1986Mar-AprU782 'S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802 MARASAS WFO S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA6/Times Cited: 51 English Article A9841 MYCOLOGIAISI:A1986A984100010910-914$://A1987L767600017\UMarasas, W. F. O. Rabie, C. J. Lubben, A. Nelson, P. E. Toussoun, T. A. Vanwyk, P. S.RLFusarium-Napiforme, a New Species from Millet and Sorghum in Southern-Africa Mycologia Mycologia  1987Nov-Dec796'*#S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802 UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA MARASAS WFO S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA2,Times Cited: 25 English Note L7676 MYCOLOGIAISI:A1987L767600017 97-104$://A1987J654700017F?Marasas, W. F. O. Lamprecht, S. C. Vanwyk, P. S. Anelich, R. Y.PIBibliography of Fusarium (Fungi, Hyphomycetes) in South-Africa, 1945-1985BothaliaBothalia 1987 Jul8171R'S AFRICAN MED RES COUNCIL,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA MARASAS WFO S AFRICAN MED RES COUNCIL,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAT2,Times Cited: 2 English Review J6547 BOTHALIAISI:A1987J654700017693-696$://A1987G675900014JCMarasas, W. F. O. Yagen, B. Sydenham, E. Combrinck, S. Thiel, P. G.Comparative Yields of T-2 Toxin and Related Trichothecenes from 5 Toxicologically Important Strains of Fusarium- Sporotrichioidese,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology Appl. Environ. Microbiol.T 1987 Apr534'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,SCH PHARM,FAC MED,JERUSALEM,ISRAEL MARASAS WFO S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAB;Times Cited: 7 English Article G6759 APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:A1987G675900014197-203$://A1988U100900002nhMarasas, W. F. O. Kellerman, T. S. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Coetzer, J. A. W. Thiel, P. G. Vanderlugt, J. J.b[Leukoencephalomalacia in a Horse Induced by Fumonisin-B1 Isolated from Fusarium-Moniliformei2,Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1988 DecS5546'S AFRICAN MRC,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA VET RES INST,ONDERSTEPOORT 0110,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV PRETORIA,FAC VET SCI,DEPT INFECT DIS,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICA MARASAS WFO S AFRICAN MRC,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA7D>Times Cited: 366 English Article U1009 ONDERSTEPOORT J VET RESISI:A1988U100900002 +*N117-120$://A1994PX96800002i@:Kedera, C. J. Ochor, T. E. Ochieng, J. A. W. Kamidi, R. E.2+Incidence of Maize Ear Rot in Western Kenya.(International Journal of Pest Management.(ear rot; maize genotypes; fungi; harvestTMTwenty-five maize genotypes were planted at Kitale and Kakamega, western Kenya, in 1987, 1988, and 1989. Estimates of percent diseased ears, expressed as a disease index (DI), were made 8, 14, and 20 weeks after midsilk. There were no differences (P = 0.05) among years nor between locations. The disease index varied significantly (P = 0.05) among genotypes as well as sampling dates. The genotypes differed in the incidence of symptomatic rotted ears; disease severity increased with time after midsilk. The average DI for all the genotypes at 8, 14, and 20 weeks post-midsilk was 34.9, 45.1, and 52.9 respectively. Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium moniliforme were isolated from both rotted and asymptomatic kernels. Stenocarpella (Diplodia) spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., and Helminthosporium spp. were isolated from rotted kernels.Int. J. Pest Manage. 1994Apr-Jun402'`YKENYA AGR RES INST,POB 450,KITALE,KENYA KEDERA CJ KENYA AGR RES INST,POB 450,KITALE,KENYA<6Times Cited: 5 English Article PX968 INT J PEST MANAGEISI:A1994PX96800002603-607$://A1994NU255000100*Kedera, C. J. Leslie, J. F. Claflin, L. E.f`Genetic Diversity of Fusarium Section Liseola (Gibberella- Fujikuroi) in Individual Maize StalksPhytopathologycorn; ear rot; fumonisins; stalk rot vegetative compatibility; mating population; aflatoxin contamination; aspergillus-flavus; corn kernels; moniliforme; strains; infection; mutants; sorghumIsolates belonging to Fusarium section Liseola (teleomorph Gibberella fujikuroi), primarily F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F.subglutinans, are recovered from maize worldwide. Consistent isolation of these fungi from symptomatic and asymptomatic plant tissues suggests that the fungus can systemically colonize maize plants; however, the number of strains that colonize a single plant has not been determined. Using vegetative compatibility groups to differentiate among strains, we have shown that most maize plants are infected by two to three strains belonging to Fusarium section Liseola. Some of the strains recovered from the stalk usually are recovered from the ear as well. Multiple strains per plant make it more likely that perithecia formation and sexual recombination in this heterothallic fungus can occur under field conditions, because strains of opposite mating type can be found within the same plant. Such multiple infections also make it difficult to attribute particular disease symptoms to a particular strain. The identification of multiple Fusarium strains within a maize plant illustrates that when studying this host-pathogen relationship, we are examining a population as well as an individual strain-host plant interaction.0Phytopathology 1994 JunI846S'KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,THROCKMORTON HALL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506 KEDERA CJ KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,THROCKMORTON HALL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506::4Times Cited: 24 English Article NU255 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1994NU25500010Tl624-632$://000175115500005D=Etcheverry, M. Torres, A. Ramirez, M. L. Chulze, S. Magan, N.In vitro control of growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides and F-proliferatum using antioxidants under different water availability and temperature regimes&Journal of Applied Microbiologylfmaize grain; moniliforme; germination; corn; colonization;624-632$://000175115500005D=Etcheverry, M. Torres, A. Ramirez, M. L. Chulze, S. Magan, N.In vitro control of growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides and F-proliferatum using antioxidants under different water availability and temperature regimes&Journal of Applied Microbiologylfmaize grain; moniliforme; germination; corn; colonization; penicillium; mycoflora; impact; fungi; area`ZAims: To examine the effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), trihydroxybutyrophenone and propylparaben (PP) (at concentrations of 1-20 mmol l(-1)) on growth of and fumonisin production by Argentinian strains of Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum. Methods and Results: Studies on lag phases prior to growth, relative growth rates and fumonisin concentrations were carried out in vitro in relation to water activity (0.995-0.93 a(w)) and temperature (18 and 25degreesC) on a maize meal agar. Overall, PP was the antioxidant which was most effective at inhibiting strains of both species. The lag phase prior to growth and growth rates were significantly decreased by PP and BHA at 10 and 20 mmol l(-1), regardless of the temperature or a(w) level tested. Total fumonisin production was higher at 0.98 a(w) and decreased by about 45-50% at 0.995 and 0.95 a(w). Overall, BHT only inhibited fumonisin production at 0.95 a(w) at 10 and 20 mmol l(-1), while BHA was effective at most a(w) levels tested at 10 and 20 mmol l(-1). Propylparaben completely inhibited fumonisin production by both F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum at > 1 mmol l(-1), regardless of the temperature or a(w) level. Small interstrain differences in the levels of inhibition by the antioxidants were observed for three F. verticillioides and four F. proliferatum strains at 0.995, 0.98 and 0.95 a(w). Propylparaben and BHA completely inhibited the growth of both species at the concentrations evaluated, regardless of the a, level. Conclusions: Two antioxidants show promise for the control of growth of and fumonisin production by these species over a wide range of environmental conditions. Significance and Impact of the Study: Potential exists for using such food-grade preservatives for prevention of mycotoxigenic fungi and their toxins entering the food chain.J. Appl. Microbiol.. 2002924s':4Cranfield Univ, Ctr Biotechnol, Appl Microbiol Grp, Bedford MK45 4DT, England Cranfield Univ, Ctr Biotechnol, Appl Microbiol Grp, Bedford MK45 4DT, England Natl Univ Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Cordoba, Argentina Magan N Cranfield Univ, Ctr Biotechnol, Appl Microbiol Grp, Bedford MK45 4DT, EnglandTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: ADAMS MR, 1995, FOOD MICROBIOLOGY ALHILLI AL, 1979, FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LE, V6, P367 BULLERMAN LB, 1984, J FOOD PROTECT, V47, P637 CAHAGNIER B, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V20, P247 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 GONZALEZ HHL, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V130, P29 LACEY J, 1989, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, V10, P161 LORD KA, 1981, ANIMAL FEED SCI TECH, V6, P73 MAGAN N, 1997, MYCOTA, V4, P99 MARIN S, 1996, CAN J MICROBIOL, V42, P1045 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P555 MARIN S, 1999, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V51, P159 MARIN S, 1998, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V42, P185 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 MARIN S, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P203 MARIN S, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P298 MUTASA ES, 1990, MYCOLOGICAL RES, V94, P965 RAMIREZ ML, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P381 SAUER DB, 1974, T ASAE, V17, P557 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SKRINJAR M, 1995, FOLIA MICROBIOL, V40, P253 SYDENHAM EW, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P891 THOMPSON DP, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P133 THOMPSON DP, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P134 THOMPSON DP, 1991, J FOOD PROTECT, V54, P375 THOMPSON DP, 1992, MYCOLOGIA, V54, P791 English Article 543RT J APPL MICROBIOLISI:000175115500005 75 SHIM WB, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P1 SIBANDA L, 1997, FOOD CONTROL, V8, P21 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 TAKAHASHI DM, 1979, ANAL FOOD BEVERAGES, V1, P99 TANAKA T, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P979 URAGUCHI K, 1978, TOXICOLOGY BIOCH PAT WOGAN GN, 1991, MYCOTOXINS CANC HLTH YAMASHITA A, 1995, BIOSCI BIOTECH BIOCH, V59, P1804 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 English Article 510JY FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000173206000008O`274-284$://000174354900009 Bacon, C. W. Hinton, D. M.\VEndophytic and biological control potential of Bacillus mojavensis and related speciesBiological ControlBacillus amyloliquefaciens; B. atrophaeus; B. licheniformis; B. mojavensis; B. subtilis; biological control; bacterial antagonism; bacterial endophyte; fumonisins; Fusarium moniliforme; fungi; maize; mycotoxin; Paenibacillus lentimorbus; P. popilliae; Zea mays zea-mays l; fusarium-moniliforme; bacterial endophytes; equine leukoencephalomalacia; diazotrophic bacteria; infected grasses; united-states; corn; maize; fungalThe identity of a patented endophytic bacterium was established by 16S rRNA sequence analysis as a strain of Bacillus mojavensis, a recently erected species within one of the B. subtilis subgroups. This strain of B. mojavensis is antagonistic to the fungus Fusarium moniliforme, an endophytic, mycotoxin-producing pathogen of maize and other plants. There, are five other species within this subgroup: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. atrophaeus, B. licheniformis, Brevibacterium halotolerans, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and P. popilliae. The objectives of this research were to screen other isolates of B. mojavensis, B. subtilis, and the other closely related Bacillus species for endophytic colonizing capacity and to determine the in vitro antagonism to F. moniliforme in an effort to survey the distribution of these traits, which are desirable biological control qualities within the Bacillaceae. Antagonism was determined on nutrient agar, and endophytic colonization was established with maize plants following recovery of rifampin-resistant mutants generated from all strains used in the study. The study established that all 13 strains of B. mojavensis, isolated from major deserts of the world, endophytically colonized maize and were antagonists to F. moniliforme. The endophytic colonization of maize by R subtilis and other species within this subgroup of the Bacillaceae varied, as did antagonism, to F. moniliforme. Thus, this study suggests that endophytic colonization is another characteristic of the species B. mojavensis. The endophytic habit and demonstrated antagonism to the test fungus indicate that isolates of this species might prove to be important biological control organisms where the endophytic habit is desired. Biol. Control 2002 Mar233'ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA Bacon CW ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 56 Cited References: *US DEP HHS, 1999, NIH PUBL AYERS JE, 1989, PLANT DIS REP, V56, P836 BACON CW, 1991, ADV APPL MYCOLOGY, P231 BACON CW, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P175 BACON CW, 1986, AGRON J, V78, P106 BACON CW, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P4039 BACON CW, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P1195 BACON CW, 1997, CROP SCI, V37, P1415 BACON CW, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P325 BACON CW, 1997, MANUAL ENV MICROBIOL, P413 BACON CW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P302 BACON CW, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P144 BACON CW, 1999, USE BACILLUS SUBTILI BARRAQUIO WL, 1997, PLANT SOIL, V194, P15 BELL CR, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P46 BENT E, 1998, CAN J MICROBIOL, V44, P980 BUSH LP, 1997, PLANT PHYSIOL, V114, P1 CHANWAY CP, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P321 CHELIUS MK, 2000, INT J SYST EVOL MI 2, V50, P751 COMPEAU G, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P2432 DONG ZM, 1994, PLANT PHYSIOL, V105, P1139 FISHER PJ, 1992, NEW PHYTOL, V122, P299 GANOVARAEVA LM, 1998, MICR ABSTR, P447 HALLMANN J, 1997, CAN J MICROBIOL, V43, P895 HINTON DM, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V129, P117 KEOUGH RG, 1996, NZ J AGR RES, V39, P121 KIRCHHOF G, 1997, PLANT SOIL, V194, P45 LESLIE JF, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1182 LOGAN NA, 1984, J GEN MICROBIOL, V130, P1871 MARASAS WFO, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P792 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MARI N, 1996, BIOL CONTROL, V7, P30 MCINROY JA, 1995, PLANT SOIL, V173, P337 MUNDAYFINCH SC, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1283 PALUS JA, 1996, PLANT SOIL, V186, P135 PATRIQUIN DG, 1978, CAN J MICROBIOL, V24, P734 PORTER JK, 1995, J ANIM SCI, V73, P871 PRIEST FG, 1993, BACILLUS SUBTILIS OT, P3 QUADTHALLMANN A, 1997, CAN J MICROBIOL, V43, P577 REINHOLDHUREK B, 1998, TRENDS MICROBIOL, V6, P139 ROBERTS N, 1994, NEW STATESMAN SOC, V7, P44 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 SCHLECHTER M, 1998, S AFR J SCI, V94, P185 SHEPHARD GS, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5111 SHISHIDO M, 1999, FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL, V29, P191 SIEGEL MR, 1990, J CHEM ECOL, V16, P3301 STIERLE AA, 1999, J ORG CHEM, V64, P5479 STONE JK, 2000, MICROBIAL ENDOPHYTES, P3 STURZ AV, 1998, CAN J MICROBIOL, V44, P162 STURZ AV, 2000, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V19, P1 THOMASHOW LS, 1996, PLANT MICROBE INTERA, P187 TROXELL TC, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P355 WEISBURG WG, 1991, J BACTERIOL, V173, P697 WHITE JF, 1994, BIOTECHNOLOGY ENDOPH, P3 WOESE CR, 1987, MICROBIOL REV, V51, P221 YATES IE, 1999, MYCOL RES 2, V103, P129 English Article 530JQ BIOL CONTROLISI:000174354900009  +  50-60$://000180789700008F@Josephs, R. D. Krska, R. MacDonald, S. Wilson, P. Pettersson, H.xrPreparation of a calibrant as certified reference material for determination of the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone$Journal of Aoac Internationaldeoxynivalenol; cerealsvpIn the field of mycotoxin analysis, substantial problems shown by high between-laboratory standard deviations and noncomparable and nontraceable results have been caused by the lack of proper calibrants for external calibration. During a large-scale Standard Measurement and Testing project of the European Commission (EC) dealing with preparation and certification of reference materials for determination of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON) in maize, a ZON calibrant in acetonitrile was prepared and checked for purity, homogeneity, and stability. Before certification, on the basis of preparation, the calibrant was checked in a mini- interlaboratory study by UV spectrophotometric determination. The molar absorptivities of ZON in acetonitrile at 236, 274, and 314 nm were established, and as a main result, a common reference wavelength of 274 nm with molar absorptivity of 12 623 +/- 111 L/mol.cm can be recommended for ZON in acetonitrile. A concentration and expanded uncertainty of the ZON calibrant of 9.95 +/- 0.08 mug/mL was calculated as a preliminary value before final evaluation through the certification panel of the EC. J. AOAC Int. 2003Jan-Feb861'IFA Tulln, Inst Agrobiotechnol, Ctr Chem Anal, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria IFA Tulln, Inst Agrobiotechnol, Ctr Chem Anal, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Cent Sci Lab, York YO41 1LZ, N Yorkshire, England Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Nutr & Management, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Krska R IFA Tulln, Inst Agrobiotechnol, Ctr Chem Anal, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, AustriaTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 17 Cited References: *AOAC INTERNATIONA, 1995, OFF METH AN *EUR COMM STAND, 1999, 13505 CEN EUR COMM S *ISO, 1995, GUID EXPR UNC MEAS DAVIES PL, 1988, FRESEN Z ANAL CHEM, V331, P513 FLICK EW, 1996, IND SOLVENTS HDB GAREIS M, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P441 JOSEPHS RD, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P417 JOSEPHS RD, 2000, MYCOTOXIN RES, V16, P217 KRSKA R, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V369, P469 KRSKA R, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P49 KRSKA R, 2001, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P77 LAMBERTY A, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P359 MUELLER HM, 1993, OCCURENCE SIGNIFICAN, P32 SCHUHMACHER R, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V359, P510 SCOTT PM, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P395 VANEGMOND HP, 1999, 18876 EUR EN OFF OFF VANEGMOND HP, 1996, 64 FOOD AGR ORG FOOD English Article 642DV J AOAC INTISI:000180789700008 1182-1189t$://000189277400004F@Josephs, R. D. Krska, R. MacDonald, S. Wilson, P. Pettersson, H.vpProduction of a calibrant certified reference material for determination of the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone,&Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistrycalibrant; certified reference material (CRM); expanded uncertainty; mycotoxin; zearalenone fusarium mycotoxins; stability; deoxynivalenol; cerealsSeveral previous interlaboratory studies in the field of mycotoxin analysis have revealed considerable problems, apparent as high between-laboratory standard deviations, or rather non-comparable and non-traceable results. A major reason is lack of proper calibrants for external calibration. Public awareness of substances that mimic or interfere with the activity of natural hormones (endocrine disrupters) has led to increased interest in mycotoxins with estrogenic potential, e.g. zearalenone (ZON). During a large-scale standard measurement and testing (SMT) project of the European Commission (EC) dealing with the preparation and certification of reference materials for determination of the mycotoxin ZON in maize, a ZON calibrant in acetonitrile was prepared and intensively checked for purity, homogeneity, and stability. Preparation of the material, study of its homogeneity and stability, and characterisation of the calibrant on the basis of its preparation, with discussion of the results obtained, are described in this paper. The certified value of 9.95 mug mL(-1) for ZON in acetonitrile and its corresponding expanded uncertainty of +/-0.30 mug mL(-1) were calculated in compliance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM).Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004 Mar 3785'IFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria IFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Commiss European Communities, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, DG Joint Res Ctr, B-2440 Geel, Belgium Cent Sci Lab, York YO41 1LZ, N Yorkshire, England Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Nutr & Management, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Krska R IFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, AustriaLFTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *AOAC INT, 1990, OFF METH AN *CEN, 1999, 13505 CEN CR EUR COM *COUNC AGR SCI TEC, 2003, 139 COUNC AGR SCI TE *EUR COMM, 1998, SMT4CT982228 EUR COM *FAO UN, 1997, 64 FAO FOOD NUTR *INT ORG STAND, 1998, 31 ISO *INT ORG STAND, 1999, 34 ISO *INT ORG STAND, 1995, GUID EXPR UNC MEAS *LNE, 1987, SMRD20787 *SCI COMM FOOD, 1999, OP US TOX 2 BETINA V, 1989, CRC HDB NATURALLY OC FLICK EW, 1996, IND SOLVENTS HDB GAREIS M, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P441 JOSEPHS RD, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P417 JOSEPHS RD, 2003, J AOAC INT, V86, P50 JOSEPHS RD, 2003, M MYCOTOXIN MENANCE, P235 JOSEPHS RD, 2000, MYCOTOXIN RES, V16, P217 KRSKA R, 2003, EUR20782EN KRSKA R, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V371, P285 KRSKA R, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V369, P469 KRSKA R, 2003, J AOAC INT, V86, P77 KRSKA R, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P49 KRSKA R, 2001, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P77 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LAMBERTY A, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P359 LINSINGER TPJ, 2001, ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR, V6, P20 LINSINGER TPJ, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V370, P183 SCHUHMACHER R, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V359, P510 English Article 779CE ANAL BIOANAL CHEMISI:000189277400004M f596-602$://000167127900011@9Maragos, C. M. Jolley, M. E. Plattner, R. D. Nasir, M. S.TMFluorescence polarization as a means for determination of fumonisins in maize0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistrymycotoxin; fumonisin; fluorescence polarization; maize performance liquid-chromatography; antibody-based elisa; corn- based food; monoclonal-antibodies; fusarium-moniliforme; enzyme-immunoassay; b-1; mycotoxins; assay; swineFumonisins, mycotoxins produced by certain species of Fusaria, are commonly found worldwide as contaminants in maize. This paper reports the development of a rapid, portable fluorescence polarization-based assay for fumonisins in maize. The assay was based on the competition of unlabeled fumonisin, from a sample, with a fluorescently tagged fumonisin (FB1-FL) for a fumonisin- specific monoclonal antibody in solution. The fluorescence polarization (FP) of the tagged fumonisin was increased upon binding with the antibody. In the presence of free toxin, less of the FB1-FL was bound and the polarization signal was decreased. The assays were very simple to perform, requiring only mixing of an aqueous extract of maize with the tagged fumonisin and antibody, and required <2 min per sample, excluding extraction time. Two permutations of the assay were tested, one with each sample matrix serving as its own blank, and the other with all of the samples compared relative to a PBS blank with normalization of the data similar to an ELISA. The limit of detection, defined as the toxin content associated with a fluorescence polarization signal 5 standard deviations from that of a fumonisin-free control, was 0.5 g of FB1/g in spiked maize. Recoveries from spiked maize over the range of 0.5-20 ppm averaged 94.3 +/- 13.8%. Forty-eight samples of field-contaminated maize were tested by the FP and an established HPLC method, with a good correlation between the two (r(2) = 0.85-0.88). For these samples, the two variations of the FP assay also compared well to one another (r(2) = 0.97), suggesting the assay principle is very robust. The results, combined with the speed and ease of use for the assay, suggest that this technology has substantial potential as a screening tool for mycotoxins in foods.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001 Feb492'B://000174587600012$Maragos, C. M. Plattner, R. D.\URapid fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistrydeoxynivalenol; vomitoxin; fluorescence polarization; immunoassay linked immunosorbent-assay; monoclonal-antibodies; white flour; 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; vomitoxin; branThe fungus Fusarium graminearum, a pathogen of both wheat and maize, produces a toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), that causes disease in livestock. A rapid test for DON in wheat was developed using the principle of fluorescence polarization (FP) immunoassay. The assay was based on the competition between DON and a novel DON-fluorescein tracer (DON-FL2) for a DON-specific monoclonal antibody in solution. The method, which is a substantial improvement over our previous DON FP immunoassay, combined a rapid (3 min) extraction step with a rapid (2 min) detection step. A series of naturally contaminated wheat and maize samples were analyzed by both FP immunoassay and liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). For wheat the HPLC-UV and FP methods agreed well (linear regression r(2) = 0.936), but for maize the two methods did not (r(2) = 0.849). We conclude that the FP method is useful for screening wheat, but not maize, for DON.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002 Mar 27507'USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Maragos CM USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USAB://000179299000012ZTReynoso, M. M. Torres, A. M. Ramirez, M. L. Rodriguez, M. I. Chulze, S. N. Magan, N.Efficacy of antioxidant mixtures on growth, fumonisin production and hydrolytic enzyme production by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum in vitro on maize-based media Mycological Research(!water activity; moniliforme; corn The effect of single or mixtures of antioxidants on the lag phase prior to growth, gro154-160$://000220606000005 0*Reynoso, M. M. Torres, A. M. Chulze, S. N.Fusaproliferin, beauvericin and fumonisin production by different mating populations among the Gibberella fujikuroi complex isolated from maizeOMycological Researchfusarium section liseola; natural occurrence; corn; subglutinans; mycotoxins; contamination; proliferatum; argentina; strains; rotThe production of fumonisins, fusaproliferin and beauvericin by Gibberella fujikuroi different mating populations isolated from maize in Argentina was evaluated. From 203 strains of Fusarium verticillioides (G. fujikuroi mating population A), 193 were fumonisin producers. Among members of mating population A, female fertile strains produced 20% more toxin than female sterile ones. Among 78 Fusarium proliferatum strains (G. fujikuroi mating population D) 65 produced fumonisins. The percentage of strains that were high. intermediate and low level toxin producers varied according to the species evaluated and the area from which the strains were isolated. Fusarium subglutinans (G. fujikuroi mating population E) strains produced low levels or were no fumonisin producers. Strains from both G. fujikuroi mating populations D and E were able to produce fusaproliferin and beauvericin. Among the members of F. subglutinans (G. fujikuroi mating population E) the fusaproliferin production was more constant. Co-production of fumonisin, fusaproliferin and beauvericin among the strains belonging to G. fujikuroi D and E was also observed. The co- production of fumonisin, beauvericin and fusaproliferin in maize need to be considered, since from the toxicological point of view interactions between these toxins could occur. The toxigenic ability of the strains evaluated prompt us that is necessary to determine the natural occurrence of fusaproliferin and beauvericin in Argentinean maize., Mycol. Res.S 2004 Feb  108C'xqUniv Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ruta 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina Reynoso MM Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ruta 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina1Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 34 Cited References: BACON CW, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P514 BACON CW, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V129, P29 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 CHULZE SN, 1998, MYCOL RES 2, V102, P141 DESJARDINS AE, 2002, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V15, P1157 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 GONZALEZ HHL, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V130, P29 KERENYI Z, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P4071 KOSTECKI M, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P361 KRSKA R, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P11 LESLIE JF, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P27 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 LESLIE JF, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P1058 LOGRIECO A, 2002, ADV MICROBIAL TOXIN, P23 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 MORETTI A, 1998, B I COMPR AGR SCI KI, V6, P13 MORETTI A, 1995, MYCOL RES, V99, P282 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P45 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 NASH SM, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V52, P567 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL OJCIUS DM, 1991, EXP CELL RES, V197, P43 RAMIREZ ML, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V135, P29 RANDAZZO G, 1993, TETRAHEDRON, V49, P10883 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 RITIENI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P17 SHEPHARD GS, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5111 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SYDENHAM EW, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P891 TOMODA H, 1992, J ANTIBIOT, V45, P1626 TORRES AM, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P836 English Article 2 808ZC MYCOL RESISI:000220606000005 F127-137$://000169996600004,^WGelderblom, W. C. A. Galendo, D. Abel, S. Swanevelder, S. Marasas, W. F. O. Wild, C. P.nRLCancer initiation by fumonisin B-1291-300$://000168824500016ujdGelderblom, W. C. A. Abel, S. Smuts, C. M. Marnewick, J. Marasas, W. F. O. Lemmer, E. R. Ramljak, D.d]Fumonisin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis: Mechanisms related to cancer initiation and promotione(!Environmental Health Perspectivesl<5fatty acids; fumonisins; Fusarium verticillioides; hepatocarcinogenesis; hypothesis; mechanisms; phospholipids hepatocyte growth-factor; primary rat hepatocytes; cell-cycle progression; protein-kinase-c; liver in-vivo; fusarium- moniliforme; arachidonic-acid; clonal adaptation; tyrosine- kinase; b mycotoxinsWe review the hepatocarcinogenic effects of fungal cultures of Fusarium verticillioides(= Fusarium moniliforme) strain MRC 826 in male ED IX rats. Subsequent chemical analyses of the fumonisin B (FB) mycotoxin content in the culture material used and long-term carcinogenesis studies with purified FB1 provide information about dose-response effects, relevance of hepatotoxicity during FB1-induced carcinogenesis, and the existence of a no-effect threshold. Fumonisin intake levels of between 0.08 and 0.16 mg FB/100 g body weight (bw)/day over approximately 2 years produce liver cancer in male ED IX rats. Exposure levels < 0.08 mg FB/100 g bw/day fail to induce cancer, although mild toxic and preneoplastic lesions are induced. The nutritional status of the diets used in the long- term experiments was marginally deficient in lipotropes and vitamins and could have played an important modulating role in fumonisin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Short-term studies in a cancer initiation/promotion model in rat liver provided important information about the possible mechanisms involved during the initial stages of cancer development by this apparently nongenotoxic mycotoxin. These studies supported the findings of long-term investigations indicating that a cytotoxic/proliferative response is required for cancer induction and that a no-effect threshold exists for cancer induction. The mechanisms proposed far cancer induction are highlighted and include the possible role of oxidative damage during initiation and the disruption of lipid metabolism, integrity of cellular membranes, and altered growth-regulatory responses as important events during promotion. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001 May 109'S African MRC, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, PROMEC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Natl Res Programme Nutr Intervent, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Cape Town, MRC, Liver Res Ctr, Cape Town, South Africa NCI, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Comparat Carcinogenesis Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA Gelderblom WCA S African MRC, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaF?Times Cited: 18 English Article 2 434PF ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECTISI:000168824500016^ 2652-2656 $://000168915200088i$Tubajika, K. M. Damann, K. E.<6Sources of resistance to aflatoxin production in maize0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfood safety; mycotoxin; protein; scanning electron microscopy; Zea mays aspergillus ear rot; insect damage; inoculation techniques; kernel infection; cuticular lipids; preharvest corn; fall armyworm; field corn; flavus; contaminationDrought-tolerant maize genotypes (Huffman, Z08-004, Tuxpan, PH 9, NRC 5348, Chunco, Saint Croix, and Arizona) were compared in the field and laboratory to toxin-resistant GT-MAS:gk and Yellow Creole. SDS-PAGE, scanning electron microscopy of kernel cuticle, amount of kernel wax, Aspergillus flavus kernel colonization, Aspergillus ear rot, insect damage, aflatoxin production, and their relationships were examined. SDS-PAGE showed the presence df a 14 kDa trypsin inhibitor in the kernels of all genotypes except Chunco, which contains a protein of a larger molecular weight. The 14 kDa trypsin inhibitor protein content in these genotypes was higher than in GT-MAS:gk and Yellow Creole. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that Arizona, Huffman, and Chunco genotypes had abundant wax deposits on kernel surfaces and the amount of pericarp wax was equal to or above that from GT-MAS:gk and Yellow Creole. Differences in Aspergillus ear rot ratings, fungal colonization, and insect damage by corn earworm were observed in all drought-tolerant maize genotypes as well as in the controls. Kernel screening assays showed that aflatoxin Pr levels in inoculated drought-tolerant genotypes differed significantly from those in GT-MAS:gk and Yellow Creole (LSD = 576). Aflatoxin B-1 levels in the inoculated genotypes differed significantly from those of GT-MAS:gk or Yellow Creole (LSD = 1389) when grown under drought stress conditions. Pearson correlation coefficients were significant between ear rot ratings and insect damage (r = 0.75; P = 0.01) and between Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin levels (r = 0.54; P = 0.05). On the basis of the parameters studied, there are indications that these genotypes were potential sources of A. flavus resistance. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001 Mays495 '"Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Tubajika KM Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USATimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 40 Cited References: *AOCS, 1988, OFF METH REC PRACT, PA13 BERGMAN DK, 1991, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V20, P470 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CASTEGNARO M, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P671 CHEN ZY, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P902 CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P278 COTTY PJ, 1989, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V79, P808 EIGENBRODE SD, 1991, J CHEM ECOL, V17, P1691 ESPELIE KE, 1991, ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM, V17, P223 FENNELL DI, 1975, CEREAL CHEM, V52, P314 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 HOJIMA Y, 1980, THROMB RES, V20, P149 JONES RK, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P810 JONES RK, 1981, PLANT DIS, V65, P741 KING SB, 1982, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V72, P782 KOIDSUMI K, 1957, J INSECT PHYSL, V1, P40 KOLATTUKUDY PE, 1981, ANNU REV PLANT PHYS, V32, P539 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P255 MARSH SF, 1984, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V74, P1284 MARTIN JT, 1970, CUTICLES PLANTS, P157 MCMILLIAN WW, 1985, J ENVIRON QUAL, V14, P200 MCMILLIAN WW, 1978, J ENVIRON QUAL, V7, P564 MORENO OJ, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P1 PAYNE GA, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P679 PAYNE GA, 1988, PLANT DIS, V72, P422 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 REDDY MJ, 1992, J SCI FOOD AGR, V59, P177 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCOTT GE, 1991, AGRON J, V83, P595 SMART MG, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1283 STOSSEL P, 1986, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V52, P68 TUBAJIKA KM, 2000, CEREAL RES COMMUN, V28, P463 TUBAJIKA KM, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5257 TUBAJIKA KM, 2000, STATE U AGR CTR RES, V102, P1 TUCKER DH, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P290 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WOLF MJ, 1952, CEREAL CHEM, V29, P334 YANG G, 1993, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V22, P547 YANG G, 1991, FLA ENTOMOL, V74, P229 English Article 436AW J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:0001689152000880.'Dorner, J.W., Cole, R.J., Wicklow, D. 1999RKAflatoxin reduction in corn through field application of competitive fungi.n J. Food Prot.d62650-656s221-235$://000074804900005 :4Dowd, P. F. Vega, F. E. Nelsen, T. C. Richard, J. L.Dusky sap beetle mediated dispersal of Bacillus subtilis to inhibit Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in maize Zea mays L8(!Biocontrol Science and Technology Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 1998 JunC82:"100FJ BIOCONTROL SCI TECHNOLISI:000074804900005! |233-241$://000085479400005 60Zollner, P. Berner, D. Jodlbauer, J. Lindner, W.Determination of zearalenone and its metabolites alpha- and beta-zearalenol in beer samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry^WJournal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences {zearalenone; zearalenol mycotoxin zearalenone; fusarium mycotoxins; imported beers; ochratoxin-a; human plasma; corn; maizeBA fast, robust and sensitive LC-MS-MS method for the determination of zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolites alpha- zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (beta-ZOL) in beer samples is described. Sample preparation was performed by direct RP-18 solid-phase extraction of undiluted beer samples followed by selective determination of analytes by LC-MS-MS applying an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface. Using the negative ion mode Limits of determination of 0.03-0.06 mu g l(-1) beer and limits of quantification of 0.07-0.15 mu g l(-1) beer were achieved, which was distinctly more sensitive than in the positive ion mode. Twenty-three beer samples from different countries, produced from different grains and under different brewing conditions, were investigated by this method, but only in one sample could beta- ZOL and ZON be detected. Independently of the type of beer, relative standard deviations between 2.1% and 3.3%, a linear working range of 0.15 mu g l(-1) to 500 mu g l(-1) beer and recovery rates around 100% could be achieved when zearalanone (ZAN) was used as internal standard. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.J. Chromatogr. B 2000 Feb 11 738,2D'Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, Wahringer Str 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Lindner W Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, Wahringer Str 38, A-1090 Vienna, AustriaG60Times Cited: 13 Cited Reference Count: 36 Cited References: *NAT TOX PROGR, 1982, NATL TOX PROGR TECH, V235 BETINA V, 1989, BIOACTIVE MOL, V9, P271 BUHRMAN DL, 1996, J AM SOC MASS SPECTR, V7, P1099 CERUTTI G, 1987, MONATSSCHR BRAUWSISS, V40, P455 ELLING F, 1975, ACTA PATHOL MICROB A, V83, P739 HAGLER WM, 1979, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V37, P849 KEBARLE P, 1993, ANAL CHEM, V65, P972 KROGH P, 1974, ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY, P266 KROGH P, 1987, MYCOTOXINS FOOD KRSKA R, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P49 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LAWRENCE JF, 1993, TECHNIQUES APPL QUAL, P273 LIU MT, 1975, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V50, P1178 LOVELACE CEA, 1977, J SCI FOOD AGR, V28, P288 MARASAS WFO, 1979, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V27, P1108 MATUSZEWSKI BK, 1998, ANAL CHEM, V70, P882 MILLER JD, 1997, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM MIROCHA CJ, 1971, MICROBIAL TOXINS, V7, P107 MORTENSEN HP, 1983, ACTA AGR SCAND, V33, P235 OKOYE ZSC, 1987, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V4, P57 OKOYE ZSC, 1986, J FOOD SAFETY, V7, P233 PAVLOVIC M, 1979, ACTA PATHOL MIC SC B, V87, P243 PAYEN J, 1983, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V1, P143 PLASENCIA J, 1990, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V73, P973 RAJAKYLA E, 1987, J CHROMATOGR, V384, P391 ROSENBERG E, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V819, P277 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCOTT PM, 1993, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V10, P381 SCOTT PM, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P875 SCOTT PM, 1992, MYCOTOXIN RES, V8, P58 SEIDEL V, 1993, J CHROMATOGR, V635, P227 SHIM WB, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P1 VANEGMOND H, FAO FOOD NUTRITION P, P7 WARNER R, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P714 ZOLLNER P, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V858, P167 ZOLLNER P, UNPUB English Article 286ZU J CHROMATOGR BISI:0000854794000051709-714$://0001844573000024-Zollner, P. Lienau, A. Albert, K. Lindner, W.Derivatization reaction of the mycotoxin moniliformin with 1,2- diamino-4,5-dichlorobenzene: structure elucidation of an unexpected reaction product by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy"Journal of Mass Spectrometrymoniliformin; mycotoxin; liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; derivatization fusarium-moniliforme; cereals; maizeThe derivatization reaction of the mycotoxin moniliformin with 1,2-diamino-4,5-dichlorobenzene was previously introduced to improve distinctly the sensitivity of an assay applying high- performance liquid chromatography prior to fluorescence detection. In the course of the implementation of this derivatization approach into a liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric method, an unexpected derivatization product has now been discovered by mass spectrometry. In order to elucidate its structure, detailed investigations with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography coupled on-line with NMR spectroscopy were performed. These studies give evidence for a heterocyclic structure that has been formed by the loss of one water and one carbon monoxide molecule. A reasonable mechanism for this derivatization reaction is proposed. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.J. Mass Spectrom. 2003 Jul387'|Bayer Cropsci, Prod Technol Analyt Frankfurt, Ind Pk Hochst G836, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany Bayer Cropsci, Prod Technol Analyt Frankfurt, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany Univ Tubingen, Inst Organ Chem, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Zollner P Bayer Cropsci, Prod Technol Analyt Frankfurt, Ind Pk Hochst G836, D-65926 Frankfurt, GermanyTMTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 10 Cited References: FILEK G, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V732, P291 GILBERT J, 1986, J CHROMATOGR, V369, P408 JANSEN C, 1984, FRESEN Z ANAL CHEM, V319, P60 KRIEK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V15, P579 MILLER JD, 1997, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P459 SHEPHERD MJ, 1986, J CHROMATOGR, V358, P415 THALMANN A, 1985, BER LANDWIRTSCH, V63, P257 THIEL PG, 1978, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V27, P483 THIEL PG, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P773 English Article 706MK J MASS SPECTROMETRYISI:000184457300002 15-20$://000079402500002Zonno, M. C. Vurro, M.HBEffect of fungal toxins on germination of Striga hermonthica seeds Weed ResearchlStriga; fungal toxins; germination inhibitors; biocontrol; bioherbicides fusarium-sporotrichioides; phytotoxins; herbicides; fumonisin; gene0)Fourteen fungal toxins were assayed in vitro to evaluate their effect on seed germination of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica. Among them, T-2 toxin proved to be the most active, being able to inhibit 100% seed germination at 10(-5) M, and being still active when tested at a concentration of 10(-7) M (19% inhibition). Deoxinivalenol was also very active, causing 100% and 69% reduction in germination when assayed at 10(-4) and 10(-5) M respectively. Cytochalasin E, tenuazonic acid, fumonisin B-1, enniatin and nivalenol were shown to have an inhibitory effect of around 50% at 10(-4) M, whereas other toxins had lower or no activity. The high activity shown by some fungal toxins suggests that they may have potential for use as more natural and safe herbicides to suppress parasite seed germination. Weed Res. 1999 Feb391'CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, I-70125 Bari, Italy Zonno MC CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy4.Times Cited: 12 English Article 180UA WEED RESISI:000079402500002X  4635-4641n$://000171615100019<5Gembeh, S. V. Brown, R. L. Grimm, C. Cleveland, T. E.Identification of chemical components of corn kernel pericarp wax associated with resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistrymycotoxin; host resistance; Zea mays; wax coli beta-glucuronidase; maize kernels; contamination; registration; germplasm; strains; growthTTMKernel pericarp wax of the corn breeding population GT-MAS:gk has been associated with resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production. GT-MAS:gk wax, previously compared to waxes of three susceptible genotypes, was presently compared to wax of A different, and more numerous, group of susceptible lines. Wax separation by TLC confirmed previous findings, demonstrating a unique GT-MAS:gk band and a unique "susceptible" band. Only GT-MAS:gk wax inhibited the growth of A. flavus; however, no association was established, as before, between kernel wax abundance and resistance. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of kernel whole wax showed a higher percentage of phenol-like compounds in wax from GT-MAS:gk than in waxes from the susceptible lines. The GT-MAS:gk unique band contained phenol-like compounds and ethyl-hexadecanoate; butyl-hexadecanoate was preeminent in most of the "susceptible bands". Alkylresorcinol (phenolic compounds) content was dramatically higher in GT-MAS:gk wax than in the wax of susceptible lines. An alkylresorcinol, 5- methylresorcinol, also inhibited in vitro growth of A. flavus. These and other phenolic compounds may contribute to kernel wax inhibition of A. flavus infection/aflatoxin production. Further investigation is needed to confirm a role for them in. GT- MAS:gk resistance. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001 Oct 4910'USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Brown RL USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USATimes Cited: 6 Cited Reference Count: 29 Cited References: *CAST, 1979, R80 CAST ADYE J, 1964, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V86, P418 ATKINSON P, 1982, NEW PHYTOL, V92, P63 BROWN RL, 1997, J FOOD PROTECT, V60, P84 BROWN RL, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P967 BROWN RL, 1991, J FOOD PROTECT, V54, P623 BROWN RL, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P351 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CLEVELAND TE, 1992, MOL APPROACHES IMPRO, P205 COJOCARU M, 1986, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V25, P1093 COTTY PJ, 1989, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V79, P808 GEMBEH SV, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, PS27 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 HARBORNE JB, 1987, BIOL ACTIVE NATURAL, P195 HSIEH DPH, 1989, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P69 LORENZ K, 1992, FOOD SCI TECHNOL-LEB, V25, P248 MCMILLIAN WW, 1993, CROP SCI, V33, P882 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCOTT GE, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1296 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P505 SEITZ LM, 1982, CEREAL CHEM, V59, P100 SMITH JE, 1985, FORMATION ANAL SIGNI, P148 SUZUKI Y, 1996, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V41, P1485 SWEGLE M, 1992, PLANT PHYSIOL, V99, P1009 TLUSCIK F, 1981, ACTA SOC BOT POL, V50, P645 WHITE DG, 1995, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P7 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WYLLIE TD, 1978, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V3, PR7 English Article 483CA J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000171615100019Mow concentrations is of great concern for human and animal health. Maize was the main ingredient in all the contaminated samples. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.SAnim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2001 Sep 1793 1-2,'Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Dept Bot, Circuito Exterior,Apartado Postal 70-233, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Dept Bot, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Quim, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico Sharma M Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Dept Bot, Circuito Exterior,Apartado Postal 70-233, Mexico City 04510, DF, MexicoXRTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 15 Cited References: BHAT R, 1999, FAOWHOUNEP C MYC TUN CARVAJAL M, 2000, IN PRESS J FOOD PROT HEESCHEN W, 1989, DTW DTSCH TIERARZTL, V96, P355 JUSZKIEWICZ T, 1992, J ENVIRON PATHOL TOX, V11, P211 NIEDWETZKI G, 1994, J CHROMATOGR A, V661, P175 PARK DL, 1991, P ASS OFF AN CHEM, P143 SCOTT PM, 1991, ANAL OILSEEDS FATS F, P141 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P941 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P185 SCUDAMORE KA, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P157 SCUDAMORE KA, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P175 SIAME BA, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1670 TRUCKSESS MW, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN, P409 WOOD GE, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P543 English Article 473RP ANIM FEED SCI TECHISI:000171062100008 % >601-609$://000222172600015VF@Moretti, A. Mule, G. Susca, A. Gonzalez-Jaen, M. T. Logrieco, A.`YToxin profile, fertility and AFLP analysis of Fusarium verticillioides from banana fruitsl*#European Journal of Plant Pathology1AFLP; banana; fumonisins; Fusarium verticillioides; Gibberella fujikuroi; maize fujikuroi species complex; gibberella-fujikuroi; section liseola; mating populations; fumonisin; moniliformin; sorghumGibberella fujikuroi is composed of at least nine mating populations (MPs), corresponding to biological species and assigned letters ( from A to I). Each MP possesses a specific toxicological pro. le and a preferential host. Members of Fusarium verticillioides and F. thapsinum, anamorphs respectively of MPs A ( G. moniliformis) and F ( G. thapsina), share identical morphological traits, but they have a different preferential hosts ( maize and sorghum, respectively) and toxin profiles, being able the only member of MP A to produce fumonisins and the only member of MP F to produce moniliformin. Isolates from banana fruits were identified morphologically as F. verticillioides. The isolates were analyzed for fumonisin and moniliformin production. While none of the isolates produced fumonisin, all the isolates produced moniliformin. The isolates were crossed with tester strains of MPs A and F, showing ability to produce fertile perithecia only when crossed by MP A tester strains isolated from maize. However, the time required for the formation of fertile perithecia and their size differed significantly from the usual fertile crosses of strains belonging to MP A. Pathogenicity tests using such isolates of F. verticillioides isolated from banana and a set of F. verticillioides isolates isolated from maize were also performed on banana fruits. The data showed that the isolates from banana were more pathogenic. Finally, isolates from banana and maize were compared using AFLP. The results revealed that isolates from banana and maize produced two distinctly different clusters. In conclusion, isolates of F. verticillioides from banana showed specific traits ( toxin production, in vitro fertility, pathogenicity and molecular profiles), that were different to those of the same species from maize. This could reflect important differences in the ecology and natural history of the population from banana and should encourage further investigations into the mechanisms of toxin production and pathogenicity within the same MP.OEur. J. Plant Pathol.O 2004 Jun  110  5-6H'CNR, ISPA, Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, ISPA, I-70125 Bari, Italy Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Biol, Dept Genet, E-28040 Madrid, Spain Moretti A CNR, ISPA, Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy :4Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: BOTTALICO A, 1982, PHYTOPATHOL MEDITERR, V21, P105 DESJARDINS AE, 1997, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V63, P1838 HIRATA T, 2001, MYCOSCIENCE, V42, P155 HUSS MJ, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3750 JIMENEZ M, 1997, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V63, P364 JIMENEZ M, 1993, J PHYTOPATHOL, V137, P214 KLITTICH CJR, 1988, GENETICS, V118, P417 KLITTICH CJR, 1997, MYCOLOGIA, V89, P643 LESLIE JF, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1182 LESLIE JF, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, PS282 LESLIE JF, 1996, GENETICS, V144, P557 LESLIE JF, 2001, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V59, P107 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 LESLIE JF, 2002, SORGHUM MILLETS DIS, P201 MARASAS WFO, 2001, FUSARIUM, P332 MARASAS WFO, 2001, MYCOLOGIA, V93, P1203 MARASAS WFO, 1986, MYCOLOGIA, V78, P242 MIRETE S, EUROPEAN J PLANT PAT MORETTI A, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V131, P25 MULE G, 2004, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V230, P235 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 NEI M, 1979, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V76, P5269 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NIRENBERG HI, 1998, MYCOLOGIA, V90, P434 ODONNELL K, 1998, MYCOLOGIA, V90, P465 ODONNELL K, 2000, MYCOSCIENCE, V41, P61 PLOEMACHER RE, 1994, CULTURE HEMATOPOIETI, P2 SAMUELS GJ, 2001, FUSARIUM PE NELSON M, P1 WOLLENWEBER HW, 1931, J PARASITENK, V3, P397 ZELLER KA, 2003, FUNG GENET NEWSL S, V50, P144 ZELLER KA, 2003, MYCOLOGIA, V95, P943 English Article 831DG EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYISI:000222172600015T 98-101$://00018324670001660Mortensen, G. K. Strobel, B. W. Hansen, H. C. B.<5Determination of zearalenone and ochratoxin A in soil,&Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistrymycotoxins; soil; OTA; ZON; method validation performance liquid-chromatography; fluorescence detection; mycotoxin zearalenone; cereals; maizeMycotoxins are secondary metabolites, formed by the action of fungi on agricultural crops in the field or during storage. These metabolites are highly toxic to animals and humans and high levels have been measured in agricultural crops. In order to evaluate human risks due to ingestion of mycotoxin- contaminated food different methods have been developed for analysis of mycotoxins in cereals and maize. In this project the focus was on mycotoxins in agricultural soil and the fate of these toxins in the soil-water-plant system. Two different mycotoxins were selected in the study: zearalenone (ZON) produced by species of Fusarium or Aspergillus and ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by species of Penicillium. We developed a method for analysis of these toxins in soil. Soil samples were extracted with methanol-water (9: 1) and purified by solid- phase extraction (SPE, C8-columns). The final extract was analysed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. A Phenyl Hexyl column was used to separate the toxins. The detection limits obtained were 0.1 and 1.0 mug kg(-1) dry weight (dw) for OTA and ZON, respectively. The developed method has been used for analysis of different soils in connection with growth chamber experiments. The soil types used in the growth chamber experiments were a sandy soil, a sandy clay soil, and a soil with high content of organic matter. The recovery was determined as 85.8 and 93.4% and the repeatability to 5.1 and 12.8% for OTA and ZON, respectively. The reproducibility obtained was 8.5 and 15.0% for soil samples, representing concentration levels from 0.2-30 mug kg(- 1) dw (OTA) and from 1.0-100 mug kg(-1) dw (ZON).Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003 May 3761'Riso Natl Lab, Plant Res Dept, POB 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Riso Natl Lab, Plant Res Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Chem, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark Mortensen GK Riso Natl Lab, Plant Res Dept, POB 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, DenmarkTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 21 Cited References: BENFORD D, 2001, JECFA, V47 DESJARDINS AE, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P147 DIMENNA ME, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V139, P165 EHRLICH V, 2002, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V40, P1085 ELMHOLT S, 2000, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V147, P6781 ERIKSEN GS, 1998, NORDIC COUNCIL MINIS JACOBSEN JS, 1999, DANISH VET FOOD CONT, P1993 JORGENSEN K, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P95104 KRSKA R, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V369, P469 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 MEGHARAJ M, 1997, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V24, P329 PLACINTA CM, 1999, ANIM FOOD SCI TECHNO, V78, P2137 POHLAND AE, 1992, PURE APPL CHEM, V64, P1029 REINHARD H, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V862, P147 SCHWADORF K, 1992, J CHROMATOGR, V595, P259 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P941 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P401 SEIDEL V, 1993, J CHROMATOGR, V635, P227 TANAKA T, 1985, J CHROMATOGR, V328, P271 WILKES JG, 1998, J CHROMATOGR B, V717, P135 WITHANAGE GSK, 2001, VET HUM TOXICOL, V43, P6 English Article 685DZ ANAL BIOANAL CHEMISI:000183246700016 c Camargos, S. M.Campbell, K. W. Campo, S. Canela, R. Canet, C. Canfield, M. Capasso, R.Cardarelli, K. Cardwell, K.Cardwell, K. F.Carlton, W. M. Carson, M. L. Carson, T. Carvajal, M. Cary, J. W.Casacuberta, J. M.Casadebaig, J.Casillas, E. G.Cassidy, A. B.84CAST Council for Agricultural Science and Technology85CAST, Council for Agricultural Science and TechnologyCastano-Tostado, E.Castegnaro, M. Castella, G. Castro, J. L. Catipovic, B.Cavaglieri, L. Cavailles, L. Cavanagh, M. Cawood, M. Cawood, M. E. Cazzaniga, D.Central, Food ScienceChalmers, A. A. Chalmers, P. Chan, H. K.Chandrashekar, A. Chang, I. M. Chang, P. K.Chatterjee, N.Chauhan, G. S.Chekirghedira, L.Chelack, W. S.Chelkowski, J. Chelule, P.Chelule, P. K. Chen, C. G. Chen, G. C. Chen, Z. Y.Cheraghali, A. M.Cherton, J. C. Chery, J.Chineme, C. O. Cho, E.Chokkalingam, A. P.Chourasia, H. K.Christianson, A. Chu, F. S. Chulze, S. Chulze, S. N.Churchwell, M. I.Chuturgoon, A. A. Cirillo, T.Claflin, L. E.Claflin, L. W.Clapper, M. L. Clarke, R.Clements, M. J. Cleveland, T.Cleveland, T. E. Clifford, L. Coca, M.Cocchieri, R. A.Cockrum, P. A.Coetzer, J. A. W. Cogan, PM. Cohen, B. Cohen, D. Coker, A. Coker, R. D. Cole, R.J.Collett, M. G.Collins, F. W. Collins, S. Combrinck, S. Conco, G. Convert, O. Cooke, B. M.Coombes, R. C. Cooney, J. M. Cooper, S. P. Corda, P. Correa, B.Correa, T. B. S. Correia, I.Corrigall, A. V.Costa, L. L. F. Cote, L. M. Cotten, T. K. Cotty, P. J. Couch, L. H. Cousin, M. A.Coutinho, T. A. Credland, PF. Cromey, M. G. Cronje, D. E. Cronje, D. W. Crous, P. W. Cruse, J. P. Cubeta, M. A. Cuero, R.Culvenor, C. C. J.Cunnick, J. E. Curtui, V. Cutignano, A. Cvetnic, Z.Cvjetkovic, B.D'Mello, J. P. F.da Rocha, ClmscDaboussi, M. J. Dahlke, H.Daignieres, M.Dalekuys, J. C. Daly, J. M. Damann, K. E.Damoglou, A. P. Danicke, S.Dantzer, W. R. Daradimos, E. Dardoize, F. Daves, C. A. Davila, J. A. Davis, F. M. Davis, JS. Dawlatana, M. Dawsey, S. M.de Almeida, C. A. A. De Beer, D.de Castro, MfpmDe Farias, A. X.De Girolamo, A.de Greef, D. M.de Gruyter, J. de Kock, M. de Nijs, M. De Saeger, S.de Villiers, C.De Villiers, D. Debegnach, F. Defago, G. Deflora, S.Degooyer, T. A.Degurse, P. E. Dehne, H. W. Dejong, F. M. Deleon, C.Dell'Aquila, M. E. Delport, R. Delrio, L. E. Deng, J. Desai, M. R. Desautels, C.DeScenzo, R. A. Desiderio, E. deSilva, A.Desjardins, A. E. Desmet, A. Deutz, A. Devesa, S. S.di Menna, M. E.Dias, S. M. C. Dietrich, R.Dijksma, W. T. P. Dilkin, P.Dill-Macky, R.Direito, G. M.Dischinger, H. C. Diwan, B. A. Dixon, P. M. Djomamou, B. Dodman, R. L. Doerge, D. R. Doko, M. B. Dola, T. P. Doldi, L. Doll, S.Dombrink-Kurtzman, M. A.Dombrinkkurtzman, M. A. Dong, Z. W. Doohan, F. M. Dorner, J.W.Dorrance, A. E. Dow, B. W. Dowd, P. F. Dowell, F. E. Dragacci, S. Dresen, G. Driega, A. B. Driehuis, F. <155-165$://000173226700002M0)Seo, J. A. Proctor, R. H. Plattner, R. D. {Characterization of four clustered and coregulated genes associated with fumonisin biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioidesA"Fungal Genetics and Biology9$Fusarium verticillioides; Gibberella moniliformis; fumonisin; mycotoxin biosynthesis; cytochrome P450 monooxygenase mating population-a; gibberella-fujikuroi; trichothecene biosynthe 75-84$://000086607400002ASeegers, J. C. Joubert, A. M. Panzer, A. Lottering, M. L. Jordan, C. A. Joubert, F. Maree, J. L. Bianchi, P. de Kock, M. Gelderblom, W. C. A.Fumonisin B-1 influenced the effects of arachidonic acid, prostaglandins E2 and A2 on cell cycle progression, apoptosis induction, tyrosine- and CDC2-kinase activity in oesophageal cancer cells<5Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acidsnecrosis-factor-alpha; carcinoma cells; kinase-activity; fatty- acids; hela-cells; metabolites; mycotoxins; arrest; growth; kidney81In a previous study, we showed that, of a group of lipids including arachidonic acid (AA), prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and A2 (PGA2), PGA2 had the most marked effect on the inhibition of cell growth, activation of tyrosine kinase activity, lowering of the number of G1-phase cells, and induction of p53 levels in oesophageal carcinoma (WHCO3) cells(17). No significant effects by the three lipids were seen in normal monkey kidney cells. In the present study, the effects of the inhibitor of ceramide synthesis, fumonisin B-1 (FB1), a metabolite of Fusarium verticillioides (= F.moniliforme) which is implicated in the high incidence of oesophageal cancer, were determined on AA, PGE2 and PGA2 WHCO3 treated cells. In the presence of FB1, the lipid-enhanced tyrosine kinase activity was lowered. Flow cytometric and morphological studies showed that FB1 lowered the marked apoptosis induced by especially PGA2. FB1, however, in combination with AA, PGE2 or PGA2 increased the number of G2/M cells. AA>PGE2>PGA2 alone decreased CDC2-kinase activity, but, in the presence of FB1, CDC2-kinase activity was significantly increased. The PGA2- and AA-induced p53 levels were lowered in the presence of FB1. We concluded that FB1 diminished the cytotoxic effects of the lipids on oesophageal tumour cells. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.a0*Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2000 Febt622 'Univ Pretoria, Dept Physiol, Fac Med, POB 2034, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa Univ Pretoria, Dept Physiol, Fac Med, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa Univ Pretoria, Fac Biol & Agr Sci, Dept Biochem, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa Univ Witwatersrand, Fac Life Sci, Flow Cytometry Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa Univ Western Cape, Dept Physiol, ZA-7535 Bellville, South Africa MRC, PROMEC, Tygerberg, South Africa Seegers JC Univ Pretoria, Dept Physiol, Fac Med, POB 2034, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South AfricasHATimes Cited: 3 English Review 306QK PROSTAGLAND LEUK ESSENT FATTYbISI:000086607400002i<bl829-829$://A1983QQ87900512AHBDuvick, J. Daly, J. M. Kratky, Z. Macko, V. Acklin, W. Arigoni, D.Inhibition of Dark Co2 Fixation in Sugarcane Leaf Slices by Helminthosporium-Sacchari (Hs) Toxin Isomers and Related- CompoundsePhytopathologyPhytopathology 1983735i'UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGR BIOCHEM,LINCOLN,NE 68583 BOYCE THOMPSON INST,ITHACA,NY 14853 SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,DEPT ORGAN CHEM,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGR BIOCHEM,LINCOLN,NE 68583rB://A1987L981900525m Duvick, J.LEDetection of Ceroosporin in Grey Leaf Spot-Infected Maize Leaf TissuePhytopathology'(!PIONEER HI BRED,JOHNSTON,IA 50131Phytopathology 1987 Dec 7712B://000168824500020 Miller, J. D.6/Factors that affect the occurrence of fumonisin(!Environmental Health Perspectives agronomy; corn; drought stress; fumonisin; insects; temperature stress fusarium ear rot; esophageal cancer areas; natural occurrence; maize hybrids; equine leukoencephalomalacia; mycotoxin production; section liseola; southern-africa; f-moniliforme; field cornThe two important Fusarium ear rots of corn, Gibberella ear rot (Fusarium graminearum, formally F. moniliforme and allied species) and Fusarium ear rot (F. verticillioides and allied species) grow under different environmental conditions. F. graminearum grows well only between 26 and 28 degreesC and requires rain both at silking and during disease progression. F. verticillioides grows well at higher temperatures, and ear rot and fumonisin accumulation are associated with drought and insect stress and growing hybrids outside their areas of adaptation. In southern Transkei, where esophageal cancer has been associated with the consumption of F. verticillioides and funnonisin-contaminated corn, environmental conditions favor this fungus in most years. In the nearby areas where the soils, crops, food consumption, and populations are the same and where esophageal cancer is low, temperatures are cooler and F. graminearum is favored. Although F. verticillioides is associated with a disease of corn, it may be that this fungus is a mutualistic endophyte of the plant. Perhaps because of this, breeding for resistance to Fusarium ear rot has produced inconclusive results to date. The best available strategies for reducing the risk of fumonisin contents of maize are to ensure that hybrids are adapted to the environment and to limit drought stress and insect herbivory. It may also be necessary to make use of alternative strategies such as producing hybrids that contain enzymes to degrade fumonisin as it is produced. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001 May 109'$Carleton Univ, Ottawa Carleton Chem Inst, Dept Chem, 228 Steacie Bldg, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada Carleton Univ, Ottawa Carleton Chem Inst, Dept Chem, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada Miller JD Carleton Univ, Ottawa Carleton Chem Inst, Dept Chem, 228 Steacie Bldg, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada Times Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 65 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MONOGR EVAL CAR, V56, P446 ABBAS HK, 1993, TOXICON, V31, P345 BACON CW, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P325 BACON CW, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P144 BLACKWELL BA, 1993, JAOAC INT, V77, P506 BULOCK JD, 1990, BIOSYNTH MYCOTOX, P1 BULOCK JD, 1975, FILAMENTOUS FUNGI, V1, P33 CALHOUN LA, 1992, MYCOL RES, V96, P281 CARROLL GC, 1988, ECOLOGY, V69, P2 CHELKOWSKI J, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P53 CHULZE SN, 1998, MYCOL RES 2, V102, P141 CLAY K, 1989, MYCOL RES, V92, P1 COOK RJ, 1981, FUSARIUM DIS BIOL TA, P39 DELEON C, 1989, CROP SCI, V29, P12 DESJARDINS AE, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1695 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 DREPPER WJ, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P952 DUVICK J, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P337 FARRAR JJ, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P661 FOLEY DC, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1331 GESSNER MO, 1997, MANUAL ENV MICROBIOL, P295 HESSELTINE CW, 1981, MYCOLOGIA, V73, P216 HIDY PH, 1977, ADV APPL MICROBIOL, V22, P52 HOENISCH RW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P517 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 MARASAS WFO, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P792 MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 MILLER JD, 1988, BIOTECHNOLOGY CROP P, P117 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J BOT, V64, P1 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 MILLER JD, 1998, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V20, P95 MILLER JD, 1995, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V17, P233 MILLER JD, 1995, J STORED PROD RES, V31, P1 MILLER JD, 1993, MYCOLOGIA, V85, P385 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 MILLER JD, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P354 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NELSON PE, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P984 ODVODY GN, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1045 PASCALE M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P1 PITT JI, 1993, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V20, P211 PROCTOR RH, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V27, P100 RAMIREZ ML, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V135, P29 RAPIOR S, 1993, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V11, P327 REID LM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P1028 RHEEDER JP, 1994, EUR J CANCER PREV, V3, P49 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RHEEDER JP, 1990, PHYTOPHYLACTICA, V22, P213 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SCOTT PM, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P31 SCOTT PM, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P541 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SHURTLEFF MC, 1980, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS, P105 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P285 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 THIEL PG, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P109 TODD D, 1988, CAN J FOREST RES, V18, P601 VISCONTI A, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P193 WICKLOW DT, 1994, MYCOLOGY STORED GRAI, P1 English Article 2 434PF ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECTISI:000168824500020h 235-247$://000180614200003@:Cromey, M. G. Shorter, S. C. Lauren, D. R. Sinclair, K. I.Cultivar and crop management influences on fusarium head blight and mycotoxins in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in New Zealand<5New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural ScienceFusarium graminearurn; head scab; mycotoxins; fungicid522-526$://00016669510008202+Cooney, J. M. Lauren, D. R. di Menna, M. E.6VOImpact of competitive fungi on trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearumb0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistrybiocontrol; Fusarium; mycotoxins; trichothecenes; deoxynivalenol; nivalenol; Trichoderma; 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone tubular bioassay; maize plants; new-zealand; mycotoxins; interfaceBioassays were used to determine the-production of the trichothecene mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), by two isolates of Fusarium graminearum when grown in association with potentially competitive fungi and an antifungal chemical, B- pentyl-ol-pyrone (6PAP). The presence of 6PAP in the culture medium reduced DON production by as much as 80%, but this effect was reduced for the F. graminearum isolate that most efficiently metabolized the added 6PAP. A 6PAP-producing Trichoderma isolate grown in a competition assay system with the F. graminearum isolates was also able to substantially reduce DON production. When Fusarium isolates (F. crookwellense, F. culmorum, F. subglutinans, F. poae, F. equiseti, F. avendceum, and F, sambucinum), which co-occur with F, graminearum in New Zealand maize plants (Zea mays), were grown in competition assays, the effect on DON production was variable. However, all: isolates off. subglutinans tested were shown to cause reductions in DON production (by 13-76%, mean = 62%). F. subglutinans frequently co-occurs with F. graminearum, but its presence can vary with location and time of the season. When the competitive fungus tested was also a trichothecene producer (e.g., of nivalenol), both toxins were produced in the assay medium. The results indicate that mycotoxin production by F. graminearum can be affected by the presence of particular competitive fungi. These results have implications for an ecological understanding of pathogenicity and of mycotoxin accumulation in plants. Early establishment of F. subglutinans, for example, may act as a biological control mechanism providing a temporary protection against invasion by more commonly toxigenic fusaria such as F. graminearum.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001 Jan 491R'HortRes, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand HortRes, Hamilton, New Zealand AgRes, Ruakura Agr Res Ctr, Hamilton, New Zealand Cooney JM HortRes, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New ZealandTimes Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 13 Cited References: CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 COONEY JM, 1999, J NAT PROD, V62, P681 COONEY JM, 1998, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V27, P283 COONEY JM, 1997, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V24, P460 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DIMENNA ME, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V139, P165 KINDERLERER JL, 1993, INT BIODETER BIODEGR, V32, P213 LAUREN DR, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P502 LAUREN DR, 1999, NEW ZEAL J CROP HORT, V27, P215 LAUREN DR, 1988, NZ J AGR RES, V31, P219 LOGRIECO A, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V122, P185 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 SNIJDERS CHA, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P37 English Article 397KP J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:0001666951000829]Shephard1990Shephard1991VShephard1991WShephard1991ZShephard1991[Shephard1991Shephard1992Shephard1992PShephard1992QShephard1992RShephard1992TShephard1992UShephard1992LShephard1993MShephard1993NShephard1993Shephard19949GShephard1994HShephard1994IShephard1994JShephard1994KShephard19941kShephard1995AShephard1995BShephard1995CShephard1995DShephard19951FShephard1995Shephard1996Shephard1996<Shephard1996=Shephard1996>Shephard1996?Shephard1996Shephard19976Shephard1997Shephard19989Shephard1998u3Shephard19984Shephard19981Shephard1999Shephard19999Shephard1999Shephard19999Shephard1999Shephard19999Shephard199991Shephard2000Shephard2000]Shephard2001Shephard20010Shephard20017Shephard2002Shephard2002Shephard2003Shephard2003uShephard20030Shephard2003uShephard2004Shephard20040Shephard20040Shephard20044Shepherd1986x Shetty1993 Shetty19999 Shibata2004 Shier1993w Shier2000? Shier2002 Shier2003 Shier2004 Shih20012 Shim2003 Shon2001 Shon2002/ Shorter2002Shotwell1990g Showers1997yShrestha20000^ Shriver2001a Siafaka2003 Siame1989 Siame1993 Siame1993 Siame1996 Siame1997 Siame1998 Siame2004 Sibanda2001K Sibanda2002Sieberer200301SiegelmannDanieli1996" Sigurdson2003 Silva1996  Silva1996  Silva1997@ Silva2002 Simpson2004/Sinclair2002 Sinha1978 Sinha1991} Sinha1992' Sinha19982 Sinha1998t Sinha2000% Sinha2001 Siranidou2001- Skurray1998 Skurray1999 Slazus19921S Smalley1967R Smalley1969Q Smalley1971 Smart1990 Smart19901 Smith1983 Smith1988 Smith1991 Smith1991A Smith1996E Smith1996V Smith1996 Smith2002 Smuts1992 Smuts1996 Smuts1997 Smuts1997 Smuts1999 Smuts1999 Smuts2000 Smuts2001 Smuts2001 Smuts2002H Smyk2002C Snijman1995= Snijman1996 Snijman1999 Snijman1999 Snijman2001 Snijman2001 Snook2001R Snook2003 Snyman19931 Snyman19944 Snyman19941 Snyman19951 Snyman19961 Snyman19961 Snyman19971 Snyman19989 Snyman1999 Soares20000 Soares20010 Soares20020c Sobek1999Sokoloff1987m Solfrizzo1996n Solfrizzo1996q Solfrizzo1996E Solfrizzo2002.Solyakov20037 Somashekar20047Somdyala20022Somdyala2003Y Song1996) Souissi2004 Spangler2004W Sparks20011W Speake20011 Spies1983 Spies1988 Spiteller1988 Srobarova2002 Srobarova2003G St Martin2002 St.-Leger2001 Stabler1996;Stahlhut1990 Staib2003Standley2001 Starr2004 Steenkamp1999 Steenkamp2000 Steenkamp2001 Steenkamp2002 Steenkamp2002Stefanon20020  Steinberg1997Q Steiner2002 Stepien1998 Stevens2004I Stewart1996 Stewart1999 Stewart2002 Stewart2003L Steyn1977L Steyn1977M Steyn1977I Steyn1978K Steyn1978B Steyn1979G Steyn19791 Steyn1983 Steyn1984 Steyn1989QStierschneider2002 Stockenstrom1989V Stockenstrom1991G Stockenstrom1994K Stockenstrom19941k Stockenstrom1995D Stockenstrom1995; Stockenstrom1996< Stockenstrom1996= Stockenstrom1996> Stockenstrom19966 Stockenstrom19973 Stockenstrom19984 Stockenstrom19985 Stockenstrom19987 Stockenstrom2002nstrom20027 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom20027 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom20027 Stockenstrom20027 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom20027 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom20027 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002Stockenstrom2002 Stockenstrom2002ha20000a Siafaka2003 Siame1989 Siame1993 Siame1993 Siame1996 Siame1997 Siame1998 Siame2004 Sibanda2001K Sibanda2002Sieberer20030@ Silva2002 Simpson2004/Sinclair2002̒ Sinha1978 Sinha1991} Sinha1992' Sinha19982 Sinha1998t Sinha2000 Siranidou2001- Skurray1998 Skurray1999 Slazus19921 Smart1990 Smart1990 Smith1988 Smith1991 Smith1991A Smith1996E Smith1996V Smith1996 Smith2002 Smuts1992 Smuts1996 Smuts1997 Smuts1997 Smuts1999 Smuts1999 Smuts2000 Smuts2001 Smuts2001 Smuts2002H Smyk2002C Snijman1995= Snijman1996 Snijman1999 Snijman1999 Snijman2001 Snijman2001 Snook2001R Snook2003 Snyman19931 Snyman19944 Snyman19941 Snyman19951 Snyman19961 Snyman19961 Snyman19971 Snyman19989 Snyman1999 Soares20000 Soares20010 Soares20020m Solfrizzo1996n Solfrizzo1996q Solfrizzo1996E Solfrizzo2002.Solyakov20037 Somashekar20047Somdyala20022Somdyala20022Somdyala2003̚Somdyala2003Y Song1996) Souissi2004 Spangler2004W Sparks20011W Speake20011 Spies1983 Spies1988 Spiteller1988 Srobarova2002 Srobarova2003 Stabler1996 Staib2003Standley2001̟ Starr2004 Starr2004 Steenkamp2002Stefanon20020  Steinberg1997Q Steiner2002 Stepien1998 Stevens2004 Stevens2004I Stewart1996 Stewart1999 Stewart2002  Stewart2003 Steyn1984QStierschneider2002V Stockenstrom1991G Stockenstrom1994K Stockenstrom19941k Stockenstrom1995D Stockenstrom1995; Stockenstrom1996< Stockenstrom1996= Stockenstrom1996> Stockenstrom19966 Stockenstrom19973 Stockenstrom19984 Stockenstrom19985 Stockenstrom19987 Stockenstrom2002n  1-6$://000176879900001F@Takahashi-Ando, N. Kimura, M. Kakeya, H. Osada, H. Yamaguchi, I.vpA novel lactonohydrolase responsible for the detoxification of zearalenone: enzyme purification and gene cloningBiochemical Journalendocrine disrupting chemicals; Fusarium mycotoxin; oestrogenic; transgenic wheat; trichothecenes schizosaccharomyces-pombe; estrogen-receptor; mycotoxins; tri101; cellsB;Zearalenone (ZEN) is converted into a far less oestrogenic product by incubation with Clonostachys rosea IFO 7063. An alkaline hydrolase responsible for the detoxification was purified to homogeneity from the fungus by a combination of salt precipitation and column chromatography methods. The purified enzyme was homodimeric with a subunit molecular mass of 30 kDa and contained an intra-subunit disulphide bridge. On the basis of the internal peptide sequences of the purified protein, we cloned the entire coding region of the gene (designated as zhd101) by PCR techniques. The ZEN degradation activity was detected in heterologous hosts (Schizwosaccharomyces pombe and Escherichia coli) carrying the cloned gene. Zhd101 could be a promising genetic resource for in planta detoxification of the mycotoxin in important crops. Biochem. J. 2002 Jul 1 365'f`RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Remediat Res, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Remediat Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan RIKEN, Microbial Toxicol Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan RIKEN, Antibiot Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan Kimura M RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Remediat Res, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan\UTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 21 Cited References: BALLANCE DJ, 1986, YEAST, V2, P229 BATTERSHILL JM, 1998, HUM EXP TOXICOL, V17, P193 DESJARDINS AE, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P147 ELSHARKAWY S, 1988, XENOBIOTICA, V18, P365 ETIENNE M, 1982, J ANIM SCI, V55, P1 GAO HP, 1997, MYCOTOXINS, V45, P51 KIMURA M, 1998, BIOSCI BIOTECH BIOCH, V62, P1033 KIMURA M, 1998, J BIOL CHEM, V273, P1654 KIMURA M, 2001, J GEN APPL MICROBIOL, V47, P149 KIMURA M, 1994, MOL GEN GENET, V242, P121 KREM MM, 2001, EMBO J, V20, P3036 KUCZUK MH, 1978, MUTAT RES, V53, P11 MAKELA S, 1994, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V102, P572 MIKSICEK RJ, 1994, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V49, P153 NIERMAN WC, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P4136 OKAZAKI K, 1990, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V18, P6485 OLLIS DL, 1992, PROTEIN ENG, V5, P197 PFOHLLESZKOWICZ A, 1995, CARCINOGENESIS, V16, P2315 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 SAMBROOK J, 1989, MOL CLONING LAB MANU UENO Y, 1976, CANCER RES, V36, P445 English Article 1 574GF BIOCHEM JISI:000176879900001 3239-3245$://000221981100007VOTakahashi-Ando, N. Ohsato, S. Shibata, T. Hamamoto, H. Yamaguchi, I. Kimura, M.|vMetabolism of zearalenone by genetically modified organisms expressing the detoxification gene from Clonostachys rosea,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologysaccharomyces-cerevisiae; mycotoxin zearalenone; aspergillus- terreus; estrogenic activity; selectable marker; yeast; recombinant; strains; purification; environmentJCZearalenone (ZEN) is converted to a nontoxic product by a lactonohydololase encoded by zhd101. An enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene was fused to zhd101 (i.e., egfp::zhd101) and expressed in Escherichia coli. Both recombinant ZHD101 and EGFP::ZHD101 were purified to homogeneity and characterized. Maximal activity of ZHD101 toward ZEN was measured at approximately 37 to 45degreesC and pH 10.5 (k(cat) at 30degreesC, 0.51 s(-1)). The enzyme was irreversibly inactivated at pH values below 4.5 or by treatment with serine protease inhibitors. ZHD101 was also active against five ZEN cognates, although the efficiencies were generally low; e.g., the k(cat) was highest with zearalanone (1.5 s(-1)) and lowest with beta-zearalenol (0.075 s(-1)). EGFP:: ZHD101 had properties similar to those of the individual proteins with regard to the EGFP fluorescence and lactonohydrolase activity. Fortuitously, EGFP::ZHD101 exhibited a good correlation between the fluorescence intensity and reaction velocity under various pH conditions. We therefore used egfp::zhd101 to visually monitor the lactonohydrolase activity in genetically modified organisms and evaluated the usefulness of zhd101 for in vivo detoxification of ZEN. While recombinant E. coli and transgenic rice calluses exhibited strong EGFP fluorescence and completely degraded ZEN in liquid media, recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae gave poor fluorescence and did not eliminate all the toxicity of the mycotoxin in the medium; i.e., the rest of ZEN was transformed into an unfavorable substrate, beta-zearalenol, by an as-yet-unidentified reductase and remained in the medium. Even so, as much as 75% of ZEN was detoxified by the yeast transformant, which is better than the detoxification system in which food-grade Lactobacillus strains are used (H. El-Nezami, N. Polychronaki, S. Salminen, and H. Mykkuane, Appl. Environ. Microbioll. 68:3545-3549,2002). An appropriate combination of a candidate host microbe and the codon-optimized synthetic gene may contribute significantly to establishing a mycotoxin detoxification system for food and feed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004 Jun706'RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Remediat Res, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Remediat Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan RIKEN, Mol & Cellular Biol Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Adaptat & Resistance, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan Kimura M RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Remediat Res, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan^WTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: *US NAT TOX PROGR, 1982, NATL TOX PROGR TECH, V235, P1 AKADA R, 2002, J BIOSCI BIOENG, V94, P536 ALDHOUS P, 1990, NATURE, V344, P186 BLANQUET S, 2003, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V69, P2884 BOSWALD C, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P138 DUVICK J, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P337 ELNEZAMI H, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P3545 ETIENNE M, 1982, J ANIM SCI, V55, P1 GINIGER E, 1985, CELL, V40, P767 GREGG K, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3496 HAMMOND JRM, 1995, YEAST, V11, P1613 HIGA A, 2003, BIOSCI BIOTECH BIOCH, V67, P914 KAKEYA H, 2002, BIOSCI BIOTECH BIOCH, V66, P2723 KIESSLING KH, 1984, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V47, P1070 KIMURA M, 2000, J BIOCHEM-TOKYO, V127, P955 KIMURA M, 1994, MOL GEN GENET, V242, P121 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 MIKSICEK RJ, 1994, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V49, P153 MITTERBAUER R, 2003, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V69, P805 NAP JP, 2003, PLANT J, V33, P1 NETHERWOOD T, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P5139 PATTERSON GH, 1997, BIOPHYS J, V73, P2782 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 RYU D, 2002, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V504, P205 SCOTT PM, 1985, MYCOTOXINS CANADIAN SHIER WT, 2001, TOXICON, V39, P1435 SIKORSKI RS, 1989, GENETICS, V122, P19 TAKAHASHI N, 1999, EUR J BIOCHEM, V261, P108 TAKAHASHIANDO N, 2002, BIOCHEM J 1, V365, P1 TUOHY K, 2002, J APPL MICROBIOL, V93, P954 WAKITA Y, 1998, GENES GENET SYST, V73, P219 English Article 828NX APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:000221981100007213-216$://A1996VM15200005a4-Ubbink, J. B. Becker, P. J. Vermaak, W. J. H.J^WWill an increased dietary folate intake reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease?Nutrition Reviewscoronary heart-disease; risk factor; plasma homocysteine; vascular-disease; artery disease; cholesterol; hyperhomocysteinemia; association; promotion; longBased on a meta-analysis of published studies, it has been estimated that approximately 10% of coronary artery disease cases are attributable to hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. It has also been calculated that food fortification with folate might reduce the number of cases of coronary artery disease in the United States by 50,000 per year. However, the use of statistical concepts to estimate the expected benefits of this intervention strategy may be misleading. Nutr. Rev. 1996 Jul547'UNIV PRETORIA,DEPT CHEM PATHOL,POB 2034,ZA-0001 PRETORIA,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,INST BIOSTAT,PRETORIA,SOUTH AFRICA Ubbink JB UNIV PRETORIA,DEPT CHEM PATHOL,POB 2034,ZA-0001 PRETORIA,SOUTH AFRICA2,Times Cited: 6 English Review VM152 NUTR REVISI:A1996VM15200005J",://000180609800009B;Wenehed, V. Solyakov, A. Thylin, I. Haggblom, P. Forsby, A.}Cytotoxic response of Aspergillus fumigatus-produced mycotoxins on growth medium, maize and commercial animal feed substrates"Food and Chemical Toxicologymycotoxins; gliotoxin; Aspergillus fumigatus; animal feed; cytotoxicity; neurotoxicity; SH-SY5Y cells gliotoxin induJDWatson, Adrian J. Fuller, Linda J. Jeenes, David J. Archer, David B. 1999piHomologs of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis Genes and Sequence of aflR in Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus sojaec Appl. Environ. Microbiol.651307-310lJanuary 1, 1999 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.o4-The presence, but not expression, of homologs of three structural genes and a regulatory gene necessary for aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus was shown for A. oryzae and A. sojae. Homologs of the regulatory gene aflR were cloned and sequenced from A. oryzae and A. sojae.whttp://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/65/1/307 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Watson-Homologs-Aflatox-1999.pdf'81Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 (0)1603 255256. Fax: 44 (0)1603 507723. E-mail: david.archer@bbsrc.ac.uk.c 1492-1496e$://A1993LY34300027mD=Weerasuriya, Y. Siame, B. A. Hess, D. Ejeta, G. Butler, L. G. yInfluence of Conditions and Genotype on the Amount of Striga Germination Stimulants Exuded by Roots of Several Host Cropsi0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry:4sorghum; parasitism; resistance; cultivars; asiaticavpWitchweeds (Striga spp.) are important root parasites of many cereals and legumes. Striga seeds do not germinate unless exposed to specific chemical signals produced by host and nonhost roots. We report a simple method for obtaining large quantities of relatively clean root exudate from several crop plants. A Striga seed germination assay was used to quantify stimulant activity produced and identify potential low stimulant producing resistant host plants. Stimulant activity produced by sorghum cultivars susceptible to Striga was several orders of magnitude greater than that of some resistant cultivars. Nonhost plants with capacity to stimulate germination of Striga were also identified. Stimulant activity produced was much greater for plants grown using a short day length. In addition to germination stimulants, root exudates also contained inhibitor(s) of germination.J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993 Sep419'PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 ICRISAT,SAHELIAN CTR,NIAMEY,NIGER PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907<5Times Cited: 11 English Article LY343 J AGR FOOD CHEMiISI:A1993LY34300027 659-662$://A1978EV714000062,Wehner, F. C. Marasas, W. F. O. Thiel, P. G.PJLack of Mutagenicity to Salmonella-Typhimurium of Some Fusarium Mycotoxins,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1978354T'S AFRICAN MED RES COUNCIL,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA WEHNER FC S AFRICAN MED RES COUNCIL,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA B://00018715620000660Lutz, M. P. Feichtinger, G. Defago, G. Duffy, B.Mycotoxigenic Fusatium and deoxynivalenol production repress chitinase gene expression in the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride P1,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologyfusarium head blight; endochitinase-encoding gene; t-harzianum p1; mycoparasitic interaction; pseudomonas-fluorescens; gibberella-zeae; crop residues; wheat; graminearum; fungi B ;Mycotoxin contamination associated with head blight of wheat and other grains caused by Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum is a chronic threat to crop, human, and animal health throughout the world. One of the most important toxins in terms of human exposure is deoxynivalenol (DON) (formerly called vomitoxin), an inhibitor of protein synthesis with a broad spectrum of toxigenicity against animals. Certain Fusarium toxins have additional antimicrobial activity, and the phytotoxin fusaric acid has recently been shown to modulate fungus-bacterium interactions that affect plant health (Duffy and Defago, Phytopathology 87:12501257, 1997). The potential impact of DON on Fusarium competition with other microorganisms has not been described previously. Any competitive advantage conferred by DON would complicate efforts to control Fusarium during its saprophytic growth on crop residues that are left after harvest and constitute the primary inoculum reservoir for outbreaks in subsequent plantings. We examined the effect of the DON mycotoxin on ecological interactions between pathogenic Fusarium and Trichoderma atroviride strain P1, a competitor fungus with biocontrol activity against a wide range of plant diseases. Expression of the Trichoderma chitinase genes, ech42 and nag1, which contribute to biocontrol activity, was monitored in vitro and on crop residues of two maize cultivars by using goxA reporter gene fusions. We found that DON- producing F. culmorum and F. graminearum strains repressed expression of nag1-gox. DON-negative wild-type Fusarium strains and a DON-negative mutant with an insertional disruption in the tricothecene biosynthetic gene, tri5, had no effect on antagonist gene expression. The role of DON as the principal repressor above other pathogen factors was confirmed. Exposure of Trichoderma to synthetic DON or to a non-DON-producing Fusarium mutant resulted in the same level of nag1-gox repression as the level observed with DON-producing Fusarium. DON repression was specific for nag1-gox and had no effect, either positive or negative, on expression of another key chitinase gene, ech42. This is the first demonstration that a target pathogen down-regulates genes in a fungal biocontrol agent, and our results provide evidence that mycotoxins have a novel ecological function as factors in Fusarium competitiveness. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003 Jun696'voSwiss Fed Inst Technol, Phytopathol Grp, Inst Plant Sci, Univ Str 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Phytopathol Grp, Inst Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland Swiss Fed Res Stn Fruit Prod Viticulture & Hort, CH-8820 Wadenswil, Switzerland Defago G Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Phytopathol Grp, Inst Plant Sci, Univ Str 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland ~ xTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 63 Cited References: BACON CW, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P4039 BAKAN B, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P998 BATA A, 1999, TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH, V10, P223 BECK R, 1997, AEHRENFUSARIOSEN GEF, V5, P34 BRODER MW, 1988, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V52, P112 BRUEHL GW, 1987, SOILBORNE PLANT PATH CARDWELL KF, 2001, MYCOTOXINS COST ACHI CARSOLIO C, 1994, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V91, P10903 CHEN CD, 2000, HUM REPROD, V15, P66 CHET I, 1987, INNOVATIVE APPROACHE, P137 COONEY JM, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P522 DELACRUZ J, 1993, ARCH MICROBIOL, V159, P316 DELACRUZ J, 1995, J BACTERIOL, V177, P1864 DELASMERCEDES D, 2001, CURR GENET, V38, P335 DELSORBO G, 2000, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V30, P1 DESJARDINS AE, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P147 DILLMACKY R, 2000, PLANT DIS, V84, P71 DONZELLI BGG, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P5643 DUFFY BK, 1998, IOBC WPRS B, V21, P145 DUFFY BK, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1118 DUFFY BK, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1250 ELAD Y, 1982, CAN J MICROBIOL, V28, P719 ELNEZAMI HS, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P680 FERNANDO WGD, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P414 FOTSO J, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P5195 GARCIA I, 1994, CURR GENET, V27, P83 GHISALBERTI EL, 1993, J NAT PRODUCTS, V56, P1799 GILBERT J, 2000, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V22, P1 GILBERT J, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V153, P209 HARMAN GE, 1998, TRICHODERMA GLIOCLAD, V2, P229 HARRIS LJ, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P954 HJELJORD L, 1998, TRICHODERMA GLIOCLAD, V2, P129 JENNY E, 2000, AGRARFORSCHUNG, V7, P270 KARLOVSKY P, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P1 KULLNIG C, 2000, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V66, P2232 KULLNIG CM, 2001, MYCOL RES, V105, P769 LIPPS PE, 1991, PLANT DIS, V75, P828 LORITO M, 1996, J BACTERIOL, V178, P6382 LORITO M, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P7860 LORITO M, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P14868 LORITO M, 1998, TRICHODERMA GLIOCLAD, V2, P73 MACH RL, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1858 MAGG T, 2002, PLANT BREEDING, V121, P146 MESTERHAZY A, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P97 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J MICROBIOL, V29, P1171 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V8, P147 MILLER JD, 2001, FUSARIUM, P310 MILLER JD, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4456 PETERBAUER CK, 1996, CURR GENET, V30, P325 PROCTOR RH, 1995, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V8, P593 ROTTER BA, 1996, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V48, P1 SCHIRMBOCK M, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P4364 SCHISLER DA, 2002, MYCOTOXINS FOOD SAFE, P53 SCHNIDERKEEL U, 2000, J BACTERIOL, V182, P1215 STACK RW, 1999, AM PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL TEKAUZ A, 2000, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V22, P9 TOYODA H, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P1307 TRONSMO A, 1992, BIOL CONTROL, V2, P272 WALKER SL, 2001, PLANT DIS, V85, P404 WOO SL, 1999, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V12, P419 YI CL, 2002, Z PFLANZENK PFLANZEN, V109, P252 YU WJ, 1999, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V11, P307 ZEILINGER S, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V26, P131 English Article 752HZ APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:0001871562000067:<?>@A998-1002$://A1988N573100026D>7McCormick, S. P. Bhatnagar, D. Goynes, W. R. Lee, L. S.F?An Inhibitor of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis in Developing Cottonseed>8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique'2,USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179"Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot.O 1988 May66544.Times Cited: 5 English Article N5731 CAN J BOTISI:A1988N573100026t 1032-1036O$://A1985AUY79000104-McGlynn, K. A. Lustbader, E. D. London, W. T.Md]Immune-Responses to Hepatitis-B Virus and Tuberculosis Infections in Southeast Asian Refugees& American Journal of EpidemiologyAm. J. Epidemiol.  1985 122 6'FOX CHASE CANC CTR,DIV CLIN RES,7701 BURHOLME AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111 MCGLYNN KA FOX CHASE CANC CTR,DIV CLIN RES,7701 BURHOLME AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111<6Times Cited: 10 English Article AUY79 AMER J EPIDEMIOLISI:A1985AUY7900010:666-668$://A1986E395400009hPJMcGlynn, K. A. Lustbader, E. D. Sharrar, R. G. Murphy, E. C. London, W. T.4-Isoniazid Prophylaxis in Hepatitis-B Carriers,&American Review of Respiratory Disease'4.DEPT PUBL HLTH,DIV DIS CONTROL,PHILADELPHIA,PAAm. Rev. Respir. Dis.E 1986 Oct7 1344 >7Times Cited: 12 English Article E3954 AMER REV RESP DISPISI:A1986E395400009 38-43$://A1987H764300006RKMcGlynn, K. A. Lustbader, E. D. London, W. T. Heyward, W. L. McMahon, B. J.RKHepatitis-B Virus-Replication and Tuberculin Reactivity - Studies in Alaska& American Journal of EpidemiologyAm. J. Epidemiol. 1987 Jul 1261'2,FOX CHASE CANC CTR,DIV CLIN RES,7701 BURHOLME AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111 CTR DIS CONTROL,CTR INFECT DIS,ARTIC INVEST LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30333 INDIAN HLTH SERV,ALASKA AREA NATIVE HLTH SERV,ALASKA NATIVE MED CTR,ANCHORAGE,AK MCGLYNN KA FOX CHASE CANC CTR,DIV CLIN RES,7701 BURHOLME AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111<5Times Cited: 1 English Article H7643 AMER J EPIDEMIOLISI:A1987H764300006350-350$://A1987F823500026n"McGlynn, K. A. London, W. T.leImmune-Responses to Hepatitis B-Virus and Tuberculosis Infections in Southeast-Asian Refugees - Reply& American Journal of EpidemiologyAm. J. Epidemiol.9 1987 Feb 125i2i'FOX CHASE CANC CTR,7701 BURHOLME AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111 MCGLYNN KA FOX CHASE CANC CTR,7701 BURHOLME AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111:4Times Cited: 0 English Letter F8235 AMER J EPIDEMIOLISI:A1987F823500026 897-898$://A1988Q139500073l.(McGlynn, K. A. Hann, H. L. London, W. T.>7Smoking, Hepatitis-B Viral Replication and Liver-Damage & American Journal of Epidemiology'.(FOX CHASE CANC CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111Am. J. Epidemiol.0 1988 OctL 12894D>Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract Q1395 AMER J EPIDEMIOLISI:A1988Q139500073A149-149$://A1991GR30900768B;McGlynn, K. A. Lustbader, E. D. London, W. T. Buetow, K. H. JCGenetic Susceptibility to Chronic Hepatitis-B Virus (Hbv) Infectionl("American Journal of Human Genetics'>8FOX CHASE CANC CTR,DIV POPULAT SCI,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1991 Oct 494SF@Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract S GR309 AMER J HUM GENETISI:A1991GR30900768l832-832$://A1993LW33500830\UMcGlynn, K. A. Hu, Y. Shen, F. M. Chen, G. C. Xia, X. L. Rosvold, E. A. Buetow, K. H.hLFAssociation of Glutathione-S-Transferase Mu Genotype and Liver- Cancer("American Journal of Human GeneticsAm. J. Hum. Genet. 1993 Sep533:'FOX CHASE CANC CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111 INDIANA UNIV,SCH MED,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202 SHANGHAI MED UNIV,SHANGHAI,PEOPLES R CHINA HAIMEN CTY ANTI EPIDEM STN,HAIMEN,PEOPLES R CHINA FOX CHASE CANC CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111.F@Times Cited: 1 English Meeting Abstract S LW335 AMER J HUM GENETISI:A1993LW33500830eV 1028-1037$://000083329800007pjReid, L. M. Nicol, R. W. Ouellet, T. Savard, M. Miller, J. D. Young, J. C. Stewart, D. W. Schaafsma, A. W.Interaction of Fusarium graminearum and F-moniliforme in maize ears: Disease progress, fungal biomass, and mycotoxin accumulationPhytopathologypolymerase chain-reaction; kernel infection; aspergillus- flavus; aflatoxin contamination; corn; growth; water; proliferatum; temperature; rotLETo investigate the interaction between two major ear-rotting pathogens, maize ears were inoculated with either Fusarium graminearum, F. moniliforme, or an equal mixture of the two. Silk and kernel tissues were periodically harvested throughout the growing season so that a time course of the experimental variables (disease severity, ergosterol content, fungal DNA content, and mycotoxin concentration) could be recorded. Over the 3 years tested (1992 to 1994), the highest levels of disease and ergosterol were found in the F. graminearum treatment, followed by the mixture treatment (F. graminearum plus F. moniliforme) and, finally, the F. moniliforme treatment. Kernel ergosterol content and disease rating were correlated for both pathogens, but the highest correlation coefficients were obtained in the F. graminearum treatment. The DNA analysis revealed that, in the mixed inoculum, F. moniliforme had a greater growth rate than did F. graminearum. In 1994, appreciable F. moniliforme from natural inoculum was found in the F. graminearum treatment. Fumonisin B-1 levels did not differ between the F. moniliforme treatment and the mixed inoculum treatment. The effect of temperature on the growth rate of the two species explained some of the field results, with temperatures in the silks being more favorable to F. moniliforme. Data on the growth rate on silks obtained by the incorporation of radiolabeled precursor to ergosterol demonstrated that F. graminearum was able to grow well at 26 to 28 degrees C, whereas F. moniliforme grew well over a broader range, including at higher temperatures.Phytopathology 1999 Nov8911'Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Cent Expt Farm, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Cent Expt Farm, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Carleton Univ, Dept Chem, Ottawa, ON K1S 5H6, Canada So Crop Protect & Food Res Ctr, Food Res Program, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada Univ Guelph, Ridgetown Coll, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada Reid LM Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Cent Expt Farm, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Times Cited: 16 Cited Reference Count: 66 Cited References: *INT AG RES CANC I, 1993, INT AG RES CANC IARC, V56 ATTWATER WA, 1983, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V5, P158 BACON CW, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P65 BRIAN PW, 1957, MICROBIAL ECOL, P168 BRUEHL GW, 1972, CAN J PLANT SCI, V52, P417 CAMPBELL CL, 1990, INTRO PLANT DIS EPID COOK RJ, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P193 CUERO RG, 1988, J FOOD PROTECT, V51, P452 ENERSON PM, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P1123 FOLEY DC, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V52, P870 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GESSNER MO, 1997, MANUAL ENV MICROBIOL, P295 GILLILAND G, 1990, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V87, P2725 GOODWIN P, 1993, METHODS PLANT MOL BI, P303 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HEADRICK JM, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P268 HEADRICK JM, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P487 HESSELTINE CW, 1977, MYCOLOGIA, V69, P328 HORN BW, 1983, CAN J MICROBIOL, V29, P1087 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 KOEHLER B, 1959, ILL AGR EXP STN B, V639 KOEHLER B, 1942, J AGR RES, V64, P421 KOMMEDAHL T, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P961 MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 MARIN S, 1996, CAN J MICROBIOL, V42, P1045 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 MILLER JD, 1998, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V20, P95 MILLER JD, 1995, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V17, P233 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 MOELLER EM, 1992, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V20, P6115 MOUKHAMEDOV R, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P255 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 NES WR, 1974, LIPIDS, V9, P596 NEUBAUER A, 1990, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V18, P993 NEWELL SY, 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P1547 NICHOLSON P, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P477 OCHOR TE, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P311 PARK D, 1960, ECOLOGY SOIL FUNGI, P148 PESTKA JJ, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN, P339 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P939 REHNER SA, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, PS816 REID LM, 1996, AGR FOOD CAN TECH B REID LM, 1992, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V14, P293 RHEEDER JP, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P131 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SEITZ LM, 1985, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V33, P373 SHURTLEFF MC, 1984, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS SINHA RC, 1996, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V18, P233 SUNG JM, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P499 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 SUTTON JC, 1981, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V3, P26 SUTTON JC, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P453 TUITE J, 1974, CEREAL SCI TODAY, V19, P238 ULLSTRUP AJ, 1970, PLANT DIS REP, V54, P658 VIGIER B, 1997, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V19, P60 WICKLOW DT, 1981, FUNGAL COMMUNITY ITS, P351 WICKLOW DT, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P68 WICKLOW DT, 1988, PLANT DIS, V72, P113 WOODS DM, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P1248 YOUNG JC, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P2904 ZUMMO N, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P771 ZUMMO N, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P627 English Article 249JK PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:000083329800007FB416-424$://A1996UT08700010tD=Plattner, R. D. Desjardins, A. E. Leslie, J. F. Nelson, P. E.aIdentification and characterization of strains of Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A with rare fumonisin production phenotypes Mycologiaofumonisins; Fusarium moniliforme; Gibberella fujikuroi; maize; mycotoxins fusarium section liseola; moniliforme; biosynthesis; chemistry; cultures; cornA survey of 245 strains of Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A (anamorph Fusarium moniliforme) isolated primarily from maize and sorghum in North America identified strains with three rare fumonisin production phenotypes. In liquid culture and on a maize solid substrate, several strains produced fumonisin B-2 (FB2) or B-3 (FB3), but not fumonisin B-1 (FB1), suggesting a defect in hydroxylation of C-5 or C-10. Several strains were nonproducers of fumonisins in liquid culture and low producers of fumonisins (0-600 mu g/g FB1, FB2 and FB3) on maize substrate. The heritability of fumonisin production on maize was studied by crossing fumonisin low-producing and non- producing strains with fumonisin high-producing strains. Random ascospore and tetrad progeny were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography for their ability to produce fumonisins on maize substrate. Although most of these crosses were pearly fertile, in one cross the ability to produce high levels of fumonisins segregated as a single gene, designated fum4, or group of closely linked genes. Allelism tests showed that fum4 was linked to, but not allelic with, the fum1 locus that was previously identified in strains of mating population A from Nepal.E Mycologia0 1996May-Jun 883 'USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506 PENN STATE UNIV,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802 Plattner RD USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 616046/Times Cited: 11 English Article UT087 MYCOLOGIA0ISI:A1996UT08700010M 47905-47914$://000186731400068Poppenberger, B. Berthiller, F. Lucyshyn, D. Sieberer, T. Schuhmacher, R. Krska, R. Kuchler, K. Glossl, J. Luschnig, C. Adam, G.tnDetoxification of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by a UDP-glucosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana&Journal of Biological Chemistrysaccharomyces-cerevisiae; head-blight; multigene family; gene disruption; stress-response; salicylic-acid; tobacco genes; wheat spikes; expression; graminearumPlant pathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium cause agriculturally important diseases of small grain cereals and maize. Trichothecenes are a class of mycotoxins produced by different Fusarium species that inhibit eukaryotic protein biosynthesis and presumably interfere with the expression of genes induced during the defense response of the plants. One of its members, deoxynivalenol, most likely acts as a virulence factor during fungal pathogenesis and frequently accumulates in grain to levels posing a threat to human and animal health. We report the isolation and characterization of a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana encoding a UDP-glycosyltransferase that is able to detoxify deoxynivalenol. The enzyme, previously assigned the identifier UGT73C5, catalyzes the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to the hydroxyl group at carbon 3 of deoxynivalenol. Using a wheat germ extract-coupled transcription/ translation system we have shown that this enzymatic reaction inactivates the mycotoxin. This deoxynivalenol-glucosyltransferase (DOGT1) was also found to detoxify the acetylated derivative 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, whereas no protective activity was observed against the structurally similar nivalenol. Expression of the glucosyltransferase is developmentally regulated and induced by deoxynivalenol as well as salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonic acid. Constitutive overexpression in Arabidopsis leads to enhanced tolerance against deoxynivalenol.J. Biol. Chem. 2003 Nov 28 27848'BOKU Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria BOKU Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Inst Agrobiotechnol IFA Tullin, Ctr Analyt Chem, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Univ Vienna, Dept Biochem Med, Div Mol Genet, Max F Perutz Labs, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Bioctr Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Adam G BOKU Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Z STimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 53 Cited References: *COD COMM FOOD ADD, 2003, JOINT FAO WHO FOOD S ALANI E, 1987, GENETICS, V116, P541 BAI GH, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V153, P91 BALLESTER R, 1989, CELL, V59, P681 BETINA V, 1989, MYCOTOXINS, P192 CANADY RA, 2001, WHO FOOD ADDIT SER, V47, P419 CLOUGH SJ, 1998, PLANT J, V16, P735 COLEMAN JOD, 1997, TRENDS PLANT SCI, V2, P144 CUNDLIFFE E, 1977, ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH, V11, P491 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DIENER AC, 2000, PLANT CELL, V12, P853 EGNER R, 1995, MOL CELL BIOL, V15, P5879 ENGELHARDT G, 1999, ADV FOOD SCI, V21, P71 EUDES F, 2000, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V22, P286 FARRAND SK, 1989, J BACTERIOL, V171, P5314 FRAISSINETTACHET L, 1998, FEBS LETT, V437, P319 GROVE JF, 1996, PROGR CHEM ORGANIC N, P1 GULDENER U, 1996, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V24, P2519 HAJDUKIEWICZ P, 1994, PLANT MOL BIOL, V25, P989 HORVATH DM, 1998, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V11, P895 HORVATH DM, 1996, PLANT MOL BIOL, V31, P1061 HOU ZM, 2002, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V15, P1119 JEFFERSON RA, 1987, PLANT MOL BIOL REP, V5, P387 JENCZMIONKA NJ, 2003, CURR GENET, V43, P87 JONES P, 2001, PLANTA, V213, P164 KANG Z, 1999, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V55, P275 KONCZ C, 1986, MOL GEN GENET, V204, P383 LASKIN JD, 2002, TOXICOL SCI, V69, P289 LEAH JM, 1992, PESTIC SCI, V34, P81 LI Y, 2001, J BIOL CHEM, V276, P4338 LIM EK, 2003, GLYCOBIOLOGY, V13, P139 LU SW, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P5980 MCCORMICK SP, 2003, FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT, P165 MCMULLEN M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1340 MESSNER B, 2003, PLANTA, V217, P138 MESTERHAZY A, 2003, FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT, P363 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V8, P147 MINET M, 1992, PLANT J, V2, P417 MURASHIGE T, 1962, PHYSIOL PLANTARUM, V15, P473 NGANJE WE, 2001, AGRIBUS APPL EC REP, V464 ODONNELL K, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P7905 OKUBARA PA, 2002, THEOR APPL GENET, V106, P74 REYMOND P, 1998, CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL, V1, P404 ROSS J, 2001, GENOME BIOL, V2, P3004 SAVARD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P570 SCOTT PM, 1984, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V48, P884 SEWALD N, 1992, TETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETR, V3, P953 SIKORSKI RS, 1989, GENETICS, V122, P19 TOPFER R, 1987, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V15, P5890 TRUESDALE MR, 1996, PLANT PHYSIOL, V112, P446 VOGT T, 1999, PLANT J, V19, P509 WETZEL A, 1994, ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS, V314, P323 WOLFGER H, 2001, RES MICROBIOL, V152, P375 English Article 746DM J BIOL CHEMISI:0001867314000686 >779-782$://000179093500007i@9Pineda-Valdes, G. Ryu, D. Jackson, D. S. Bullerman, L. B. @9Reduction of moniliformin during alkaline cooking of corneCereal Chemistryliquid-chromatographic method; fusarium-moniliforme; mycotoxin moniliformin; contaminated corn; fumonisin b-1; maize; deoxynivalenol; hepatocytes; temperature; zearalenoneAlfThe incidence of moniliformin (MON) producing Fusarium spp. in selected corn (Zea mays L.) samples from Mexico and the United States and the effects of alkaline cooking and the tortilla manufacturing processes on the reduction of MON were determined. The percentage of infected kernels with Fusarium spp. ranged from 0 to 22% in eight food-grade corn samples, including six from Mexico and two from the United States. Complete (100%) reduction of MON was observed when a naturally contaminated corn sample containing 1.4 mug of MON/g of corn was used in a pilot-scale alkaline cooking and tortilla manufacturing process. In a companion laboratory-scale study, using a cultured corn sample containing 17.6 mug of MON/g of corn, a 71% reduction of the toxin was observed during the process. Alkaline cooking appeared to be an effective method for reduction of MON in corn. Cereal Chem. 2002Nov-Dec 796,'Univ Nebraska, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA Univ Nebraska, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA Bullerman LB Univ Nebraska, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA6/Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 36 Cited References: *MAFF UK, 1998, 164 MAFF UK ABBAS HK, 1988, CEREAL CHEM, V65, P15 ABILDGREN MP, 1987, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V5, P83 ALLEN NK, 1981, POULTRY SCI, V60, P1415 BEDOLLA S, 1982, CEREAL FOODS WORLD, V27, P219 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 COLE RJ, 1973, SCIENCE, V179, P1324 CRAVIOTO RO, 1952, J NUTR, V48, P453 DEARRIOLA MD, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P530 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5781 FARBER JM, 1988, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V101, P187 FISHER NL, 1982, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V72, P151 GUTEMA T, 2000, J FOOD PROTECT, V63, P1732 HOCKING AD, 1980, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V39, P488 KATTA SK, 1997, CEREAL CHEM, V74, P858 KNASMULLER S, 1997, MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN, V391, P39 KOSIAK B, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P595 KRIEK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V15, P579 LEW H, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P321 LEW H, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P66 MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 MARIN S, 1996, CAN J MICROBIOL, V42, P1045 MILLER JD, 1995, J STORED PROD RES, V31, P1 MUNIMBAZI C, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P999 MUNIMBAZI C, 2001, METHOD MOL BIOL, V157, P131 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NORRED WP, 1992, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V30, P233 PINEDAVALDES G, 2000, J FOOD PROTECT, V63, P1598 PRICE RL, 1985, J FOOD SCI, V50, P347 RICE LG, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P1002 SCOTT PM, 1987, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V70, P850 SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P459 SYDENHAM EW, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1198 THIEL PG, 1982, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V30, P308 TRENHOLM HL, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P2147 VESONDER RF, 1998, POULTRY SCI, V77, P67 English Article 612UH CEREAL CHEMEISI:000179093500007V123-151$://000220954300006.(Abou-Karam, M. Abbas, H. K. Shier, W. T.}N-fatty acylation of hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1, but not of intact fumonisin B-1, strongly enhances in vitro mammalian toxicity*#Journal of Toxicology-Toxin ReviewsJCfumonisin; fusarium verticillioides; abiogenic; ceramide; in vitro toxicity; hydrolyzed; acylation f-sp-lycopersici; liquid-chromatographic method; tricarballylic acid moieties; activated protein-kinase; free sphingoid bases; corn-based foods; fusarium-moniliforme; absolute-configuration; aal-toxin; relative configurationPJFumonisin B-1 (FB1) is the most abundant of a series of sphingosine-analog mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticilloides, the major fungal contaminant of stored corn (maize) world-wide. Fumonisins were originally isolated as environmental tumor promoters, and they remain a concern because they are frequent contaminants of corn-derived food products intended for direct human consumption. FB1 inhibits ceramide synthase, which may account for its acute toxic effects, but understanding of its tumor promotion mechanism has been limited by the general lack of understanding in the field. There is no evidence for functional metabolism of fumonisins in mammals, but abiogenic conversions during food processing are a concern because some known conversion products retain biological activity, including hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1). HFB1, formed by alkaline removal of FB1 side chains, is a frequent contaminant of lime-treated corn products such as tortillas and tortilla chips. Humpf et al. (J. Biol. Chem., 273, 19060, 1998) observed that HFB1 not only inhibits ceramide synthase, but it is converted to a ceramide analog with about ten times the in vitro mammalian toxicity of intact FB1. In the present study we have confirmed this observation by preparing a series of ceramide analogs of HFB1 with varying fatty acid chain lengths and degree of unsaturation. Optimal in vitro mammalian toxicity was observed with fatty acid chain lengths of 10- 14 carbons. However, ceramide analogs of HFB1 were not phytotoxic in vitro, and ceramide analogs of FB1 were not toxic in either mammalian or plant in vitro bioassays.J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 2004231'<6Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, 308 Harvard St,SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA Shier WT Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, 308 Harvard St,SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USANGTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 99 Cited References: *NTP, 1999, TECN REP SER NTP, V496 ABBAS HK, 1998, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V47, P1509 ABBAS HK, 1995, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V40, P1681 ABBAS HK, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P1063 ABBAS HK, 1994, PLANT PHYSIOL, V106, P1085 ABBAS HK, 1993, TOXICON, V31, P345 APSIMON JW, 1994, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V35, P7703 BENNETT GA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P501 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BLACKWELL BA, 1995, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V36, P1973 BOOTH C, 1971, GENUS FFUSARIUM BOTTINI AT, 1981, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V22, P2719 BOTTINI AT, 1981, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V22, P2723 BOYLE CD, 1995, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V36, P4579 BOYLE CD, 1995, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V36, P5695 BRESSANI R, 1990, FOOD REV INT, V6, P225 BUCCI TJ, 1998, TOXICOL PATHOL, V26, P160 BULLERMAN LB, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P541 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1030 DOKO MB, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P433 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P622 FLYNN TJ, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P1135 GARG HS, 1992, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V33, P1641 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, CARCINOGENESIS, V9, P1405 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P407 GOMEZ MH, 1987, CEREAL FOOD WORLD, V32, P372 HANNUN YA, 1993, ADV LIPID RES, V25, P27 HANNUN YA, 1993, ADV LIPID RES, V25, P43 HANNUN YA, 1993, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1154, P223 HANSEN DK, 2002, FOLATE HUMAN DEV, P183 HARMANGE JC, 1994, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V35, P6819 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HARTL M, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5078 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HENDRICKS K, 1999, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V10, P198 HIRSCH S, 1989, TETRAHEDRON, V45, P3897 HISCOX JD, 1979, CAN J BOT, V57, P1332 HOPMANS EC, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P2618 HOPMANS EC, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1655 HOYE TR, 1994, J AM CHEM SOC, V116, P9409 HUMPF HU, 1998, J BIOL CHEM, V273, P19060 HUMPF HU, 1998, REV MED VET, V149, P576 HUNTER J, 1997, ADV DRUG DELIVER REV, V25, P129 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KOBAYASHI J, 1988, EXPERIENTIA, V44, P800 LIN P, 1980, J CANCER RESCLIN ONC, V96, P121 MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 MEREDITH FI, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1218 MERRILL AH, 1993, ADV LIPID RES, V26, P215 MERRILL AH, 1997, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V142, P208 MOREIRA RG, 1995, FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO, V49, P146 MURPHY PA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P323 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 NORRED WP, 1997, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V147, P63 PINEIRO MS, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P825 PINELLI E, 1999, CARCINOGENESIS, V20, P1683 PITTET A, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P1352 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 POCK GK, 1994, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V35, P7707 RAMIREZWONG B, 1994, CEREAL CHEM, V71, P337 RICE LG, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P1002 RILEY RT, 1993, ANNU REV NUTR, V13, P167 RILEY RT, 1994, J NUTR, V124, P594 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 SCOTT PM, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P823 SCOTT PM, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P541 SERNASALDIVAR SO, 1990, ADV CEREAL SCI TECHN, V10, P243 SHEPHARD GS, 1994, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V32, P23 SHEPHARD GS, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P31 SHIER WT, 1999, ACS SYM SER, V745, P54 SHIER WT, 2000, B I COMPR AGR SCI KI, V8, P71 SHIER WT, 1997, J NAT TOXINS, V6, P225 SHIER WT, 2003, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V22, P591 SHIER WT, 2000, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V19, P161 SHIER WT, 2000, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V19, P189 SHIER WT, 1992, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V11, P241 SHIER WT, 1992, LAB MANUAL LOW COST, P237 SHIER WT, 1991, LAB MANUAL LOW COST SHIER WT, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V116, P97 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 STEVENS VL, 1997, J BIOL CHEM, V272, P18020 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 TANAKA T, 1993, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V33, P779 TATEMATSU M, 1977, GANN, V68, P499 UENO Y, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P27 VAINIO H, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P535 VESONDER RF, 1990, MYCOTOXIN RES, V6, P85 VOSS KA, 1996, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V34, P623 VOSS KA, 1989, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V27, P89 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WANG E, 1992, J NUTR, V122, P1706 WATTENBERG EV, 1996, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V227, P622 WOOD GE, 1992, J ANIM SCI, V70, P3941 XIE WP, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1251 YEUNG JM, 1996, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V141, P178 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 English Article 814DB J TOXICOL-TOXIN REVISI:000220954300006711-716$://000220681700002"Marasas, W. F. O. Riley, R. T. Hendricks, K. A. Stevens, V. L. Sadler, T. W. Gelineau-van Waes, J. Missmer, S. A. Cabrera, J. Torres, O. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Allegood, J. Martinez, C. Maddox, J. Miller, J. D. Starr, L. Sullards, M. C. Roman, A. V. Voss, K. A. Wang, E. Merrill, A. H.Fumonisins disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, folate transport, and neural tube development in embryo culture and in vivo: A potential risk factor for human neural tube defects among populations consuming fumonisin-contaminated maizeJournal of Nutrition*#fumonisins; neural tube defects; craniofacial abnormalities; sphingolipids; folate human esophageal cancer; cell plasma-membranes; gpi-anchored proteins; staged rat embryos; fusarium-moniliforme; folic-acid; birth-defects; equine leukoencephalomalacia; congenital- anomalies; binding-proteinFumonisins are a family of toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides (formerly Fusarium moniliforme), a common fungal contaminant of maize. Fumonisins inhibit ceramide synthase, causing accumulation of bioactive intermediates of sphingolipid metabolism (sphinganine and other sphingoid bases and derivatives) as well as depletion of complex sphingolipids, which interferes with the function of some membrane proteins, including the folate-binding protein (human folate receptor a). Fumonisin causes neural tube and craniofacial defects in mouse embryos in culture. Many of these effects are prevented by supplemental folic acid. Recent studies in LMBc mice found that fumonisin exposure in utero increases the frequency of developmental defects and administration of folate or a complex sphingolipid is preventive. High incidences of neural tube defects (NTD) occur in some regions of the world where substantial consumption of fumonisins has been documented or plausibly suggested (Guatemala, South Africa, and China); furthermore, a recent study of NTD in border counties of Texas found a significant association between NTD and consumption of tortillas during the first trimester. Hence, we propose that fumonisins are potential risk factors for NTD, craniofacial anomalies, and other birth defects arising from neural crest cells because of their apparent interference with folate utilization.J. Nutr. 2004 Apr 1344'MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa USDA ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30605 USA Texas Dept Hlth, Div Infect Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance, Austin, TX 78756 USA Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA Munroe Meyer Inst, Nebraska Med Ctr, Ctr Human Mol Genet, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Omaha, NE 68198 USA Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA Hosp Gen San Juan Dios, Genet Clin, Dept Pediat, Guatemala City, Guatemala INCAP, OPS, Guatemala City, Guatemala Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA Carleton Univ, Dept Chem, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada Marasas WFO MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africad]Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 88 Cited References: *INT AG RES CANC, 2002, IARC, V82, P301 *MRC VIT STUD RES, 1991, LANCET, V338, P131 *NAT TOX PROGR TEC, 2002, PUBL NIH *WHO, 2002, WHO TECHN REP SER, V906, P16 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BHANDARI N, 2002, CHEM-BIOL INTERACT, V139, P317 BOLGER M, 2001, WHO FOOD ADDITIVES S, V47, P103 BROWN DA, 1998, ANNU REV CELL DEV BI, V14, P111 BUCCIMAZZA SS, 1994, TERATOLOGY, V50, P194 CAMPBELL LR, 1986, TERATOLOGY, V34, P171 CHATTERJEE S, 2001, EMBO J, V20, P1583 CIFUENTES G, 2002, THESIS U SAN CARLOS COLLINS TFX, 1998, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V36, P673 CZEIZEL AE, 1992, NEW ENGL J MED, V327, P1832 DELPORT SD, 1995, S AFR MED J, V85, P11 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5781 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P622 DUGYALA RR, 1998, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V285, P317 ENONGENE EN, 2002, TOXICOL SCI, V67, P173 FINNELL RH, 2000, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V919, P261 FINNELL RH, 2002, ANNU REV PHARMACOL, V42, P181 FLYNN TJ, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P1135 FLYNN TJ, 1996, IN VITRO TOXICOL, V9, P271 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 2001, CANCER LETT, V169, P127 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELINEAUVANWAES J, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V15, P36 GELINEAUVANWAES J, 2001, SEMIN PEDIAT NEUROL, V8, P160 GELINEAUVANWAES J, 2002, TERATOLOGY, V65, P302 GREEN NS, 2002, J NUTR S, V132, PS2356 HARD GC, 2001, TOXICOL PATHOL, V29, P379 HARDER T, 1999, EUR J IMMUNOL, V29, P556 HARRIS MJ, 1984, TERATOLOGY, V29, P287 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HENDRICKS K, 1999, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V10, P198 HOWARD PC, 2002, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V185, P153 ILANGUMARAN S, 1997, BBA-BIOMEMBRANES, V1328, P227 JONES C, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P315 JURILOFF DM, 1983, CAN J GENET CYTOL, V25, P246 JURILOFF DM, 2000, HUM MOL GENET, V9, P993 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, J VET RES, V57, P269 KENWORTHY AK, 2000, MOL BIOL CELL, V11, P1645 KROMBERG JGR, 1982, S AFR MED J, V62, P599 LABORDE JB, 1997, FUND APPL TOXICOL, V40, P120 LIAN ZH, 1987, J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H, V41, P259 LUHRS CA, 1989, J BIOL CHEM, V264, P21446 MADDOX J, 2002, TOXICOLOGIST, V66, P113 MARASAS WHO, 2000, 219 EHC MEREDITH FI, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1218 MERRILL AH, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P283 MERRILL AH, 2002, J BIOL CHEM, V277, P25843 MOORE CA, 1997, AM J MED GENET, V73, P113 NCAYIYANA DJ, 1986, S AFR MED J, V69, P618 NORRED WP, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P73 NORRED WP, 1997, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V147, P63 NORRED WP, 1997, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V147, P63 PIEDRAHITA JA, 1999, NAT GENET, V23, P228 PLATTNER RD, 1990, MYCOLOGIA, V82, P698 QUI M, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P263 RAMIREZ JA, 2000, CIENC TECNOL ALIMENT, V3, P21 REDDY RV, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V134, P161 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RILEY RT, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P301 RILEY RT, 1994, J NUTR, V124, P594 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 SADLER TW, 2002, TERATOLOGY, V66, P169 SCHMELZ EM, 1998, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V148, P252 SCHNITZER JE, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P1435 SHAW GM, 1995, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V6, P219 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 STEVENS VL, 1990, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1051, P37 STEVENS VL, 1997, J BIOL CHEM, V272, P18020 SULLARDS MC, 2001, SCI STKE 0130, P2001 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 TSUNODA M, 1998, J BIOCHEM MOL TOXIC, V12, P281 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 2001, TOXICON, V39, P273 VENTER PA, 1995, S AFR MED J, V85, P15 VOSS KA, 2002, CANCER DETECT PREV, V26, P1 VOSS KA, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P3120 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WANG E, 1999, J NUTR, V129, P214 WANG E, 1992, J NUTR, V122, P1706 WERLER MM, 1993, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V269, P1257 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 ZACHARIAS C, 1996, GLYCOCONJUGATE J, V13, P167 English Review 810CF J NUTRISI:000220681700002 151-156$://000167153600006B<Kim, E. K. Shon, D. H. Yoo, J. Y. Ryu, D. Lee, C. Kim, Y. B.6/Natural occurrence of aflatoxins in Korean meju&Food Additives and Contaminantsaflatoxins; meju; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) linked immunosorbent-assay; peanut butter; commodities; maize; corn; b-1 Aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) was found in 35 of 60 (58.3%) meju samples with an average concentration of 7.3 n151-156$://000167153600006B://A1997YB397000538jdSydenham, E. W. Shephard, G. S. Stockenstrom, S. Rheeder, J. P. Marasas, W. F. O. vanderMerwe, M. J.zsProduction of fumonisin B analogues and related compounds by Fusarium globosum, a newly described species from cornt0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry0)fumonisin B; Fusarium globosum; corn; maize; fungal contaminants; mycotoxins; carcinogens liquid-chromatographic determination; electrospray mass- spectrometry; gibberella-fujikuroi; section liseola; mating populations; southern-africa; moniliformin production; natural occurrence; b-1; mycotoxinsFusarium globosum Rheeder, Marasas et Nelson is a recently described species originally isolated from corn kernels harvested in the Transkei region of South Africa. On the basis of morphological criteria, F. globosum is closely related to other common fungal contaminants of corn, viz. F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, and accordingly it has been classified in the section Liseola. Species within the section Liseola have been reported to produce either the fumonisin B or moniliformin (MON) mycotoxins and, in some cases both. Seventeen isolates off. globosum, cultured on corn, were screened for the production of fumonisins B-1 (FB1), B-2 (FB2), B-3 (FB3), and MON. All isolates produced FB1 (range 5-325 mu g/g), while 15 of 17 also produced FB2 (range 1-4 mu g/g). For 14 of 17 isolates, the levels of FB3 produced (range 4-24 mu g/g) exceeded those of the corresponding FB2 concentrations. None of the isolates produced detectable levels of MON (< 1 mu g/g). In addition, several isolates of F. globosum also produced two additional fumonisin-like compounds, the mass spectral evidence of which suggests that they may be isomers of FB1 and FB2 or FB3, respectively.J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997 Oct04510'S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,ZA- 7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT BIOCHEM,ZA-7600 STELLENBOSCH,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,ZA- 7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA:4Times Cited: 5 English Article YB397 J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:A1997YB39700053, HASiame, B. A. Mpuchane, S. F. Gashe, B. A. Allotey, J. Teffera, G.S 1998\VOccurrence of aflatoxins, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone in foods and feeds in Botswana Journal of Food Protection6112 1670-1673 Dec J. Food Prot.ISI:000077525500013haesophageal cancer; southern africa; mycotoxins; corn; contamination; cereals; europe; maize; riskSorghum and maize form the main dietary staple foods in Botswana. Other products such as peanuts, peanut butter, phane (an edible larval stage of an emperor moth Imbrasia belina Westwood) and pulses (cowpeas and beans) are also widely used as food and for the manufacture of feeds. These important food and feed commodities were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone. Aflatoxins were detected in 40% of the samples analyzed. The concentration of total aflatoxins ranged from 0.1 to 64 mu g/kg. The mean concentration ranged from 0.3 mu g/kg in sorghum to 23 mu g/kg in peanut butter. Peanut butter samples were the most contaminated (71%). No aflatoxins were detected in maize. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 36% of the samples. Maize samples were the most contaminated (85% of the samples) with the concentration ranging from 20 to 1,270 mu g/kg. No fumonisin B1 was detected in peanuts, phane, and beans. Zearalenone was only found in 2.6% of the samples analyzed at 40 mu g/kg. Aflatoxins were the most common toxins detected in foods and feeds in Botswana. However, fumonisin B1 was more prevalent in maize than aflatoxins or zearalenone.:4Times Cited: 11 English Article 147YN J FOOD PROTECT`Y://000077525500013 AND http://cherubino.catchword.com/vl=12691755/cl=53/nw=...a'Univ Botswana, Dept Biol Sci, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana Univ Botswana, Dept Biol Sci, Gaborone, Botswana Siame BA Univ Botswana, Dept Biol Sci, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana:LESilva, J. C. Minto, R. E. Barry, C. E. Holland, K. A. Townsend, C. A.g 1996Isolation and characterization of the versicolorin B synthase gene from Aspergillus parasiticus - Expansion of the aflatoxin B-1 biosynthetic gene cluster&Journal of Biological Chemistry 27123 13600-13608 Jun 7J. Biol. Chem.ISI:A1996UP385000460norsolorinic acid; dihydrobisfuran formation; saccharomyces- cerevisiae; versiconal acetate; crystal-structure; glucose- oxidase; liver-cancer; cell-free; conversion; sterigmatocystinlfVersicolorin B synthase catalyzes the side chain cyclizatian of racemic versiconal hemiacetal (7) to the bisfuran ring: system of (-)-versicolorin B (8), an essential transformation in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway of Aspergillus parasiticus. The dihydrobisfuran an is key to the mutagenic nature of aflatoxin B-1 (1), The protein, which skews 58% similarity and 38% identity with glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger, possesses an amino-terminal sequence homologous to the ADP-binding region of other flavoenzymes. However, this enzyme does not require flavin or nicotinamide cofactors for its cyclase activity, The 643-amino acid native enzyme contains three potential sites for W-linked glycosylation, Asn-Xaa-Thr or Asn-Xaa-Ser. The cDNA and genomic clones of versicolorin B synthase were isolated by screening the respective libraries with random-primed DNA probes generated from an exact copy of an internal vbs sequence. This probe was created through polymerase chain reaction by using nondegenerate polymerase chain reaction primers derived from the amino acid sequences of peptide fragments of the enzyme. The 1985-base genomic rbs DNA sequence is interrupted by one intron of 53 nucleotides. Southern blotting, nucleotide sequencing, and detailed restriction mapping of the vbs-containing genomic clones revealed the presence of omtA, a methyltransferase active in the biosynthesis, 3.3 kilobases upstream of vbs and oriented in the opposite direction from vbs. The presence of omtA in close proximity to obs supports the theory that the genes encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic enzymes in A, parasiticus are clustered.81Times Cited: 29 English Article UP385 J BIOL CHEMtm://A1996UP38500046 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Silva-Isol-Versicolorin-1996.pdf'6/JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT CHEM,BALTIMORE,MD 21218F(Zea mays) fumonisins103-123 $://000189476000008 Hammond, B.xqA review of the food/feed safety and benefits of Bacillus thuringiensis protein containing insect-protected crops:4Agricultural Biotechnology: Challenges and Prospects AMER CHEMICAL SOCpesticidal crystal proteins; delta-endotoxin cyta; fusarium- moniliforme; antibody-responses; var-israelensis; toxins; plants; maize; exposure; micerkInfestation of agricultural crops by insect pests has been traditionally managed through the use of chemical insecticides. An alternative method to control insect pests has been the introduction of insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis into agricultural crops by genetic engineering. The introduced insect control proteins have an exemplary safety record having been safely used in agriculture for 40 years as the active ingredients of microbial pesticides. Insect- protected biotech crops control a variety of insect pests such as corn borers, cotton bollworms, and Colorado potato beetles. Season long protection of the crop improves yield and reduces reliance on traditional chemical insecticides. Protection of corn plants against insect damage reduces infection by certain fungal pathogens that produce fumonisin mycotoxins that are toxic to various species.Acs Symposium Series 2004 866xrTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 79 Cited References: 1992, FED REG, V57, P22984 *EPA, 2001, EPA BT PLANT INCORPO *EPA, 1997, EPA FACT SHEET BAC T *EPA, 1996, EPA FACT SHEET BAC T *EPA, 1995, EPA FACT SHEET BAC T *EPA, 1998, EPA738F98001 *EPA, 1998, EPA738R98004 *EPA, 1995, FACT SHEET BAC THUR *FAO WHO, 2001, FAO WHO EXP CONS ALL *FAO WHO, 2000, FAO WHO EXP CONS ALL *IPCS, 1999, ENV HLTH CRIT, V217 *JOINT FAO WHO EXP, 2001, 56 M GEN 6 15 FEBR *US FOOD DRUG ADM, 2000, GUID IND FUM LEV HUM ASTWOOD JD, 1996, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V14, P1269 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BALLESTER V, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1413 BAUM JA, 1999, METH BIOTEC, V5, P189 BECHTEL CL, 2001, TOXICOL SCI, V60, P414 BERBERICH SA, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P365 BERNSTEIN IL, 1999, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V107, P575 BETZ FS, 2000, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V32, P156 BUTKO P, 1997, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V36, P12862 BUTKO P, 1996, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V35, P11355 CHILCOTT CN, 1990, MECH ACTION BACILLUS, P45 CLARK JH, 2001, J DAIRY SCI S, V84, PE9 CRICKMORE N, 1998, MICROBIOL MOL BIOL R, V62, P807 DEARMAN RJ, 2000, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V38, P351 DEARMAN RJ, 2001, TOXICOLOGY, V167, P217 DEBARJAC H, 1990, ENTOMOPHAGA, V35, P233 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 DU JP, 1999, BIOCHEM J 1, V338, P185 DUDEK BR, 2002, TOXICOLOGIST, V66 ENGLISH L, 1992, INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC, V22, P1 FARES NH, 1998, NAT TOXINS, V6, P219 FAUST M, 1997, STUDY FINDS NO BT MI, P6 FISCHHOFF DA, 1987, BIO-TECHNOL, V5, P807 GIANESSI LP, 1999, AGR BIOTECHNOLOGY IN HAMMOND B, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P22 HAMMOND B, 2002, TESTING GENETIC MANI, V22 HENDRIX KS, 2000, J ANIM SCI S1, V78, P273 HOFMANN C, 1988, EUR J BIOCHEM, V173, P85 HOFTE H, 1989, MICROBIOL REV, V53, P242 HUANG JK, 2002, SCIENCE, V295, P674 JAMES C, 1999, ISAAA BRIEFS, V12 JAMES C, 1998, ISAAA BRIEFS, V8 KNOWLES BH, 1987, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V924, P509 LEACH JN, 2001, TOXICOL SCI, V60, P414 MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 MCCLINTOCK JT, 1995, PESTIC SCI, V45, P95 METCALFE DD, 1996, CRITICAL REV FOOD SC, V36, P165 MILLER D, 2002, PROGR FARMER, V117, P22 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MURPHY BR, 1994, HDB MUCOSAL IMMUNITY NORRED WP, 1993, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V38, P309 NOTEBORN HPJ, 1993, MED FAC LANDBOUWW U NOTEBORN HPJ, 1994, P 6 EUR C BIOT PEARSON WR, 1988, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, P2440 PERLAK FJ, 1990, BIO-TECHNOL, V8, P939 PIETRI A, 2000, P 6 INT FEED PROD C, P226 PIVA G, 2001, J ANIM SCI S1, V79, P106 PIVA G, 2001, POULTRY SCI S1, V80, P320 RUSSELL JR, 2000, J ANIM SCI S2, V78, P79 SANDERS PR, 1998, SAFETY ASSESSMENT IN, P241 SCHNEPF E, 1998, MICROBIOL MOL BIOL R, V62, P775 SCHNEPF HE, 1995, CURR OPIN BIOTECH, V6, P305 SIEGEL JP, 2001, J INVERTEBR PATHOL, V77, P13 SJOBLAD RD, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V80, P717 SPENCER TM, 1996, PETITION DETERMINATI TAYLOR ML, 2001, POULTRY SCI S1, V80, P319 THIERY I, 1997, MANUAL TECHNIQUES IN, P55 THOMAS WE, 1983, FEBS LETT, V154, P362 VAECK M, 1987, NATURE, V328, P33 VANMELLAERT H, 1999, 5866784, US VAZQUEZPADRON RI, 2000, BRAZ J MED BIOL RES, V33, P147 VAZQUEZPADRON RI, 1999, LIFE SCI, V64, P1897 VAZQUEZPADRON RI, 1999, SCAND J IMMUNOL, V46, P578 WEBER TE, GROWER FINISHER PERF WEBER TE, 2000, GROWER FINISHER PERF English Review BY84D  Washington'ZTHammond B Monsanto Co, Prod Safety Ctr, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St Louis, MO 63167 USAISI:000189476000008 ^145-154$://000187443400004>8Velluti, A. Sanchis, V. Ramos, A. J. Egido, J. Marin, S.Inhibitory effect of cinnamon, clove, lemongrass, oregano and palmarose essential oils on growth and fumonisin B-1 production by Fusarium proliferatum in maize grain 0*International Journal of Food MicrobiologyFusarium; fumonisins; essential oils; maize; water activity spice essential oils; thyme essential oils; aflatoxin production; aspergillus-flavus; antifungal activity; fungizsThe effect of cinnamon, clove, oregano, palmarose and lemongrass oils on growth and FBI production by three different isolates of F. proliferatum in irradiated maize grain at 0.995 and 0.950 a(w) and at 20 and 30 degreesC was evaluated. The five essential oils inhibited growth of F. proliferatum isolates at 0.995 a(w) at both temperatures, while at 0.950 a(w) only cinnamon, clove and oregano oils were effective in inhibiting growth of F. proliferatum at 20 degreesC and none of them at 30 degreesC. Cinnamon, oregano and palmarose oils had significant inhibitory effect on FB1 production by the three strains of F. proliferatum at 0.995 a(w) and both temperatures, while clove and lemongrass oils had only significant inhibitory effect at 30 degreesC. No differences were found using 500 or 1000 mug essential oil g(-1). At 0.950 a(w), none of the essential oils had any significant effect on FBI production. The results suggest that mainly cinnamon and oregano oils could be effective in controlling growth and FBI production by F. proliferatum in maize under preharvest conditions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2003 Dec 3189 2-3'Lleida Univ, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain Lleida Univ, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, Lleida 25198, Spain Sanchis V Lleida Univ, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, SpainTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *COMM EUR NORM, 2000, FOODST DET FUM EUR C, P1 *ISTA, 1976, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V43, P3 BILGRAMI KS, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P1 BULLERMAN LB, 1977, J FOOD SCI, V42, P1107 BULLERMAN LB, 1974, J FOOD SCI, V39, P1163 CHAO SC, 2000, J ESSENT OIL RES, V12, P630 FARAG RS, 1989, J FOOD SCI, V54, P74 GUENTHER E, 1961, HERBA POL, V3, P181 HAMMER KA, 1999, J APPL MICROBIOL, V86, P985 INOUYE S, 1998, MYCOSES, V41, P403 LACEY J, 1991, CEREAL GRAIN MYCOTOX, P77 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P83 MAHMOUD ALE, 1994, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V19, P110 MEEKER HG, 1988, COMPEND CONTIN ED DE, V9, P32 MEGALLA SE, 1980, HERBA POL, V3, P181 MILOS M, 2000, FOOD CHEM, V71, P79 MISHRA AK, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1101 MONTESBELMONT R, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P616 PASTER N, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P81 PASTER N, 1990, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V11, P33 PATKAR KL, 1993, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V17, P49 PATTNAIK S, 1996, MICROBIOS, V86, P237 SALMERAN J, 1991, MICROBIOLOGIE ALIMEN, V9, P83 SHEPHARD GS, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P1860 SINHA KK, 1993, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V16, P114 VELLUTI A, 2002, UNPUB FOOD MICROBIOL VELLUTI A, UNPUB J FOOD SCI WILKINS KM, 1989, MECH ACTION FOOD PRE, PCH11 English Article 756AJ INT J FOOD MICROBIOLISI:000187443400004 } iAlternaria-diseases alternariols alternata ambient ph amelioration amendment Ames test amino-acidsamniotic-fluidamplify conserved genes amylopectin analysis ancymidol ancymidole animal animal feedanimal feedinganimal feeding stuffs animal health anomalies antagonism anthocyanins anthracnose anthraquinoneanthraquinone mutantantibiotic-resistance antibiotics antibodies antibodyantibody-based elisaantibody-responsesantifungal activitiesantifungal activityantifungal metabolitesantifungal propertiesantifungal proteinsantifungal susceptibility antigens antiidiotypeantimicrobial peptidesantimutagenicity antimutagens antioxidantantioxidant activity antioxidantsap(1)Aphid aphidicola Aphididae aphids apoptosisapple apple juice apples arabidopsisarabidopsis-thalianaarachidonic-acidArachis hypogaeaArachis hypogeaarea,)area under disease progress curve (AUDPC)areas argentinaargentinean corn arizona armeniacae armyworm arrestarteriosclerosisartery diseaseartificial diet aryl-hydrocarbon hydroxylase ascomycete ascospores asiaticaAspalathus linearisaspalathus-linearisasparagus officinalis Aspergillusaspergillus ear rotAspergillus flavusAspergillus fumigatusAspergillus infectionAspergillus nidulansAspergillus ochraceusAspergillus parasiticus(#Aspergillus parasiticus infestation$Aspergillus parasiticus speareAspergillus section Flavi aspergillus-Aspergillus-diseasesaspergillus-flavus aspergillus-flavus infection aspergillus-flavus strainsaspergillus-nidulansaspergillus-nidulans waaspergillus-ochraceusaspergillus-parasiticus$ aspergillus-parasiticus cultures$!aspergillus-parasiticus deficient$!aspergillus-parasiticus nrrl-3240assay assessment association atoxigenic0+atoxigenic and toxigenic Aspergillus flavusatoxigenic strainsATR atrovirens australiaautonomous copies avena-sativa averantin averufin axoxystrobinAzadirachta indicaazadirachta-indica azoxystrobin b mycotoxins b virusb(1)b-b-1b-1 biosynthesisb-1 contaminationb-1 production$b-1-containing culture materialB. B. atrophaeusB. licheniformis B. subtilisb1b2 Bacillus Bacillus amyloliquefaciensBacillus pumilusBacillus subtilisBacillus thuringiensis$Bacillus thuringiensis beliner Bacillus thuringiensis toxinbacillus-thuringiensis bacillus-thuringiensis corn bacillus-thuringiensis toxin backbone bacterialbacterial endophytebacterial endophytesbacterial overgrowthbalkan endemic banana barley barley-grain barrierbarrier function barriers BAS 111 based foodBayesian statisticsbayesian-approachbeans beauvericin beef cattlebeer behavior Bemesiabenin benomylbeta- beta-1 beta-binomial distribution beta-carotenebeta-glucuronidasebeta-lactam biosynthesis bicolorbidirectional hptlcbihar binary codebinary power law binding binding motifbinding proteinbinding-proteinbinding-proteins binding-sitesbinuclear cluster bioassaybiochemical mechanism biochemistry biocontrol bioherbicides biologicalbiological activitybiological competencebiological controlbiological species biological-biological-activitiesbiological-control biology biomarker biomarkers biomass bioregulation biosensor biosynthesisbiosynthetic-pathway biotechnology bioticbirth birth cohort birth defects birth-defects birth-weight black olives black tea black wattleblastocyst developmentTT, V24, P2523 KARATO S, 1980, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V7, P649 KARATO S, 1982, HIGH PRESSURE RES GE, P171 KARATO S, 1989, TECTONOPHYSICS, V168, P255 KARATO SI, 1986, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V91, P8151 LANGDON TG, 1977, J AUSTR I METALS, V22, P189 PATERSON MS, 1978, EXPT ROCK DEFORMATIO POIRIER JP, 1980, J STRUCT GEOL, V2, P135 ROSS JV, 1980, TECTONOPHYSICS, V70, P39 RUTTER EH, 1988, GEOL RUNDSCH, V77, P295 RUTTER EH, 1995, J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA, V100, P24651 SAKAI T, 1989, RHEOLOGY SOLIDS EART, P284 TACKLEY PJ, 1998, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V157, P9 TAPLIN DMR, 1979, ANNU REV MATER SCI, V9, P151 TWISS RJ, 1977, PURE APPL GEOPHYS, V115, P227 URCOLA JJ, 1987, ACTA METALL, V35, P2637 VANDERWAL D, 1993, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V20, P1479 VISSERS RLM, 1995, TECTONOPHYSICS, V249, P155 WHITE SH, 1985, PHYS EARTH PLANET IN, V40, P201 ZHONG SJ, 1996, NATURE, V383, P245 English Article 255DE J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID EARTHISI:000083653600001High patulin levels were recorded in the rotten fractions (mean = 2335 ng/g). Mycological analyses tended to support the chemical data, in that removal of the rotten fruit significantly reduced the total fungal counts in the juice samples.d Food Control 1995 Aug64I'S AFRICAN MRC,PROMEC,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA SYDENHAM EW S AFRICAN MRC,PROMEC,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAS82Times Cited: 11 English Article TA113 FOOD CONTROLISI:A1995TA113000029arvested in 1992 using gas chromatography mass spectrometrya&Food Additives and Contaminants9Food Addit. Contam. 1996 AprA133UH529 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:A1996UH52900009i149-155$://A1991GP92700010 Sayer, S. T..(Fusarium Infection in Some Waikato Maize<5New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 1991192a$GP927 N Z J CROP HORTICULT SCIISI:A1991GP92700010mh8pMLyk  X?u9O6|!gG<WF7D1QN?gTJ]$"N{|,9 R VEE>E-0/-:..M/5)yt*wz*ye%<<<{<<<m  7703-7706 $://A1994PM95300001B;Apsimon, J. W. Blackwell, B. A. Edwards, O. E. Fruchier, A. HBRelative Configuration of the C-1 to C-5 Fragment of Fumonisin B-1Tetrahedron Lettersfusarium-moniliforme Synthesis of the 2,3-carbamate (2) and the 3,5-carbonate-N-p- bromobenzoate (4) derivatives of fumonisin B-1 have been made in an initial study of the configuration of fumonisins. These have been used to determine the relative configuration of the C(1)-C(5) fragment.0Tetrahedron Lett.s 1994 Oct 173542'CARLETON UNIV,OTTAWA CARLETON CHEM INST,OTTAWA K1S 5B6,ON,CANADA AGR CANADA,PLANT RES CTR,OTTAWA K1A 0C6,ON,CANADA ECOLE NATL SUPER CHIM MONTPELLIER,F-34053 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE APSIMON JW CARLETON UNIV,OTTAWA CARLETON CHEM INST,OTTAWA K1S 5B6,ON,CANADAr<6Times Cited: 23 English Article PM953 TETRAHEDRON LETTISI:A1994PM95300001  2315-2318D$://A1994PM114000807haApsimon, J. W. Blackwell, B. A. Edwards, O. E. Fruchier, A. Miller, J. D. Savard, M. Young, J. C.The Chemistry of Fumonisins and Related-Compounds - Fumonisins from Fusarium-Moniliforme - Chemistry, Structure and Biosynthesis Pure and Applied ChemistryB;natural occurrence; corn; leukoencephalomalacia; mycotoxinsuRecent work on the biosynthesis and stereochemical determinations of the fumonisin structure and the determination of related compounds is presented.ePure Appl. Chem. 1994Oct-Nov 66 10-11e'CARLETON UNIV,OTTAWA CARLETON CHEM INST,OTTAWA K1S 5B6,ONTARIO,CANADA AGR CANADA,PLANT RES CTR,MYCOTOXIN RES GRP,OTTAWA K1A 8C6,ON,CANADA ECOLE NORMALE SUPER CHIM,F-34053 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE APSIMON JW CARLETON UNIV,OTTAWA CARLETON CHEM INST,OTTAWA K1S 5B6,ONTARIO,CANADA:3Times Cited: 8 English Article PM114 PURE APPL CHEMsISI:A1994PM11400080m469-471$://000165727300003>7Aranda, M. Perez-Alzola, L. Ellahuene, M. Sepulveda, C.xqAssessment of in vitro mutagenicity in Salmonella and in vivo genotoxicity in mice of the mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 MutagenesisJCfusarium-moniliforme; lipid-peroxidation; inhibition; protein; foodTMFumonisin B-1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, is a contaminant of cereals with various and complex cellular effects. FB1 induces liver cancer in rats and has been linked to esophageal cancer in South Africa and China. The mechanisms of FB1-induced carcinogenesis are uncertain and the information on FB1 mutagenic properties is limited and controversial. FB1 contamination levels in maize and wheat from Chile were found to be similar to those in other countries. FB1 was devoid of activity in gene mutation assays with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA102 and TA98. However, i.p. injection of FB1 induced an increased frequency of micronuclei in mouse bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes at 25 and 100 mg/kg. We conclude that FBI induces in vivo genotoxicity in the absence of in vitro mutagenicity in Salmonella.J MutagenesisI 2000 NovU156 'HAUniv Santiago Chile, Genet Lab, Fac Chem & Biol, Casilla 40,Correo 33, Santiago, Chile Univ Santiago Chile, Genet Lab, Fac Chem & Biol, Santiago, Chile Univ Chile, Lab Genet Toxicol, Fac Chem & Pharmaceut Sci, Santiago, Chile Aranda M Univ Santiago Chile, Genet Lab, Fac Chem & Biol, Casilla 40,Correo 33, Santiago, ChileOTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 17 Cited References: ABADOBECOGNEE K, 1998, ARCH TOXICOL, V72, P233 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P704 DENIJS M, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P879 ELLAHUENE MF, 1994, MUTAT RES, V320, P175 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1994, CARCINOGENESIS, V15, P209 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 KNASMULLER S, 1997, MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN, V391, P39 LEVIN DE, 1982, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V79, P7445 MARON DM, 1983, MUTAT RES, V113, P173 PEREZALZOLA LP, 1997, MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN, V395, P107 SCHROEDER JJ, 1994, J BIOL CHEM, V269, P3475 TURNER PC, 1999, MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN, V443, P81 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WANG JS, 1999, MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M, V424, P167 WATTENBERG EV, 1996, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V227, P622 YIN JJ, 1998, BBA-BIOMEMBRANES, V1371, P134 English Article 380WV MUTAGENESIS3ISI:000165727300003N \n Boenke19969q Boenke199667 Boenke1998 Bohm1999ko Bohm20000 Bohm2003rG Bohn20022 Bolonhezi2001 Bolonhezi2002 Borgemeister1998 Borgemeister2000n Borgemeister2002 Borkowf2001 Borsa1991 Bortolleto2001 Bortolleto2002 Bosman19911 Bosque-Perez2000 Bosqueperez1995! Bostick2003 Bostock2002: Boston2004Bothwell19989s Bottalico1994d Bottalico1995 Bottalico1996 Bottalico2002 Bottalico2003 Boue20000 Bouhet2004_ Bouwman1989 Bowers19889!Boyapati2003Bradshaw2002- Braun1999  Bravo2003Brayford2003 Brender2002 Brennan2003 Brera2004= Bresch1997 Brewer19949 Brewer1997 Britz1998 Britz1999 Britz2001 Britz2002 Britz2002 Brodacz2001 Brooke20040 Broomhead2003 Brown1991` Brown1995l Brown1995@ Brown1995T Brown1996Z Brown1996 Brown19968 Brown1996< Brown1997? Brown19977 Brown1997 Brown1998 Brown1999 Brown1999X Brown2001 Brown2001| Brown2001 Brown2001 Brown2002` Brown2002h Brown2002* Brown2003G Brown2003" Brown2003 Brown-Jenco1999G Brown-Jenco2003_ Brummer2001` Brummer2001 Bruns2003# Bruns20034 Bruns2004- Bryden19988 Bryden19999i Buangsuwan19955 Buchenauer1999 Buchenauer2000 Buchenauer2001 Buchenauer2001 Buchenauer2002" Buchenauer2002 Buchenauer2003w Buck1993u> Buckley2002g Buckley2002K Buckley2003N Buckley2003Q Buerstmayr2002: Buetow199196 Buetow199397 Buetow199338 Buetow199393 Buetow199594 Buetow199595 Buetow199511 Buetow19966/ Buetow19977, Buetow20000' Buetow20010# Buetow20020 Buetow20030 Buetow20030 Buetow20040% Bullerman1996# Bullerman1997+ Bullerman1998  Bullerman1998! Bullerman1998 Bullerman1999 Bullerman2000 Bullerman20016 Bullerman2002 Burger19881+ Burgess1985 Burgess1988 Burgess1993 Burgess1999 Burgess2003G Burnham2002F Burow1997 Burow2000  Bush2004q Butchko1994 Butler1993 Butler1993 Butron2001w Butron2002R Butron20030 Butts2001 Cabrera2004R Cahagnier2002( Cahagnier2003 Cairns2003@ Caldas2002Caldwell1990Caldwell1990 Calitz19949 Calitz19955 Calvert2000Camargos2002`Campbell19955aCampbell1995cCampbell1995;Campbell1997Campbell2003 Campbell2004 Campo2003 Canela20000 Canet1996Canfield20033}Canfield2004 Capasso1996 Cardarelli2003Cardwell1997Cardwell19981Cardwell1998Cardwell2000Cardwell2000Cardwell2000Cardwell2000]Cardwell20011Cardwell20011tCardwell2002Cardwell2002BCardwell2003QCardwell2003o Carlton1995h Carlton1997i Carlton1997_ Carlton2001` Carlton2001k Carson19979 Carson2004gCarvajal19955 Cary1993 Cary19933 Cary1995 Cary19955 Cary19955 Cary19955 Cary1995 Cary1996 Cary19966 Cary1996 Cary1996 Cary1996 Cary19977 Cary1998 Cary19989 Cary1999 Cary2000` Cary2002 Cary2003~ Cary20040| Casacuberta1992w Casadebaig1991 Casillas1996, Cassidy2000' Cassidy2001 Cassidy2003 Cassidy2004&;4CAST Council for Agricultural Science and Technology2003FCastano-Tostado2004 Castegnaro1998.Castella1998xCastella1999 Castro20010 Castro20020 Catipovic2000 Cavaglieri1999w Cavailles1991)Cavanagh2001 Cawood19901 Cawood1991 Cawood19929 Cawood19931 Cawood19931 Cawood1994 Cawood19944 Cawood19941H Cawood19944 Cawood19961 Cazzaniga2001IChalmers1978@Chalmers1980H Chan19977 Chandrashekar2004 Chang1993 Chang1993 Chang1994 Chang1995 Chang1995 Chang1995 Chang1995 Chang1995 Chang1995Y Chang1996 Chang1996 Chang1997 Chang1997 Chang1998 Chang1999 Chang1999 Chang2000 Chang2000 Chang2000 Chang2000 Chang2000 Chang2001 Chang2002 Chang2003~ Chang2004% Chatterjee2001 Chatterjee2004_ Chauhan2002_ Chekirghedira1995 Chelack1991 Chelkowski1991 Bruns20034 Bruns2004- Bryden19988 Bryden19999i Buangsuwan19955 Buchenauer1999 Buchenauer2000 Buchenauer2001 Buchenauer2001 Buchenauer2002" Buchenauer2002 Buchenauer2003w Buck1993u> Buckley2002g Buckley2002K Buckley2003N Buckley2003Q Buerstmayr2002% Bullerman1996# Bullerman1997+ Bullerman1998  Bullerman1998! Bullerman1998 Bullerman1999 Bullerman2000 Bullerman20016 Bullerman2002 Burger19881  Burger19881+ Burgess1985 Burgess1988 Burgess1993 Burgess1999 Burgess2003F Burow1997 Burow2000  Bush2004q Butchko1994 Butler1993 Butler1993 Butron2001w Butron2002R Butron20030 Cabrera2004 Cabrera2004R Cahagnier2002( Cahagnier2003 Cairns2003@ Caldas2002̍Caldwell1990̎Caldwell1990 Calitz19949 Calitz19949 Calitz19955 Calvert2000 Calvert2000Camargos2002`Campbell19955aCampbell1995cCampbell1995;Campbell1997̺Campbell2003 Campbell2004 Campo2003 Canela20000 Canet1996Canfield20033}Canfield2004 Cardarelli2003Cardwell1997Cardwell19981Cardwell1998̓Cardwell2000̝Cardwell2000̦Cardwell2000̬Cardwell2000]Cardwell20011Cardwell20011Cardwell20011tCardwell2002̜Cardwell2002BCardwell2003QCardwell2003 Carson2004gCarvajal19955` Cary2002| Casacuberta1992w Casadebaig1991&;4CAST Council for Agricultural Science and Technology2003FCastano-Tostado2004 Castegnaro1998.Castella1998xCastella1999̇ Castro20010 Castro20020 Catipovic2000 Catipovic2000 Cavaglieri1999w Cavailles1991 Cawood19901 Cawood19901 Cawood1991 Cawood1991 Cawood19929 Cawood19929 Cawood19931 Cawood19931 Cawood19931 Cawood1994 Cawood19944 Cawood19941H Cawood19944 Cawood19944 Cawood19941 Cawood19941 Cawood19961 Cazzaniga2001IChalmers1978@Chalmers1980H Chan19977 Chandrashekar2004Y Chang1996_ Chauhan2002_ Chekirghedira1995 Chelack1991 Chelkowski1991u 360-364$://000174093500007F?Naidoo, G. Forbes, A. M. Paul, C. White, D. G. Rocheford, T. R.XQResistance to aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin accumulation in maize F-1 hybrids Crop Sciencerlkernel infection; corn genotypes; inheritance; flavus; contamination; registration; inoculation; field; lineUnacceptable levels of contamination by aflatoxin, a carcinogenic toxin, produced by Aspergillus flavas Link:Fr can halt the sale and shipment of maize (Zea mavs L.) grain. Our objectives were to: (i) determine the relative resistance to A. flavus and aflatoxin accumulation in F-1 hybrids produced by crossing promising resistant maize inbreds. regardless of heterotic pattern; (ii) investigate the genetic basis of resistance for this subset of inbreds through diallel analysis, and (iii) determine which inbreds are the most promising sources of resistance for molecular marker mapping and breeding programs. Two historically important inbreds and six inbreds tentatively associated with reduced ear rot and inhibition of aflatoxin production were crossed in A combinations. The resulting F-1 hybrids were evaluated for two years. Ears were inoculated 20 to 24 d after midsilk by a pinboard method and a mixture of coniclia of Aspergillus flarus Link:Fr. isolates. Individual ears from each plot were rated by scoring the percent visible rot in the inoculated area. Anatoxin B, levels in harvested ears were determined by an indirect competitive ELISA. The highest level of resistance for car rot and aflatoxin accumulation "as detected for resistant inbred x resistant inbred F-1 hybrids, but they were not significantly different from many resistant inbred x historically important inbred F-1 hybrids. Diallel analysis indicated general combining ability (GCA) effects for ear rot and aflatoxm levels were highly significant among hybrids overall, and for the inbreds Tex6 and Oh516. The results indicate that Tex6 and Oh516 are promiqing resistance sources for molecular marker mapping and breeding programs in diverse genetic backgrounds.F Crop Sci. 2002Mar-Apr422'Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Champaign, IL 61820 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Champaign, IL 61820 USA Rocheford TR Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Champaign, IL 61820 USATimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 18 Cited References: CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CAMPBELL KW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P778 COCKERHAM CC, 1963, STAT GENETICS PLANT, P53 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GRIFFING B, 1956, AUST J BIOL SCI, V9, P463 HAMBLIN AM, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P292 KANG MS, 1994, APPL QUANTITATIVE GE PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 ROZZI RD, 2001, PLANT DIS, V85, P322 SCOTT GE, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1296 SCOTT GE, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P1378 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 WIDSTROM NW, 1984, CROP SCI, V24, P1155 ZHANG YD, 1997, AGRON J, V89, P176 ZUBER MS, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1346 ZUBER MS, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P185 English Article 525UY CROP SCIISI:000174093500007  45-69$://000188053400007"Glaser, J. A. Matten, S. R.VPSustainability of insect resistance management strategies for transgenic Bt cornBiotechnology AdvancesLEplant-incorporated protectants; transgenic crops; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bt corm bacillus-thuringiensis toxin; genetically-engineered crops; environmentally selective control; diamondback moth lepidoptera; integrated pest-management; malathion flour granules; borer lepidoptera; f-2 screen; indirect reduction; seed mixturesIncreasing interest in the responsible management of technology in the industrial and agricultural sectors of the economy has been met thorough the development of broadly applicable tools to assess the "sustainability" of new technologies. An arena ripe for application of such analysis is the deployment of transgenic crops. The new transgenic pesticidal or plant- incorporated protectant (PIP) crops have seen widespread application in the United States based on the features of higher yield, lower applications of insecticides, and control of mycotoxin content. However, open rejection of these new crops in Europe and in other countries has been a surprising message and has limited their worldwide acceptance. The US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has worked on the development and analysis of insect resistance management (IRM) strategies and has mandated specific IRM requirements for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops since 1995 under the Food, Fungicide, Insecticide, and Rodenticide Act. Improvement of data quality and sustainability of IRM strategies have been targeted in an ongoing partnership between the USEPA Office of Research and Development and the Office of Pesticide Programs that will further enhance the agency's ability to develop sustainable insect resistance management strategies for transgenic field corn (Bt corn) producing B. thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Biotechnol. Adv. 2003 Dec22 1-2'US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, 26 W King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Biopesticides & Pollut Prevent Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA Glaser JA US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, 26 W King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 119 Cited References: *CAST, 2002, COMP ENV IMP BIOT DE *CAST, 2003, MYC RISK PLANT AN HU *INT LIF SCI I, 1998, EV INS RES MAN BT FI *NRC, 2000, GEN MOD PEST PROT PL *UNCED, 1992, RIO DECL ENV DEV AG, PCH16 *USDA ERS, 2002, AGR BIOT AD BIOT ITS *USDA ERS, 2002, PROSP PLANT *USEPA, 2001, BIOP REG ACT DOC BAC *USEPA, 2002, BIOP REG DOC PREL RI *USEPA, 2000, BT PLANT PEST BIOP D *USEPA, 1998, ENV PROT AG WHIT PAP *USEPA SAP, 1998, FIN REP FIFRA SCI AD *USEPA SAP, 2001, SUBP INS RES MAN OCT, P5 *USEPA SAP, 1995, SUBP PLANT PEST *USEPA USDA, 1999, AM FARML TRUST CTR A *WCED, 1987, OUR COMMON FUTURE ALSTAD DN, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P1894 ANDOW DA, 2002, ECOL APPL, V12, P1278 ANDOW DA, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P26 ANDOW DA, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P572 ANDOW DA, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P579 ANDOW DA, 1998, NOW OR NEVER SERIOUS, P18 ARONSON AI, 2001, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V195, P1 BAUER LS, 1995, FLA ENTOMOL, V78, P414 BENBROOK C, 2001, PESTIC OUTLOOK, V12, P204 BENTUR JS, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1515 BERGELSON J, 1996, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V263, P1659 BINNS MR, 2000, SAMPLING MONITORING BODE WM, 1990, J ECON ENTOMOL, V83, P1595 BOULTER D, 1993, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V34, P1453 CAPRIO MA, 2000, FIELD MANUAL TECHNIQ, P805 CAPRIO MA, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P1021 CARLSON G, 1997, CHOICES, P31 CARPENTER JE, 2001, AGR BIOTECHNOLOGY UP CARRIERE Y, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P315 CARRIERE Y, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P1475 COSTANZA R, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P149 DOWD PF, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P497 DOWD PF, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P1067 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 DOWD PF, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P68 DOWD PF, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P1058 ESTRUCH JJ, 1997, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V15, P137 FERNANDEZCORNEJ.J, 2002, AER810 USDA ERS AGR FORRESTER NW, 1994, BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN, V4, P549 GIANESSI LP, 1999, AGR BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GIANESSI LP, 2002, PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY GOULD F, 1998, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V43, P701 GOULD F, 1994, BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN, V4, P451 GOULD F, 1988, BIOSCIENCE, V38, P26 GOULD F, 1997, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V94, P3519 GYSLAYNE FLT, 1998, FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL, V25, P369 HALL J, 1998, J CLEAN PROD, V6, P313 HAWTHORNE D, 2001, MONITORING RESISTANC HUBBELL B, 1998, AGR HUMAN VALUES, V15, P43 IVES AR, 1996, SCIENCE, V273, P1412 JAMES C, 2001, PREVIEW GLOBAL REV C JOHNSON B, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P242 JOUANIN L, 1998, PLANT SCI, V131, P1 KATES RW, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P641 KOGAN M, 1998, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V43, P243 KRIMSKY S, 1996, AGR BIOTECHNOLOGY EN LEVINS R, 1980, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V25, P287 LEWIS WJ, 1997, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V94, P12243 LIPSON M, 1999, EPA USDA WORKSH INS MAHLER J, 1999, J BIOTECHNOL, V68, P179 MALLET J, 1992, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V250, P165 MARCON PCRG, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P925 MASOERO F, 1999, MAYDICA, V44, P205 MASON CE, 1996, B IOWA STATE U MATTEN SR, 2003, IN PRESS TRANSGENIC MAZIER M, 1997, BIOTECHNOL ANN REV, V3, P313 MCGAUGHEY WH, 1998, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V16, P144 MCGAUGHEY WH, 1992, SCIENCE, V258, P1451 MCGAUGHEY WH, 1985, SCIENCE, V229, P193 MEADOWS MP, 1993, BACILLUS THURINGIENS, P193 MEEUSEN RL, 1989, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V34, P373 MELLON M, 1998, NOW OR NEVER SERIOUS MUMFORD JD, 1984, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V29, P157 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 MUNKVOLD GP, 2000, PLANT HLTH PROGR SEP NAP JP, 2003, PLANT J, V33, P1 NELSON GC, 2001, GENETICALLY MODIFIED NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 OERKE EC, 1994, CROP PRODUCTION CROP, P535 ONSTAD DW, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P1256 ONSTAD DW, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P585 PARKER IM, 1996, BIOL CONSERV, V78, P193 PILCHER CD, 2002, J ECON ENTOMOL, V95, P878 RICE ME, 1994, ARTHROPOD MANAGE TES, V19, P204 RICE ME, 1997, YIELD LOSSES CORN BO RIEBE JF, 1999, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V21, P101 RISSLER J, 1996, ECOLOGICAL RISKS ENG ROUSH RT, 1997, ADV INSECT CONTROL R, P271 ROUSH RT, 1994, BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN, V4, P501 ROUSH RT, 1986, J ECON ENTOMOL, V79, P293 ROUSH RT, 1997, PESTIC SCI, V51, P328 ROUSH RT, 1998, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V353, P1777 RUTTAN VW, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P5960 SHELTON AM, 2002, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V47, P845 SHELTON AM, 2000, FIELD MANUAL TECHNIQ, P829 STERN VM, 1959, HILGARDIA, V29, P91 TABASHNIK BE, 1994, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V39, P47 TABASHNIK BE, 1990, J ECON ENTOMOL, V83, P1671 TABASHNIK BE, 1994, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V255, P7 VENETTE RC, 2002, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V47, P143 VENETTE RC, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1055 VONWIRENLEHR S, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V84, P115 WALKER KA, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1276 WAY MJ, 2000, CROP PROT, V19, P81 WILKINS L, 2001, AGBIOFORUM, V4, P163 WILLIAMSON M, 1996, TRENDS BIOTECHNOL, V14, P449 WOLFENBARGER LL, 2000, SCIENCE, V290, P2088 YOUNG A, 1994, ENV HLTH PERS, V102, P636 ZECHENDORF B, 1999, TRENDS BIOTECHNOL, V17, P219 ZHAO JZ, 2002, J ECON ENTOMOL, V95, P14 English Review 763CG BIOTECHNOL ADVISI:000188053400007 i0ocontrol strategiesconventional and conversion cooccurrence cookingcorncorn (Zea mays) corn borercorn cultivars corn flakingcorn genotypescorn genotypes resistant corn hybrids corn kernels corn meal corn products corn residuecorn screeningscorn trypsin-inhibitorcorn-corn-based foodscorn-based products corn-borercorn-borer lepidopteracorn-borer resistance corn-earwormcorn-earworm lepidoptera cornsilkcoronary heart diseasecoronary heart-diseasecoronary-artery diseasecorticosteroids cotton cotton bolls cotton-leaf cottonseed cowpea Crambidae craniofacial abnormalitiescraniorachischisiscreepCRMcrop85Crop protection, postharvest biology, pest management crop residues crop rotation crop-rotationcrops cross-linkingcrown crown rot Cry1AbCry1Ab protein Cry1Ac cryptic Cryptophlebiacryptophlebia leucotretacryptorchidismcrystal-structure culmorum cultivars cultureculture material cultured alveolar macrophages cultures curculionidaecuticular lipidscutin cyclasecyclopiazonic acid cyclopiazonic acid productioncyst cystathionine cystathionine-beta-synthasecysteinyl-valinecytochemical labelling cytochrome P450 monooxygenase cytochrome-cytochrome-p-450$cytochrome-p-450 monooxygenase cytotoxicitydairy-products damage damping-offdate dead hearts deadarm debneyi$ debrisoquine metabolic phenotype decompositiondecontamination defense defense gene defensin deficiency deficient defined deformation dehydrogenasedehydrogenase gene deletion delta-5 desaturase activities delta-6-delta-endotoxin cyta denmark$ denovo sphingolipid biosynthesis densitometry densitydensity segregation(#deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B-1deoxynivalenolium moniliforme195-203$://000221761000005yTMArranz, I. Baeyens, W. R. G. Van der Weken, G. De Saeger, S. Van Peteghem, C. 82Review: HPLC determination of fumonisin mycotoxins4.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutritionreview; fusarium; fumonisins; HPLC; chromatographic analysis; maize; sphingolipid biosynthesis performance liquid-chromatography; fusarium-moniliforme; mass- spectrometry; animal health; rat-liver; corn; b-1; maize; stability; proliferatum7An overview of liquid chromotogrophic methods, mainly employing fluorescence detection together with sample pre-treatment methods, is presented,for the determination of the toxic group of fumonisin mycotoxins in various matrices.S Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2004443 'State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Pharmaceut Analysis, Lab Drug Qual Control, Harelbekestr 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Pharmaceut Analysis, Lab Drug Qual Control, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Food Anal, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Baeyens WRG State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Pharmaceut Analysis, Lab Drug Qual Control, Harelbekestr 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 55 Cited References: *FAO, 1997, 64 FAO *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56, P445 *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56, P489 *IPCS, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, P219 *MIN AGR FISH FOOD, 1987, 18 MIN AGR FISH FOOD *US FOOD DRUG ADM, 2001, GUID IND FUM LEV HUM *WHO, 1979, WHO ENV HLTH CRIT, V11 AZCONAOLIVERA JI, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P169 BACON CW, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P514 BENNETT GA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P501 DEGIROLAMO A, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P59 DOERGE DR, 1994, RAPID COMMUN MASS SP, V8, P603 DUNCAN K, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P41 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P279 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, CANCER LETT, V109, P101 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 HOLCOMB M, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P764 JIMENEZ M, 1997, J CHROMATOGR A, V778, P363 KULISEK ES, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P65 LEMMER ER, 1999, CARCINOGENESIS, V20, P817 LIM CW, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P34 MARAGOS CM, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P1162 MILLER JD, 1999, INT C TOX FUM ILSI N, P21 MURPHY PA, 1996, EFFECT PROCESSING FU, P323 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 MUSSER SM, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1169 NISHIDA Y, 1994, J CARBOHYD CHEM, V13, P1003 PARK DL, 1996, REDUCTION RISK ASS F, P335 PLATTNER RD, 1990, MYCOLOGIA, V82, P698 ROSS PF, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V114, P129 SCOTT PM, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P541 SCOTT PM, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P829 SCOTT PM, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P1379 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SELIM MI, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3224 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SHEPHARD GS, 1994, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V32, P23 SHEPHARD GS, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P31 SYDENHAM EW, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P764 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1990 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 THAKUR RA, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P1047 THAKUR RA, 1994, RAPID COMMUN MASS SP, V8, P82 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 TOYOOKA T, 1994, BIOMED CHROMATOGR, V8, P85 TOYOOKA T, 1999, MODERN DERIVATIZATIO, P35 TRUCKSESS MW, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P705 VELAZQUEZ C, 2000, J CHROMATOGR A, V870, P469 VESALDER R, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1052 VISCONTI A, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P909 VISCONTI A, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P427 WEIDENBORNER M, 2000, ENCY FOOD MYCOTOXINS, P98 WILSON TM, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V40, P2633 WYLLIE TD, 1978, FUNGI MYCOTOXINS MYC, V3 English Review 825LW CRIT REV FOOD SCI NUTRVISI:000221761000005 >western corn borer aflatoxin227-236$://000189114400005@:Williams, W. P. Windham, G. L. Buckley, P. M. Daves, C. A.Aflatoxin accumulation in conventional and transgenic corn hybrids infested with southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae)2,Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology0)Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; corn; Zea mays L.; southwestern corn borer; Diatraea grandiosella; Crambidae; Lepidoptera; Bacillus thuringiensis fall armyworm lepidoptera; aspergillus-flavus; maize hybrids; kernel infection; insect damage; resistance; contamination; mycotoxins; noctuidae; georgiaAflatoxin is a potent carcinogen produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link:fr. Aflatoxin contamination of corn greatly diminishes its value and is a major impediment to profitable corn production in the South. Aflatoxin contamination is frequently linked with drought, high temperatures, and insect damage. The effects of southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, damage on aflatoxin contamination were investigated. Aflatoxin contamination levels in conventional nonBt corn hybrids and transgenic Bt hybrids after inoculation with A. flavus and infestation with southwestern corn borer were compared. Aflatoxin contamination was highest when hybrids were inoculated with A. flavus using a technique that wounded the kernels. Aflatoxin contamination was significantly greater in nonBt than in Bt hybrids when ears were inoculated by spraying with an A. flavus conidial suspension and concurrently infesting with southwestern corn borer. Infesting conventional nonBt hybrids with southwestern corn borer resulted in significant leaf feeding, stalk tunneling, stunting, yield loss, and aflatoxin contamination. Losses were significantly reduced in transgenic Bt hybrids.J. Agr. Urban Entomol. 2002 Oct194'ZTMississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Williams WP Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 29 Cited References: *SAS I, 1987, SAS STAT GUID PERS C BOULTER D, 1993, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V34, P1453 CASTEGNARO M, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P671 DAVID FM, 1994, J ECON ENTOMOL, V87, P1105 DAVIS FM, 1997, P INT S INSECT RESIS, P189 DIENER UL, 1989, BIODETERIORATION RES, V2, P217 DOWD PF, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P1067 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 GUTHRIE WD, 1981, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V29, P1170 MCMILLIAN WW, 1985, J ENVIRON QUAL, V14, P200 MCMILLIAN WW, 1978, J ENVIRON QUAL, V7, P564 MIHM JA, 1989, P INT S METHODOLOGIE, P109 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 PARK DL, 1993, TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH, V4, P334 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 RITCHIE SW, 1986, 48 IOW STAT U COOP E STEEL RDG, 1980, PRINCIPLES PROCEDURE WIDSTROM NW, 1996, MAYDICA, V41, P59 WILD CP, 2000, MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT, V462, P381 WILLIAMS WP, 1997, CROP SCI, V37, P957 WILLIAMS WP, 1989, CROP SCI, V29, P913 WILLIAMS WP, 1999, FLA ENTOMOL, V82, P271 WILLIAMS WP, 1998, J AGR ENTOMOL, V15, P105 WINDHAM GL, 1999, MISSISSIPPI AGR FORE, V22 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 ZUBER MS, 1979, J ENVIRON QUAL, V8, P1 ZUMMO N, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P313 English Article 776KD J AGRIC URBAN ENTOMOLISI:000189114400005r 33-52$://000085959100003"Matthies, A. Buchenauer, H.Effect of tebuconazole (Folicur (R)) and prochloraz (Sportak (R)) treatments on Fusarium head scab development, yield and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grains of wheat following artificial inoculation with Fusarium culmorumf_Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and ProtectionHAFusarium culmorum; Fusarium head scab; wheat; Triticum aestivum; grain yield; deoxynivalenol (DON); preinfectional and postinfectional fungicide applications; tebuconazole (Folicur (R)); prochloraz (Sportak (R)) f-graminearum; blight; resistance; mycotoxins; cereals; contamination; vomitoxin; nivalenol; manitoba; tissue The effectiveness of the fungicides Folicur(R) (a. i. tebuconazole) and Sportak(R) (a. i. prochloraz) applied either separately or in combination was tested in field experiments in 1995 and 1996 against Fusarium head scab. Wheat plants were inoculated artificially with a conidia suspension (5 x 10(5) spores . ml(-1)) of Fusarium culmorum (isolate F. c. 46) mid of flowering (GS 65). Besides the development of Fusarium head scab, grain yield, thousand-grain weight (TGW) and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in the grain were determined. In 1995, head scab diseases in infected control plants of the cv. 'Greif' continuously increased until 26 days after inoculation (dpi) and reached a disease index of 7.9. All Folicur(R) and Sportak(R) treatments reduced disease severity compared to the infected control. The early postinfectional applications (2 dpi; GS 65) proved to be most effective. Folicur(R) diminished disease severity by 56 % and Sportak(R) by 41 %. The early preinfectional (8 dai; GS 60) and the late postinfectional (9 dpi, GS 69) applications were less effective. The fungicide treatments resulted in higher grain yields as compared to the inoculated control. The early postinfectional (2 dpi: CS 65) application affected yield more than the late postinfectional (9 dpi: GS 69) and the early preinfectional Fungicide treatments. The TGWs showed similar tendencies as the grain yields. The severe Fusarium head scab symptoms in cv. 'Greif of the inoculated control variant were associated with a high DON content (27 mg.kg(-1)) in the grain. The DON contents in the grain of the fungicide-treated variants were reduced related to the inoculated control; the most distinct reduction by 71 % was obtained by the combined treatment 2 dpi. In 1996, field experiments with the two winter wheat cvs. 'Kontrast' and 'Pegassos' on two different sites were carried our. Both fungicides were applied exclusively 2 dpi. At the site Karlshof, the more sensitive cv, 'Kontrast' exhibited 31 dpi a disease incidence of 91 % and a disease index of 6.1; the less sensitive cv. 'Pegassos' showed a disease incidence of 67 % and a disease index of 4.4. Of tbe fungicide treatments, the combined application suppressed disease development most effectively; the disease incidence of the cvs. 'Kontrast' and 'Pegassos' was diminished by 52 and 64 %, respectively; the disease index in both cultivars was 2.8. Fusarium head scab reduced in both cultivars the grain yield by 29 % as compared to the not inoculated control. Folicur(R) treatments increased grain yields in the cvs. 'Kontrast' and 'Pegassos' by and 22 %, respectively, and Sportak(R) applications by 17 and 18 %. The combined treatment resulted in the highest yield increases: 31 % in cv. 'Kontrast' and 29 % in cv. 'Pegassos'. DON contents in the grain of the cv. 'Kontrast' and 'Pegassos' were 11.77 and 8.11 mg . kg(-1), respectively. Single Folicur(R) treatments diminished DON content in the grain as compared to the infected control in the cvs. 'Kontrast' and 'Pegassos' by 55 and 49 %, respectively; Sporcak(R) treatments by 43 and 42 % and the combined applications by 61 and 62 %. Similar results were obtained with both cultivars on the field site Neuhausen. The studies indicate that fungicide treatments may nor always bt sufficient to reduce both Fusarium head slab and trichothecene contaminations in the grain of wheat. Research demands include e. g., improving predictions of infection probabilities, fungicide formulations and application techniques as well as combining trichothecene biosynthesis inhibitors with fungicides.2,Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2000 Jan 1071'Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Matthies A Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed, D-70593 Stuttgart, GermanyD=Times Cited: 8 English Article 295GV Z PFLANZENKR PFLANZENSCHISI:000085959100003 1059-1066,$://0001849751000080*Maupin, L. M. Clements, M. J. White, D. G.ztEvaluation of the M182 corn line as a source of resistance to aflatoxin in grain and use of BGYF as a selection tool Plant Diseasemaize; mycotoxin greenish-yellow fluorescence; aspergillus ear rot; coli beta- glucuronidase; maize kernels; white corn; south-carolina; alpha-amylase; planting date; insect damage; field cornOur objectives were to determine if the corn (Zea mays) inbred M182 has alleles for resistance to Aspergillus ear rot (caused by Aspergillus flavus) and aflatoxin accumulation in grain that can be transferred to commercially used inbreds, and to determine the types and magnitudes of gene action. heritabilities, and gain from selection for low levels of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence (BGYF). aflatoxin. and ear rot with M182. Also, we hoped to determine if selection against BGYF would substantially reduce the concentration of aflatoxin in grain. Primary ears and ground grain from inbred M182 (P-1), the susceptible inbred B73 (P-2), and the F-1, F-2, F-3, BCP1S1, and BCP2S1 generations developed from these inbreds were evaluated for BGYF, concentration of aflatoxin in grain, and severity of Aspergillus ear rot in 2000 and 2001. Dominance was the most important gene action associated with low levels of BGYF and a low concentration of aflatoxin in grain. Heritabilities for low levels of BGYF (83.5%), aflatoxin (74.1%), and car rot (62.8%) were high. Correlation coefficients between aflatoxin and BGYF were high in both years (r = 0.75 and 0.79 for 2000 and 2001, respectively). Unlike aflatoxin, BGYF was not affected by the year in which plants were grown. Selection for low levels of BGYF prior to selection based on aflatoxin concentration is as effective as selection for either factor alone. M182 has value in programs designed to improve the resistance of commercially used corn inbreds. Plant Dis. 2003 Sep879'Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA White DG Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA L ETimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 50 Cited References: *ORA, 1995, FDA ORA COMPL POL GU, P268 *SAS I, 2000, SAS US GUID ALDRICH SR, 1986, MODERN CORN PRODUCTI BARABOLAK R, 1978, CEREAL CHEM, V55, P1065 BAYMAN P, 1993, CAN J BOT, V71, P23 BROWN RL, 1997, J FOOD PROTECT, V60, P84 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CAMPBELL KW, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1144 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CAMPBELL KW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P778 CHEN ZY, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P902 CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P276 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DAVIS ND, 1983, AUBURN U SO COOP SER, V279 FAKHOURY AM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P908 FENNELL DI, 1973, CEREAL CHEM, V50, P404 FENTE CA, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P4858 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GORMAN DP, 1992, PLANT BREEDING, V109, P296 GORMAN DP, 1991, PLANT BREEDING, V107, P1 HALLAUER AR, 1988, QUANTITATIVE GENETIC HAMBLIN AM, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P292 HORN BW, 1996, MYCOLOGIA, V88, P574 JONES RK, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P810 JONES RK, 1980, PLANT DIS, V64, P859 KWOLEK WF, 1979, CEREAL CHEM, V56, P342 LILLEHOJ EB, 1982, CEREAL CHEM, V59, P136 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P255 LILLEHOJ EB, 1976, CEREAL CHEM, V53, P505 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CROP SCI, V20, P731 LILLEHOJ EB, 1976, CROP SCI, V16, P483 LILLEHOJ EB, 1983, J ENVIRON QUAL, V12, P216 MARSH PB, 1969, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V17, P468 MATHER K, 1982, BIOMETRICAL GENETICS PAPA KE, 1986, MYCOLOGIA, V78, P98 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 SCOTT GE, 1996, MAYDICA, V41, P43 SHOTWELL OL, 1975, CEREAL CHEM, V52, P670 SHOTWELL OT, 1972, CEREAL CHEM, V49, P459 SMITH MS, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P998 TROYER AF, 1999, CROP SCI, V39, P601 WALKER RD, 2001, PLANT DIS, V85, P322 WICKLOW DT, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P1146 WIDSTROM NW, 1996, ADV AGRON, V56, P219 WIDSTROM NW, 1984, CROP SCI, V24, P1155 WIDSTROM NW, 1990, J PROD AGRIC, V3, P196 ZUBER MS, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1346 ZUBER MS, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P185 ZUMMO N, 1994, BIODETERIORATION RES, V4, P217 English Article 715MA PLANT DISISI:000184975100008 110-118$://000183550200003B;Sewram, V. Mshicileli, N. Shephard, G. S. Marasas, W. F. O.("Fumonisin mycotoxins in human hair Biomarkers("fumonisins; human hair; biomarker; chronic exposure; Fusarium verticillioides; high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy neural-tube defects; liquid-chromatographic determination; fusarium-moniliforme; esophageal cancer; corn; b-1; transkei; exposure; china; biomarkerThis study shows for the first time the accumulation of fumonisin mycotoxins in human hair of population clusters exposed to contaminated maize, and thus the feasibility of human hair analysis for the assessment of past fumonisin exposure. Composite hair samples were obtained from the Bizana, Butterworth and Centane districts within the Transkei region of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Following methanol extraction and strong anion exchange clean up, the fumonisins FB1, FB2 and FB3 were detected using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). Hair from Centane and Butterworth showed mean levels of FB1 of 26.7 and 23.5 mug kg(-1) hair, respectively. FB2 was only detected in hair from Centane and in one sampling point in Butterworth, with mean levels of 6.5 and 5.7 mug kg(-1) hair, respectively. Hair samples from Bizana, on the other hand, were found to contain higher levels of FB1 (mean 33.0 mug kg(-1) hair) and FB2 (mean 11.1 mug kg(-1) hair). No samples contained more than trace levels of FB3. Recoveries from spiked hair samples using this method ranged from 81% to 101%, demonstrating the applicability of hair analysis in assessing human exposure to fumonisin mycotoxins. Biomarkers 2003Mar-Apr82'S African MRC, Promec Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Promec Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Sewram V S African MRC, Promec Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 24 Cited References: *WHO, 2002, WHO TECHN REP SER, V906, P16 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 CHELULE PK, 2000, BIOMARKERS, V5, P1 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 GAILLARD Y, 1999, J CHROMATOGR B, V733, P231 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P267 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P279 HENDRICKS K, 1999, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V10, P198 LANGER JJ, 1988, MATER SCI, V14, P41 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MOORE CA, 1997, AM J MED GENET, V73, P113 NAKAHARA Y, 1999, J CHROMATOGR B, V733, P161 NCAYIYANA DJ, 1986, S AFR MED J, V69, P618 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RILEY RT, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P533 SEWRAM V, 2001, J ANAL TOXICOL, V25, P450 SHETTY PH, 1998, J CHROMATOGR B, V705, P171 SHIER WT, 2000, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V19, P161 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 UENO Y, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P1143 VAINIO H, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P535 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 1999, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V37, P1153 English Article 690LH BIOMARKERSISI:000183550200003, V15, P498 RICOULT DL, 1985, GEOPHYS MONOGR SER, V31, P171 RYERSON FJ, 1989, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V94, P4105 SCHWAB RG, 1981, NEUES JB MINER ABH, V140, P111 TULLIS J, 1982, J GEOL, V90, P301 TYBURCZY JA, 1990, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V17, P1985 WATSON EB, 1986, J GEOPHYS RES, V91, P14 WATSON EB, 1986, J GEOPHYS RES, V91, P117 WATSON EB, 1986, J GEOPHYS RES, V91, P131 WU T, 1988, J AM CERAM SOC, V71, P540 English Article GR234 PHYS CHEM MINERISI:A1991GR23400008> 2653-2659,$://000221340400011o&Flaherty, J. E. Woloshuk, C. P.urlRegulation of fumonisin biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioides by a zinc binuclear cluster-type gene, ZFR1,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologydependent protein-kinase; polymerase-ii holoenzyme; gibberella- moniliformis; aflatoxin biosynthesis; acetate utilization; aspergillus-flavus; resistance marker; b-1 biosynthesis; transcription; proliferatumb\Fusarium verticillioides, a pathogen of maize, produces a class of mycotoxins called fumonisins in infected kernels, In this study, a candidate regulatory gene, ZFR1, was identified in an expressed sequence tag library enriched for transcripts expressed by F. verticillioides during fumonisin B-1 (FB1) biosynthesis. ZFR1 deletion mutants exhibited normal growth and development on maize kernels, but fumonisin production was reduced to less than 10% of that of the wild-type strain. ZFR1 encodes a putative protein of 705 amino acids with sequence similarity to the Zn(II)2Cys6 binuclear cluster family that. are regulators of both primary and secondary metabolism in fungi. Expression of ZFR1 in colonized germ and degermed kernel tissues correlated with FB1 levels. Overexpression of ZFR1 in zfr1 mutants restored FB1 production to wild-type levels; however, FB1 was not restored in an fcc1 (Fusarium C-type cyclin) mutant by overexpression of ZFR1. The results of this study indicate that ZFR1 is a positive regulator of FB1 biosynthesis in F. verticillioides and suggest that FCC1 is required for ZFR1 function. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.  2004 MayT705T'Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 915 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Woloshuk CP Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 915 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 43 Cited References: *FOOD DRUG ADM CTR, 2001, BACKGR PAP SUPP FUM ALTSCHUL SF, 1997, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V25, P3389 BIBBINS M, 2002, MOL GENET GENOMICS, V267, P498 BUTCHKO RAE, 2003, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V51, P3000 CARY JW, 2000, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V53, P680 CHUNG KR, 2003, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V302, P302 CHURCH GM, 1984, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V81, P1991 COOPER KF, 1997, EMBO J, V16, P4665 DEVRIES SC, 1982, PLANTA, V156, P129 FLAHERTY JE, 2003, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V69, P5222 FLAHERTY JE, 1997, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V63, P3995 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 HIRST M, 1999, MOL CELL, V3, P673 KELLER NP, 1997, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V21, P17 KELLER SE, 1997, J IND MICROBIOL BIOT, V19, P305 KRIEK NPJ, 1981, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V48, P129 KUCHIN S, 1995, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V92, P4006 LAUGHON A, 1984, MOL CELL BIOL, V4, P260 LIAO SM, 1995, NATURE, V374, P193 MANIATIS T, 1982, MOL CLONING LAB MANU MAREK ET, 1989, CURR GENET, V15, P421 MUSSER SM, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1169 NAKAI K, 1992, GENOMICS, V14, P897 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 PARK DL, 2002, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V504, P277 PROCTOR RH, 2003, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V38, P237 PROCTOR RH, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V27, P100 PUNT PJ, 1987, GENE, V56, P117 REINHARDT A, 1998, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V26, P2230 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 SHIM WB, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P1607 SHIM WB, 1999, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V177, P109 SHIM WB, 2003, J FOOD PROTECT, V66, P2116 THOMPSON JD, 1994, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V22, P4673 TODD RB, 1998, EMBO J, V17, P2042 TODD RB, 1997, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V21, P388 TSUJI G, 2000, MOL MICROBIOL, V38, P940 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WILSON TM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P115 WOLOSHUK CP, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P670 WOLOSHUK CP, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P2408 YAN KY, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3053 English Article 819UD APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLUISI:000221340400011ST.482-486$://A1990DW728000114.Rheeder, J. P. Vanwyk, P. S. Marasas, W. F. O.NGFusarium Species from Marion and Prince-Edward Islands - Sub- Antarctic&South African Journal of BotanyS. Afr. J. Bot.i 1990 Auge5640'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA RHEEDER JP S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA60Times Cited: 1 English Article DW728 S AFR J BOTISI:A1990DW72800011131-134$://A1990CR24800002s4.Rheeder, J. P. Marasas, W. F. O. Vanwyk, P. S.D>Fungal Associations in Corn Kernels and Effects on GerminationPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1990 Feb802'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTRIT DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT MORFOL,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA RHEEDER JP S AFRICAN MRC,NUTRIT DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA:4Times Cited: 25 English Article CR248 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1990CR248000020353-357$://A1992HG36100020haRheeder, J. P. Marasas, W. F. O. Thiel, P. G. Sydenham, E. W. Shephard, G. S. Vanschalkwyk, D. J.td^Fusarium-Moniliforme and Fumonisins in Corn in Relation to Human Esophageal Cancer in TranskeiPhytopathologyjczea-mays natural occurrence; southern-africa; mycotoxins; areas; maize; leukoencephalomalacia; rats NHHomegrown corn samples were collected from areas with high and low rates of human esophageal cancer in the southern African territory of Transkei for six seasons over the period of 1976- 1989. The most consistent difference in the mycoflora of the corn kernels was the significantly higher incidence of Fusarium moniliforme in corn from high- vs. low-rate areas. In the 1989 samples, this significant (P < 0.01) difference in high- and low-rate cancer areas was 41.2 and 8.9%, respectively, in good (visibly nonmoldy) corn and 61.7 and 21.4%, respectively, in moldy (visibly Fusarium-infected) corn. The samples collected in 1985 and 1989 were analyzed for the presence of two secondary metabolites of F. moniliforme, the carcinogen fumonisin B1 (FB1) and its structural analogue fumonisin B2 (FB2). Significantly higher levels of both FB1 and FB2 were present in the samples from the high-rate esophageal cancer areas. Certain samples from the high-rate areas contained some of the highest levels of FB1 (up to 117,520 ng/g) and FB2 (up to 22,960 ng/g) yet recorded from naturally infected corn.Phytopathology 1992 MarG823I'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,INST BIOSTAT,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA RHEEDER JP S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAD<5Times Cited: 250 English Article HG361 PHYTOPATHOLOGY ISI:A1992HG36100020F>L'Z107-113$://000078333300010ZTSchaafsma, A. W. Nicol, R. W. Savard, M. E. Sinha, R. C. Reid, L. M. Rottinghaus, G.TNAnalysis of Fusarium toxins in maize and wheat using thin layer chromatographyMycopathologiaMycopathologia 1998 1422.162EV MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:000078333300010 1123-11265$://000178170300011HASchaafsma, A. W. Hooker, D. C. Baute, T. S. Illincic-Tamburic, L.NGEffect of Bt-corn hybrids on deoxynivalenol content in grain at harvest Plant Diseaseear rot; fusarium-moniliforme; mycotoxin production; indirect reduction; insect pests; maize; fumonisin; infection; ontario; kernelsConcentrations of the Mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B-1 in grain were compared among Bt-transformed corn hybrids and their non-Bt isolines on 102 commercial corn Fields across Ontario from 1996 to 1999. Intensities of naturally occurring populations of Ostrinia nubilalis were assessed from tunneling measurements in the stalks of non-Bt isolines in 1996 and 1997. Mean concentrations of fumonisin B-1 across hybrids were <0.25 μg g(-1) in every year of the study. Relationships between the concentration of fumonisin B, and intensity of O. nubiledis or with the use of Bt corn hybrids could not be determined because the concentrations of fumonisin B-1 were below the lower limit of detection in most fields (<0.1 mug g(-1)). However, DON was more prevalent with mean concentrations across fields from 0.42 mug g(-1) in 1997 to 1.12 mug g(-1) in 1999, The effect of Bt hybrids on reducing concentrations of DON was mainly dependent on the intensity of O. nubilalis in each field. Where a high intensity (stalk injury) of O. nubilalis was observed (>4 cm of tunnel per stalk in the non-Bt), the use of Bt hybrids reduced concentrations of DON by an average of 59% from concentrations in the non-Bt isoline. Where the intensity of O. nubilalis was low (<4 cm of tunneling per stalk), concentrations of DON were not different among Bt and non-Bt hybrids. Concentrations of DON were low and not different between events Bt11 and 176 among Bt hybrids. A quadratic relationship was developed showing that the concentration of DON increased with intensity of O. nubilalis feeding. This study cautiously supports the use of Bt corn to reduce the risk of high concentrations of DON at harvest in Ontario.  Plant Dis. 2002 Oct 8610'Univ Guelph, Ridgetown Coll, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada Univ Guelph, Ridgetown Coll, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada Schaafsma AW Univ Guelph, Ridgetown Coll, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada Times Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 25 Cited References: ATTWATER WA, 1983, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V5, P158 BAUTE TS, 2002, J ECON ENTOMOL, V95, P57 BETZ FS, 2000, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V32, P156 BOWERMAN BL, 1990, LINEAR STAT MODELS A, P555 BROWN DM, 1993, CROP HEAT UNITS CORN CHRISTENSEN JJ, 1950, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V40, P284 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 DOWD PF, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P68 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 MARTIN PAW, 1994, AM ENTOMOL, V40, P85 MCMILLIAN WW, 1988, J EC ENTOMOL SCI, V23, P240 MILLER JD, 1995, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V17, P233 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 PIETRI A, 2000, FOOD SAFTY CURRENT S, P226 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V142, P107 SCOTT PM, 1984, J FOOD PROTECT, V47, P489 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 TENUTA A, 1999, CONTROLLING EUROPEAN VIGIER B, 1997, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V19, P60 WIDSTROM NW, 1975, J ECON ENTOMOL, V68, P855 English Article 596NE PLANT DISISI:000178170300011N2311-334$://000185466000001piDoll, S. Danicke, S. Ueberschar, K. H. Valenta, H. Schnurrbusch, U. Ganter, M. Klobasa, F. Flachowsky, G.f`Effects of graded levels of Fusarium toxin contaminated maize in diets for female weaned piglets<5Archives of Animal Nutrition-Archiv Fur Tierernahrungmycotoxins; deoxynivalenol; zearalenone; piglets deoxynivalenol vomitoxin; mycotoxin zearalenone; detoxifying agent; alpha-zearalenol; swine; pigs; metabolism; performance; parameters; sowsA dose response study was carried out with piglets to examine the effects of increasing amounts of Fusarium toxins in the diet on performance, clinical serum characteristics, organ weights and residues of zearalenone (ZON) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and their metabolites in body fluids and tissues. For this purpose, Fusarium toxin contaminated maize (1.2 mg ZON and 8.6 mg DON per kg maize) was incorporated into a maize based diet for piglets at 0, 6, 12.5, 25 and 50% at the expense of control maize. The experimental diets were tested on 100 female piglets allotted to 20 boxes (five animals per box) covering a body weight range of 12.4 +/- 2.2 kg to 32.5 +/- 5.6 kg. Voluntary feed intake and, consequently, body weight gain of the animals receiving the highest proportion of Fusarium toxin contaminated maize were significantly decreased while the feed conversion ratio was not affected by the treatment. The mean weight of the uterus related to the body weight of the animals of the same group was increased by almost 100% as compared to the control. For this group, significantly decreased values of total serum protein were determined, while the serum activity of the liver enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase and the serum concentration of the follicle stimulating hormone were decreased for all treatment groups receiving 6% contaminated maize or more in the diet. Serum concentrations of immune- globulins were not consistently altered by the treatment. Corresponding to the dietary exposure, increasing concentrations of ZON and alpha-zearalenol were detected in the bile fluid, liver and in pooled urine samples. The metabolite beta-zearalenol was detected only in bile fluid. The total concentration of ZON plus its metabolites in bile fluid correlated well with the diet contamination ( r = 0.844). DON was found in serum, bile fluid and pooled urine samples while de-epoxy-DON was detected only in urine. The serum concentration of DON correlated well with the respective toxin intake 3 - 4 h prior to slaughtering ( r = 0.957). For all mentioned analyses of residues it has to be noted that toxin residues were detectable even if negligible concentrations were present in the diet.*#Arch. Anim. Nutr.-Arch. Tierernahr. 2003 Oct575'Fed Agr Res Ctr Braunschweig FAL, Inst Anim Nutr, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Fed Agr Res Ctr Braunschweig FAL, Inst Anim Nutr, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Univ Leipzig, Fac Vet Med, Theriogenol & Ambulatory Serv, Large Anim Clin, D-7010 Leipzig, Germany Sch Vet, Clin Swine & Small Ruminants, Hanover, NH USA Fed Agr Res Ctr FAL, Inst Anim Sci, Neustadt, Germany Doll S Fed Agr Res Ctr Braunschweig FAL, Inst Anim Nutr, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany < 5Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 56 Cited References: *BML GERM FED MIN, 2000, 2700 BML VDM GERM FE, P2 *DLG, 1991, DLG FUTT SCHW *GFE, 1987, EN NAHRST LANDW NUTZ BERGSJO B, 1993, VET RES COMMUN, V17, P283 BIEHL ML, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V121, P152 BITSCH N, 2001, J ANIM PHYSIOL AN N, V85, P369 COENEN M, 2001, P SOC NUTR PHYSL, V10, P177 COPPOCK RW, 1985, AM J VET RES, V46, P169 DANICKE S, 2001, ARCH ANIM NUTR, V55, P299 DANICKE S, 2003, IN PRESS ARCH ANIM N, V57 DANICKE S, 2003, IN PRESS MYCOTOX RES, V19 DANICKE S, 2002, P 6 INT C BYDG MYC E, P89 DANICKE S, 2001, P SOC NUTR PHYSL, V10, P171 DANICKE S, 2002, POULTRY SCI, V81, P1671 DANICKE S, 2000, RISIKOFAKTOREN FUSAR, P35 DIEKMAN MA, 1989, THERIOGENOLOGY, V31, P1123 DILLENBURGER T, 2001, MYCOTOX RES A, V17, P58 DMELLO JPF, 1999, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V80, P183 DYCK GW, 1983, CAN J ANIM SCI, V63, P81 ELSAESSER F, 1980, J REPROD FERTIL, V59, P63 ELSAESSER F, 2001, NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, V74, P288 ETIENNE M, 1994, LIVEST PROD SCI, V40, P99 FARNWORTH ER, 1983, CAN J ANIM SCI, V63, P967 FARNWORTH ER, 1981, J ENV SCI HLTH, V16, P239 FEINBERG B, 1989, TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTO, V1, P27 HOFF HG, 1977, EXPERIENTIA, V33, P540 JAMES LJ, 1982, J ANIM SCI, V55, P110 KLOBASA F, 1987, LANDBAUFORSCH VOLK, V37, P1 KLOBASA F, 1983, LANDBAUFORSCH VOLK, V33, P243 KOLLARCZIK B, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P105 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LAUBER U, 2000, MYCOTOX RES A, V16, P166 MANCINI G, 1965, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY, V2, P235 MEYER K, 2000, BERL MUNCH TIERARZTL, V113, P374 MEYER K, 1997, BERL MUNCH TIERARZTL, V110, P281 MIROCHA CJ, 1981, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V19, P25 NAUMANN C, 1993, CHEM UNTERSUCHUNG FU OLDENBURG E, 2000, RISIKOFAKTOREN FUSAR, P5 OLSEN M, 1985, ACTA PHARMACOL TOX, V56, P239 OLSEN M, 1983, ACTA PHARMACOL TOX, V52, P287 PRELUSKY DB, 1988, FUND APPL TOXICOL, V10, P276 PRELUSKY DB, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P748 ROTTER BA, 1994, FUND APPL TOXICOL, V23, P117 ROTTER BA, 1996, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V48, P1 SCHMIDT E, 1970, METHODEN ENZYMATISCH SCHNURRBUSCH U, 1999, DTSCH GEFLUGEL SCHWE, V26, P44 SCHNURRBUSCH U, 2002, TIERARZTL PRAX G N, V30, P244 SCHOLLENBERGER M, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P123 SWEENEY T, 2002, DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN, V23, P203 SZASZ G, 1974, Z KLIN CHEM KLIN BIO, V12, P228 UEBERSCHAR KH, 1999, 521999 VDLUFA, P425 VALENTA H, 2003, IN PRESS MYCOTOX R A, V19 VALENTA H, 2002, IN PRESS VDLUFA KONG VALENTA H, 1999, VDLUFA SCHRIFTREIHE, V52, P429 ZOLLNER P, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P2494 ZWIERZCHOWSKI W, 2002, P 6 INT C BYDG MYC E, P103 English Article 724BE ARCH ANIM NUTRISI:000185466000001# (290-296$://000171045900021HBMcGlynn, K. A. Tsao, L. Hsing, A. W. Devesa, S. S. Fraumeni, J. F.@9International trends and patterns of primary liver cancer&International Journal of Cancerahepatocellular carcinoma; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; aflatoxin B1 hepatitis-c virus; republic-of-china; hepatocellular-carcinoma; united-states; b virus; high prevalence; hbv infection; risk factor; follow-up; associationZSPrimary liver cancer (PLC) is common in many areas of the developing world, but uncommon in most of the developed world. Some evidence suggests, however, that the global pattern of PLC may be changing. To clarify this issue, we examined incidence rates for PLC over the 15-year time period, 1978-92, in selected cancer registries around the world. With some exceptions, developed countries have experienced PLC increases in incidence whereas developing countries have experienced declines. Although the reasons for the trends are not entirely clear, the increased seroprevalence of HCV in the developed world and the elimination of HBV-cofactors in the developing world are likely to have contributed to the patterns. Further progress against PLC may be seen in the developing world once the HBV-vaccinated segment of the population reaches adulthood.Int. J. Cancer 2001 Oct 15942'NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, EPS-7060,6120 Execut Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852 USA NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Rockville, MD 20852 USA McGlynn KA NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, EPS-7060,6120 Execut Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852 USAC82Times Cited: 15 English Article 473LT INT J CANCERISI:000171045900021, 1341-1348R$://000179536300005FtnMcGlynn, K. A. Edmonson, M. N. Michielli, R. A. London, W. T. Lin, W. Y. Chen, G. C. Shen, F. M. Buetow, K. H.VPA phylogenetic analysis identifies heterogeneity among hepatocellular carcinomas Hepatologycomparative genomic hybridization; tumor-suppressor genes; allelic loss; p53 gene; chromosome 13q; frequent loss; heterozygosity; allelotype; deletion; mutationPrimary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of cancer morbidity and mortality on the global scale. Although epidemiologic studies have identified major risk factors for HCC, the sequence of oncogenic events at the molecular level remains poorly understood. While genetic allele loss appears to be a common event, the significance of the loss is not clear. In order to determine whether allele loss appears to be a random event among HCCs or whether patterns of loss duster in groups of tumors, a phylogenetic approach, was used to examine 32 tumors for genome-wide loss of heterozygosity employing 391 markers. Clusters identified by the phylogenetic analysis were then contrasted to compare candidate locus variation among individuals and to determine whether certain clusters exhibited higher loss rates than other dusters. The analysis found that 3 major and 1 minor cluster of loss could be identified and, further, these clusters were distinguished by variable rates of loss (cluster 1, 29%; cluster 2,21%; duster 3, 16%). The analyses also indicated that the allele loss rates in HCC were not insignificant and that the patterns of allele loss were complex. In addition, the results indicated that an individual's constitutional genotype at the EPHX1 locus may be a critical factor in determining the path of tumor evolution. In conclusion, it appears that in HCC, allele loss is not random, but dusters into definable groups that are characterized by distinctive rates of loss. Hepatology 2002 DecN366A'NCI, Div Canc Genet & Epidemiol, EPS-7060,6120 Execut Bldg, Rockville, MD 20852 USA NCI, Div Canc Genet & Epidemiol, Rockville, MD 20852 USA NCI, Canc Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Div Populat Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA Haimen City Antiepidem Stn, Haimen City, Peoples R China Shanghai Med Univ, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China McGlynn KA NCI, Div Canc Genet & Epidemiol, EPS-7060,6120 Execut Bldg, Rockville, MD 20852 USA6/Times Cited: 2 English Article 620MC HEPATOLOGYoISI:000179536300005 one produced more than 175 mu g/g), while all 20 strains of the F mating population produced more than 85 mu g of this toxin per g and 1 strain produced 10,345 mu g/g. The duckling toxicity profiles of the strains of the two mating populations were similar, however, and the level of either toxin by itself was not strongly correlated with duckling toxicity. On the basis of our data we think that it is likely that the members of both of these mating populations produce additional toxins that have yet to be chemically identified. These toxins may act singly or synergistically with other compounds to induce the observed duckling toxicity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.u 1996 Aprw624i'HAKANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,THROCKMORTON PLANT SCI CTR,4002 THROCKMORTON PLANT SCI CTR,MANHATTAN,KS 66506 S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAM MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA Leslie JF KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,THROCKMORTON PLANT SCI CTR,4002 THROCKMORTON PLANT SCI CTR,MANHATTAN,KS 66506oB://A1996UH52900007l6/Lew, H. Chelkowski, J. Pronczuk, P. Edinger, W.Occurrence of the mycotoxin moniliformin in maize (Zea mays L) ears infected by Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw and Reinking) Nelson et al&Food Additives and ContaminantsFood Addit. Contam.L 1996 Apr1333UH529 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMIISI:A1996UH529000074. R 2052-2054,$://A1996VY974000402,Yamazaki, D. Kato, T. Ohtani, E. Toriumi, M.ZSGrain growth rates of MgSiO3 perovskite and periclase under lower mantle conditionsScienceVPolivine; transformations; superplasticity; rheology; ceramics; system; slab; znotnThe grain growth rates of MgSiO3 perovskite and periclase in aggregates have been determined at 25 gigapascals and 1573 to 2173 kelvin. The average grain size (G) was fitted to the rate equation, and the grain growth rates of perovskite and periclase were G(10.6) = 1 X 10(-57.4) t exp(-320.8/RT) and G(10.8) = 1 X 10(-62.3) t exp(-247.0/RT), respectively, where t is the time, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. These growth rates provide insight into the mechanism for grain growth in minerals relevant to the Earth's lower mantle that will ultimately help define the theology of the lower mantle.Science  1996 Dec 20 274, 5295'UNIV TOKYO,FAC SCI,INST GEOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN UNIV TSUKUBA,INST GEOSCI,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN TOHOKU UNIV,INST MINERAL PETROL & ECON GEOL,SENDAI,MIYAGI 98077,JAPAN Yamazaki D UNIV TOKYO,FAC SCI,INST GEOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN1ngTimes Cited: 10 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: BALDO JB, 1988, J AM CERAM SOC, V71, P720 BASS JD, 1984, PHYS EARTH PLANET IN, V36, P145 BROOK RJ, 1976, TREATISE MATERIALS S, V9, P331 BURKE JE, 1949, GRAIN CONTROL IND ME, P1 CHEN IW, 1990, J AM CERAM SOC, V73, P2585 DZIEWONSKI AM, 1981, PHYS EARTH PLANET IN, V25, P297 FISCHER KM, 1988, J GEOPHYS RES, V93, P4773 FOURNELLE RA, 1972, MET T, V3, P2757 GLAESER AM, 1984, J CERAM SOC JPN, V92, P538 GUPTA TK, 1971, J AM CERAM SOC, V54, P413 HANITZCH E, 1968, Z PHYS CHEM, V57, P145 HARKULICH TM, 1966, J AM CERAM SOC, V49, P295 HILLERT M, 1965, ACTA METALL, V13, P227 HOSHIKUMA A, 1995, J SEISMOL SOC JAPAN, V48, P159 ITO E, 1989, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V94, P10637 ITO E, 1991, NATURE, V351, P140 KARATO S, 1988, PHYS EARTH PLANET IN, V51, P107 KARATO S, 1995, SCIENCE, V270, P458 KARATO S, 1992, SCIENCE, V255, P1238 KARATO SI, 1986, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V91, P8151 KATO T, 1995, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V100, P20475 MEADE C, 1995, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V22, P1293 NICHOLS FA, 1966, J APPL PHYS, V37, P4599 NICHOLSON GC, 1966, J AM CERAM SOC, V49, P47 OISHI Y, 1960, J CHEM PHYS, V33, P905 POIRIER JP, 1986, NATURE, V321, P603 RINGWOOD AE, 1991, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V55, P2083 SALTYKOV SA, 1958, STEREOMETRIC METALLO, P446 SENDA T, 1990, J AM CERAM SOC, V73, P106 SILVER PG, 1986, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V91, P13787 VANDERHILST R, 1991, NATURE, V353, P37 YAGENEHHAERI A, 1989, SCIENCE, V243, P787 English Article VY974 SCIENCENISI:A1996VY97400040L<565-570$://000220382200030 Betran, F. J. Isakeit, T.F?Aflatoxin accumulation in maize hybrids of different maturitiesAgronomy Journalaspergillus-flavus; kernel infection; field corn; planting date; harvest date; resistance; contamination; registration; locations; germplasmJDThe incidence and severity of preharvest aflatoxin is greater under drought conditions, which commonly occur late in the growing season of south and central Texas. To determine if early maturation could be used as a means of disease escape, aflatoxin contamination was measured in early-, intermediate-, and full-season commercial hybrids at two Texas locations, Weslaco and College Station. The early and intermediate hybrids chosen are primarily marketed in midwestern USA while the full- season hybrids are primarily marketed in southeastern USA. Hybrids were evaluated by inoculating ears 6 to 10 d after midsilk with Aspergillusflavus NRRL 3357 using the silk channel technique and measuring aflatoxin in harvested grain using the VI-CAM Aflatest procedure. Across locations, full-season hybrids had lower aflatoxin (mean = 777 ng g(-1)) levels than intermediate (mean = 1668 ng g-1) and early (mean = 1899 ng g(- 1)) hybrids. There was an inverse correlation between silking date and aflatoxin levels at both locations (r = -0.59, P = 0.01 at College Station and r = -0.58, P = 0.01 at Weslaco). Early and intermediate hybrids had looser husk coverage than full-season hybrids, a characteristic that was positively correlated with aflatoxin levels at both locations. At both locations, grain yield was lower with early and intermediate hybrids than with full-season hybrids. Early maturation in hybrids was insufficient by itself to reduce aflatoxin contamination, but it should be re-evaluated using early maturing hybrids that have good agronomic adaptation to these two Texas growing conditions. Agron. J. 2004Mar-Apr962'60Texas A&M Univ, Maize Breeding & Genet Program, College Stn, TX 77845 USA Texas A&M Univ, Maize Breeding & Genet Program, College Stn, TX 77845 USA Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA Betran FJ Texas A&M Univ, Maize Breeding & Genet Program, College Stn, TX 77845 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: *CAST, 2003, 139 CAST *SAS I, 1997, SAS PROPR SOFTW REL BETRAN FJ, 2002, CROP SCI, V42, P1894 BHATNAGAR S, 2003, MAYDICA, V48, P113 BROWN RL, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P351 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CARDWELL K, 2001, CSA NEWS, V46, P15 CASTEGNARO M, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P671 GRANT RF, 1989, AGRON J, V81, P61 GRIFFITHS J, 1987, CLIMATES TEXAS COUNT HUNTER RB, 1980, CROP SCI, V20, P571 JONES RK, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P810 JONES RK, 1981, PLANT DIS, V65, P741 JONES SN, 1987, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V7, P1 LAPRADE JC, 1977, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V67, P544 LILLEHOJ EB, 1978, CEREAL CHEM, V55, P1007 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CROP SCI, V20, P731 LILLEHOJ EB, 1975, CROP SCI, V15, P267 MCMILLIAN WW, 1993, CROP SCI, V33, P882 ODVODY GN, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P439 PATTERSON HD, 1976, BIOMETRIKA, V63, P83 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 SCOTT GE, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1296 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 TROYER F, 1983, P ANN CORN SORGH RES, P128 WIDSTROM NW, 1996, ADV AGRON, V56, P2129 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, AFLATOXIN MAIZE, P212 WIDSTROM NW, 1978, AGRON J, V70, P986 WINDHAM GL, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P232 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 ZUMMO N, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P313 English Article 805RA AGRON JISI:000220382200030bb*(OP:210-211$://A1989CT69500011RLVanhalderen, A. Green, J. R. Marasas, W. F. O. Thiel, P. G. Stockenstrom, S.\VA Field Outbreak of Chronic Aflatoxicosis in Dairy Calves in the Western Cape ProvincepjJournal of the South African Veterinary Association-Tydskrif Van Die Suid-Afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging82J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.-Tydskr. Suid-Afr. Vet. Ver. 1989 Dec604c'REG VET LAB,PRIVATE BAG X5020,7600 STELLENBOSCH,SOUTH AFRICA VANHALDEREN A REG VET LAB,PRIVATE BAG X5020,7600 STELLENBOSCH,SOUTH AFRICAg<5Times Cited: 2 English Article CT695 J S AFR VET ASSN9ISI:A1989CT69500011N 316-&$://A1972M066500009$Vanwarme.Kt, Marasas, W. F. O.ZSPhomopsis-Leptostromiformis - Causal Fungus of Lupinosis, a Mycotoxicosis, in SheepT MycologiaT MycologiaN 1972642T6/Times Cited: 13 English Article M0665 MYCOLOGIAPISI:A1972M066500009N489-494$://A1976BY649000156/Vanwyk, P. S. Marasas, W. F. O. Hattingh, M. J.NHMorphology and Taxonomy of Vizella-Interrupta (Ascomycetes- Vizellaceae)6/Transactions of the British Mycological Societyc 197666 JUNS'S AFRICAN MED RES COUNCIL,TYGERBURG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,STELLENBOSCH,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MED RES COUNCIL,TYGERBURG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA1@9Times Cited: 4 English Article BY649 TRANS BRIT MYCOL SOCSISI:A1976BY64900015,344-346$://A1985ASU320000581Vanwyk, P. S. Marasas, W. F. O. Knoxdavies, P. S.ELFBatcheloromyces-Leucadendri Sp-Nov on Leucadendron Spp in South-Africa&South African Journal of BotanyS. Afr. J. Bot.: 1985515'$UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA VANWYK PS UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA60Times Cited: 5 English Article ASU32 S AFR J BOTISI:A1985ASU3200005183-187$://A1985APS9200024D>Vanwyk, P. S. Marasas, W. F. O. Baard, S. W. Knoxdavies, P. S.f_Helicosingula, a New Genus of Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes on Leucadendron-Tinctum in South-AfricaP6/Transactions of the British Mycological Society 198585 AUG'UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,POB 339,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA VANWYK PS UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,POB 339,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA<6Times Cited: 3 English Note APS92 TRANS BRIT MYCOL SOCISI:A1985APS9200024260-263$://A1987J941700021nD>Vanwyk, P. S. Dejong, F. M. Marasas, W. F. O. Wingfield, M. J.RLUltrastructure of Ascus Development in the Teleomorph of Phoma- Arachidicola6/Transactions of the British Mycological Society 1987 Sep89'JDUNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,POB 339,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT MICROBIOL,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA MRC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA PLANT PROTECT RES INST,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA VANWYK PS UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,POB 339,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA>8Times Cited: 1 English Note 2 J9417 TRANS BRIT MYCOL SOCISI:A1987J941700021347-353$://A1987H226400009B;Vanwyk, P. S. Venter, E. Wingfield, M. J. Marasas, W. F. O..'Development of Macroconidia in Fusarium6/Transactions of the British Mycological Society 1987 AprI88' UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,POB 339,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA PLANT PROTECT RES INST,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA VANWYK PS UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,POB 339,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICAB;Times Cited: 9 English Article 3 H2264 TRANS BRIT MYCOL SOCISI:A1987H226400009611-617$://A1988R58030000960Vanwyk, P. S. Wingfield, M. J. Marasas, W. F. O.:3Delimitation of Fusarium-Crookwellense Macroconidia6/Transactions of the British Mycological Societyn 1988 DecO91' UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,POB 339,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA PLANT PROTECT RES INST,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA VANWYK PS UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,POB 339,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICAB;Times Cited: 5 English Article 4 R5803 TRANS BRIT MYCOL SOCISI:A1988R580300009, P1 MORENO MA, 1986, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V95, P145 OGUNDERO VW, 1987, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V100, P75 OPADOKUN JS, 1988, TECHNICAL REPORT 20, P35 OYENIRAN JO, 1980, NIGERIAN J AGR SCI, V2, P6 PIXTON SW, 1967, J STORED PROD RES, V3, P35 SAMSON RA, 1988, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN SAUER DB, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P745 WECKBACH LS, 1977, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V62, P39 WICKLOW DT, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P68 English Article 299AL INT BIODETERIOR BIODEGRADISI:000086173600004zincZON111-118$://000184236400003d^Dilkin, P. Mallmann, C. A. de Almeida, C. A. A. Stefanon, E. B. Fontana, F. Z. Milbradt, E. L.vpProduction of fumonisins by strains of Fusarium moniliforme according to temperature, moisture and growth period(!Brazilian Journal of MicrobiologyFungi; Fusarium moniliforme; mycotoxins; fumonisins; abiotic factors corn products; water activity; b-1 production; maize grain; proliferatum; toxicity; leukoencephalomalacia; biosynthesis; screenings; mycotoxinsProduction of fumonisins B-1 (FB1) and B-2 (FB2) by two Brasilian strains (LAMIC 2999/96 and 113F) and one American strain (NRRL 13616) of Fusarium moniliforme were evaluated in laboratory cultures subjected to different temperatures (20, 25, and 30degreesC), and moisture contents (25, 34, and 42%) on corn substrate. The cultures were grown during 10, 20, 30,45, and 60 days, totalizing 135 treatments with two repetitions for each one. The fumonisins were extracted with acetonitrile/water. The clean-up with end-capped C-18 silica (C-18ec) cartridges and fumonisin derivatization with o- phtaldialdeyde were carried out through an automated sample processor system (ASPEC), followed by quantification of the toxins through HPLC. Fumonisin production varied widely, reaching average yields from 0.25 to 55 15.45 mug/g of FB1 and from 0.15 to 3032.10 mug/g of FB2. In the present work, the factors strain, temperature, moisture and days of fungal culture were evaluated, and all of them had a bearing on the amounts of fumonisins produced. The highest FB1 average yields were obtained by the strain 113F, under the following conditions: 34% moisture content, 60 culture days, and temperature of 25degreesC. The highest FB2 average yield was obtained by the same strain with cultures over 45 days, 42% moisture content, at the temperature of 25degreesC. Via regression analysis, the ideal temperature for fumonisins production was, calculated as 24.5 and 24.3degreesC (+/- 2degreesC) for FB1 and FB2, respectively.Braz. J. Microbiol. 2002Apr-Jun332'4-Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Campus Camobi Predio 44, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Vet Prevent Med, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Mallmann CA Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Campus Camobi Predio 44, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.'Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 40 Cited References: ALBERTS JF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P1729 CAHAGNIER B, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V20, P247 CASTEEL SW, 1993, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V5, P413 CHEN JP, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P3928 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 DIAS SMC, 1999, ARQ I BIOL, V66, P69 DUPUY J, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P2864 HENNIGEN MR, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P55 HIROOKA EY, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P173 HOLCOMB M, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P357 JACKSON LS, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P345 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 LEBARS J, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P517 LEDOUX DR, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P330 MALLMANN CA, 1999, REV MICROBIOL, V30, P249 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P298 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 NELSON PE, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P2410 NORRED WP, 1993, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V38, P309 ORSI RB, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P75 OSWEILER GD, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P53 PINEIRO MS, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P825 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P253 RICE LG, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P1002 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3224 ROSS PF, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V114, P129 RYU D, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1456 SCHUMACHER J, 1995, VET HUM TOXICOL, V37, P39 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 STACK ME, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P834 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P159 SYDENHAM EW, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P891 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P994 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P767 THIEL PG, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P1089 TSENG TC, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V130, P117 VISCONTI A, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P546 WEIBKING TS, 1993, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V5, P75 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 English Article 702RE BRAZ J MICROBIOLISI:0001842364000036 V  1878-1881V$://000183947000056tmMendez-Albores, J. A. Arambula, V. G. Vazquez, B. M. E. Mendoza, E. M. Preciado, O. R. E. Moreno-Martinez, E.@9Effect of high moisture maize storage on tortilla qualityeJournal of Food Science-Zea mays L.; high moisture maize; aflatoxins; tortilla quality corn; retrogradation; temperature; amylopectin; aspergillus; fateWe evaluate the effect of high moisture content (MC) stored maize grain on tortilla quality and on the growth of toxigenic fungi. Maize with a MC of 18% was stored for 10, 15, and 20 d at 28 degreesC. The control seed was stored 20 d with a MC of 10.7% at 4 degreesC. The high MC: grain and the control were processed using the traditional nixtamalization process. Storage conditions had-a significant effect on tortilla quality parameters such as pH, color, tensile strength, cut force, viscosity peak, starch retrogradation (setback), and aflatoxin contamination. Tortillas produced with high MC grain presented a lower quality than those,produced with low MC grain. J. Food Sci. 2003Jun-Jul0685I'UNAM, FES Cuautitlan, Apartado Postal 25, Cuautitlan 57740, Mexico UNAM, FES Cuautitlan, Cuautitlan 57740, Mexico IPN, CINVESTAV, Queretaro, Mexico Univ Autonoma Agr Antonio Narro, Ctr Capacitac & Desarrollo Tecnol Semillas, Coahuila, Mexico Inst Tecnol Agropecuario 33, Guanajuato, Mexico INIFAP, Celaya Guanajuato, Mexico UNAM, FES Cuautitlan, Mexico City, DF, Mexico Mendez-Albores JA UNAM, FES Cuautitlan, Apartado Postal 25, Cuautitlan 57740, MexicoleTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 27 Cited References: *AACC, 2000, APPR METH *AOAC, 1995, OFF METH AN AOAC INT *SAS I, 1998, INTRO GUID PERS COMP *USDA, 1978, OFF US STAND GRAIN CANDLISH AAG, 1991, BIOTECHNOL TECH, V5, P317 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1969, GRAIN STORAGE COLWELL KH, 1969, J SCI FD AGR, V20, P550 DEARRIOLA MD, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P530 DIENER UL, 1970, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V47, P347 GUDMUNDSSON M, 1990, CARBOHYD POLYM, V13, P295 GUZMANDEPENA D, 1995, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V55, P858 KEETELS CJAM, 1996, FOOD HYDROCOLLOID, V10, P363 LEE NE, 1960, HARVESTS HARVESTING, P213 MORENO ME, 2000, AGROCIENCIA, V4, P477 PEDERSEN JR, 1992, STORAGE CEREAL GRAIN, P615 PIXTON SW, 1982, TROP STORED PROD INF, V43, P16 PRICE RL, 1985, J FOOD SCI, V50, P347 REED C, 1992, STORAGE CEREAL GRAIN, P143 ROSILES MR, 1998, J VET MED A, V45, P299 SALDANA G, 1984, J FOOD SCI, V49, P1202 SAUER DB, 1992, STORAGE CEREAL GRAIN, P313 SERNASALDIVAR SO, 1990, ADV CEREAL SCI TECHN, V10, P243 SERNASALDIVAR SO, 1988, J CEREAL SCI, V8, P275 SWEENEY MJ, 1998, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V43, P141 TORRES P, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P2825 WARD KEJ, 1994, CEREAL CHEM, V71, P150 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 English Article 697MM J FOOD SCIAISI:000183947000056A211-215$://000222374900009XRMendez-Albores, J. A. Arambula-Villa, G. Preciado-Ortiz, R. E. Moreno-Martinez, E.<5Aflatoxins in pozol, a nixtamalized, maize-based food0*International Journal of Food MicrobiologyJDaflatoxins; maize; pozol; nixtamalized foods; Chiapas tortilla; corn To determine whether pozol, a nixtamalized maize-based food was contaminated with aflatoxins, samples of non-fermented pozol were collected during the period November 2002 to April 2003 from local markets at Comitan in Chiapas, Mexico. The samples were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins. Nineteen out of one hundred and eleven samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B-2 (AFB(2)) and traces of aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)). The percentage of samples contaminated with AFB2 in pozol prepared with white maize was 5.4%. Pozol mixed with toasted cacao paste had a contamination rate of 41.5%. No aflatoxins were detected in pozol prepared with yellow maize. It was found that only I of 19 contaminated samples had aflatoxin concentrations above 20 ppb. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004 Jul 15942'voUNAM, FES Cuautitlan, Apartado Postal 25, Cuautitlan 57740, CP, Mexico UNAM, FES Cuautitlan, Cuautitlan 57740, CP, Mexico INIFAP, Celaya Guanajuato 38010, Mexico CINVESTAV, IPN, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Queretaro 76230, Mexico UNAM, FES Cuautitlan, Cuautitlan 57740, Mexico Moreno-Martinez E UNAM, FES Cuautitlan, Apartado Postal 25, Cuautitlan 57740, CP, MexicoTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 22 Cited References: *AOAC, 1995, OFF METH AN AOAC INT *SAS I, 1998, STAT AN SYST SAS US ABDELHAFEZ AII, 1992, CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL, V13, P31 ASAO T, 1963, J AM CHEM SOC, V85, P1706 BODINE AB, 1983, AFLATOXIN ASPERGILLU, P46 CANASURBINA AO, 1993, ALIMENTOS FERMENTADO, P69 CANDLISH AAG, 1991, BIOTECHNOL TECH, V5, P317 CARVAJAL M, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1301 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1969, GRAIN STORAGE ROLE F, P153 DVORACKOVA I, 1976, BRIT MED J, V1, P691 GUZMANDEPENA D, 1995, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V55, P858 HARRISON JC, 1993, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V99, P99 KAMIMURA H, 1989, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P169 KEYL AC, 1971, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V48, P599 PAREDESLOPEZ O, 1983, J FOOD TECHNOL, V18, P53 PRICE RL, 1985, J FOOD SCI, V50, P347 SWEENEY MJ, 1998, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V43, P141 ULLOA M, 1970, REV LAT MICROBIOL, V12, P19 ULLOA M, 1987, SERIE INVESTIGACIONE, V16, P13 ULLOASOSA M, 1968, CEREAL CHEM, V46, P397 WACHER C, 1993, WORLD J MICROB BIOT, V9, P269 WOGAN GE, 1967, CANCER RES, V27, P543 English Article 833XM INT J FOOD MICROBIOLISI:000222374900009~& 1695-1701$://000181435600048l.(Oren, L. Ezrati, S. Cohen, D. Sharon, A.Early events in the Fusarium verticillioides-maize interaction characterized by using a green fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic isolatet,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologygibberella-fujikuroi; molecular characterization; fumonisin production; genetic diversity; corn kernels; moniliforme; infection; oxysporum; plants; endopolygalacturonase The infection of maize by Fusarium verticillioides can result in highly variable disease symptoms ranging from asymptomatic plants to severe rotting and wilting. We produced F. verticillioides green fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic isolates and used them to characterize early events in the F. verticillioides-maize interaction that may affect later symptom appearance. Plants grown in F. verticillioides-infested soil were smaller and chlorotic. The fungus colonized all of the underground parts of a plant but was found primarily in lateral roots and mesocotyl tissue. In some mesocotyl cells, conidia were produced within 14 to 21 days after infection. Intercellular mycelium was detected, but additional cells were not infected until 21 days after planting. At 25 to 30 days after planting, the mesocotyl and main roots were heavily infected, and rotting developed in these tissues. Other tissues, including the adventitious roots and the stem, appeared to be healthy and contained only a small number of hyphae. These results imply that asymptomatic systemic infection is characterized by a mode of fungal development that includes infection of certain tissues, intercellular growth of a limited number of fungal hyphae, and reproduction of the fungus in a few cells without invasion of other cells. Development of visibly rotted tissue is associated with massive production of fungal mycelium and much less organized growth.  Appl. Environ. Microbiol.B 2003 Mar 693,',%Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Plant Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Plant Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel Tel Aviv Univ, Inst Cereal Crop Improvement, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel No R&D, So Ind Area, Kiryat Shmona, Israel Sharon A Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Plant Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, IsraelA Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 46 Cited References: *FDA, 2000, GUID IND FUM LEV HUM BACON CW, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P1195 BACON CW, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P144 BROWN RL, 2001, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V57, P708 BURGESS LW, 1994, LAB MANUAL FUSARIUM DANIELSEN S, 1998, PLANT PATHOL, V47, P609 DARODA L, 2001, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V59, P317 DESJARDINS AE, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P79 DODD JL, 1980, PLANT DIS, V64, P533 DREPPER WJ, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P952 DU WL, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P834 DUMAS B, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1769 FOLEY DC, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V52, P870 GARCIAMACEIRA FI, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P2191 HEADRICK JM, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P268 HOROWITZ S, 2002, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V92, P743 HUANG R, 1997, PLANT PATHOL, V46, P871 JARDINE DJ, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P690 KEDERA CJ, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P603 KEDERA CJ, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P1138 KERENYI Z, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P4071 KEYING Y, 1993, MYCOLOGIA, V85, P206 LAGOPODI AL, 2002, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V15, P172 LAWRENCE EB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P379 LESLIE JF, 1996, FUMONISINS FOODS, P153 LESLIE JF, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P343 LORANG JM, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P1987 MAGAN N, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P643 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P83 MAOR R, 1998, MYCOL RES 4, V102, P491 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P211 MURILLO I, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P737 NAGY E, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P789 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 REID LM, 2002, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V24, P162 RHEEDER JP, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V143, P113 ROBINSON M, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P5030 ROBINSON M, 1999, CURR GENET, V36, P98 RUIZROLDAN MC, 1999, MOL GEN GENET, V261, P530 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 TUDZYNSKI B, 1996, MICROBIOL-UK 3, V142, P533 YATES IE, 1999, MYCOL RES 2, V103, P129 YATES IE, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P723 English Article 653LA APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOL9ISI:000181435600048V 75-87$://000084769200008cleOrsi, R. B. Correa, B. Possi, C. R. Schammass, E. A. Nogueira, J. R. Dias, S. M. C. Malozzi, M. A. B.OZSMycoflora and occurrence of fumonisins in freshly harvested and stored hybrid maize7*#Journal of Stored Products Research4mycoflora; fumonisins; Aspergillus flavus; Fusarium moniliforme; stored maize; fumonisins in maize fusarium-moniliforme; pulmonary-edema; animal health; corn; mycotoxins; contamination; proliferatum; products; swine,D=The study of the mycoflora in stored grain permits an evaluation of cereal storage conditions that affect grain deterioration and the risk of mycotoxin contamination, Abiotic factors can directly affect the relative frequency of fungal populations in stored grain. The aim of the present work was to study the influence of abiotic factors on variations of mycoflora of freshly harvested and stored maize in Brazil and the occurrence of fumonisins. Samples (195) of three hybrids of maize were analyzed monthly during one year. Microbiological analysis revealed a predominance of Fusarium spp, which presented the greatest total number of colony forming units per gram in the three hybrids, namely: Br 201 (11 x 10(4) to 5340 x 10(4) CFU/g), C 125 (18 x 10(4) to 2790 x 10(4) CFU/g) and Cx 322 (25 x 10(4) to 2940 x 10(4) CFU/g), followed by Penicillium spp, Aspergillus spp and 10 other fungal genera. Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon was the most prevalent species (59.2% of Fusarium isolates in Br 201, 55.4% in C 125 and 69.2% in Cx 322). Fusarium spp showed significant negative correlations with mean temperature and relative humidity of the air. Higher temperatures and relative humidity at the end of the study and high moisture content at the beginning of the study were observed. The CFU/g values recorded for the three predominant genera exceeded the internationally accepted tolerance limits. The mycotoxicological evaluation indicated contamination of 176 samples (90.2%) with fumonisin B-1 and of 190 samples (97.4%) with fumonisin B-2. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.J. Stored Prod. Res. 2000 Jan361'`ZUniv Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Microbiol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Microbiol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biol, Sao Paulo, Brazil Correa B Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Microbiol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilTimes Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 41 Cited References: *FAO WHO UNEP, 1977, C MYC GLOB PERSP MYC ASEVEDO IG, 1994, REV MICROBIOL, V25, P46 BACON CW, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P514 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BROWN TP, 1992, AVIAN DIS, V36, P450 BUCCI TJ, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P51 BULLERMAN LB, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P27 CASTRO MFPM, 1995, REV MICROBIOL, V26, P289 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1969, GRAIN STORAGE ROLE F COLVIN BM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P79 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P420 ELLIOTT RP, 1980, INT COMMISSION MICRO, P669 FONSECA H, 1991, REV MICROBIOL, V21, P66 FRANCOEUR E, 1997, SOC STUD SCI, V27, P7 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 HIROOKA EY, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P173 HORN BW, 1983, CAN J MICROBIOL, V29, P1087 LILLEHOJ EB, 1988, TROPICAL SCI, V28, P19 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 MISLIVEC PB, 1992, COMPENDIUM METHODS M, P239 MUSSER SM, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P65 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 OSWEILER GD, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P53 PEDROSA AVB, 1991, PRECOS AGRICOLAS, V55, P1 POZZI CR, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P313 RAPER KB, 1965, GENUS ASPERGILLUS RICE LG, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P536 ROSS PF, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V114, P129 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 STEEL RGD, 1960, PRINCIPLES PROCEDURE SWANSON KMJ, 1992, COMPENDIUM METHODS M, P75 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P994 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2014 THIEL PG, 1996, FUMONISM FOOD, P145 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 TSUNESHIRO A, 1996, INFORMACOES ECONOMIC, V26, P87 VISCONTI A, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P193 VONARX JA, 1974, GENERA FUNGI SPORULA WHITAKER TB, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P1162 English Article 274MG J STORED PROD RESISI:000084769200008147-153$://000180563600005TMClements, M. J. Kleinschmidt, C. E. Maragos, C. M. Pataky, J. K. White, D. G.d]Evaluation of inoculation techniques for fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination of corn Plant DiseaseFusarium moniliforme; E. proliferatum; F. verticillioides; maize bacillus-thuringiensis corn; fall armyworm lepidoptera; sweet corn; kernel infection; esophageal cancer; pulmonary-edema; equine leukoencephalomalacia; symptomless infection; human foodstuffs; maize hybridsFumonisins have been associated with potentially serious toxicoses of animals and humans. Prior to initiating a corn (Zea mays) breeding program for resistance to these mycotoxins, a efficient inoculation technique must be developed. Four inoculation techniques were evaluated on 14 commercial corn hybrids in Urbana, IL in 1999 and 2000. The techniques were: injection of inoculum through the ear husk leaves at R2 (blister); silks sprayed with inoculum at R2 and covered with a shoot bag until harvest; silks sprayed with inoculum at R2, covered with a shoot bag, reinoculated I week thereafter, and covered with a shoot bag until harvest; and insertion of six Fusarium-colonized toothpicks into the silk channel at R2. Only injection of inoculum through the husk leaves significantly increased the concentration of fumonsin in grain and severity of Fusarium ear rot compared with a control. This technique effectively differentiated hybrids previously identified as resistant or susceptible to Fusarium ear rot. The rank order of hybrids inoculated with this technique did not significantly change in the 2 years of this study. This technique is suitable for efficiently evaluating a large number of corn genotypes for resistance to Fusarium car rot and fumonisin concentration. Plant Dis. 2003 Feb872'Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA USDA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA White DG Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USATimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 82 Cited References: *CTR FOOD SAF APPL, 2001, BACKGR PAP SUPP MON *CTR FOOD SAF APPL, 2001, GUID IND FUM LEV HUM *NAT TOX PROGR, 1999, TR496 US DEP HHS PUB ANDERSON BM, 1993, 48 ANN CORN SORGH RE BOEWE GH, 1936, NAT HIST SURVEY BIOL, V6 BOLING M, 1963, PLANT DIS REP, V47, P315 BULLERMAN LB, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P541 BUSH BJ, 2001, THESIS N CAROLINA ST CALVERT OH, 1985, PLANT DIS, V69, P988 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P704 CHENG SJ, 1985, CARCINOGENESIS, V6, P903 CHRISTENSEN JJ, 1950, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V40, P284 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CLEMENTS MJ, 2002, THESIS U ILLINOIS UR COLVIN BM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P79 DAVIS RM, 1989, CALIF AGR, V43, P4 DOKO MB, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P433 DOWD PF, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P1067 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 DREPPER WJ, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P952 FARRAR JJ, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P661 FINCHAM JE, 1992, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, V94, P13 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P407 GELINEAUVANWAES J, 2001, 1 FUNG GEN 2 FUM EL GOULD F, 1998, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V43, P701 GULYA TJ, 1980, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V70, P1116 HAMMOND R, 2001, 1 FUNG GEN 2 FUM EL HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HASCHEK WM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P83 HEADRICK JM, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P268 HEADRICK JM, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P487 HEADRICK JM, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P887 HESSELTINE CW, 1977, MYCOLOGIA, V69, P328 HLYWKA JJ, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P319 HOENISCH RW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P517 HOPMANS EC, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1655 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, J VET RES, V57, P269 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 KOEHLER B, 1942, J AGR RES, V64, P421 KREIK NNJ, 1981, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V48, P129 LYNCH RE, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P246 LYNCH RE, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P1217 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MILLER MA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P211 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 MUSSER SM, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1169 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 OSWEILER GD, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P53 PESTKA JJ, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P169 PHILLIPS WJ, 1931, VA AGR EXP STN B, V43 PILCHER CD, 1997, J ECON ENTOMOL, V90, P669 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RICE LG, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P536 RICE ME, 1998, AM ENTOMOL, V44, P75 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 ROSS PF, 1993, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V5, P69 SALAZAR F, 1977, AGRON COSTARRIC, V1, P93 SAXTON AM, 1988, P MIX 23 SAS US GROU SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SCOTT DH, 1992, PURDUE U AGR EXP STN, V645 SCOTT GE, 1984, PLANT DIS, V68, P804 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SMELTZER DG, 1959, AGRON J, V51, P53 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 STACK ME, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P834 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2014 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 WARFIELD CY, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P208 WHITE DG, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS WILSON TM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P115 WINDELS CE, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P328 WOLOSHUK CP, 2001, 1 FUNG GEN 2 FUM EL English Article 638GQ PLANT DISISI:000180563600005251-260$://000220532500006@9Clements, M. J. Maragos, C. A. Pataky, J. K. White, D. G.f`Sources of resistance to fumonisin accumulation in grain and fusarium ear and kernel rot of cornPhytopathologyF. moniliforme; F. verticillioides; Gibberella fujikuroi; maize sweet corn; aflatoxin production; esophageal cancer; maize ears; moniliforme; infection; inheritance; mycotoxins; susceptibility; transkei\UFumonisin is a group Of homologous mycotoxins produced by several species of Fusarium. Fumonisin has been associated with Fusarium ear and kernel rot of corn (Zea mays) and several toxicoses of animals and humans. Corn inbreds with a high level of resistance to fumonisin Production and accumulation in grain have not been identified. The objective Of this Study wits to evaluate a genetically diverse collection of inbreds as potential sources of resistance to fumonisin production and accumulation in grain and Fusarium car and kernel rot when crossed with a commercial "B73-type" line. F, hybrids developed with the inbred FR1064 and 1,589 and 1,030 inbreds were evaluated in inoculated and naturally infected trials, respectively, in 2000. Thirty-five F-1 hybrids with fumonisin concentration in grain of less than or equal to5 mug/g in both trials were selected. Inbreds from which these 35 F-1 hybrids were produced included yellow-, white-, and red-kernelled lines; flint and dent lines: and early- through late-maturing lines. fit 2001, low fumonisin concentration in grain and low ear rot severity were associated with several of the F-1 hybrids and their distinct F-2, and backcross to FR1064 generations. This suggests that several dominant genes are involved in resistance and that alleles for resistance from these inbreds can be transferred to FR1064.Phytopathology 2004 Mar943'USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA USDA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Clements MJ USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA 8 2Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 54 Cited References: *CTR FOOD SAF APPL, 2001, BACKGR PAP SUPP FUM *CTR FOOD SAF APPL, 2001, GUID IND FUM LEV HUM ANDERSEN JF, 1993, J PHYTOPATHOL, V139, P48 BOEWE GH, 1936, 6 ILL NAT HIST SURV BOLING MB, 1965, CROP SCI, V5, P305 BULLERMAN LB, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P541 CAMPBELL KW, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1144 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CHENG SJ, 1985, CARCINOGENESIS, V6, P903 CHRISTENSEN JJ, 1950, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V40, P284 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CLEMENTS MJ, 2003, PLANT DIS, V87, P147 CLEMENTS MJ, 2002, THESIS U ILLINOIS UR DAVIS RM, 1989, CALIF AGR, V43, P4 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 DOKO MB, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P433 FARRAR JJ, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P661 GERDES JT, 1993, COMPILATION N AM MAI HAMBLIN AM, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P292 HEADRICK JM, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P268 HEADRICK JM, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P487 HESSELTINE CW, 1977, MYCOLOGIA, V69, P328 HOENISCH RW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P517 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 KLEINSCHMIDT CE, 2002, 17C02 AM PHYT SOC KOEHLER B, 1942, J AGR RES, V64, P421 KOEHLER B, 1938, J AGR RES, V56, P291 LAWRENCE EB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P379 MAUPIN LM, 2002, THESIS U ILLINOIS UR MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 NANKAM C, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P593 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 ODVODY GN, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1045 OOKA JJ, 1977, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V67, P1023 OTT RL, 1993, INTRO STAT METHODS D RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 SCOTT DH, 1992, PURDUE U AGR EXP STN, V645 SCOTT GE, 1984, PLANT DIS, V68, P804 SMELTZER DG, 1959, AGRON J, V51, P53 SMITH FL, 1949, AGRON J, V41, P347 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 STYER RC, 1984, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V74, P189 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 TROYER AF, 1999, CROP SCI, V39, P601 WALKER RD, 2001, PLANT DIS, V85, P322 WARFIELD CY, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P208 WARREN HL, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1331 WINDELS CE, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P328 WOLOSHUK CP, 2001, P 1 FUNG GEN 2 FUM E, P57 ZUMMO N, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P627 English Article 807WV PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:0002205325000065234-238$://000222548400016 Aziz, N. H. Mahrous, S. R.zEffect of gamma-irradiation on aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus flavus and chemical composition of three crop seeds Nahrung-Foodaflatoxin B-1; Aspergillus flavus; irradiation moisture-content; storage; temperature; maize; wheat; mycotoxins; radiation; fungi; food The effect of gamma-irradiation on aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus flavus, and the chemical composition of some different crop seeds were investigated. A. flavus infected seeds behaved differently according to their principal constituents. A. flavus caused an increase in protein and decrease in lipids and carbohydrate contents of wheat, soyabean and fababean seeds. Growth of A. flavus and production of aflatoxin B-1 was inhibited at a dose level of 5 kGy. A. flavus utilizes carbohydrates of seeds for its growth and aflatoxin production. Crops were arranged, in descending order, according to aflatoxin produced in seeds as wheat > soyabcan > fababean. There were no changes in chemical constituents of irradiated seeds, such as protein, lipids, and carbohydrates. Nahr.-Food 2004 Jun483'"Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, 3 Ahmed El Zumor St, Nasr City 113701, Cairo, Egypt Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, Nasr City 113701, Cairo, Egypt Aziz NH Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, 3 Ahmed El Zumor St, Nasr City 113701, Cairo, EgyptTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 46 Cited References: 1975, NATURAL POISONS, PCH26 *AACC, 1983, CER LAB METH *AOAC, 1990, ASS OFF METH AN ABRAMSON D, 1990, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V7, P617 ACOTT KM, 1975, J FOOD TECHNOL, V10, P603 AZIZ NH, 2003, AGR SCI MANSOURA U, V28, P649 AZIZ NH, 1994, ASSIUT J AGR SCI, V25, P205 AZIZ NH, 2002, FOOD CONTROL, V13, P281 AZIZ NH, 2002, FOOD CONTROL, V13, P437 AZIZ NH, 1990, J EGYPT VET MED ASS, V50, P257 AZIZ NH, 2002, NAHRUNG, V46, P327 AZIZ NH, 1997, NAHRUNG, V41, P34 BEUCHAT LR, 1984, J STORED PROD RES, V20, P119 CUERO RG, 1988, BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS, P67 CUERO RG, 1986, FOOD MICROBIOL, V3, P107 DOAD MA, 2002, EGYPT J FOOD SCI, V30, P289 ELFAR F, 1992, NAHRUNG, V36, P143 ELKHADEM M, 1983, P INT S MYC CAIR, P213 ELSAMAHY SK, 1995, EGYPT J RAD SCI APPL, V8, P215 ELZAWAHRY YA, 1991, J MICROBIOL, V26, P267 FARAG MDEH, 1998, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V73, P319 FARAG RS, 1990, P 5INT WORK C STOR P, P311 FARAG SA, 1995, Z LEBENSUM UNTERS FO, V20, P283 GHARIB OH, 1995, J EGYPT SOC TOXICOL, V15, P23 HAMMAD AAI, 1996, EGYPT J RAD SCI APPL, V9, P101 HAMMAD ASH, 1985, THESIS FACULTY AGR A HASSAN AA, 1998, J FOOD SAFETY, V18, P159 HILL RA, 1984, T BR MYCOL SOC, V82, P279 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P71 MAHROUS SR, 2001, EGYPT J RAD SCI APPL, V14, P111 MALLICK AK, 1979, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V7, P423 MILLS JT, 1990, CAN J PHYSL PHARM, V40, P324 NEERGARD P, 1977, SEED PATHOLOGY, V1 PARK KY, 1983, J FOOD PROTECT, V46, P178 PITT JI, 1985, FUNGI FOOD SPOILAGE PITT JI, 1979, GENUS PENICILLIUM RAPER KB, 1977, GENUS ASPERGILLUS RUSSELL GH, 1982, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V10, P605 RUSTOM IYS, 1997, FOOD CHEM, V59, P57 SEDA HJ, 2002, EGYPT J RAD SCI APPL, V15, P119 SHAHIN AAM, 1997, MICROBIOS, V90, P163 SINHA KK, 1991, J STORED PROD RES, V27, P65 SMYK KB, 1989, ZESZYTY PROBLEM POST, V380, P143 SNEDECOR GW, 1980, STAT METHODS YOUSSEF BM, 1995, EGYPT RAD SCI APPL, V8, P121 YOUSSEF BM, 1999, J FOOD SAFETY, V19, P231 English Article 836IF NAHRUNGISI:000222548400016153-165$://000180061900001|uHoward, P. C. Couch, L. H. Patton, R. E. Eppley, R. M. Doerge, D. R. Churchwell, M. I. Marques, M. M. Okerberg, C. V.voComparison of the toxicity of several fumonisin derivatives in a 28-day feeding study with female B6C3F(1) mice*#Toxicology and Applied Pharmacologyfumonisin; mice; hepatotoxicity; sphinganine sprague-dawley rats; fusarium-moniliforme; sphingolipid biosynthesis; n-(carboxymethyl)fumonisin b-1; maize hybrids; mycotoxins; liver; corn; cultures; carcinogenesis2+Fumonisin mycotoxins are produced by Fusaria fungi that grow worldwide primarily on corn. Fumonisin B-1 the most predominant form in corn samples, is a renal carcinogen in male F344/N rats and a hepatocarcinogen in female B6C3F(1) mice when fed at concentrations higher than 50 ppm (70 mumol/kg) in the diet for 2 years. We sought to determine the relative toxicities of several naturally occurring fumonisin derivatives when included in the diet of female B6C3F(1) mice. Mice were fed diets containing fumonisin B-1 fumonisin B-2, fumonisin B-3, fumonisin P1, hydrolyzed-fumonisin B-1, N-(acetyl)fumonisin B- 1, or N-(carboxymethyl)fumonisin B-1 (approximately 0, 14, 70, and 140 mumol/kg diet) for 28 days. None of the doses used caused a decrease in body weight gain over the 28 days. Serum levels of total bile acids, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase were increased only in mice receiving 72 and 143 mumol/kg fumonism B-1, suggesting that only fumonisin B-1 was hepatotoxic in the mice. Corroborating this observation, the liver weight, relative to body weight, was decreased only in the mice that consumed 143 mumol/kg fumonisin B-1. Consistent with fumonisin B-1 inhibition of ceramide synthase, the liver sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio was increased and the liver ceramide levels were decreased only in the mice receiving 72 and 143 mumol/kg fumonisin B-1. Increased hepatocellular apoptosis, hepatocellular hypertrophy, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, and macrophage pigmentation were detected in the mice consuming 72 and 143 mumol/kg fumonisin B-1. The other fumonisin derivatives did not alter serum analytes, organ weights, or hepatic structure. These results suggest that, of the naturally occurring fumonisins, fumonisin B-1 is the principal hepatotoxic derivative in the B6C3F(1) mouse. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2002 Dec 15 1853'US FDA, Div Biochem Toxicol, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, HFT-110,3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA US FDA, Div Biochem Toxicol, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA Pathol Associates Int, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA US FDA, Div Nat Prod, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA Inst Super Tecn, Ctr Quim Estrutural, P-1049001 Lisbon, Portugal Howard PC US FDA, Div Biochem Toxicol, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, HFT-110,3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA Times Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 64 Cited References: ABBAS HK, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P642 ABBAS HK, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P968 ABBAS HK, 1993, TOXICON, V31, P345 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BONDY G, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P251 BONDY GS, 1998, J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A, V53, P135 BUCCI TJ, 1998, TOXICOL PATHOL, V26, P160 BULLERMAN LB, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P541 BURKE MD, 1974, DRUG METAB DISPOS, V2, P583 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 CHURCHWELL MI, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P2573 DUTTON MF, 1996, PHARMACOL THERAPEUT, V70, P137 EPPLEY RM, 2000, METH MOL B, V157, P25 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P647 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P407 GORDON WL, 1960, NATURE, V186, P698 HARD GC, 2001, TOXICOL PATHOL, V29, P379 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P309 HOWARD PC, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3546 JASKIEWICZ K, 1987, S AFR MED J, V72, P27 KELLERMAN TS, 1972, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V39, P205 KODELL RL, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P237 KOMMEDAHL T, 1984, FUSARIUM DIS BIOL TA, P94 KRIEK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V15, P579 LABORDE JB, 1997, FUND APPL TOXICOL, V40, P120 LIU HJ, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P4113 MAKAULA NA, 1996, AFR J HLTH SCI, V3, P11 MARASAS WFO, 1976, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V43, P113 MEIRELES MCA, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V127, P183 MERRILL AH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P297 MERRILL AH, 1993, J BIOL CHEM, V268, P27299 MILLER JD, 1995, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V17, P233 MILLER JD, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P321 MILLER JD, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P354 MURPHY PA, 1995, NATURAL PROTECTANTS, V1, P105 MUSSER SM, 1996, J NAT PROD, V59, P970 NELSON PE, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P984 NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 NORRED WP, 2001, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V39, P1071 NORRED WP, 1993, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V38, P309 NORRED WP, 1996, TOXICOL IN VITRO, V10, P349 PASCALE M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P1 PLATTNER RD, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P23 RILEY RT, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P301 SCOTT PM, 1993, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V18, P257 SEEFELDER W, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P2146 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SPRAGUE R, 1950, DIS CEREALS GRASSES SYDENHAM EW, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1198 THIEL PG, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P1089 TOLLESON WH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P237 TOLLESON WH, 1999, INT J ONCOL, V14, P833 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 1998, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V36, P497 VOSS KA, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P259 VOSS KA, 1995, FUND APPL TOXICOL, V24, P102 VOSS KA, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P3120 VOSS KA, 1993, NAT TOXINS, V1, P222 WANG E, 1992, J NUTR, V122, P1706 YOO HS, 1996, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V138, P211 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 English Article 629RD TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOLISI:000180061900001K n/F 617-621$://000086754800018XQDe Farias, A. X. Robbs, C. F. Bittencourt, A. M. Andersen, P. M. Correa, T. B. S.\UEndogenous Aspergillus spp. contamination of postharvest corn in Parana State, Brazilo& Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileirazaflatoxins; teleomorphs; toxigenic potential; toxigenic fungi; Zea mays mycotoxins; mycoflora; flavus; maize; bihar; indiaTNSixty post-harvested samples of maize kernels from three regions of the Parana State, Brazil, were evaluated concerning endogenous fungi contamination and toxigenic potential of Aspergillus spp. and some of their teleomorfs. Forty apparently healthy kernels were selected from each sample, disinfested with NaClO and incubated at 25+/-1 degrees C for fungal growth. Fungus species were isolated in Czapek-Dox agar plates. The species Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, Eurotium amstelodami and E. chevalieri were identified. The toxigenic potential of Aspergillus species were analyzed in coconut agar medium. Eurotium spp. were evaluated for their metabolics in peanut agar medium and in wheat grits. The kernel contamination varied from 0 to 100% and the prevalent genera detected were Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. A. flavus was the predominant species (64%), followed by E. amstelodami (19%), E. chevalieri (10%) and A. parasiticus (7%). From 109 A. flavus species isolated, 73 strains synthesized aflatoxins B-1 and B- 2, 20 synthesized B-1, seven synthesized B-1 and G(1), three synthesized B-1, B-2 and G(1) and in six strains aflatoxin production was not detected. All A. parasiticus species produced, simultaneously, B-1, B-2, G(1) and G(2). Sterigmatocystin synthesis was not detected in any condition by E. amstelodami and E. chevalieri.Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras., 2000 MarD353 '82EMBRAPA, Ctr Nacl Pesquisa Tecnol Agroind Alimentos, Av Amer 29501, BR-23020470 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil EMBRAPA, Ctr Nacl Pesquisa Tecnol Agroind Alimentos, BR-23020470 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil De Farias AX EMBRAPA, Ctr Nacl Pesquisa Tecnol Agroind Alimentos, Av Amer 29501, BR-23020470 Rio De Janeiro, BrazilhaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *ASS OFF AGR CHEM, 1995, OFF METH AN, P1 *IBGE, 1997, LEV SIST PROD AGR DI ADEBAJO LO, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V126, P183 ALMENAR VS, 1980, REV AGROQUIM TECNOL, V20, P371 ASEVEDO IG, 1994, REV MICROBIOL, V25, P46 BASTOS STG, 1979, THESIS U BRASILIA BOTHAST RJ, 1974, MYCOLOGIA, V66, P365 CASTRO MFPM, 1995, REV MICROBIOL, V26, P289 DACRUZ LCH, 1992, ARQUIVOS U FEDERAL R, V15, P61 ELKADY I, 1994, MICROBIOL RES, V149, P297 FARIAS AX, 1996, THESIS U FEDERAL RUR FONSECA H, 1991, REV MICROBIOL, V21, P66 FRISVAD JC, 1995, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN, P251 JAY MJ, 1996, MODERN FOOD MICROBIO, P595 KIBUUKA GK, 1993, THESIS UNICAMP KLICH MA, 1994, LAB GUIDE COMMON ASP LAZZARI AF, 1993, UMIDADE FUNGOS MICOT LIN MT, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P1466 PITT JI, 1991, LAB GUIDE COMMON PEN POZZI CR, 1993, THESIS U SAO PAULO RANJAN KS, 1991, J SCI FOOD AGR, V56, P39 SAMSON RA, 1995, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN, P3 SAUER DB, 1982, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V72, P1449 SCHMIDT R, 1981, J CHROMATOGR, V207, P435 SINGH K, 1991, ILLUSTRATED MANUAL I SINHA KK, 1990, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V7, P55 SMITH JE, 1985, MYCOTOXINS FORMATION VALLADARES LL, 1985, ALIMENTOS, V10, P32 Portuguese Article 309EF PESQUISA AGR BRASILnISI:000086754800018D879-884$://000074877900021RKde Nijs, M. van Egmond, H. P. Nauta, M. Rombouts, F. M. Notermans, S. H. W.4-Assessment of human exposure to fumonisin B-1C Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot.o 1998 Juli617101PT J FOOD PROTECTISI:000074877900021L135-142$://000174817800014<5De Saeger, S. Sibanda, L. Desmet, A. Van Peteghem, C.b\A collaborative study to validate novel field immunoassay kits for rapid mycotoxin detection0*International Journal of Food Microbiology\Uochratoxin A; T-2 toxin; cereals; field immunoassay; collaborative study ochratoxin-aKits designed to detect ochratoxin A (OA) and T-2 toxin by a membrane-based flow-through enzyme immunoassay were studied collaboratively by screening cereals (wheat, rye, maize and barley) for the presence of these mycotoxins. Sample preparation and test procedure were clearly described in the instruction leaflets included in the kits. A simple methanol- based extraction followed by filtration and dilution steps was prescribed. Reagents were successively pipetted to the membrane of the device, then colour development was evaluated visually. Limits of detection for the ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin tests were 4 and 50 mug kg(-1), respectively. Five laboratories took part in the first stage of this study, and five more joined the second stage. Cereal samples (blank. spiked or inoculated) were shipped with the kits to the participating laboratories, while results obtained were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin. respectively. Some initial difficulties were encountered. In the second stage, four ochratoxin A and four T- 2 toxin kits were used by 10 collaborators to analyse 21 cereal samples. For the ochratoxin A kits, the percentage of false positive and false negative results were 2% and 4%, respectively. The results of one T-2 toxin kit were outliers and when excluded, the overall percentage false positive and false negative results were 6% and 3%, respectively. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.RInt. J. Food Microbiol.  2002 May 5R75 1-2V'State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Food Anal, Harelbekestr 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Food Anal, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium De Saeger S State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Food Anal, Harelbekestr 72, B-9000 Ghent, BelgiumTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 16 Cited References: *AOAC, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P694 *EUR COMM, 2000, SANCO18052000 EUR CO BARNAVETRO I, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P729 BARNAVETRO I, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P4071 CHU FS, 1995, ANAL FOOD NUTR LABEL, P283 DESAEGER S, 1999, 0893690, EP, PAPPL DESAEGER S, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P65 GYONGYOSI A, 1994, ECB6 P 6 EUR C BIOT, P709 GYONGYOSIHORVATH A, 1996, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V22, P103 HUNTER RS, 1998, COLOR APPEARANCE STU KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1989, BIOMED ENVIRON SCI, V2, P179 RICHARD JL, 1998, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P363 SIBANDA L, 1999, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V48, P203 SIBANDA L, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5864 SMITH JE, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P187 TRUCKSESS MW, 2000, J AOAC INT, V83, P442 English Article 538LQ INT J FOOD MICROBIOLISI:000174817800014kGF 35-41$://A1994PB962000050Rheeder, J. P. Sydenham, E. W. Marasas, W. F. O. Thiel, P. G. Shephard, G. S. Schlechter, M. Stockenstrom, S. Cronje, D. E. Viljoen, J. H.\VEar-Rot Fungi and Mycotoxins in South-African Corn of the 1989 Crop Exported to TaiwanMycopathologiaaflatoxin; aspergillus; diplodia; fumonisin; fusarium; mycotoxins liquid-chromatographic determination; fusarium-moniliforme; diplodia-maydis; fluorescence detection; natural occurrence; animal health; fumonisins; feeds; deoxynivalenol; zearalenoneA shipment of South African corn (1989) exported to Taiwan, was analyzed for various ear-rot fungi and Fusarium mycotoxins. Two sets of samples, one from the points of origin in South Africa prior to shipment, and the other from the end-point distributors in Taiwan, were studied. Surface-sterilized kernels were plated onto two different agar media and the fungal colonies identified. High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to analyze mycotoxin levels. The predominant ear-rot fungi, in decreasing order of isolation frequency, were Fusarium subglutinans, F. moniliforme, Diplodia maydis and F. graminearum. Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus were not isolated from samples prior to export, but a small number of A. flavus isolates were found after shipment. The predominant mycotoxins were fumonisins B-1 (0-865 ng/g) and B-2 (0-250 ng/g). Low levels of moniliformin (less than or equal to 390 ng/g) were detected in some samples before shipment. Zearalenone (25 ng/g), and nivalenol (120 ng/g) were detected in two out of 32 samples taken in Taiwan. The samples contained no detectable levels of either aflatoxins (> 0.5 ng/g) or deoxynivalenol (>100 ng/g) before or after shipment.DMycopathologia 1994 Jul0 127 1V'S AFRICAN MRC,MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS PROGRAMME,TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA MAIZE BOARD,PRETORIA,SOUTH AFRICA RHEEDER JP S AFRICAN MRC,MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS PROGRAMME,TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA:3Times Cited: 8 English Article PB962 MYCOPATHOLOGIA1ISI:A1994PB96200005.127-131$://A1995QY03200012Rheeder, J. P. Sydenham, E. W. Marasas, W. F. O. Thiel, P. G. Shephard, G. S. Schlechter, M. Stockenstrom, S. Cronje, D. W. Viljoen, J. H.rkFungal Infestation and Mycotoxin Contamination of South-African Commercial Maize Harvested in 1989 and 1990& South African Journal of ScienceS. Afr. J. Sci.1 1995 Mar 913pQY032 S AFR J SCIiISI:A1995QY03200012N.rdl.~289-298$://000072566200006RKLiu, B. H. Brewer, J. F. Flaherty, J. E. Payne, G. Bhatnagar, D. Chu, F. S..f_Immunochemical identification of AFLR, a regulatory protein, involved in aflatoxin biosynthesisy& Food and Agricultural Immunologyleaflatoxin; AFLR; antibodies; regulation; A-flavus; A- parasiticus aspergillus-parasiticus; expressionPolyclonal antibodies against AFLR, the aflR gene product of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, were generated by immunizing a rabbit with the Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant AFLR protein of A. flavus. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the antibodies not only reacted with the recombinant AFLR protein of A. flavus or A. parasiticus but also with native 47-kDa AFLR in A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Immunoblot analysis revealed that accumulation of the 47-kDa AFLR in cultures of A. flavus and A. parasiticus correlated well with the production of aflatoxin under various culture conditions that regulate aflatoxin formation. Neither AFLR nor aflatoxin was found when A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 was grown in peptone mineral salts (PMS) medium; however, both were detected after the culture was transferred to glucose mineral salts (GMS) medium. The AFLR protein was absent in the non- aflatoxigenic Penicillium and Fusarium species grown in GMS medium. The data indicate that the antibodies obtained in the present studies are specific for AFLR and could be used in various studies to monitor the role of AFLR in regulating aflatoxin biosynthesis.Food Agric. Immunol. 1997 Decf9e4l'Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, 1925 Willow Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Environm Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Chu FS Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, 1925 Willow Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA>7Times Cited: 2 English Article ZC328 FOOD AGRIC IMMUNOLsISI:000072566200006a 63-69$://000083573800004*#Liu, B. H. Bhatnagar, D. Chu, F. S.ztPurification and characterization of 40-KDa sterigmatocystin O- methyltransferase involved in aflatoxin biosynthesisNatural Toxinssterigmatocystin; O-methyltransferase; aflatoxin B-1; Aspergillus; purification aspergillus-flavus; parasiticus; pathway; aflr; cloning; enzymeSterigmatocystin-O-methyltransferase (ST-OMTase), an enzyme catalyzing O-methylation of sterigmatocystin with S- adenosylmethionine (SAM), was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography. A novel spectrofluorometric method was established to quantitatively determine the enzymatic activity of ST-OMTase. The purified protein, with a molecular weight of 40 kDa by SDS-PACE, was sensitive to thiol reagents and low concentrations of heavy metal ions. Using a nutritional shift assay, the expression patterns for ST-OMTase and the transcripts of its corresponding gene, omtA, correlated well with that for aflatoxin B-1 formation. Neither methyltransferase activity nor omtA, mRNA was detected in the fungal cultures of nonaflatoxigenic isolates, including A. flavus, A. sojae, A. nidulans and A. versicolor under optimal growing conditions for aflatoxin B1 production. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Nat. Toxins 199972'{Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Environm Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Chu FS Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA26/Times Cited: 5 English Article 253UH NAT TOXINSAISI:000083573800004r727-731$://A1995RH93500015 B://000075127200052`ZLogrieco, A. Moretti, A. Castella, G. Kostecki, M. Golinski, P. Ritieni, A. Chelkowski, J.0*Beauvericin production by Fusarium species,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1998 Aug6480"106JY APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:000075127200052 1958-1962$://A1991GQ61400014F`ZCawood, M. E. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Vleggaar, R. Behrend, Y. Thiel, P. G. Marasas, W. F. O.F?Isolation of the Fumonisin Mycotoxins - a Quantitative Approachl0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryb\fusarium-moniliforme; liquid-chromatography; natural occurrence; corn; leukoencephalomalaciaA method for the preparative-scale isolation of the fumonisin B (FB) mycotoxins, from corn cultures of Fusarium moniliforme, is described and quantitatively evaluated. Eighty percent of FB1 and 60% of FB2 were recovered after extraction with CH3OH/H2O (3:1). The fumonisins, including the newly discovered FB3 and FB4, were purified using Amberlite XAD-2, silica gel, and reverse-phase C18 chromatography. The Amberlite XAD-2 purification step proved to be the most effective cleanup procedure, while subsequent chromatography on silica gel and RP C18 effectively separate the individual fumonisins to a purity of over 90%. The relatively low final yield (40%) of FB1 and FB2 may be ascribed to (1) the strong affinity of FB1 for silica gel, (2) the low initial recovery (60%) of FB2, and (3) the formation of monomethyl and dimethyl esters of FB1 and FB2, as well as their interference in the purification of the individual fumonisins. The N-acetyl derivatives of FB1 and FB2 were also purified and shown to be metabolites of F. moniliforme.J. Agric. Food Chem. 1991 Nov3911'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV PRETORIA,DEPT CHEM,PRETORIA 0002,SOUTH AFRICA MAKOR CHEM LTD,IL-91064 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA<6Times Cited: 141 English Article GQ614 J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:A1991GQ61400014containing a high percentage of maize may result in an increased risk of acute and chronical rumen acidoses and mycotoxicoses with the possibility of mutual negative effects. An additional bacteriological examination of the feed samples for Salmonella produced negative results. Z. Jagdwiss. 2000 Dec464'Zimmerplatzgasse 15, A-8010 Graz, Austria Steiermark Landesregierung Graz, Tiergesundheitsdienst Fachabt Vet Wesen, Graz, Austria Deutz A Zimmerplatzgasse 15, A-8010 Graz, AustriaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 8 Cited References: *ALV, 1999, FORTSCHR LANDW, P8 BUBENIK AB, 1984, ERNAHRUNG VERHALTEN DIEBER F, 1999, ERNAHRUNG NUTR, V23, P294 HINTERDORFER F, 1996, TIERARZTL PRAX, V24, P357 MIROCHA CJ, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P3196 MISBACH K, 1993, DTSCH LANDWIRTSCHAFT, P132 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P259 USLEBER E, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2091 German Article 387WN Z JAGDWISSISI:000166145000005t: 1022-1025$://000178673000007&Piramanayagam, S. George, V. T.RKEffect of dietary fumonisin mycotoxin on the growth rate of broiler chicken Indian Veterinary JournalNGfusarium-moniliforme; natural occurrence; culture material; b- 1; maizeIndian Vet. J. 2002 Oct7910'Vet Univ Training & Res Ctr, Nagercoil 629601, India Vet Univ Training & Res Ctr, Nagercoil 629601, India Piramanayagam S Vet Univ Training & Res Ctr, Nagercoil 629601, IndiaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 13 Cited References: BROWN TP, 1992, AVIAN DIS, V36, P450 CHATTERJEE D, 1994, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V18, P251 ESPADA Y, 1994, AVIAN DIS, V38, P454 HENRY MH, 1994, POULT SCI S1, V73, P100 PRATHAPKUMAR SH, 1997, BRIT POULTRY SCI, V38, P475 ROTTINGHAUS GE, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P326 SCOTT PM, 1993, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V18, P257 SHETTY PH, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P2170 SNEDECOR GW, 1989, STAT METHODS SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WEIBKING T, 1995, AVIAN DIS, V39, P32 WEIBKING TS, 1993, POULTRY SCI, V72, P456 English Article 605HV INDIAN VET JISI:0001786730000073P@ 209-219$://000184592100001o"Asran, M. R. Buchenauer, H. Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum isolates on maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars and relation with deoxynivalenol and ergosterol contentsf_Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and ProtectionaFusarium graminearum; corn cultivars; seedling and stalk rot; DON contents; ergosterol contents aeroponics system; resistance; corn; moniliforme; mycotoxins; virulence; wheat; aggressiveness; nivalenol; rot(!Fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen of maize and causes seed rot and seedling blight as well as root rot, stalk rot and ear rot. In growth chamber experiments, inoculation of corn cv. 'Loyal' seeds with six different F. graminearum isolates reduced emergence of germlings and caused seedling death of varying degrees. Seedling blight and root rot caused by F. graminearum isolates were determined by using an aeroponics system. This system allows non-destructive, repetitive sampling of seedlings for assessing disease progress and seedling growth. Following inoculation of 10-day-old seedlings by dipping the root system in a conidia-mycelium suspension and cultivating the seedlings in the nutrient aeroponics system, the F graminearum isolates differed significantly in root rot severity and seedling dry weight of corn cv. 'Loyal'. Six isolates of F graminearum were also tested for their stalk rot pathogenicity at maturity stage under greenhouse and Field conditions using the toothpick inoculation method. Stalk rot symptoms were produced by all isolates, but the isolates differed in their degree of pathogenicity. The corn cultivars reacted differently to the infection by the E graminearum isolates. While cv. 'Loyal' was the most susceptible, cv. 'Galice' exhibited the highest level of resistance. The cvs. 'Unico and Marshall' showed a moderate degree of resistance. Beside the seedling blight index, deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations and ergosterol contents were determined in corn seedling tissue. All isolates tested were able to produce DON in infected seedling tissue. There was a close relationship between the degree of disease severity and DON concentration. On the other hand, a relation between disease severity and ergosterol content in the infected seedling tissues could not be detected.2,Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2003 May 1103'Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed 360, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed 360, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Asran MR Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed 360, D-70593 Stuttgart, GermanyD=Times Cited: 0 English Article 708WC Z PFLANZENKR PFLANZENSCHISI:000184592100001 71-82$://000220551000006Atia, M. M. M.60Rice false smut (Ustilaginoidea virens) in Egyptf_Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and ProtectionF@rice; false smut; Ustilaginoidea virens; yield losses; cultivars,&Rice false smut (RFS) caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tak. (Teleomorph: Claviceps oryzae sativae Hashioka) is a sporadic disease where rice (Oryza sativa L.) is Cultivated. RFS is a new disease in Egypt and appeared for the first time in the Nile Delta in 1997. This paper is the first record of RFS in Egypt. RFS was surveyed in most rice production areas of Egypt during two seasons. Disease incidence and number of spore balls (infected grains) were significantly higher in 2000 than in 2001. Disease usually affected a few grains (1-20) and might occupy any part of the panicle. The RFS fungus also attacks Echinochloa crus-galli, a common rice weed, as well as Imperata cylindrica, a common weed on irrigation canals in Egypt. The causal agent of RFS was isolated and identified on rice flour yeast extract dextrose agar (RYDA) and on PDA media. Yield losses caused by RFS ranged from 1.01 to 10.91%. Disease also reduced the chaff percentage and 1000-grain weight. Rice cv. 'Giza 171' was the most susceptible one, while cv. 'Sakha 102' was highly resistant. The amount of N fertilization was correlated with high disease. Early transplanting (at beginning Of June), cultivation in clay soil and spraying rice plants with Topsin-M or copper-oxychloride (each 2.5 g/l) at the beginning of booting stage significantly reduced the disease. Further studies are needed to investigate the viability of the fungal spores and sclerotia during winter, variation between fungal isolates, ability to produce mycotoxins and control of RFS disease using nonchemical methods.2,Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2004 Janc 111 1l'Zagazig Univ, Fac Agr, Agr Bot & Pl Path Dept, Zagazig, Egypt Zagazig Univ, Fac Agr, Agr Bot & Pl Path Dept, Zagazig, Egypt Atia MMM Zagazig Univ, Fac Agr, Agr Bot & Pl Path Dept, Zagazig, EgyptD=Times Cited: 0 English Article 808DY Z PFLANZENKR PFLANZENSCHTISI:000220551000006s163-166$://A1980KS68900008@9Aucock, H. W. Marasas, W. F. O. Meyer, C. J. Chalmers, P.Field Outbreaks of Hyper-Estrogenism (Vulvo-Vaginitis) in Pigs Consuming Maize Infected by Fusarium-Graminearum and Contaminated with ZearalenoneGpjJournal of the South African Veterinary Association-Tydskrif Van Die Suid-Afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging82J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.-Tydskr. Suid-Afr. Vet. Ver. 1980513'MEAT BOARD,20 GREENWOOD RD,PIETERMARITZBURG 3201,SOUTH AFRICA AUCOCK HW MEAT BOARD,20 GREENWOOD RD,PIETERMARITZBURG 3201,SOUTH AFRICA<6Times Cited: 10 English Article KS689 J S AFR VET ASSNISI:A1980KS68900008565-572$://000073338100013.(Auerbach, H. Oldenburg, E. Weissbach, F.HAIncidence of Penicillium roqueforti and roquefortine C in silages4.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureJ. Sci. Food Agric.l 1998 Apr9764ZK567 J SCI FOOD AGRISI:000073338100013G|^597-609$://0001785957000016/Logrieco, A. Mule, G. Moretti, A. Bottalico, A.XQToxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with maize ear rot in Europe*#European Journal of Plant Pathologytmmaize pink ear rot; Fusarium mycotoxins; Fusarium graminearum; zearalenone; trichothecenes; deoxynivalenol; Fusarium verticillioides; fumonisins; Fusarium proliferatum; fusaproliferin; moniliformin corn-based products; fumonisin b-1; natural occurrence; kernel infection; culture material; section liseola; f-crookwellense; broiler chicks; spanish market; stalk rotSeveral Fusarium species occurring worldwide on maize as causal agents of ear rot, are capable of producing mycotoxins in infected kernels, some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health. The main groups of Fusarium toxins commonly found are: trichothecenes, zearalenones, fumonisins, and moniliformin. In addition, beauvericin and fusaproliferin have been found in Fusarium-infected maize ears. Zearalenone and deoxynivalenol are commonly found in maize red ear rot, which is essentially caused by species of the Discolour section, particularly F. graminearum. Moreover, nivalenol and fusarenone-X were often found associated with the occasional occurrence of F. cerealis, and diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin with the occurrence of F. poae and F. sporotrichioides, respectively. In addition, the occurrence of F. avenaceum and F. subglutinans usually led to the accumulation of moniliformin. In maize pink ear rot, which is mainly caused by F. verticillioides, there is increasing evidence of the wide occurrence of fumonisin B-1. This carcinogenic toxin is usually found in association with moniliformin, beauvericin, and fusaproliferin, both in central Europe due to the co-occurrence of F. subglutinans, and in southern Europe where the spread of F. verticillioides is reinforced by the widespread presence of F. proliferatum capable of producing fumonisin B-1, moniliformin, beauvericin, and fusaproliferin.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2002 Sep 1087'CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, Viale L Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, I-70125 Bari, Italy Logrieco A CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, Viale L Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, ItalyF?Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 114 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56, P397 *WHO, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, V219 ABBAS HK, 1998, TOXICON, V36, P2033 ADLER A, 2001, INT S BIOACT FUNG ME, P40 ARINO AA, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P1084 BEARDALL GM, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P487 BHAT RV, 1989, LANCET, V1, P35 BOCAROVSTANCIC A, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P581 BOTTALICO A, 1985, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V49, P547 BOTTALICO A, 1997, B I COMPREHENSIVE AG, V5, P47 BOTTALICO A, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P599 BOTTALICO A, 1988, INFORMATORE FITOPATO, V38, P55 BOTTALICO A, 1986, INFORMATORE FITOPATO, V36, P27 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BOTTALICO A, 1989, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V107, P85 BOTTALICO A, 1979, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V67, P119 BOTTALICO A, 1983, P INT S MYC CAIR 6 8, P375 BOTTALICO A, 1990, PHYTOPATHOL MEDITERR, V29, P24 BULLERMAN LB, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P27 CARAMELLI M, 1993, IPPOLOGIA, V4, P49 CHARMLEY LL, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P199 CHELKOWSKI J, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P53 CHELKOWSKI J, 1994, GENET POL B, V35, P333 CHELKOWSKI J, 1994, MYCOTOXIN RES, V10, P116 CHELKOWSKI J, 1990, MYCOTOXIN RES, V6, P41 CHELKOWSKI J, 1987, MYCOTOXIN RES, V3, P111 CIUDIN E, 1991, CERCETARI AGRONOMICE, V24, P109 DOKO MB, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P433 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 DOKO MB, 1993, OCCURRENCE SIGNIFICA, P49 DRAGONI I, 1996, 9 INT IUPAC S MYC PH, P39 EHLING G, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P443 ELLEND N, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P359 ERIKSEN GS, 1998, FUSARIUM TOXINS CERE FRANCESCHI S, 1990, J NATL CANCER I, V82, P1407 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P279 GOLINSKI P, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P2147 GRABARKIEWICZSZ.J, 1996, MYCOTOXIN RES, V12, P45 GUPTA S, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V115, P185 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HARVEY RA, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P415 HOPMANS EC, 1995, NATURAL PROTECTANTS, V1, P61 JAVED T, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V123, P171 JURJEVIC Z, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P455 JURJEVIC Z, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P67 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KOSTECHI M, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P17 KOSTECKI M, 1995, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V13, P67 KRSKA R, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3665 KRSKA R, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P11 KRUGER W, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P297 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LEBARS P, 1995, CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL, V16, P59 LEDOUX DR, 1995, POULTRY SCI, V74, P297 LESLIE JF, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, PS282 LEVIC J, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P773 LEW H, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P467 LEW H, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P321 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LOGRIECO A, 2000, 6 EUR FUS SEM 11 16, P42 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 LOGRIECO A, 1992, ATTI GIORNATE FITOPA, V2, P287 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MACCHIA L, 1995, INT SEM FUS MYC TAX, P72 MARASAS WFO, 1986, MYCOLOGIA, V78, P242 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MILEVOJ L, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P603 MORETTI A, 1995, MYCOL RES, V99, P282 MORETTI A, 1994, MYCOTOXIN RES, V10, P73 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P44 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 MUSSER SM, 1996, J NAT PROD, V59, P970 NAGY E, 2000, 6 EUR FUS SEM 11 16, P80 NEDELNIK J, 2000, 6 EUR FUS SEM 11 16, P111 NELSON PE, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P984 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL OLDENBERG E, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P72 OSTRY V, 1997, MYKOLOGICKE LISTY, V60, P11 OSWEILER G, 1995, NATURAL PROTECTANTS, V1, P79 PASCALE M, 1995, P 2 NAT C FOOD CHEM, P1067 PATEL S, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P187 PERKOWSKI J, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES, V7, P115 PESTKA JJ, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P169 PIECKOVA E, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P609 PIETRI A, 1995, INT SEM FUS MYC TAX, P18 PITTET A, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P1352 PLATTNER RD, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P3894 RAMAKRISHNAN NY, 1994, POULTRY SCI, V73, P617 RAPIOR S, 1993, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V11, P327 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 RITIENI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P17 RIZZO AF, 1992, NAT TOXINS, V1, P106 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 ROTTER BA, 1996, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V48, P1 SANCHIS V, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P2147 SANCHIS V, 1995, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V27, P37 SCHUTT F, 1998, MYCOTOXIN RES, V14, P35 SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P459 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHURTLEFF MC, 1980, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS SROBAROVA A, 2000, 6 EUR FUS SEM 11 16, P44 SROBAROVA A, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P617 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P31 SZECSI A, 1995, MYCOTOXIN RES, V11, P85 SZECSI A, 1994, NOVENYVEDELEM, V30, P313 USLEBER E, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P1392 VISCONTI A, 1990, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V12, P187 VISCONTI A, 1996, EUROPEAN UNIONS INNO, P162 VISCONTI A, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P193 WANG ZG, 1993, BIOMED ENVIRON SCI, V6, P65 WARFIELD CY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P2853 English Review 604BL EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYISI:000178595700001645-667$://000185661500002B;Logrieco, A. Bottalico, A. Mule, G. Moretti, A. Perrone, G.b\Epidemiology of toxigenic fungi and their associated mycotoxins for some Mediterranean crops*#European Journal of Plant PathologyFusarium-diseases; Alternaria-diseases; Aspergillus-diseases; Penicillium-diseases; trichothecenes; fumonisins; zearalenone; moniliformin; fusaproliferin; beauvericin; enniatins; tenuazonic acid; alternariols; aflatoxins; ochratoxins; citrinin; patulin fumonisin b1 production; maize ear rot; ochratoxin-a; fusarium- proliferatum; liquid-chromatography; geographical origin; endemic nephropathy; natural occurrence; apple juice; moniliformeRecent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2003 Sep 1097'CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, I-70125 Bari, Italy Logrieco A CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, ItalyTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 86 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56, P397 ABDALLA ESAM, 1997, NAHRUNG, V41, P362 ABDELKADER MIA, 1979, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V69, P143 ABDELMALLEK AY, 1994, ASSIUT J AGR SCI, V25, P133 ABDELSATER MA, 2001, J FOOD SCI TECH MYS, V38, P407 ASSEMAT P, 1995, PHYTOMA, V479, P22 ATALLA MM, 1999, AFRICAN J MYCOLOGY B, V7, P35 BACON CW, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P1195 BAKAN B, 2001, 935 COST, P44 BAKAN B, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P998 BAKAN B, 2001, OCCURRENCE TOXIGENIC, P51 BARBAGALLO RN, 1999, IND ALIMENT-ITALY, V38, P533 BOCAROVSTANCIC A, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P581 BOTTALICO A, 1992, ALTERNARIA BIOL PLAN, P209 BOTTALICO A, 1985, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V49, P547 BOTTALICO A, 2002, ATT 9 CONV NAZ SIPAV, P151 BOTTALICO A, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P599 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BOTTALICO A, 1989, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V107, P85 BOTTALICO A, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P65 BOTTALICO A, 2001, OCCURRENCE TOXIGENIC, P69 BURDASPAL PA, 2000, ALIMENTARIA, V299, P107 CASTELLARI M, 2000, J CHROMATOGR A, V888, P129 DELOGU G, 2001, PRINCIPALI MALATTIE, P40 ELKADY IA, 1990, EGYPT J BOT, V33, P153 ELMER WH, 1995, MYCOLOGIA, V87, P68 ELWSAYED AMA, 2001, ANN AGR SCI CAIRO, V46, P273 FADLALLAH E, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P43 FADLALLAH EM, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V140, P99 FILALI A, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P565 GELOSA L, 1990, IND ALIMENTARI, V29, P25 GOKMEN V, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P99 IOANNOUKAKOURI E, 2001, OCCURRENCE TOXIGENIC, P13 JELINEK CF, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P223 JIMENEZ M, 2001, OCCURRENCE TOXIGENIC, P173 JURJEVIC Z, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P455 JURJEVIC Z, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P67 KARADENIZ F, 1997, FRUIT PROCESSING, V12, P475 LAIDOU IA, 2001, J PHYTOPATHOL, V149, P457 LEBARS P, 1995, CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL, V16, P59 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LOGRIECO A, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P82 LOGRIECO A, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P5201 LOGRIECO A, 1990, MYCOLOGIA, V82, P501 LOGRIECO A, 1990, PHYTOPATHOL MEDITERR, V29, P81 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 LOGRIECO A, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P415 MARIN S, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P298 MARKAKI P, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P533 MARTINS ML, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P568 MELCION D, 1998, SCI ALIMENT, V18, P301 MORETTI A, 2000, MITT BIOL BUNDESANST, V377, P31 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P44 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 NIGH EL, 1999, ACTA HORTIC, V479, P247 NILUFER D, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P3375 OTTENEDER H, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P793 PASCALE M, 2001, P 11 C MED PHYT UN 1, P123 PASQUINI M, 2001, INFORMATORE AGRARIO, P33 PERENZIN M, 2001, INFORMATORE AGRARIO, V33, P31 PIETRI A, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P647 PIETRI A, 1995, INT SEM FUS MYC TAX, P18 PRIETA J, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P1701 PRONCZUK M, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES, V7, P97 PUNTARIC D, 2001, CROAT MED J, V42, P175 RAPIOR S, 1993, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V11, P327 SABER SM, 1998, AFR J MYCROL BIOTECH, V6, P53 SAGE L, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P1306 SANCHIS S, 1993, J FOOD PRODUCTION, V56, P246 SANCHIS V, 1995, MICROBIOL RES, V150, P437 SANCHIS V, 2001, OCCURRENCE TOXIGENIC, P191 SCHUTT F, 1998, MYCOTOXIN RES, V14, P35 SCOTT PM, 1980, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V63, P612 SEEFELDER W, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P2778 TORRES MR, 1998, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V39, P139 VALLETRISCO M, 1983, IND ALIMENTARI SEP, P636 VINAS I, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V128, P157 VISCONTI A, 1996, EUROPEAN UNIONS INNO, P162 VISCONTI A, 1986, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V3, P323 VISCONTI A, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P546 VISCONTI A, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V864, P89 VISCONTI A, 1992, MYCOTOXIN RES, V8, P9 WARFIELD CY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P2853 YOUSSEF MS, 2000, AFRICAN J MYCOLOGY B, V8, P69 ZIEDAN EH, 2002, ARAB U J AGR SCI, V10, P363 ZIMMERLI B, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P655 English Article 727MA EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYISI:000185661500002803-809$://A1997WP00200046t^XLu, Z. Dantzer, W. R. Hopmans, E. C. Prisk, V. Cunnick, J. E. Murphy, P. A. Hendrich, S.~wReaction with fructose detoxifies fumonisin B-1 while stimulating liver-associated natural killer cell activity in rats70*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryJ. Agric. Food Chem. 1997 Mar0453WP002 J AGR FOOD CHEM0ISI:A1997WP00200046S 676-679$://000176754000007voShephard, G. S. Marasas, W. F. O. Yazdanpanah, H. Rahimian, H. Safavi, N. Zarghi, A. Shafaati, A. Rasekh, H. R.:4Fumonisin B-1 in maize harvested in Iran during 1999&Food Additives and Contaminantsfumonisin; Iran; Fusarium; mycotoxins; maize; corn human esophageal cancer; fusarium-moniliforme; human foodstuffs; corn; mycotoxins; china; risk; carcinogenicity; contamination; productsThe fumonisin B-1 (FB1) contamination of maize collected in two areas of Iran during 1999 was determined. The 20 maize samples from Mazandaran Province, situated on the Caspian littoral of Iran, consisted of random samples of farmers' lots and were all contaminated with FB1 at a mean level of 3.18 mg kg(-1) (range 0.68-7.66 mg kg(-1)). The 10 samples (of the same maize cultivar) from Isfahan Province in central Iran were purchased as maize cobs in local retail markets and had mean FB1 levels of 0.22 mg kg(-1) (mean of all samples, 6/10 samples positive, range <0.01-0.88 mg kg(-1)). The FB1 levels in Mazandaran, an area of high oesophageal cancer, were significantly (p < 0.0001) higher than the FB1 levels found in maize from Isfahan, an area of low oesophageal cancer in Iran.Food Addit. Contam. 2002 Jul197'MRC, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci & Hlth Serv, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Sch Pharm, Tehran, Iran Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci & Hlth Serv, Dept Med Chem, Sch Pharm, Tehran, Iran Mazandaran Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Plant Protect, Sari, Iran Shephard GS MRC, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *EUR COMM, 2000, SCFCSCNTMMYC24 EUR C *JOINT IR INT AG R, 1977, J NATL CANCER I, V59, P1127 *SWISS FED OFF PUB, 1997, 11 SWISS FED OFF PUB *WHO, 2002, WHO TECHN REP SER, V906, P16 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 DOKO MB, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P433 GAO HP, 1997, MYCOTOXINS, V45, P51 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 MARASAS WFO, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P1 MARASAS WFO, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P399 MILLER JD, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P321 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RICE LG, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P536 SAIDI F, 2000, BRIT J CANCER, V83, P1249 SCAFF RMC, 1999, MYCOTOXINS S, P226 SHEPHARD GS, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P1860 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2014 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 TRUCKSESS MW, 2001, J AOAC INT, V84, P202 UENO Y, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P1143 VAINIO H, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P535 WANG H, 2000, J ENVIRON PATHOL TOX, V19, P139 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 ZHANG H, 1997, MYCOTOXINS, V44, P29 English Article 572BR FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000176754000007r 51-57$://A1988M579100011PICollett, M. G. Fincham, J. E. Tustin, R. C. Joubert, G. Marasas, W. F. O. NHThe Pathology of Chronic Drechslera-Campanulata Toxicosis in Inbred Rats2,Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1988 Mar551'0)UNIV PRETORIA,FAC VET SCI,DEPT PATHOL,PRIVATE BAG X04,ONDERSTEPOORT 0110,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,INST BIOSTAT,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA COLLETT MG UNIV PRETORIA,FAC VET SCI,DEPT PATHOL,PRIVATE BAG X04,ONDERSTEPOORT 0110,SOUTH AFRICAB://A1988P186700011f_Combrinck, S. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Spies, H. S. C. Burger, B. V. Thiel, P. G. Marasas, W. F. O.,hbIsolation and Characterization of Trichothecin from Corn Cultures of Fusarium-Graminearum Mrc-1125,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology Appl. Environ. Microbiol.R 1988 JulE547Y'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT CHEM,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA COMBRINCK S S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAB;Times Cited: 6 English Article P1867 APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOL9ISI:A1988P186700011217-221$://A1994NM03700015PIConvert, O. Jellal, A. Correia, I. Dardoize, F. Menguy, L. Cherton, J. C.A Novel Mycotoxin - the Chaetoglobosin-N from Infested Maize by Phomopsis-Leptostromiformis .2. Structure Elucidation by H-1 and C-13 NmrAnalusisAnalusis 1994 May7224NM037 ANALUSISISI:A1994NM03700015S =h0$://000220382200030 Betran, F. J. Isakeit, T.F?Aflatoxin accumulation in maize 539-543$://A1997XX4060000982Becker, B. Bresch, H. Schillinger, U. Thiel, P. G.<5The effect of fumonisin B-1 on the growth of bacteria4-World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnologyu&World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.u 1997 Sepc135("XX406 WORLD J MICROBIOL BIOTECHNOLISI:A1997XX40600009490-493$://00018342150000981Beekrum, S. Govinden, R. Padayachee, T. Odhav, B.NHNaturally occurring phenols: a detoxification strategy for fumonisin B-1&Food Additives and Contaminantsfumonisin; Fusarium verticillioides; inhibition; plant phenols fusarium-moniliforme; contaminated corn; mycotoxins; decontamination; maizePhenolic compounds from plants offer a means for both the prevention and detoxification of mycotoxins that affect human health. This research investigates the control of fungal growth and toxin production by Fusarium verticillioides with plant phenolic compounds, namely chlorophorin, iroko and maakianin, benzoic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and vanillic acid. Inhibition by these compounds of fungal growth was determined by the agar overlay method and their affect on fumonisin B-1 (FB1) production was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chlorophorin was the most effective compound in inhibiting fungal was the most e growth, followed by iroko, maakianin, vanillic acid and caffeic acid. Chlorophorin also was the most effective compound in reducing toxin production (94% reduction), followed by caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid and iroko, which reduced FBI levels by 90-91%. The widespread occurrence of fumonisins world-wide and the lack of adequate prevention of fumonisins require 'biologically safe' alternatives to prevent the transfer of fungi and their health hazardous toxins into our daily foods and environment.OFood Addit. Contam.T 2003 MayM205P'Durban Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, ML Sultan Campus,POB 1334, ZA-4000 Durban, South Africa Durban Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, ZA-4000 Durban, South Africa Odhav B Durban Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, ML Sultan Campus,POB 1334, ZA-4000 Durban, South AfricaTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 22 Cited References: ALBERTS JF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P1729 ALBERTS JF, 1994, MYCOL RES, V10, P107 ATLAS RM, 1984, EXPT MICROBIOLOGY FU, P267 BOTHAST RJ, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P233 CAWOOD ME, 1994, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V32, P627 CHIPLEY JR, 1980, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V40, P352 DAVIDSON PM, 1993, ANTIMICROBIALS FOODS DESJARDINS AE, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P1377 GONZALEZ HHL, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P565 HLYWKA JJ, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P319 MURPHY PA, 1996, EFFECT PROCESSING FU, P323 MURPHY PA, 1995, NATURAL PROTECTANTS, V1, P105 NICK A, 1995, J ETHNOPHARMACOL, V49, P147 PARK DL, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P105 SHEPHARD GS, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P1860 SWINNY EE, 1989, THESIS U DURBAN WEST SYDENHAM EW, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P25 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2014 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 TRUCKSESS MW, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P161 VESONDER RF, 2000, J NAT TOXINS, V9, P103 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1629 English Article 688EX FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000183421500009PCHEM SOC, V69, P1036 PEARSON TC, 1999, FOOD SCI TECHNOL-LEB, V32, P73 RIDGWAY C, 1996, J SCI FOOD AGR, V71, P251 SCHMITT SG, 1989, CEREAL CHEM, V66, P165 SHOTWELL OL, 1981, CEREAL CHEM, V58, P124 SHOTWELL OL, 1975, CEREAL CHEM, V52, P670 SHOTWELL OL, 1974, CEREAL CHEM, V51, P492 WICKLOW DT, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P68 WICKLOW DT, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P1146 WILLIAMS PC, 1997, P INT WHEAT QUAL C M, P109 English Article 506UM TRANS ASAEISI:000172990200026i 387-389$://000170621000020Chourasia, H. K.b\Response of some Indian maize samples for aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus strains4-Journal of Food Science and Technology-MysoreXRaflatoxin B-1; atoxigenic and toxigenic Aspergillus flavus; Indian maize varietiesLaboratory response of five maize varieties commonly marketed in Bihar State, India to aflatox:n-producing and -non-producing strains of Aspergillus flavus was studied. Despite the small number of samples studied, it was possible to separate the maize genotypes into three groups according to their response, efficiently producing aflatoxins (good Substrates), no aflatoxins producing (poor substrates) and ambiguous, depending on the strain used as the inoculum.a"J. Food Sci. Technol.-Mysore 2001Jul-Aug384'Bhagalpur Univ, TNB Coll, Dept Bot, Biosci Res Lab, Life Sci Block, Bhagalpur 812007, India Bhagalpur Univ, TNB Coll, Dept Bot, Biosci Res Lab, Bhagalpur 812007, India Chourasia HK Bhagalpur Univ, TNB Coll, Dept Bot, Biosci Res Lab, Life Sci Block, Bhagalpur 812007, IndiaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 11 Cited References: *AOAC, 1980, OFF METH AN BILGRAMI KS, 1982, INDIAN PHYTOPATHOL, V35, P376 CANTONE FA, 1983, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V73, P1250 HESSELTINE CW, 1970, MYCOLOGIA, V62, P123 NABNEY J, 1965, ANALYST, V90, P155 NAGARAJAN V, 1972, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V20, P911 PRIYADARSHINI E, 1978, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V26, P249 SHOTWELL OL, 1966, APPL MICROBIOL, V14, P425 WHITAKER TB, 1979, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V56, P789 WILSON DM, 1981, SO COOPERATIVE SERIE, V279, P13 ZUBER MS, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1346 English Article 465ZZ J FOOD SCI TECHNOL-MYSOREISI:000170621000020 8128-81311$://000187565600047:3Cirillo, T. Ritieni, A. Visone, M. Cocchieri, R. A.ngEvaluation of conventional and organic Italian foodstuffs for deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B-1 and B-20*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistrydeoxynivalenol; fumonisins; human foods; conventional and organic agriculture cereal-based foods; natural cooccurrence; wheat; mycotoxins; maize; corn; trichothecenes; surveillance; zearalenone; barleyTwo lots of human foodstuffs from conventional and organic brand foods were purchased from supermarkets and analyzed for three Fusarium toxins, deoxynivalenol, by GC-ECD, and fumonisins B-1 and B-2 (FB1-FB2), by LC-MS. The occurrence of deoxynivalenol contamination was higher than 80% in both organic and conventional foods; fumonisin B-1 was found in 20% of organic foods and in 31% of conventional ones and fumonisin B-2 in more than the 32% of the food samples from both the agricultural practices. The highest median concentration of deoxynivalenol occurred in conventional rice-based foodstuffs (207 mug/kg): that of fumonisin B-1 in conventional maize-based foods (345 mug/kg) and that of fumonisin B-2 in organic wheat- based foods (210 mug/kg).J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003 Dec 315127' Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, Via Univ 100, I-80055 Naples, Italy Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, I-80055 Naples, Italy Cirillo T Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, Via Univ 100, I-80055 Naples, ItalyTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 22 Cited References: *FAO, 2001, CLIM CHANG AGR CON ALI N, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P377 BEARDALL J, 1994, MYCOTOXIN RES, V10, P21 BENNETT JW, 1987, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V100, P3 CASTELLA G, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P4707 DESJARDINS AE, 2000, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V66, P1020 DESJARDINS AE, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P1377 DMELLO JPF, 1997, HDB PLANT FUNGAL TOX, P287 DOKO MB, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P433 DOKO MB, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3240 KOTAL F, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V830, P219 MALLOY CD, 1997, J PUBLIC HLTH MANAGE, V3, P61 MALMAURET L, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P524 NOWICKI TW, 1988, J CEREAL SCI, V8, P189 PATEL S, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P187 SCHOLLENBERGER M, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V147, P49 SCOTT PM, 1990, CEREAL FOOD WORLD, V35, P661 SCOTT PM, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P541 TACKE BK, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P472 TRUCKSESS MW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P883 TRUCKSESS MW, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P631 TURRINI A, 2001, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V55, P571 English Article 757MG J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000187565600047) 367-374$://000181779100003<6Tagne, A. Kongsdal, O. Ngoko, Z. The, C. Mathur, S. B.ZSFusarium pallidoroseum in maize samples of three agro- ecological zones of Cameroon*#Journal of Stored Products Researchb[maize grain; storage; F. pallidoroseum; agro-ecological zone; Cameroon agroecological zonesInvestigations were conducted to determine the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi in maize samples from Cameroon. The deep freezing blotter method, and the medium DG-18, with and without 1% sodium hypochlorite surface sterilization pre-treatment, were used. The plated grains were incubated for 7 days under a cycle of 12 It (NUV) daylight and 12 It darkness. Fusarium pallidoroseum was found infecting 1-2% of the tested grains. Eleven samples out of 65 tested were found infected, 2 samples from the locality of Melong in the humid forest agro-ecological zone with monomodal rainfall, 1 from Foumbot and 2 from Bamenda in the highlands agro-ecological zone, and 6 from Yaounde, in the humid forest with bimodal rainfall agro-ecological zone. An infection rate of 2% of the grains was found on blotter paper while only 1% was recorded on the reduced water activity medium DG-18, with or without surface sterilization. F pallidoroseum is reported here for the first time from maize samples of Cameroon. This underlines the need for detailed research on toxigenic fungi and the improvement of common storage practices to avoid mycotoxin contamination and the resulting human and animal health problems. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.J. Stored Prod. Res. 2003394'IRAD, Cereals Res Program, Box 2067, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon IRAD, Cereals Res Program, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon DGISP, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Tagne A IRAD, Cereals Res Program, Box 2067, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 26 Cited References: *NCRE, 1992, ANN REP BOOTH C, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V83, P702 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1963, P INT SEED TEST ASSN, V28, P4 ENYONG LA, 1990, MAIZE GROUNDNUT POST FARR DF, 1989, FUNGI PLANTS PLANT P HELL K, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P365 HELL K, 1995, MYCOTOXINS FOOD AFRI, P31 HOCKING AD, 1980, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V39, P488 KING AD, 1986, METHODS MYCOLOGICAL LIN P, 1980, J CANCER RESCLIN ONC, V96, P121 MARASAS WFO, 1979, EUR J APPL MICROBIOL, V7, P289 MARASAS WFO, 1978, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V16, P39 MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 MARASAS WFO, 1986, S AFR MED J, V69, P369 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S, P98 NWANMA B, 1991, MYCOLOGIA, V83, P708 NWANMA BN, 1992, MYCOLOGIE, V84, P452 QIN Q, 1981, ACTA VET ZOOTECHNICA, V12, P137 SAMSON RA, 1995, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN SINGH DV, 1974, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V2, P365 SINGH K, 1991, MANUAL IDENTIFICATIO TAGNE A, 2001, THESIS DENMARK U YAO TAGNE A, 1995, THESIS ROYAL VET AGR THRANE U, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P199 THRANE U, 1988, P JAPANESE ASS MYCTO, V1, P226 UDOH JM, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P187 English Article 659LX J STORED PROD RESISI:000181779100003fn 5-16$://A1995RG69900002d]Julian, A. M. Wareing, P. W. Phillips, S. I. Medlock, V. F. P. Macdonald, M. V. Delrio, L. E.b\Fungal Contamination and Selected Mycotoxins in Preharvest and Postharvest Maize in HondurasMycopathologiaMycopathologia 1995 1291RG699 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1995RG69900002nLX 1972-1979$://0001748422000622,Jurgenson, J. E. Zeller, K. A. Leslie, J. F.PJExpanded genetic map of Gibberella moniliformis (Fusarium verticillioides),&Applied and Environmental Microbiologymating population-a; fujikuroi; fumonisin-b1; leukoencephalomalacia; biosynthesis; dna; heterokaryosis; mycotoxins; oxysporum; mutants2+Gibberella moniliformis (Fusarium vertillioides) is primarily a pathogen of maize, but it can also cause disease in other crop species. This pathogenicity, as well as the contamination of food- and feedstuffs with the fumonisin mycotoxins, results in economically significant losses to both farmers and food processors. The dissection of important biological characters in this fungus has been hampered by the lack of a uniformly dense genetic map. The existing restriction fragment length polymorphism-based map contains significant gaps, making it difficult to routinely locate biologically important genes, such as those involved in pathogenicity or mycotoxin production, with precision. We utilized amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to saturate the existing genetic map and added 486 AFLP markers to the similar to150 markers on the existing map. The resulting map has an average marker interval of 3.9 map units and averages similar to21 kb/map unit. The additional markers expanded the map from 1,452 to 2,188 map units distributed across 12 chromosomes. The maximum distance between adjacent markers is 29 map units. We identified AFLP markers less than I map unit from the mating type (MAT) locus and 2.5 map units from the spore killer (SK) locus; eight AFLP markers map within 8.5 units of the FUM1 (fumonisin biosynthetic) locus. The increased saturation of this map will facilitate further development of G. moniliformis as a model system for the genetic and population genetic studies of related, but less genetically tractable, plant pathogenic fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002 Apr684'`YKansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4002, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4002, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA Univ No Iowa, Dept Biol, Cedar Falls, IA 50614 USA Leslie JF Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4002, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA Times Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 49 Cited References: APSIMON JW, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P245 BROWN DW, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V32, P121 CHAISRISOOK C, 1990, J HERED, V81, P189 CORRELL JC, 1987, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V77, P1640 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P2571 DESJARDINS AE, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P2799 FINCHAM JRS, 1979, FUNGAL GENETICS FREDERIKSEN RA, 2000, COMPENDIUM SORGHUM GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELDERBLOM WCA, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P267 GELDERBLOM WCA, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P291 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HASCHEK WM, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P251 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P309 HOWSON WT, 1963, CAN J GENET CYTOL, V5, P60 JARDINE DJ, 1986, KANSAS STATE U COO L, V741 JURGENSON JE, IN PRESS GENETICS KELLER NP, 1997, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V21, P17 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KERENYI Z, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P4071 KLITTICH CJR, 1988, GENETICS, V118, P417 LANDER ES, 1987, GENOMICS, V1, P174 LESLIE JF, 1999, PLANT PATHOL J, V15, P259 LINNEMANNSTONS P, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P2558 LISCUM E, 1995, PLANT CELL, V7, P473 MANLY KF, 1999, MAMM GENOME, V10, P327 MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MARASAS WFO, 2001, MYCOLOGIA, V93, P1203 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MICHELMORE RW, 1991, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V88, P9828 MURRAY MG, 1980, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V8, P4321 PLATTNER RD, 1996, MYCOLOGIA, V88, P416 POWELL WA, 1990, J BACTERIOL, V172, P3163 PROCTOR RH, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V27, P100 PUHALLA JE, 1985, EXP MYCOL, V9, P39 PUHALLA JE, 1983, EXP MYCOL, V7, P328 RAJU NB, 1994, MYCOLOGIA, V86, P461 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RILEY RT, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P301 ROSS PF, 1993, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V5, P69 SAMUELS GJ, 2001, FUSARIUM PE NELSON M, P1 VOS P, 1995, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V23, P4407 WHITE DG, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS XU JR, 1996, FUNGAL GENET NEWSL, V43, P61 XU JR, 1996, GENETICS, V143, P175 XU JR, 1995, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V8, P74 ZELLER KA, 2000, PHYTOPARASITICA, V28, P121 English Article 538YF APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:000174842200062Rv728-731$://000173783700013,<6Bakan, B. Melcion, D. Richard-Molard, D. Cahagnier, B.Fungal growth and Fusarium mycotoxin content in isogenic traditional maize and genetically modified maize grown in France and SpainT0*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryFusarium; mycotoxins; ergosterol; transgenic maize; Ostrinia; Sesamia liquid-chromatographic determination; fumonisin production; ochratoxin-a; corn-borer; contamination; cereals; zearalenone; hybrids; temperature; infectionFungi of the genus Fusarium, are common fungal contaminants of maize and are also known to produce mycotoxins. Maize that has been genetically modified to express a Bt endotoxin has been used to study the effect of insect resistance on fungal infection of maize grains by Fusarium species and their related mycotoxins. Maize grain from Bt hybrids and near-isogenic traditional hybrids was collected in France and Spain from the 1999 crop, which was grown under natural conditions. According to the ergosterol level, the fungal biomass formed on Bt maize grain was 4-18 times lower than that on isogenic maize. Fumonisin B, grain concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.3 ppm for Bt maize and from 0.4 to 9 ppm for isogenic maize. Moderate to low concentrations of trichothecenes and zearalenone were measured on transgenic as well as on non-transgenic maize. Nevertheless, significant differences were obtained in certain regions. The protection of maize plants against insect damage (European corn borer and pink stem borer) through the use of Bt technology seems to be a way to reduce the contamination of maize by Fusarium species and the resultant fumonisins in maize grain grown in France and Spain.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002 Feb 13504'INRA, Lab Microbiol & Technol Cerealieres, F-44026 Nantes, France INRA, Lab Microbiol & Technol Cerealieres, F-44026 Nantes, France Bakan B INRA, Lab Microbiol & Technol Cerealieres, F-44026 Nantes, FrancezTimes Cited: 11 Cited Reference Count: 33 Cited References: *FAO, 1997, 64 FAO BAKAN B, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P998 BAKAN B, 1998, REV MED VET, V6, P697 BETZ FS, 2000, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V32, P156 CAHAGNIER B, 1993, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V17, P7 CAHAGNIER B, 1998, MOISISSURES ALIMENTS CASTELLA G, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P4707 DOWD PF, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P497 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 ERIKSEN GS, 1998, FUSARIUM TOXINS CERE KEDERA CJ, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P41 KELLER SE, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P205 KERGOAT PY, 1999, ANN 5 C INT RAV AGR, V1, P37 LANGSETH W, 1989, J CHROMATOGR, V478, P269 MASOERO F, 1999, MAYDICA, V44, P205 MELCION D, 1998, SCI ALIMENT, V18, P301 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 RAMIREZ ML, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V135, P29 SCHNURER J, 1992, ACTA AGR SCAND B-S P, V42, P240 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 TANAKA T, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P979 THIEL PG, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P1089 THRANE U, 1996, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V29, P149 VISCONTI A, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P193 VISCONTI A, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P546 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 English Article 520LQ J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000173783700013 ^Z 637-643$://000182130900015@:Severns, D. E. Clements, M. J. Lambert, R. J. White, D. G.tnComparison of Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin contamination in grain of high-oil and normal-oil corn hybrids Journal of Food Protectionpjmaize kernel development; resistance; xenia; inheritance; protein; genotypes; flavus; starch; traits; seed$High-oil corn (Zea mays L.) grain is a valuable component of feed for monogastric livestock. One method of increasing the concentration of oil in corn grain is the TopCross method. With TopCross, ears of a cytoplasmic male-sterile, normal-oil hybrid are pollinated by a male-fertile, high-oil synthetic hybrid. The concentration of oil in the resulting grain is increased because of xenia effects. Kernels of high-oil corn typically have a larger germ and a smaller endosperm than kernels of comparable normal hybrids. The growth of Aspergillus fiavus Link:Fr within germ tissue has been reported to be more extensive than that on the whole corn kernel; therefore, the severity of Aspergillus ear rot could be more extensive and aflatoxin concentrations could be higher in high-oil grain produced by TopCross than in grain with a lower concentration of oil. The objective of this study was to compare Aspergillus ear rot severity levels and aflatoxin concentrations in the grains of hybrids crossed with high-oil or-normal-oil pollinators. Fifteen hybrids were evaluated in 1998 and 1999 in Urbana, Ill. Primary ears were inoculated with A. flavus and evaluated for susceptibility to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production in grain. Concentrations of aflatoxin and oil in corn kernels were significantly higher for high-oil hybrids than for normal-oil hybrids; however, ear rot severity was unaffected by the type of pollinator. These results suggest that grain from high-oil hybrids is at greater risk for aflatoxin contamination during some growing seasons. J. Food Prot. 2003 Apr664'Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA White DG Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USALETimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *US FOOD DRUG ADM, 2000, COMPL POL GUID MAN, P384 ADAMS KL, 1984, J ANIM SCI, V59, P1557 ADEOLA O, 1997, J ANIM SCI, V75, P430 ANDERSON VL, 1974, DESIGN EXPERIMENTS R BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 BULANT C, 1998, CROP SCI, V38, P1517 CAMPBELL KW, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1144 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CAMPBELL KW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P778 CARMER SG, 1985, J AGRON ED, V14, P19 DIEKMAN MA, 1992, J ANIM SCI, V70, P1615 DOEHLERT DC, 1990, PHYSIOL PLANTARUM, V78, P560 FENNELL DI, 1973, CEREAL CHEM, V50, P404 HAN Y, 1987, POULTRY SCI, V66, P103 HUFF WE, 1986, POULTRY SCI, V65, P1891 HYMOWITZ T, 1974, CROP SCI, V14, P713 INGLETT GE, 1970, CORN CULTURE PROCESS, P123 JONES RK, 1980, PLANT DIS, V64, P859 LAMBERT RJ, 1998, AGRON J, V90, P211 LAMBERT RJ, 1997, MAYDICA, V42, P39 ORMAN BA, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P883 SEKA D, 1995, CROP SCI, V35, P74 SEKA D, 1995, CROP SCI, V35, P80 SEKA D, 1995, CROP SCI, V35, P86 SMART MG, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1287 WALKER RD, 2001, PLANT DIS, V85, P322 WHITE DG, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS English Article 665PY J FOOD PROTECTISI:000182130900015185-191$://000081413600018PISewram, V. Nieuwoudt, T. W. Marasas, W. F. O. Shephard, G. S. Ritieni, A.Determination of the mycotoxin moniliformin in cultures of Fusarium subglutinans and in naturally contaminated maize by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry"Journal of Chromatography AjcFusarium subglutinans; food analysis; moniliformin; mycotoxins corn products; toxicity; toxin; hplcA LC-MS method employing triethylamine as ion-pairing reagent for the determination of moniliformin in culture material and naturally contaminated maize samples is described. Mass spectrometric detection of moniliformin was accomplished following atmospheric pressure chemical ionization to yield the deprotonated molecular ion [M-H](-) at m/z 97, The moniliformin response was found to be linear over the injected range 10 ng to 700 ng and a detection limit of 10 ng was attainable at a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 4. Five South African strains of Fusarium subglutinans were grown on maize kernels and moniliformin extracted with an acetonitrile-water (95:5) mixture. Following sample clean up with reversed-phase (C-18) solid-phase extraction cartridges, the extracts were subjected to LC-MS analysis. Triethylamine was used as an ion-pair reagent and found to improve the retention characteristics of moniliformin without any detrimental effects to the instrument. Moniliformin concentrations ranged between 130 mg/kg and 1460 mg/kg culture. Application of this method to naturally contaminated maize samples from Transkei showed that it was capable of measuring moniliformin levels down to 10 mu g/kg in selected moldy maize cobs. This is the first report on the application of LC-MS to the analysis of moniliformin in cultures of F. subglutinans and in naturally contaminated maize. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.J. Chromatogr. A 1999 Jul 2C 848, 1-2 'S African MRC, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, PROMEC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Naples Federico II, Dept Food Sci, Naples, Italy Sewram V S African MRC, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaXlfTimes Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 21 Cited References: CARERI M, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V727, P153 COLE RJ, 1973, SCIENCE, V179, P1324 FILEK G, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V732, P291 KRIEK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V15, P579 LANSDEN JA, 1974, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V57, P1392 LEW H, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P66 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LUKACS Z, 1996, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V43, P124 MARASAS WFO, 1986, MYCOLOGIA, V78, P242 MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 RABIE CJ, 1982, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V43, P517 SCUDAMORE KA, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P343 SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADD CONTAM, V4, P459 SHEPHERD MJ, 1986, J CHROMATOGR, V358, P415 SPRINGER JP, 1974, J AM CHEM SOC, V96, P2267 STEYN M, 1978, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V61, P578 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P1365 THIEL PG, 1978, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V27, P483 THIEL PG, 1982, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V30, P308 THIEL PG, 1990, J ENVIRON PATHOL TOX, V10, P162 WOLFENDER JL, 1994, PHYTOCHEM ANALYSIS, V5, P153 English Article 215YU J CHROMATOGR AISI:0000814136000181 v609-616$://000073178900012,&Hilakivi-Clarke, L. Cho, E. Clarke, R.xqMaternal genistein exposure mimics the effects of estrogen on mammary gland development in female mouse offspringOncology Reportsgenistein; zearalenone; estradiol; tamoxifen; in utero exposure; mammary gland breast-cancer risk; postmenopausal women; premenopausal women; transgenic mice; birth-weight; in-vitro; zearalenone; growth; rats; soy Human and animal data indicate that a high maternal estrogen exposure during pregnancy increases breast cancer risk among daughters. This may reflect an increase in the epithelial structures that are the sites for malignant transformation, i.e., terminal end buds (TEBs), and a reduction in epithelial differentiation in the mammary gland. Some phytoestrogens, such as genistein which is a major component in soy-based foods, and zearalenone, a mycotoxin found in agricultural products, have estrogenic effects on the reproductive system, breast and brain. The present study examined whether in utero exposure to genistein or zearalenone influences mammary gland development. Pregnant mice were injected daily with i) 20 ng estradiol (E2); ii) 20 mu g genistein; iii) 2 mu g zearalenone; iv) 2 mu g tamoxifen (TAM), a partial estrogen receptor agonist; or v) oil-vehicle between days 15 and 20 of gestation. E2, genistein, zearalenone, and tamoxifen all increased the density of TEBs in the mammary glands. Genistein reduced, and zearalenone increased, epithelial differentiation. Zearalenone also increased epithelial density, when compared with the vehicle- controls. None of the treatments had permanent effects on circulating E2 levels. Maternal exposure to E2 accelerated body weight gain, physical maturation (eyelid opening), and puberty onset (vaginal opening) in the female offspring. Genistein and tamoxifen had similar effects on puberty onset than E2. Zearalenone caused persistent cornification of the estrus smears. These findings indicate that maternal exposure to physiological doses of genistein mimics the effects of E2 on the mammary gland and reproductive systems in the offspring. Thus, our results suggest that genistein acts as an estrogen in utero, and may increase the incidence of mammary tumors if given through a pregnant mother. The estrogenic effects of zearalenone on the mammary gland, in contrast, are probably counteracted by the permanent changes in estrus cycling. Oncol. Rep. 1998May-Jun53'Georgetown Univ, Vincent T Lombardi Canc Res Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Res Bldg,Room W405,3970 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20007 USA Georgetown Univ, Vincent T Lombardi Canc Res Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Washington, DC 20007 USA Georgetown Univ, Vincent T Lombardi Canc Res Ctr, Dept Physiol, Washington, DC 20007 USA Hilakivi-Clarke L Georgetown Univ, Vincent T Lombardi Canc Res Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Res Bldg,Room W405,3970 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20007 USA Times Cited: 30 Cited Reference Count: 72 Cited References: ADLERCREUTZ CHT, 1995, J NUTR, V125, PS757 ADLERCREUTZ H, 1992, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V41, P331 AKIYAMA T, 1987, J BIOL CHEM, V262, P5592 ANBAZHAGAN R, 1991, AM J ANAT, V192, P407 BAIRD DD, 1995, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V80, P1685 BARNES S, 1995, J NUTR, V125, PS777 BURROUGHS CD, 1990, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V30, P105 BURROUGHS CD, 1985, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V15, P51 CASSIDY A, 1994, AM J CLIN NUTR, V60, P333 DANIEL CW, 1987, MAMMARY GLAND DEV RE DOTZLAW H, 1997, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V82, P2371 ECKSTEIN B, 1973, ENDOCRINOLOGY, V92, P941 EKBOM A, 1997, J NATL CANCER I, V89, P71 EKBOM A, 1992, LANCET, V340, P1015 FOTSIS T, 1993, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V90, P2690 GERHARD I, 1987, EUR J OBSTET GYN R B, V26, P313 HAGLER WM, 1984, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V47, P151 HASLAM SZ, 1988, ENDOCRINOLOGY, V122, P464 HIDY PH, 1976, 3966274, US HILAKIVICLARKE L, 1997, J CELL PHYSIOL, V170, P279 HILAKIVICLARKE L, 1997, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V94, P9372 HILAKIVICLARKE LA, IN PRESS CANC RES HIROHATA T, 1985, NATL CANCER I MONOGR, V69, P187 HOLDEREGGER C, 1986, AM J ANAT, V177, P285 IMAGAWA W, 1990, ENDOCR REV, V11, P494 INGRAM D, 1997, LANCET, V350, P990 ITO Y, 1994, J VET MED SCI, V56, P1155 JHAPPAN C, 1990, CELL, V61, P1137 JONES LA, 1979, CANCER RES, V39, P2560 KIANG DT, 1978, CANCER RES, V38, P3611 KRANE IM, 1996, ONCOGENE, V12, P1781 KUIPER GGJM, 1997, ENDOCRINOLOGY, V138, P863 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1990, CAN J PHYSIOL PHARM, V68, P1017 LEE HP, 1991, LANCET, V337, P1197 LEVY JR, 1995, P SOC EXP BIOL MED, V208, P60 LOPEZ J, 1988, TERATOLOGY, V38, P129 LU LJW, 1996, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V5, P63 LUO Y, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P2723 MARTIN PM, 1978, ENDOCRINOLOGY, V103, P1860 MAYR U, 1992, TOXICOLOGY, V74, P135 MAYR UE, 1988, FEBS LETT, V239, P223 MESSINA MJ, 1994, NUTR CANCER, V21, P113 MICHELS KB, 1996, LANCET, V348, P1542 MURRILL WB, 1996, CARCINOGENESIS, V17, P1451 NELSON KG, 1994, CELL GROWTH DIFFER, V5, P595 NOMURA A, 1978, AM J CLIN NUTR, V31, P2020 OKURA A, 1988, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V157, P183 PETRAKIS NL, 1996, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V5, P785 RALSTON AT, 1978, J ANIM SCI, V47, P1203 RUSSO J, 1990, LAB INVEST, V62, P244 RUSSO J, 1987, LAB INVEST, V57, P112 SANDERSON M, 1996, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V7, P34 SANTELL RC, 1997, J NUTR, V127, P263 SATO T, 1996, ANAT REC, V244, P374 SCHOENTAL R, 1985, ADV CANCER RES, V45, P217 SCHOENTAL R, 1974, CANCER RES, V34, P2419 SETCHELL KDR, 1997, LANCET, V350, P23 SMITH JM, 1985, NATURE, V315, P515 SUSSER M, 1991, AM J CLIN NUTR, V53, P1384 TALAMANTES F, 1972, TEX REP BIOL MED, V30, P361 UTIAN WH, 1973, BRIT MED J, V1, P579 VILLAR J, 1992, AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, V167, P1344 WAKSHLAK A, 1990, PHYSIOL BEHAV, V48, P289 WALKER BE, 1990, J NATL CANCER I, V82, P50 WANG TTY, 1996, CARCINOGENESIS, V17, P271 WIGGINS JP, 1979, J ANIM SCI, V49, P291 WILCOX G, 1990, BRIT MED J, V301, P905 WILLIAMS BA, 1989, CANCER LETT, V46, P225 WITTE JS, 1997, BREAST CANCER RES TR, V42, P243 WU AH, 1996, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V5, P901 YUAN JM, 1995, BRIT J CANCER, V71, P1353 ZIEGLER RG, 1993, J NATL CANCER I, V85, P1819 English Article ZJ094 ONCOL REPISI:000073178900012 StmethylsterigmatocystinmethyltransferaseMexican Americans mexico bordermice microarraymicroarray data microarraysmicrobial transformation microfloramicroorganismsmicrosclerotia microsomal epoxide hydrolasemidinfrared spectroscopymilkmilled corn fractions millet minerals mixing mixturesmodel modeling modelsmodified crops modulationmoisture content moisture cornmoisture-content mojavensismoldmoldsmolecular analysis molecular characterizationmolecular dosimetrymolecular markersmolecular-cloning moniliforme moniliforme culture materialmoniliforme gibberellamoniliforme J. Sheldmoniliforme strains moniliforme-var-subglutinans moniliforminmoniliformin production moniliformis monkeysmonoclonal-antibodiesmonoclonal-antibodymonomolecular film monooxygenase morphogenesis morphology mortalitymould contamination mould count mouldsMTRMTRRmu multicentermulticenter experiencemultidomain peptide multidrug-multifunctional enzymemultigene family multipleMusa sapientum MussidiaMussidia nigrivenellaMussidia nigrivinella mutagen mutagenesis mutagenicity mutant strain mutants0+mutated methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutationmycelial formulations mycetocyte myco-toxin mycofloramycoparasitic interactionmycotic keratitis mycotoxicosemycotoxigenic fungi mycotoxinmycotoxin and phytotoxinmycotoxin beauvericinmycotoxin biosynthesismycotoxin concentrationmycotoxin contaminationmycotoxin deoxynivalenolmycotoxin formationmycotoxin productionmycotoxin synthesismycotoxin zearalenone mycotoxinsmycotoxins deoxynivalenolmycotoxins fumonisinsmycotoxins nivalenolmycotoxins zearalenonemyocardial-infarctionMyzus persicaen-N-(1-$n-(carboxymethyl)fumonisin b-1n-3N-acetyl AP(1) N-fertility nad(p)h NADH oxidase naturalnatural cooccurrencenatural occurrence natural peptide antibioticsnear-ambient drying near-infrarednear-infrared reflectancenecrosis-factor-alpha nematodesneonatal cord blood nephropathyneural tube defectsneural-tube defects neuro-neurospora-crassa neurotoxicity neutrophils new-zealandnf-nianiche niche overlapNicotiana debneyiNicotiana tabacumnicotiana-tabacum nidulansniger Nigeria nigrivenellanitrate reductase nitric-oxidenitric-oxide synthasenitrite reductase nitrogennitrogen fertilizationnitrogen regulationnitrogen-metabolism nitrosaminesnitrosative stress nivalenolnixtamalizationnixtamalized foods noctuidaenoctuidae damagenoctuidae larvae nodules nomiusnon-nonhuman primatenonhuman primates nonseminomanontoxigenic mouldsnor-1 norsolorinicnorsolorinic acid norsolorinic acid reductase nqo1 genenucleotide sequencenucleotide-sequencenull nutrientnutrient digestibility nutritionnutrition deficiencies nutrition intervention trialsnutritional regulationnutritional-statusnutritional-value nygamaiO-o-methylsterigmatocystino-methyltransferaseo-methyltransferasesoakoat obliteration occlusive arterial-disease occlusive vascular disease occupationoccupational exposure occurrence ochraceus ochratoxin ochratoxin Aochratoxin production ochratoxin-a ochratoxinsoctal nomenclatureodor formation oesophageal oestrogenicohiooil oilseeds older womenoligonucleotidesoligopeptide transporterolive olivine[115-120$://A1996TV78800012 HAResnik, S. Neira, S. Pacin, A. Martinez, E. Apro, N. Latreite, S.jdA survey of the natural occurrence of aflatoxins and zearalenone in Argentine field maize: 1983-1994&Food Additives and ContaminantsiFood Addit. Contam. 1996 Jan131TV788 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMSISI:A1996TV78800012 340-343$://000081335800006 Fazekas, B. Fusariotoxicoses in swine Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja2+contamination; fumonisins; mycotoxins; pigsThe experience of the author regarding fusariotoxicosis, a common and economically serius problem in Hungarian swine herds, is reviewed based on Literature data and mycotoxicological research made at the Veterinary Institute of Debrecen. Highly contaminated feed causes typical oestrogen syndrome in sows with persistent (infertile) heat, return to oestrus, sometimes abortions. The majority of the piglets born alive are runts or have decreased viability. In boars, degeneration of the germinative epithelium in the testes causes infertility. Prolonged feeding of feedstuffs contaminated with lower levels of F-2 toxin often causes problems of the reproductive system in pigs. Estrogenism can often be observed in fetuses and newborn piglets. The trichothecene mycotoxins are generally cytotoxic to most cells as they inhibit cellular protein synthesis. Trihothecene toxicoses are characterised by reduced feed intake and sometimes vomiting may occur. Trichothecene mycotoxins also have immunosuppressive effects. T-2 toxin has an adverse effect on the reproductive system of sows. The author gives details of his experiments proving that the so-called fattening lung oedema of pigs, which has been present in Hungary for several decades, is caused by fumonisin B-1 mycotoxin, a regular contaminant of maize. The aetiology of this disease was unknown before. Experimental animals showed faintness and slight feed refusal already from the beginning of the illness, followed by the development of severe respiratory symptoms, including progressive hyperventilation The animals died soon after the first observation of clinical symptoms. Pulmonary oedema and hydrothorax were the most characteristic post-mortem findings but hepatic degeneration was also often observed.Magy. Allatorv. Lapja  1999 Jun  121O65'Debreceni Allat Egeszsegugyi Int, Bornemissza 3-7, H-4031 Debrecen, Hungary Debreceni Allat Egeszsegugyi Int, H-4031 Debrecen, Hungary Fazekas B Debreceni Allat Egeszsegugyi Int, Bornemissza 3-7, H-4031 Debrecen, HungaryTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 23 Cited References: DOMAN I, 1952, MAGY ALLATORV LAPJA, V7, P202 FAZEKAS B, 1998, J VET MED B, V45, P171 FAZEKAS B, 1998, THESIS PATE ALLATTEN GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GLAVITS R, 1995, MAGY ALLATORVOSOK, V50, P407 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 KARDEVAN A, 1976, HAZIALLATOK KORBONCT, V2 KOVACS F, 1994, MAGY ALLATORVOSOK, V49, P325 KOVACS F, 1995, MAGYAR TUDOMANY, V11, P1293 KOVACS MZ, 1997, MAGY ALLATORV LAPJA, V119, P759 KOVACS MZ, 1997, MAGY ALLATORV LAPJA, V119, P763 MEISTER U, 1996, Z LEBENSM UNTERS FOR, V203, P528 MUELLER HM, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P24 PALYUSIK M, 1990, J ENVIRON PATHOL TOX, V10, P52 PETRAS G, 1952, MAGY ALLATORV LAPJA, V7, P374 RAFAI P, 1995, VET REC, V136, P485 RAFAI P, 1995, VET REC, V136, P511 ROTTER BA, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P42 SMITH TK, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2296 SZABO I, 1984, SERTESEGESZSEGTAN TEREN J, 1990, MIKOTOXINOK TOXINOGE VANYI A, 1995, MAGY ALLATORVOSOK, V50, P424 VISCONTI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P269 Hungarian Article 214PF MAGY ALLATORV LAPJA1ISI:0000813358000069 1453-1459 $://000171421000019Fazekas, B. Tar, A.zDetermination of zearalenone content in cereals and feedstuffs by immunoaffinity column coupled with liquid chromatography$Journal of Aoac Internationalochratoxin-a; fusarium mycotoxins; fumonisin b-1; peanut butter; corn; cleanup; performance; aflatoxins; quantification; fluorometryThe zearalenone content of maize, wheat, barley, swine feed, and poultry feed samples was determined by immunoaffinity column cleanup followed by liquid chromatography (IAC-LC). Samples were extracted in methanol-water (8 + 2, v/v) solution. The filtered extract was diluted with distilled water and applied to immunoaffinity columns. Zearalenone was eluted with methanol, dried by evaporation, and dissolved in acetonitrile- water (3 + 7, v/v). Zearalenone was separated by isocratic elution of acetonitrile-water (50 + 50, v/v) on reversed-phase C-18 column. The quantitative analysis was performed by fluorescence detector and confirmation was based on the UV spectrum obtained by a diode array detector. The mean recovery rate of zearalenone was 82-97% (RSD, 1.4-4.1 %) on the original (single-use) immunoaffinity columns. The limit of detection of zearalenone by fluorescence was 10 ng/g at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10:1 and 30 ng/g by spectral confirmation in UV. A good correlation was found (R-2 = 0.89) between the results obtained by IAC-LC and by the official AOAC-LC method. The specificity of the method was increased by using fluorescence detection in parallel with UV detection. This method was applicable to the determination of zearalenone content in cereals and other kinds of feedstuffs. Reusability of immunoaffinity columns was examined by washing with water after sample elution and allowing columns to stand for 24 h at room temperature. The zearalenone recovery rate of the regenerated columns varied between 79 and 95% (RSD, 3.2-6.3%). Columns can be regenerated at least 3 times without altering their performance and without affecting the results of repeated determinations. J. AOAC Int. 2001Sep-Oct845'Dept Chem, Vet Inst Debrecen, Bornemissza Str 3-7, H-4031 Debrecen, Hungary Dept Chem, Vet Inst Debrecen, H-4031 Debrecen, Hungary Fazekas B Dept Chem, Vet Inst Debrecen, Bornemissza Str 3-7, H-4031 Debrecen, Hungary,%Times Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 26 Cited References: *AOAC INT, 1998, OFF METH AN CAHILL LM, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V859, P23 DACASTO M, 1995, VET HUM TOXICOL, V37, P359 DUNCAN K, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P41 FAZEKAS B, 1996, ACTA VET HUNG, V44, P25 FAZEKAS B, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P259 KRSKA R, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P49 KRUGER SC, 1999, J AOAC INT, V82, P1364 LI FQ, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P93 MULLER HM, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P24 NAKAJIMA M, 1999, J AOAC INT, V82, P897 PARK JJ, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1642 PATEY AL, 1990, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V7, P515 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P941 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P1229 SCUDAMORE KA, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P157 STUDERROHR I, 1995, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V33, P341 TRUCKSESS MW, 1999, J AOAC INT, V82, P85 TRUCKSESS MW, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P705 TRUCKSESS MW, 1991, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V74, P81 VISCONTI A, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V864, P89 VISCONTI A, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P133 YU WJ, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P1169 ZOLLNER P, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V858, P167 English Article 479UB J AOAC INTISI:000171421000019  145-154$://000220006800016`YMarnewick, J. L. Batenburg, W. Swart, P. Joubert, E. Swanevelder, S. Gelderblom, W. C. A.rEx vivo modulation of chemical-induced mutagenesis by subcellular liver fractions of rats treated with rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea, honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) tea, as well as green and black (Camellia sinensis) teasHBMutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesisaflatoxin B-1; 2-acetylaminofluorene; mutagenesis; ex vivo protection; rooibos; honeybush drug-metabolizing-enzymes; mechanisms; flavonoids; polyphenols; cancer; cytochrome-p-450; chemoprevention; 2-aminofluorene; antimutagens; mutagenicityMale Fischer rats were given unprocessed (not oxidized) and processed (oxidized) rooibos and honeybush teas as well as,green and black teas as a sole source of drinking fluid for 10 weeks, and sub cellular liver fractions were prepared. Cytosolic fractions of rats consuming the unprocessed herbal teas, green and black teas significantly (P < 0.05) protected against 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF)-induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella mutagenicity test with strain TA 98, using Aroclor 1254-induced microsomes. A marginal or no protection was obtained with the processed herbal teas. The mutagenic response of aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) against Salmonella strain TA 100 was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by cytosolic fractions from rats treated with processed and unprocessed herbal teas, while no effect was obtained with the green and black teas. Microsomal fractions prepared from livers of rats treated with both the processed and unprocessed rooibos teas and the unprocessed honeybush tea, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the activation of AFB(1) while no protection was observed against 2-AAF-induced mutagenesis. In contrast, microsomal fractions from rats treated with the green, black and unprocessed honeybush teas significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the mutagenic response of 2-AAE None of the tea treatments significantly affected the concentration of the microsomal liver cytochrome P450. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.4-Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 2004 Mar 14 558 1-2'yMRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Biochem, ZA-7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa Agr Res Counsil Infruitec Nietvoorbij, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa MRC, Biostat Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Marnewick JL MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaF@Times Cited: 0 English Article 800CP MUTAT RES-GENET TOXICOL E MISI:000220006800016205-209$://000083838800003@:Masoero, F. Moschini, M. Rossi, F. Prandini, A. Pietri, A.Nutritive value, mycotoxin contamination and in vitro rumen fermentation of normal and genetically modified corn (cry1A(b)) grown in northern ItalyMaydicatransgenic maize; mycotoxins; rumen deg radation performance liquid-chromatography; fluorescence detection; protein degradability; borer; resistanceAn assessment was made on the effect of inserting the cry1A(b) (Bt) gene of Bacillus thuringiensis into the genoma of two corn hybrids (the newly-developed hybrid from Cargill Semences identified as CR and the traditional B73xMo17) on the analytical composition, the in vitro rumen degradability and the mycotoxin contamination of the plant. Transgenicity changed the plant chemical composition as a function of the recipient genotype: starch was increased in the CR-Bt(+) plant (70.4% vs 73.3%; P < 0.10) whereas higher lignin content (6.3% vs 7.3%; P < 0.05), lower protein 7.7% vs 7.1%; (P < 0.10) and soluble nitrogen (34.8% vs 26.9%; P < 0.10) contents a ere observed for the B73xMo17-Bt(+) plants. When not considering the hybrid pedigree there was a tendency (p < 0.1) toward a lower protein content in the Bt(+) corn seeds (9.2 re 8.2%) and a higher sugar content in stalk and leaves (2.9% vs 5.7%). The stover degradation increased in the CR-Bt(+) variety, probably as the consequence of the higher content of lower structured carbohydrates. Transgenic plants had less ergosterol and fumonisin content than standard corn, suggesting a reduced susceptibility to mould attack.Maydica 1999443'B;Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Ist Sci Alimenti & Nutr, Fac Agr, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Ist Sci Alimenti & Nutr, Fac Agr, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy Masoero F Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Ist Sci Alimenti & Nutr, Fac Agr, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-29100 Piacenza, ItalyTimes Cited: 13 Cited Reference Count: 19 Cited References: 1996, SUGGESTED GUIDELINES, V7, P2 *AFNOR, 1991, NORM NF V 18 112 AL *AOAC, 1980, OFF METH AN *COMM EUR COMM, 1992, OFFICIAL J EC *SAS I, 1988, SAS STAT US GUID VER, V1 BRAKE J, 1998, POULTRY SCI, V77, P648 JANSENS S, 1997, CROP SCI, V37, P1616 JOUANY JP, 1986, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V15, P215 MAUPETIT P, 1994, CONTAMINATION MOISIS, P1 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 ORSKOV ER, 1979, J AGR SCI, V92, P499 ROTTER BA, 1997, CAN J ANIM SCI, V77, P465 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 TANAKA T, 1985, J CHROMATOGR, V328, P271 VANSOEST PJ, 1967, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V50, P50 VERDERIO A, 1998, INFORMATORE AGRARIO WALKER AK, 1997, P 51 ANN M NW WEED S, P154 WILDMAN D, 1998, J AGR SCI, V131, P51 WILLIAMS WP, 1997, CROP SCI, V37, P957 English Article 258KR MAYDICAISI:000083838800003(~Ames, B. N. Gold, L. S. 2000F?Paracelsus to parascience: the environmental cancer distraction.LEMutation Research-Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis\ 447i1 3-13 Jan 17.'Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen.ISI:000085644200002 Entering a new millennium seems a good time to challenge some old ideas, which in our view are implausible, have Little supportive evidence, and might best be left behind. In this essay, we summarize a decade of work, raising four issues that involve toxicology, nutrition, public health, and government regulatory policy. (a) Paracelsus or parascience: the close (trace) makes the poison. Half of all chemicals, whether natural or synthetic, are positive in high-dose rodent cancer tests. These results are unlikely to be relevant at the low doses of human exposure. (b) Even Rachel Carson was made of chemicals: natural vs. synthetic chemicals. Human exposure to naturally occurring rodent carcinogens is ubiquitous, and dwarfs the general public's exposure to synthetic rodent carcinogens. (c) Errors of omission: micronutrient inadequacy is genotoxic. The major causes of cancer (other than smoking) do not involve exogenous carcinogenic chemicals: dietary imbalances, hormonal factors, infection and inflammation, and genetic factors. Insufficiency of many micronutrients, which appears to mimic radiation, is a preventable source of DNA damage. (d) Damage by distraction: regulating low hypothetical risks, Putting huge amounts of money into minuscule hypothetical risks damages public health by diverting resources and distracting the public from major risks. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. 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Y. S. Sasaki, E. Y. Hashimoto, E. H. Hara, L. N. Correa, B. Itano, E. N. Sugiura, T. Ueno, Y. Hirooka, E. Y.rkPost-harvest storage of corn: effect of beginning moisture content on mycoflora and fumonisin contamination&Food Additives and Contaminantscorn; Fusarium spp.; total count; fumonisins fusarium-moniliforme; natural occurrence; maize grain; mycotoxins; brazil; africa; elisa; b-1The effect of storage on mycoflora profile was monitored bimonthly in 36 corn (Zea mays L.) samples, dividing the same sample into groups dried to 11 and 14% moisture content (1008 analysis). These groups were further subdivided based on the initial total count (moulds and yeasts) up to 10(4) CFU g(-1) (12 samples, range 1.6 x 10(4) to 9.0 x 10(4), mean 3.8 x 10(4) CFU g(-1)) and up to 10(5) CFU g(-1) (24 samples, range 1.0 x 10(5) to 5.0 x 10(5), mean 2.7 x 10(5) CFU g(-1)). In the corn group dried to 11%, the fumonisin content was analysed at the initial stage (freshly harvested) and at the end of 12-month storage. Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. prevailed at the freshly harvested stage (100%), maintaining this profile throughout 12 months, in corn dried to both 11 and 14%. Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Phoma spp. were also detected at lower frequencies during the storage. Fusarium spp. and the total fungal colony count during 12-month storage carried out with samples dried to 11 or 14% moisture content were statistically evaluated using ANOVA for randomized complete block design. The correlation between storage time and Fusarium spp. and total fungal colony count data was analysed by Pearson's correlation test. There was no difference in Fusarium spp. and total counts in the 10(4) CFU g(-1) initial total count group throughout the storage time (p < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between fungal population and storage time (p < 0.05) in the 10(5) CFU g(-1) initial total count group. Fumonisins were detected in all freshly harvested corn, at a mean concentration of 9.9+/-6.0 mug g(-1) (range 0.74-22.6 mug g(-1)). These values did not change in the 12- month stored corn (mean of 9.9+/-5.8 mug g(-1), range 0.81-23.7 mug g(-1)). These post-harvest data indicated the importance of moisture content at the crop harvesting/predrying stage to control fungal growth and further fumonisin production.Food Addit. Contam. 2002 Nov1911'ZSState Univ Londrina, Dept Biochem, POB 6001, BR-86051990 Londrina, Parana, Brazil State Univ Londrina, Dept Biochem, BR-86051990 Londrina, Parana, Brazil State Univ Londrina, Dept Food & Drug Technol, BR-86051990 Londrina, Parana, Brazil State Univ Londrina, Dept Pathol Sci, BR-86051990 Londrina, Parana, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biomed Sci, Dept Microbiol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil Sci Univ Tokyo, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Tokyo 1620826, Japan Yashio Inst Environm Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1620812, Japan Ono EYS State Univ Londrina, Dept Biochem, POB 6001, BR-86051990 Londrina, Parana, Brazil& Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 41 Cited References: *IBGE, 2000, I BRAS GEOGRAFIA EST CAHAGNIER B, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V20, P247 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1977, CEREAL FOODS WORLD, V22, P513 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1982, STORAGE CEREAL GRAIN, P219 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1974, STORAGE CEREAL GRAIN, P158 DOWSWELL CR, 1996, MAIZE T3 WORLD ECKHOFF SR, 1996, CEREAL GRAIN QUALITY, P77 FIGUEIRA ELZ, 2001, SAG MERCOSUL 2 S ARM, P44 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HILL RA, 1985, TRICHOTHECENES OTHER, P79 HIROOKA EY, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P173 HORN BW, 1983, CAN J MICROBIOL, V29, P1087 IIJIMA K, 1996, MYCOTOXINS, V42, P63 KEDERA CJ, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P41 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P83 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P1 MARIN S, 1999, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V51, P159 MCLEAN M, 1987, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V15, P831 MENEGAZZO R, 2001, SAG MERCOSUL 2, P161 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 ONO EYS, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P719 ONO EYS, 2000, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V12, P5 ORSI RB, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P75 PASTER N, 1988, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V7, P257 POZZI CR, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P313 ROCHA JLV, 1984, ARMAZENAMENTO GENERO, P1 ROSS PF, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V114, P129 SAMSON RA, 1995, INTRO FOODBORNE FUNG SCOTT PM, 1993, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V18, P257 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SINGH K, 1991, ILLUSTRATED MANUAL I STOCKENSTROM S, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P676 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P994 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 UENO Y, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P27 UENO Y, 2000, MYCOTOXINS, V50, P13 WEIBKING TS, 1993, POULTRY SCI, V72, P456 ZHANG H, 1997, MYCOTOXINS, V44, P29 English Article 614AA FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000179163600011708-712$://A1991GZ7090000360Onyike, N. B. N. Nelson, P. E. Marasas, W. F. O.XQFusarium Species Associated with Millet Grain from Nigeria, Lesotho, and Zimbabwet Mycologiamillet; southern africa; fusarium-equiseti; f-nygamai; f- moniliforme; f-semitectum; f-chlamydosporum southern-africa; nygamai; cornlfSeed of pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides; prosomillet, Panicum miliaceum; and foxtail millet, Setaria italica were collected from Nigeria, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe. The samples were collected from grain sold in markets, left unharvested in the field, stored in homes or grown on experimental farms. The most prevalent Fusarium species recovered were F. equiseti (34%), F. nygamai (26%), F. moniliforme (24%), F. semitectum (10%), and F. chlamydosporum (4%). Other Fusarium species isolated included F. napiforme, F. subglutinans, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, and F. solani; these species accounted for 3% of those recovered. Fusarium nygamai and F. moniliforme were most frequently recovered from seed from Nigeria, while F. equiseti and F. semitectum were most prevalent in samples from Zimbabwe, and F. equiseti was the only species isolated from samples from Lesotho. Mycologia 1991Nov-Dec836'PENN STATE UNIV,FUSARIUM RES CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,UNIV PK,PA 16802 S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA ONYIKE NBN PENN STATE UNIV,FUSARIUM RES CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,UNIV PK,PA 168024.Times Cited: 6 English Article GZ709 MYCOLOGIAISI:A1991GZ70900003s?Z 1-23$://000083573600001 Karlovsky, P.hbBiological detoxification of fungal toxins and its use in plant breeding, feed and food productionNatural Toxinslfaflatoxin; detoxification; deoxynivalenol; fumonisin; mycotoxin; oxalic acid; phytotoxin; transgenic crops; trichothecene; zearalenone fusarium head blight; cell-suspension cultures; mycotoxin ochratoxin-a; dna adduct formation; disease resistance gene; oxalate oxidase; t-2 toxin; deoxynivalenol vomitoxin; trichothecene mycotoxins; microbial transformation\UEnzymatic inactivation of fungal toxins is an attractive strategy for the decontamination of agricultural commodities and for the protection of crops from phytotoxic effects of fungal metabolites. This review summarizes research on the biological detoxification of fungal toxins by microorganisms and plants and its practical applications. Some mycotoxins are detoxified during ensiling and other fermentation processes (aflatoxins, alternariol, mycophenolic acid, patulin, PR toxin) while others are transformed into toxic products or survive fermentation unchanged. Plants can detoxify fomannoxin, fusaric acid, HC-toxin, ochratoxin A and oxalate but the degradation of deoxynivalenol has yet to be proven. Microflora of the digestive tract of vertebrates and invertebrates exhibit detoxification activities towards aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, oxalate and trichothecenes. Some toxin-producing fungi are able to degrade or transform their own products under suitable conditions. Pure cultures of bacteria and fungi which detoxify mycotoxins have been isolated from complex microbial populations by screening and enrichment culture techniques. Genes responsible for some of the detoxification activities have been cloned and expressed in heterologous hosts. The detoxification of aflatoxins, cercosporin, fumonisins fusaric acid, ochratoxin A, oxalic acid, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone by pure cultures is reviewed. Finally, current application of these results in food and feed production and plant breeding is summarized and expected future developments are outlined. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Nat. 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Munimbazi, C. Bullerman, L. B.Yb\Occurrence of fumonisins and moniliformin in corn and corn- based food products of US origin Journal of Food Protectionliquid-chromatographic method; fusarium-moniliforme; equine leukoencephalomalacia; natural occurrence; culture material; toxicity; screenings; rats; samples; cancerFood-grade corn and corn-based food products intended for human consumption were analyzed for the incidence and levels of fumonisin B-1 (FB1), fumonisin B-2 (FB2), moniliformin, and Fusarium molds. A total of 100 food-grade commercial corn samples were obtained from two corn processing companies at five different locations in the United States. Seventy-one percent of the samples contained FB1 with concentrations ranging from 43 to 1,642 mug/kg. None of the samples contained FB2. Fifty percent of the samples contained moniliformin with concentrations ranging from 26 to 774 mug/kg. All samples were infected by Fusarium molds, and the infection rates ranged from 8 to 88%. Thirty-four samples of corn-based food products were purchased from supermarkets in Arizona, California, Nebraska, and Ohio. Sixty-five percent of the samples contained FB1, ranging in concentrations from 28 to 2,679 mug/kg. FB2 was detected in 29% of the samples with concentrations ranging from 30 to 797 mug/kg. Sixty-eight percent of the samples contained moniliformin with concentrations ranging from 31 to 858 mug/kg. Sixty-two percent of the samples contained viable Fusarium mold propagules ranging from 9.5 x 10(1) to 5.5 x 10(5)/g. The simultaneous occurrence of FB1 and moniliformin was observed in 34% of corn samples and 53% of corn-based food products. This study has shown co-occurrence of fumonisins and moniliformin in food-grade corn and corn-based foods that indicates a risk of simultaneous exposure of consumers to both toxins. J. Food Prot.4 2000 Dec6312'Univ Nebraska, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA Univ Nebraska, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA Bullerman LB Univ Nebraska, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA:4Times Cited: 10 English Article 381YG J FOOD PROTECTISI:000165791200018m380-385$://000182875000010iVPHadiani, M. R. Yazdanpanah, H. Ghazi-Khansari, M. Cheraghali, A. M. Goodarzi, M.|uSurvey of the natural occurrence of zearalenone in maize from northern Iran by thin-layer chromatography densitometryy&Food Additives and Contaminantsnzearalenone (ZEA); maize; thin-layer chromatography (TLC); densitometry performance liquid-chromatography; mycotoxins; corn; aflatoxins; fumonisins; deoxynivalenol; trichothecenes; contamination; products; foodsed^During September 2000, forty samples of preharvest maize from the province of Mazandaran, north Iran, were randomly collected. Samples were analysed for zearalenone (ZEA) by a thin-layer chromatograpy (TLC) method (AOAC Official Method). ZEA was extracted with chloroform, purified through a chromatographic column containing silica gel, separated on a TLC plate and quantified by densitometry. The analytical method was validated and was adequately reliable and sensitive. The mean recovery rate of ZEA from spiked samples was 92%. The absolute amount of ZEA standard detectable on a TLC plate was 20 ng, giving a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 ng g(-1). In some samples, it was shown that a. atoxins interfere with ZEA. Therefore, to remove this interference, the TLC mobile phase was changed. Data revealed that three of 40 (7.5%) maize samples contained ZEA in the range 100-212 ng g(-1), with a mean of 141 +/- 51 ng g(-1). This study, which is the first report of ZEA occurrence in Iranian maize, showed that the ZEA level in maize of Mazandaran province was lower than maximum limit for this mycotoxin in Iran.Food Addit. Contam.4 2003 Apr0204V'Tehran Univ Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Sch Med, POB 13145-784, Tehran, Iran Tehran Univ Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Sch Med, Tehran, Iran Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Food & Drug Control Labs, Tehran, Iran Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Sch Pharm, Tehran, Iran Baqyyatollah Univ Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Tehran, Iran Ghazi-Khansari M Tehran Univ Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Sch Med, POB 13145-784, Tehran, IranVPTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: *AOAC INT, 1995, OFF METH AN *ISIRI, 2002, 5925 ISIRI ABDALLA ESAM, 1997, NAHRUNG, V41, P362 ALI N, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P377 BOUTRIF E, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P681 CZERWIECKI L, 1993, ROCZNIKI PANSTWOWEGO, V44, P147 DIEKMAN MA, 1992, J ANIM SCI, V70, P1615 FAZEKAS B, 1996, ACTA VET HUNG, V44, P25 GOLZAR H, 1989, IRAN J PLANT DIS, V25, P17 GOLZAR H, 1998, IRANIAN J PLANT PATH, V34, P48 HUSSEIN HS, 2001, TOXICOLOGY, V167, P101 KIM JC, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P3798 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 MILANO GD, 1991, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V13, P329 MIROCHA CJ, 1971, MICROBIAL TOXINS, V7, P107 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NORDENBERG T, 1998, FDA CONSUM, V32, P39 PINEIRO M, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P805 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 ROMER TM, 2000, ROMER LABS METHODS Z SABINO M, 1993, CIENCIA CULTURA, V45, P359 SCOTT PM, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P333 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SHIER WT, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P599 SHIER WT, 2001, TOXICON, V39, P1435 SILVA CMG, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P39 SOLOVEY MMS, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P325 VISCONTI A, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P133 ZAMANIZADEH HR, 1995, IRANIAN J PLANT PATH, V31, P23 English Article 678PE FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000182875000010O j  273-285$://A1995RX55700007@:Izzotti, A. Scatolini, L. Lewtas, J. Walsh, D. Deflora, S.^WEnhanced Levels of DNA-Adducts in the Liver of Woodchucks Infected with Hepatitis-Virus&Chemico-Biological Interactionshepatitis b; woodchucks; dna adducts; metabolism; chemical hepatocarcinogens; primary hepatocellular carcinoma b virus; hepatocellular-carcinoma; chemical hepatocarcinogens; postlabeling analysis; metabolic-activation; transgenic mice; i-compounds; aflatoxin; rat; enzymes}Liver DNA specimens from woodchucks kept in captivity, 10 naturally infected with hepatitis virus (WHV) and five WHV- free, were examined for the presence of carcinogen-DNA adducts by P-32-postlabeling. The number of adducts was significantly higher in WHV carriers than in uninfected animals, and the total amounts of adducts per 10(9) nucleotides were also considerably enhanced by WHV infection, when using both butanol extraction (22.2 +/- 7.1 vs. 12.6 +/- 2.8, means +/- S.D.) and nuclease P-1 enrichment (8.5 +/- 5.9 vs. 2.8 +/- 1.7). Two individual adducts were also significantly higher in WHV carriers. No significant variation occurred as related to age, sex or time length of captivity. These findings are consistent with our previous studies supporting an enhanced metabolism of chemical hepatocarcinogens in both human and woodchuck hepadnavirus infections. Several significant and remarkable correlations were pointed out by relating DNA adduct data to more than 30 virological, histopathological and metabolic parameters which had been previously evaluated in the same animals, For instance, numbers and/or levels of adducts were positively related to the amounts of virus present in hepatocytes, to cell damage (gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity), to the severity of the liver histopathological picture, and to monooxygenase activities, while they were inversely related to cellular glutathione concentrations and to detoxification of the direct-acting mutagen 4-nitroquinoline 1- oxide. The major adduct significantly correlated with the metabolic activation of the aromatic amine 2-aminofluorene and of the heterocyclic amines 3-amino-1-methyl-5H- pyrido(4,3)indole (Trp-P-2) and 2-amino-3,4- dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ), whereas another adduct significantly correlated with the metabolic activation of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B-1. Thus, the enhanced metabolism of chemical hepatocarcinogens and the increased formation of carcinogen-DNA adducts in the liver of WHV carriers appear to represent one of the mechanisms contributing to the association between chronic hepadnavirus infection and development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma.Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1995 Aug 18973'UNIV GENOA,INST HYG & PREVENT MED,I-16132 GENOA,ITALY US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711 INTEGRATED LAB SYST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709 UNIV GENOA,INST HYG & PREVENT MED,I-16132 GENOA,ITALYLETimes Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: AGUILAR F, 1994, SCIENCE, V264, P1317 CARMICHAEL PL, 1992, CARCINOGENESIS, V13, P1127 DEFLORA S, 1987, CANCER RES, V47, P4052 DEFLORA S, 1989, CARCINOGENESIS, V10, P1099 DEFLORA S, 1990, MUTAGENS CARCINOGENS, P167 DEFLORA S, 1985, MUTAT RES, V144, P213 DRAGANI TA, 1989, CARCINOGENESIS, V11, P953 DUNSFORD HA, 1990, CANCER RES, V50, P3400 FOUREL G, 1990, NATURE, V347, P294 GALLAGHER JE, 1989, CANCER LETT, V45, P7 GALLAGHER JE, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1685 GAUBATZ JW, 1989, ARCH GERONTOL GERIAT, V8, P47 GONZALES FJ, 1991, NEW HORIZONS BIOL DO, P11 GUPTA RC, 1988, CARCINOGENESIS, V9, P1687 GUPTA RC, 1984, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V81, P6943 HARRIS CC, 1984, CARCINOGENESIS, V5, P697 HIETANEN E, 1989, CYTOCHROME P 450 BIO, P511 JOHNSON PJ, 1982, BRIT MED J, V284, P1586 KEKULE AS, 1993, NATURE, V361, P742 LUTWICK LI, 1969, LANCET, P755 POPPER H, 1981, HEPATOLOGY, V1, P91 RANDERATH K, 1991, MUTAT RES, V250, P135 RANDERATH K, 1990, MUTAT RES, V238, P245 ROSS RK, 1992, LANCET, V339, P943 SANTELLA RM, 1993, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V99, P199 SELL S, 1991, CANCER RES, V51, P1278 SHIMADA T, 1991, CANCER RES, V51, P5284 SMUCKLER EA, 1979, VIRAL HEPATITIS CONT, P67 VANRENSBURG SJ, 1985, BRIT J CANCER, V51, P713 WAKABAYASHI K, 1992, CANCER RES, V52, PS2092 WATANABE A, 1987, CARCINOGENESIS, V8, P1445 WILD CP, 1993, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V2, P555 English Article RX557 CHEM-BIOL INTERISI:A1995RX55700007863-868$://00008276580000766/Janardhana, G. R. Raveesha, K. A. Shetty, H. S.0HBMycotoxin contamination of maize grains grown in Karnataka (India)"Food and Chemical Toxicologymaize; moisture content; mould contamination; mycotoxins; survey; ergosterol layer chromatographic determination; corn; ergosterol; sorghum; barley; wheat"One hundred and ninety seven maize samples representing different cultivars, collected from different agroclimatic regions of Karnataka (India) were analysed for moisture content, mould incidence, ergosterol and extent of mycotoxin contamination. Moisture content determination by the hot-air oven method revealed significantly high levels of moisture content (15-18%) in 34 (17%) samples, which exceeded the permissible limit for safe storage. Ergosterol quantification by HPLC revealed the presence of ergosterol in many samples collected from rural areas of Karnataka irrespective of the moisture content. Mould enumeration based on blotter and agar plating methods revealed the association of 24 diverse species of both field and storage moulds belonging to 14 genera. Mycotoxins analyses using monoclonal antibody-based enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) revealed mycotoxin contamination in 69 (34.8%) samples. Maize samples with a high incidence of diverse species of moulds and alarmingly high levels of mycotoxins in many samples indicate the need for proper surveillance and monitoring exclusively for the prevention of moulds and mycotoxins in maize produce in Karnataka before it reaches the consumer. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Food Chem. Toxicol. 1999 Aug378'Univ Mysore, Dept Studies Appl Bot, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India Univ Mysore, Dept Studies Appl Bot, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India Univ Mysore, Dept Studies Bot, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India Raveesha KA Univ Mysore, Dept Studies Appl Bot, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, IndiaTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 35 Cited References: *DEP AGR, 1996, FULL REV EST AR PROD *ISTA, 1985, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V136, P338 *ISTA, 1993, SEED SCI TECHNOLOG S, V21 BANERJEE A, 1988, INDIAN PHYTOPATHOL, V41, P562 BERMINGHAM S, 1995, MYCOL RES 4, V99, P479 BHAT RV, 1991, FUNGI MYCOTOXINS STO, P80 BHAT RV, 1988, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V72, P219 BHAT RV, 1989, LANCET, V1, P35 BILGRAMI KS, 1990, INDIAN PHYTOPATHOL, V43, P547 BILGRAMI KS, 1980, SURVEY STUDY MYCOTOX CHRISTENSEN CM, 1957, BOT REV, V23, P108 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1980, PLANT DIS, V74, P985 DAKSASHINAMURTH.A, 1991, FUNGI MYCOTOXINS STO, P217 DAWSON RJ, 1991, FUNGI MYCOTOXINS STO, P22 DIENER UL, 1987, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V25, P249 DIENER UL, 1966, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V56, P1390 GHOSH J, 1981, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V88, P9 GIMENO A, 1984, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V67, P194 GIMENO A, 1983, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V66, P565 JAMBUNATHAN R, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1866 JELINEK CF, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P223 LACEY J, 1980, TROPICAL STORED PROD, V39, P19 LILLEHOJ EB, 1987, AFLATOXIN MAIZE MILLER SE, 1982, J INFECTION, V4, P37 PATKAR KL, 1993, THESIS U MYSORE MYSO PITT JI, 1991, FUNGI MYCOTOXINS STO, P16 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1990, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V73, P71 SCOTT PM, 1989, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P127 SEITZ LM, 1977, CEREAL CHEM, V54, P1204 SINHA KK, 1990, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V7, P55 THIMMAPPAIAH N, 1987, J SCI FOOD AGR, V40, P127 TRUCKSESS MW, 1984, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V67, P40 USHA CM, 1994, THESIS U MYSORE MYSO VASANTHKUMAR, 1986, THESIS U MYSORE INDI WILD CP, 1990, CANCER RES, V50, P245 English Article 239JW FOOD CHEM TOXICOLISI:000082765800007690-693$://000081062900015n"Jardine, D. J. Leslie, J. F.jcAggressiveness to mature maize plants of Fusarium strains differing in ability to produce fumonisin. Plant Diseaseucorn; Gibberella fujikuroi; G-moniliformis; G-thapsina; mycotoxin; Zea mays gibberella-fujikuroi; mating population; section liseola; moniliforme gibberella; corn; phytotoxicity; mutants; sorghum; toxin; b1JDFour strains each of Fusarium moniliforme (syn. Fusarium verticillioides) and Fusarium thapsinum were tested for aggressiveness toward two maize inbred lines grown under greenhouse conditions. All strains induced significantly longer stalk lesions than those observed in the controls. Mean lesion length resulting from inoculation with strains of F. moniliforme was longer than the mean lesion length resulting from inoculation with strains of F: thapsinum. Within each species, however, there was a broad range of lesion lengths observed, and all tested strains of both species probably should be regarded as potential pathogens of maize. No isolate x inbred interaction. was detected. Fumonisins may play a role in aggressiveness, but under our conditions, stalk rot and the ability to produce fumonisins in vitro were not correlated. Plant Dis. 1999 Jul 837T'Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA Jardine DJ Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA Times Cited: 9 Cited Reference Count: 36 Cited References: ABBAS HK, 1992, WEED TECHNOL, V6, P548 BACON CW, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P4039 BACON CW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P302 BRITZ H, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1198 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 CORRELL JC, 1989, MYCOL RES, V93, P21 CORRELL JC, 1987, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V77, P1640 DANIELS BA, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P609 DESJARDINS AE, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P79 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 FREDERIKSEN RA, 1986, COMPENDIUM SORGHUM D JARDINE DJ, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P897 KLAASEN JA, 1996, MYCOLOGIA, V88, P965 KLITTICH CJR, 1988, FUNG GENET NEWSL, V35, P21 KLITTICH CJR, 1988, GENETICS, V118, P417 KLITTICH CJR, 1989, J GEN MICROBIOL, V135, P721 KLITTICH CJR, 1997, MYCOLOGIA, V89, P643 KLITTICH CJR, 1992, MYCOLOGIA, V84, P541 LAMPRECHT SC, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P383 LESLIE JF, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1182 LESLIE JF, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, PS282 LESLIE JF, 1991, P GRAIN SORGH RES UT LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 MANSUETUS ASB, 1997, MYCOL RES 7, V101, P815 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 NASH SM, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V52, P567 NELSON PE, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P2410 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SHURTLEFF MC, 1980, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS THIEL PG, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P773 VANASCH MAJ, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P1330 WANG H, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P3461 WANG H, 1996, PLANT CELL, V8, P375 WIEBE LA, 1981, J FOOD SCI, V46, P1424 YU FY, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P749 English Article 209RP PLANT DISISI:000081062900015CY?rLnbh (4 199-206$://A1995RQ64900003nBT substitution. Genotype analysis in the Centre d'Etude Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) reference]panel revealed two alleles with frequencies of 0.87 and 0.13 and demonstrated Mendelian transmission Genotype distributions were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Linkage analysis mapped the gene locus to chromosome 16q. NQO1 was felt to be a candidate gene for the susceptibility to lung cancer, given its potential role in protection against carcinogenic compounds. The frequency of NQO1 variants was examined in 150 lung cancer cases and in two reference populations. The allele distribution in CEPH parent controls was significantly different from cases (chi(2) = 5.52, p = 0.019), but no difference was noted between cases and a healthy local reference population. When the local reference distribution was stratified on smoking status, a significant difference was observed (chi(2) = 3.88, p = 0.048). The distribution in smokers was more similar to the lung cancer cases, and the non-smokers more similar to the distribution in CEPH parents who are predominantly non-smokers. These results provide preliminary evidence for a possible relation between NQO1 variation and smoking-related morbidity or behaviour.Pharmacogenetics 1995 Aug54'FOX CHASE CANC CTR,DIV POPULAT SCI,7701 BURHOLME AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111 ROSVOLD EA FOX CHASE CANC CTR,DIV POPULAT SCI,7701 BURHOLME AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111<6Times Cited: 75 English Article RQ649 PHARMACOGENETICSISI:A1995RQ64900003704-711$://000170100100009TMRoux, J. Steenkamp, E. T. Marasas, W. F. O. Wingfield, M. J. Wingfield, B. D.xqCharacterization of Fusarium graminearum from Acacia and Eucalyptus using beta-tubulin and histone gene sequencesA Mycologiaoblack wattle; disease; forestry; South Africa fujikuroi species complex; f-sp-pini; zearalenone; populations; mycotoxins; diseases; group-1; pcrDuring routine surveys of diseased Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus grandis in South Africa, isolates of an unknown, nonsporulating fungus with a red mycelium were collected. Symptoms associated with the disease included branch dieback and stem cankers on both hosts. None of the isolates of the fungus produced spores, making identification using morphological characteristics impossible. An attempt was thus made to identify the isolates using DNA sequence data for the beta -tubulin and histone genes. Using this approach, the fungus was tentatively identified as Fusarium graminearum. Sequences were then compared to those for isolates of F. graminearum from cereal hosts. The relative pathogenicity of F. graminearum to A. mearnsii and an E. grandis clone was determined in pathogenicity trials. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating 18-mo-old A. mearnsii trees and 12-mo- old E. grandis clone trees under field conditions. All the isolates tested produced significant lesions on both the A. mearnsii and E. grandis clones. The isolates collected from A. mearnsii and E. grandis were further compared to other F. graminearum isolates using beta -tubulin and histone gene sequence. In these comparisons the iso-lates collected from A. mearnsii and E. grandis consistently grouped with F. graminearum isolates. The occurrence of F. graminearum on A. mearnsii and E. grandis is intriguing, and as far as we are aware, this is the first report of the fungus associated with a disease of a woody host.r Mycologia  2001Jul-AugC934e'Univ Pretoria, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Forestry & Agr Biotechnol Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa Univ Pretoria, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Forestry & Agr Biotechnol Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa S African MRC, Program Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis Promec, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Pretoria, Dept Genet, Forestry & Agr Biotechnol Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa Roux J Univ Pretoria, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Forestry & Agr Biotechnol Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South African4.Times Cited: 2 English Article 456UF MYCOLOGIAISI:000170100100009U295-302$://A1990EZ70400001 "Roy, A. K. Chourasia, H. K.a^XMycoflora, Mycotoxin Producibility and Mycotoxins in Traditional Herbal Drugs from India2+Journal of General and Applied MicrobiologyoJ. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 1990 Oct365S& EZ704 J GEN APPL MICROBIOL TOKYOISI:A1990EZ70400001453-454$://A1994PR64100007>7Ruhland, M. Engelhardt, G. Wallnofer, P. R. Schafer, W.^XTransformation of the Mycotoxin Ochratoxin-a in Wheat and Maize Cell-Suspension CulturesNaturwissenschaftenFNaturwissenschaften. 1994 Oct8110 PR641 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN9ISI:A1994PR64100007 97-102$://A1996VY79000007,2+Ruhland, M. Engelhardt, G. Wallnofer, P. R.Transformation of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in plants .2. Time course and rates of degradation and metabolite production in cell-suspension cultures of different crop plantsMycopathologiaMycopathologia 1996 134I2TVY790 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1996VY79000007c529-533$://A1997XN26800007\VRussin, J. S. Guo, B. Z. Tubajika, K. M. Brown, R. L. Cleveland, T. E. Widstrom, N. W.b[Comparison of kernel wax from corn genotypes resistant or susceptible to Aspergillus flavusrPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1997 May875XN268 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1997XN26800007:333-341$://A1996UH52900009JDRyu, J. C. Yang, J. S. Song, Y. S. Kwon, O. S. Park, J. Chang, I. M.Survey of natural occurrence of trichothecene mycotoxins and zearalenone in Korean cereals harvested in 1992 using gas chromatography mass spectrometrya&Food Additives and Contaminants9Food Addit. Contam. 1996 AprA133UH529 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:A1996UH52900009i% " 422-428$://000183913900002JDYates, I. E. Arnold, J. W. Hinton, D. M. Basinger, W. Walcott, R. R.JDFusarium verticillioides induction of maize seed rot and its control>8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique}mycotoxin; reporter gene; germination; iodine aspergillus-flavus; biological-control; in-vitro; moniliforme; fumonisins; cornExperimental evidence is lacking to demonstrate whether Fusarium verticiltioides (synonym = Fusarium mondiforme J. Sheld.; teleomorph = Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito in Ito & K. Kimura, mating population A) functions as a causative agent or an opportunistic invader in seed (caryopsis) rot of maize (Zea mays L.). Previous researchers have isolated this fungus, along with many other microorganisms, from seed collected in the field long after rot commenced. The current investigations used an isolate of F. verticillioides transformed with a selectable marker and a reporter gene to inoculate previously disinfected maize seed. Seed rot developed, and F. verticillioides containing the introduced genes was isolated from inoculated, but not noninoculated, seed. Efficacy of Plantpro-45, an agent with an iodine-based active ingredient (a.i.), was analyzed for controlling growth of F. verticillioides from conidia and inoculated maize seed. A solution containing <10 μg a.i./mL inhibited growth of conidia suspended for <30 s. Furthermore, seed rot was controlled without diminishing seedling survival at 10 mg a.i./kg maize seed. Thus, F. verticillioides can function as the causative agent of maize seed rot and can be suppressed and (or) controlled at the postinfection stage with Plantpro-45."Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. 2003 May815'D=ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA Ajay N Amer LLC, Powder Springs, GA 30127 USA Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA Yates IE ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USAHBTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 21 Cited References: *AM CHEM SOC, 1993, REAG CHEM AM CHEM SO *ASS OFF SEED AN, 1992, CONTR HDB SEED TEST, V35 *ASS OFF SEED AN, 1999, RUL TEST SEEDS *BRIT CROP PROT CO, 1997, PEST MAN, P177 CALISTRU C, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V139, P115 CALISTRU C, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V137, P115 DANIELS BA, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P609 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 HINTON DM, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V129, P117 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NORRED WP, 1993, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V38, P309 PERKINS DD, 1962, CAN J MICROBIOL, V8, P591 PUHALLA JE, 1983, EXP MYCOL, V7, P328 ROBENS J, 2001, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V91, PS170 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 STOMP AM, 1992, GUS PROTOCOLS USING, P103 WYND FL, 1934, ANN MO BOT GARD, V21, P367 YATES IE, 2000, CAN J BOT, V78, P472 YATES IE, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1326 YATES IE, 1999, MYCOL RES 2, V103, P129 English Article 696XY CAN J BOTISI:000183913900002217-230$://000170353200001,@9Yi, C. Kaul, H. P. Kubler, E. Schwadorf, K. Aufhammer, W.nHead blight (Fusarium graminearum) and deoxynivalenol concentration in winter wheat as affected by pre-crop, soil tillage and nitrogen fertilizationf_Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and ProtectionbFusarium graminearum; deoxynivalenol (DON); crop rotation; soil tillage; nitrogen fertilization natural occurrence; zearalenone; resistance; infection; cereals; stubble; areaFusarium head blight (FHB), caused by F. graminearum, is increasing world-wide. Fusarium mycotoxins are a serious threat of health and a reliable control by fungicides is not possible, yet. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of different pre-crops and crop husbandry on FHB incidence in winter wheat test crops. In a 2-years factorial field experiment on the experimental station Ihinger Hof of the University of Hohenheim (480 in a. s. l., loam soil, 7,9 degreesC, 690 mm), inoculated pre-crops of maize or spring wheat were harvested for silage with only the stubble remaining in the field or for grain by combine with the whole straw remaining. Subsequently, crop residues were left on the soil surface or ploughed under before sowing winter wheat. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied to these test crops with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) or nitrolime. FHB was assessed by plot scores, by observations of disease incidence, disease severity and grain infection, indirectly via grain germination and by chemical deoxynivalenol (DON) analyses. The infection by FHB and the grain contamination with DON were similar after maize and spring wheat, either for silage or for grain, but the method of pre-crop inoculation by infected cat grains might have masked differences between precrops, The reductions of FHB incidence due to ploughing or nitrolime application were 27-32 % or 31-59 % compared with residues remaining on the surface or CAN fertilization, respectively. Contemporary reductions in DON were less consistent. The assessment of percent infected ears can be recommended as a comparatively fast method for FHB evaluation that showed significant correlations with DON concentration and grain germination, too. But a reliable estimation of DON concentrations is not possible on the basis of infection assessments. In conclusion, crop health can be supported by crop husbandry to some degree, but FHB cannot be reliably controlled in susceptible rotations with abundant sources of inoculum.2,Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2001 May 1083'LEUniv Hohenheim, Inst Crop Prod & Grassland Res, Fruwirthstr 23, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, Inst Crop Prod & Grassland Res, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, State Inst Agr Chem, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany Yi C Univ Hohenheim, Inst Crop Prod & Grassland Res, Fruwirthstr 23, D-70599 Stuttgart, GermanyD=Times Cited: 3 English Article 461FA Z PFLANZENKR PFLANZENSCH ISI:0001703532000011&'4 <5CAST Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, 2003<5Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systemst :4CAST Council for Agricultural Science and Technology2,Task force report, ISSN 0194-4088 ; no. 139) Ames Iowa State University 217"~"xExecutive Summary Introduction It has been nearly 40 years since modern mycotoxicology, as it might be termed, began with the discovery of the aflatoxins. Since that time, numerous other mycotoxins (toxic metabolites of fungi) have been discovered, many of which were later found to be causes of intoxications (mycotoxicoses) while others remained as laboratory curiosities. Studies directed at mycotoxins, including their detection, biosynthesis, and toxicology along with studies on the epidemiology and control of the producing fungi, are critical to maintaining a safe food supply. The total number of mycotoxins is not known, but toxic metabolites of fungi potentially could number in the thousands. The number of mycotoxins actually known to be involved in disease is considerably less, but even this number is difficult to assess due to the diversity of effects of these unique compounds on animal systems. Not only are the mycotoxins of concern for human and animal diseases, but the plant pathogenic nature of many of the mycotoxin-producing fungi are of considerable economic concern in crops. The results of their plant pathogenic activities raise food safety concerns and impact grain trade and marketing of food and feed. Major Classes of Mycotoxins The major classes of mycotoxins are aflatoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and ergot alkaloids. The aflatoxins are produced primarily by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus and they are important agents of disease; their effects range from acute death to chronic disease such as tumors. The trichothecenes are a large class of mycotoxins produced by several fungal genera. Fusarium species are the most notable, but Stachybotrys is a significant producer of selected trichothecenes as well. Likely the most common occurring trichothecene is deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin), which can be a significant contaminant of wheat, barley, and corn. T- 2 toxin is another trichothecene found more frequently in grains in Europe than in the United States. The fumonisins occur primarily in corn and are produced by F. verticillioides, an almost-universal pathogen of corn. These toxins are capable of causing significant disease in horses and swine and have been shown to be carcinogenic in rats and mice. Zearalenone is produced primarily by F. graminearum and causes vulvovaginitis and estrogenic responses in swine. It also may co-occur with DON in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, and corn. The ochratoxins are produced primarily by Penicillium verrucosum and cause significant disease in animals, especially swine, and may be the causal agent of an endemic kidney disease in the Balkan countries. Ergot alkaloids are produced primarily by several species of Claviceps that are plant pathogenic, and elaborate their toxins in specialized masses of fungal tissue called sclerotia. Ergotism is one of the oldest recognized mycotoxicoses. Minor Classes of Mycotoxins The minor class of mycotoxins has representatives that occasionally are associated with mycotoxicoses of humans and other animals, or that occur frequently in selected substrates but have never been found associated with human or other animal disease. Mycotoxin Formation In many cases, mycotoxins are formed in the field during the growing season; however, they also are formed or increased during harvest, drying, and storage. Most important in this process of mycotoxin production is the availability of water for growth of the producing fungus. Temperature, however, is an important factor as well. Thus, when the interaction of the plant and the fungus takes place, moisture and temperature greatly affect plant growth and health and the competitiveness of the mycotoxigenic fungus. In grain storage, the factors of water activity, sub strate aeration and temperature, inoculum concentrations, microbial interactions, mechanical damage, and insect infestation can play a role in mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi and Their Control Mycotoxins are produced by a wide array of diverse fungal species that generally are not aggressive pathogens. They are adapted for colonization and growth on substrates with a wide range of moisture availability and nutritional content. Most of the mycotoxins that are considered to be important are produced primarily by three genera of fungi, namely, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. Claviceps and Stachybotrys also are important producers of mycotoxins. Within the genus Aspergillus, the major class of mycotoxins, are the aflatoxins. The crops most usually affected are corn, cotton, peanuts, and certain tree nuts. Aspergillus flavus is a cause of ear rot in corn where conidia from the soil-inhabiting organism are carried to the silks of the corn plant and, under suitable environmental conditions, infections can occur. The production of aflatoxin can continue until the moisture in the kernels reaches about 15%. Peanuts are contaminated and infection occurs during hightemperature and low-moisture stress. In cotton, insects often play a role in the entry of the organism into the cotton bolls. In pistachios, a phenomenon whereby the hulls split prior to maturity allows for a portal of entry for the fungus. In both pistachios and almonds, however, contamination may involve damage by insect larvae. Although not conclusive in all crops, high temperatures seem to play a role in aflatoxin contamination. A number of control strategies for aflatoxin contamination in crops are being investigated and include controlling preharvest stress on the crop where possible, establishing breeding programs for resistance, and assessing potential biocontrol agents. Within the genus Fusarium, there are a number of important mycotoxin-producing species. Some important plant pathogens are in this genus and are causes of wilts and scab or blight diseases of small grains. Ear rot also can be caused by Fusarium. Fusarium graminearum is the major causative agent; however, other species such as F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans may cause ear rot. These latter agents may produce fumonisins during the pathogenic state in corn. Fusarium graminearum is a significant pathogen on wheat, barley, and oats and is a major producer of DON in these grains. This organism also is capable of producing zearalenone in various commodities including corn. The organism survives in crop residue, which is a source of inoculum for the next years crop. Control strategies for these infections and production of mycotoxins are being investigated and include elimination of the residue on the field soil through deep tillage, irrigation during drought stress, breeding for pathogen and insect- resistance, and genetic engineering. Penicillium spp. are more typically associated with storage of crops and the production of mycotoxins such as ochratoxin. Ochratoxin usually is formed in storage or during drying of certain commodities for processing. A number of fungi are capable of producing toxic alkaloids, and Claviceps spp. are the most notable in this regard. This organism is known as a replacement parasite in that it replaces plant structures with fungal tissue called ergots or sclerotia. These fungal bodies often contain toxic amounts of alkaloids leading to the disease known as ergotism in humans and other animals consuming them. Ergotism is one of the oldest known mycotoxicoses in humans and occurs following the incorporation, by several different processes, of the ergots in grain used in preparing food. Toxic alkaloids also are produced by the genera Epichloe and Neotyphodium, both of which can be endophytic in certain plant species such as fescue and ryegrass. Control of ergot is attempted by pasture management practices and, for endophytic relationships, the control efforts are aimed primarily at decreasing the toxicity of the endophytic fungus through selection. Stachybotrys is a cellulolytic saprophyte that can be found in a variety of commodities and the trichothecene metabolites of this organism can produce disease similar to some of those produced by Fusarium spp. Recently, this organism seemed to be involved in human disease where building materials were contaminated with the organism and possibly its toxic metabolites. Timely harvest, cleaning and drying of the crop, controlling temperature and moisture during storage, and using antifungal agents can assist in decreasing or eliminating mycotoxins in food and feed. Furthermore, research efforts to understand the genetic and biosynthetic aspects of mycotoxin development may lead to control strategies in grains. While the exact reasons that mycotoxins are produced by fungi are unknown, certain mycotoxins seem to function as potential virulence factors in producing disease in both plants and animals.Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa, USA Printed in the United States of America Cover design by Lynn Ekblad, Different Angles, Ames, Iowa Cover photo of painting entitled The Beggars by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (ca. 15251569). Copyright Runion des Muses Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, Louvre, Paris, France Graphics and layout by Richard Beachler, Instructional Technology Center, Iowa State University, Ames ISBN 1-887383-22-0 ISSN 0194-4088 06 05 04 03 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems p. cm. -- (Task force report, ISSN 0194-4088 ; no. 139) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-887383-22-0 1. Mycotoxins. I. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. II. Task force report (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology) ; no. 139. RA1242.M94 M97 2002 615.9'5295-dc21 2002010538:4Hell, K. Cardwell, K. F. Setamou, M. Poehling, H. M. 2000yThe influence of storage practices on aflatoxin contamination in maize in four agroecological zones of Benin, west Africae*#Journal of Stored Products Research364365-382n Oct J. Stored Prod. Res.ISI:000088457200004Aaflatoxin; west Africa; maize; storage systems; pests; storage structures sitophilus-zeamais motschulsky; aspergillus-flavus; preharvest corn; georgia; infestation; resistance; infection; impact; seeds Aflatoxin level in 300 farmers' stores in four agro-ecological zones in Benin, a west African coastal country, were determined over a period of 2 years. At sampling a questionnaire was used to evaluate maize storage practices. Farmers were asked what storage structure they used, their storage form, storage period, pest problems in storage and what was done against them. Beninese farmers often changed their storage structures during the storage period, transfering the maize from a drying or temporary store to a more durable one. Most of the farmers complained about insects damaging stored maize, Often, storage or cotton insecticides were utilized against these pests. Regression analysis identified those factors that were associated with increased or reduced aflatoxin. Maize samples in the southern Guinea and Sudan savannas were associated with higher aflatoxin levels and the forest/savanna mosaic was related to lower toxin levels. Factors associated with higher aflatoxin were: storage for 3-5 months, insect damage and use of Khaya senegalensis-bark or other local plants as storage protectants. Depending on the agroecological zone, storage structures that had a higher risk of aflatoxin development were the "Ago", the "Secco", the "Zingo" or storing under or on top of the roof of the house. Lower aflatoxin levels were related to the use of storage or cotton insecticides, mechanical means or smoke to protect against pests or cleaning of stores before loading them with the new harvest. Fewer aflatoxins were found when maize was stored in the "Ago" made from bamboo or when bags were used as secondary storage containers. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. t nTimes Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 55 Cited References: *FAO, 1992, 87017 FAO BEN *ONASA, 1997, LISASAR93 ONASA *SPV GTZ, 1992, RAPP ANN PORT NOV BP AHMAD SK, 1993, J STORED PROD RES, V29, P33 ALBERT H, 1991, THESIS WISSENSCHAFTV BHATNAGAR D, 1988, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V65, P1166 BILGRAMI KS, 1991, INDIAN PHYTOPATHOL, V44, P529 BOURAIMA Y, 1993, HUMAN OCHRATOXICOSIS, P101 CARDWELL KF, 1994, P 6 INT WORK C STOR, P978 COTTY PJ, 1994, GENUS ASPERGILLUS, P1 DARAMOLA AM, 1986, INSECT SCI ITS APPL, V7, P49 DOWD PF, 1994, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V71, P177 DOWD PF, 1991, N CENTRAL REGIONAL P, V329, P335 DUBE S, 1990, ANN BOT-LONDON, V65, P457 ELKADY IA, 1993, ZBL MIKROBIOL, V148, P549 FIAGAN YS, 1994, PRODUCTION VALORISAT, P201 GILL LS, 1983, LEGUME RES, V6, P29 GONZALEZ HHL, 1988, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V6, P179 GORMAN DP, 1991, PLANT BREEDING, V107, P1 HELL K, 1997, THESIS U HANNOVER GE KAWASUGI S, 1988, P JAP ASS MYC, V28, P17 KOEHLER PE, 1985, J FOOD PROTECT, V48, P1040 KOSSOU DK, 1992, J STORED PROD RES, V28, P187 LILLEHOJ EB, 1988, TROPICAL SCI, V28, P19 LUTZ C, 1994, THESIS U AMSTERDAM LYNCH RE, 1991, INT ARACHIS NEWSLETT, V10, P24 LYNCH RE, 1991, PEANUT SCI, V18, P110 MCDONALD D, 1964, PROGRESS REPORT RES, V2, P1 MCDONALD D, 1967, TROPICAL SCI, V9, P148 MCMILLIAN WW, 1983, CEREAL CHEM, V60, P226 MCMILLIAN WW, 1990, J ENTOMOL SCI, V25, P123 MCMILLIAN WW, 1987, J ENTOMOL SCI, V22, P307 MEHAN VK, 1991, GROUNDNUT AFLATOXIN, P502 MUTIRO CF, 1992, J AGR RES, V30, P49 NARITA N, 1988, P JPN ASS MYCOTOXICO, V27, P21 NORUSIS MG, 1993, SPSS WINDOWS ADV STA PANTENIUS CU, 1988, INSECT SCI APPL, V9, P725 PRASAD T, 1987, J INDIAN BOT SOC, V66, P156 ROY AK, 1991, INDIAN PHYTOPATHOL, V44, P385 SAUER DB, 1980, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V70, P516 SEENAPPA M, 1983, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V83, P103 SETAMOU M, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P33 SINGH K, 1991, ILLUSTRATED MANUAL I SINHA KK, 1992, J STORED PROD RES, V28, P211 SINHA KK, 1991, J STORED PROD RES, V27, P65 SMITH HS, 1991, FICHE TECHNIQUE STOC TUITE J, 1984, PLANT DIS, V68, P893 UDOH J, 1997, THESIS U IBADAN NIGE UMECHURUBA CI, 1985, TROPICAL GRAIN LEGUM, V31, P5 USHA CM, 1994, TROP SCI, V34, P353 VAN L, 1995, P INT WORKSH HAN VIE, V60, P83 VOWOTOR KA, 1995, J STORED PROD RES, V31, P29 WASILEWSKI A, 1987, AGROLOGIST, V16, P16 WRIGHT VF, 1992, MYCOTOXIN PREVENTION, P110 ZAR JH, 1974, BIOSTAT ANAL, P620 English Article 339BF J STORED PROD RESvp://000088457200004 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Hell-Influence-Aflatoxins-2000a.pdf'@:Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, BP 08-0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, Cotonou, Benin Univ Hannover, Inst Pflanzenpathol & Pflanzenschutz, D-30419 Hannover, Germany Hell K Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, BP 08-0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin &361-369$://A1996UJ87300005rkGelderblom, W. C. A. Smuts, C. M. Abel, S. Snyman, S. D. Cawood, M. E. vanderWesthuizen, L. Swanevelder, S.nXQEffect of fumonisin B-1 on protein and lipid synthesis in primary rat hepatocyteso"Food and Chemical Toxicologydenovo sphingolipid biosynthesis; fatty-acid composition; fusarium-moniliforme; inhibition; mycotoxins; cancer; carcinogenesis; phospholipids; sphingomyelin; metabolism`ZThe effect of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) on protein and lipid synthesis was evaluated in primary rat hepatocytes. FB1 did not affect incorporation of [H-3]leucine into hepatocytes at either non-toxic (150 mu M) or cytotoxic (500 mu M) concentrations indicating that proc-in synthesis was not affected. However, FB1 significantly (P < 0.01 to P < 0.0001) inhibited incorporation of [C-14]palmitic acid into hepatocyte cultures implying that lipid synthesis was altered. Incorporation of the radiolabel was significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001) lowered in triacylglycerol (TAG) and sphingomyelin fractions and increased in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PEA) in both FB1 concentrations. The incorporation pattern of [C-14]palmitic acid closely resembles the changes in phospholipid levels in the treated cells. The sphingolipid, sphinganine (Sa), was significantly (P < 0.0001) increased in treated cells but there was no significant difference between the toxic and non-toxic dose levels implying that the increased Sa level alone is not responsible for the in vitro toxicity. FB1 significantly (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001) decreased the level of free cholesterol within the cell, resulting in an increased PC:cholesterol ratio suggesting a more rigid membrane structure. Subsequent studies on the fatty acid (FA) profiles in PC and the neutral lipid, TAG, indicated that FB1 significantly (P < 0.05 to P < O.0001) increased the levels of the polyunsaturated FAs C18:2n-6 and C20:4n-6 at both concentrations. The FB1-induced changes to cellular membranes, specifically those related to FA changes in the major membrane phospholipids, and the altered FA content of the hepatocytes are likely to be key events in explaining the cytotoxic effects and altered growth responses induced by fumonisins in primary hepatocytes. (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Food Chem. Toxicol., 1996 Apri344n'b[S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES PROGRAM NUTR INTERVENT,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,CTR EPIDEMIOL RES S AFRICA,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA Gelderblom WCA S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAb>7Times Cited: 23 English Article UJ873 FOOD CHEM TOXICOLtISI:A1996UJ87300005nhe Gibberella fujikuroi species complex ,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology2+mating population; fusarium-oxysporum; piniAll sexually fertile strains in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex are heterothallic, with individual mating types conferred by the broadly conserved ascomycete idiomorphs MAT-I and MAT-2, We sequenced both alleles from all eight mating populations, developed a multiplex PCR technique to distinguish these idiomorphs, and tested it with representative strains from all eight biological species and 22 additional species or phylogenetic lineages from this species complex. In most cases, either an similar to 800-bp fragment from MAT-2 or an similar to 200-bp fragment from MAT-I is amplified. The amplified fragments cosegregate with mating type, as defined by sexual cross-fertility, in a cross of Fusarium moniliforme (Fusarium verticillioides). Neither of the primer pairs amplify fragments from Fusarium species such as Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium pseudograminearum, and Fusarium culmorum, which have, or are expected to have, Gibberella sexual stages but are thought to be relatively distant from the species in the G. fujikuroi species complex. Our results suggest that MAT allele sequences are useful indicators of phylogenetic relatedness in these and other Fusarium species.e Appl. Environ. Microbiol.o 2000 Octn6610'*#Univ Pretoria, FABI, Dept Genet Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Tree Pathol Cooperat Programme, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa Univ Pretoria, FABI, Dept Genet Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Tree Pathol Cooperat Programme, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa Kansas State Univ, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA MRC, Programme Mycotoxicol & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Steenkamp ET Univ Pretoria, FABI, Dept Genet Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Tree Pathol Cooperat Programme, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South AfricamB://000182533200013i>7De Beer, D. Joubert, E. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Manley, M.cb[Antioxidant activity of South African red and white cultivar wines: Free radical scavenging0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*#ABTS radical cation; DPPH radical; free radical scavenging; antioxidant; total antioxidant activity; phenolic compounds; polyphenols; anthocyanins; wine low-density lipoproteins; polyphenol content; vitis-vinifera; in-vivo; capacity; oxidation; phenolics; consumption; vegetables; inhibitionThe free radical scavenging activity of South African red (n = 46) and white (n = 40) cultivar wines was determined using 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothialozinesulfonic acid) radical cations (ABTS(.+)) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH.). The total antioxidant activities (TAA) of red and white wines using ABTS(.+) were 14.916 and 0.939 mM Trolox, respectively, at corresponding total phenol (TP) contents of 2339.0 and 273.8 mg of gallic acid equiv/L. Ruby Cabernet wines had the lowest TAA(ABTS) (13.177 mM Trolox) of the red wines, whereas the TAAABTS values of Chardonnay and Chenin blanc wines were the highest (1.060 mM Trolox) and lowest (0.800 mM Trolox) of the white wines. The TAA(DPPH) values were of the same magnitude as the TAAABTS values, and similar trends were observed. TAA correlated (P < 0.001) with total phenol content of red (r = 0.935) and white (r 0.907) wines, as well as flavanol content of red wines (r = 0.866) and tartaric acid ester content of white wines (r = 0.767). Canonical discriminant analysis using phenolic composition and antioxidant activity was applied to differentiate between red and white cultivar wines.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003 Feb 12514'PIARC Infruitec Nietvoorbij, Post Harvest & Wine Technol Div, Agr Res Council, Fruit Vine & Wine Inst, Private Bag X5026, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa ARC Infruitec Nietvoorbij, Post Harvest & Wine Technol Div, Agr Res Council, Fruit Vine & Wine Inst, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Food Sci, ZA-7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Joubert E ARC Infruitec Nietvoorbij, Post Harvest & Wine Technol Div, Agr Res Council, Fruit Vine & Wine Inst, Private Bag X5026, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa:4Times Cited: 5 English Article 672QR J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000182533200013%xxx(x%(:%%%%% %(o((:e mm[p[ |[H:(y6(Hr.y44y!444!4+aa}O&3(490-498$://0002227437000114.Pearson, T. C. Wicklow, D. T. Pasikatan, M. C.ngReduction of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in yellow corn by high-speed dual-wavelength sortingCereal Chemistrytesting shelled corn; density segregation; aspergillus-flavus; natural occurrence; brazilian corn; fusarium mycotoxins; esophageal cancer; maize genotypes; physical method; ear rot*$A high-speed dual-wavelength sorter was tested for removing corn contaminated in the field with aflatoxin and fumonisin. To achieve accurate sorting, single kernel reflectance spectra (500-1,700 nm) were analyzed to select the optimal pair of optical filters to detect mycotoxin-contaminated corn during high-speed sorting. A routine, based on discriminant analysis, was developed to select the two absorbance bands in the spectra that would give the greatest classification accuracy. In a laboratory setting, and with the kernels stationary, absorbances at 750 and 1,200 nm could correctly identify >99% of the kernels as aflatoxin-contaminated (>100 ppb) or uncontaminated. A high-speed sorter was tested using the selected filter pair for corn samples inoculated with Aspergillus flavus; naturally infested corn grown in central Illinois; and naturally infested, commercially grown and harvested corn from eastern Kansas (2002 harvest). For the Kansas corn, the sorter was able to reduce aflatoxin levels by 81% from an initial average of 53 ppb, while fumonisin levels in the same grain samples were reduced an average of 85% from an initial level of 17 ppm. Similar reductions in mycotoxin levels were observed after high-speed sorting of A. flavus inoculated and naturally mold-infested corn grown in Illinois. Cereal Chem. 2004Jul-Aug814'jcUSDA ARS, Engn Res Unit, Grain Mkt Res & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA USDA ARS, Engn Res Unit, Grain Mkt Res & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA USDA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Pearson TC USDA ARS, Engn Res Unit, Grain Mkt Res & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 66 Cited References: 1988, FED REG, V53, P5043 *US FDA CFSAN, 2000, ACT LEV POIS DEL SUB *US FDA CFSAN, 2001, GUID IND FUM LEV HUM ALI N, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P377 ALMEIDA AP, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P3877 BENNETT GA, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P639 BIRTH GS, 1970, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V53, P931 BOTHAST RJ, 1975, APPL MICROBIOLOGY, V30, P337 BREKKE OL, 1975, CEREAL CHEM, V52, P198 CARDWELL KF, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P276 CARLSON DB, 2001, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V172, P29 CHAMBERLAIN WJ, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P995 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 DICKENS JW, 1975, PEANUT SCI, V2, P45 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 DOWELL FE, 2002, CEREAL CHEM, V79, P22 FARSAIE A, 1981, T ASAE, V24, P1372 FENNELL DI, 1973, CEREAL CHEM, V50, P404 HIRANO S, 1998, BIOSCI BIOTECH BIOCH, V62, P102 HIROOKA EY, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P173 HUBERTY CJ, 1994, APPL DISCRIMINANT AN HUFF WE, 1982, CEREAL CHEM, V59, P152 HUFF WE, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P236 HUFF WE, 1985, J FOOD PROTECT, V48, P416 JOHANSSON AS, 2000, J AOAC INT, V83, P1279 JOHNSON WH, 1966, PRINCIPLES EQUIPMENT JONES RK, 1980, PLANT DIS, V64, P859 KUMAR M, 1997, SEED RES, V25, P88 LEE LS, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P340 MARSH PB, 1969, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V17, P468 MEDINAMARTINEZ MS, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2833 MUBATANHEMA W, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P37 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 ONO EYS, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P719 ORSI RB, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P75 PEARSON TC, 2001, T ASAE, V44, P1247 PINEIRO MS, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P825 POMERANZ Y, 1992, STORAGE CEREAL GRAIN, P55 RICHARD JL, 1989, 116 CAST ROTTER RG, 1995, J SCI FOOD AGR, V68, P331 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SCHMIDT HL, 1991, CEREAL GRAIN MYCOTOX, P1 SCOTT PM, 1991, CEREAL GRAIN MYCOTOX, P529 SEITZ LM, 1982, CEREAL CHEM, V59, P9 SHETTY PH, 1999, FOOD CHEM, V66, P371 SHETTY PH, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P2170 SHOTWELL OL, 1981, CEREAL CHEM, V58, P124 SHOTWELL OL, 1974, CEREAL CHEM, V51, P492 SMART MG, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1287 SYDENHAM EW, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P891 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 TYSON TW, 1974, T ASAE, V17, P942 VIQUEZ OM, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2789 WACOWICZ E, 1991, CEREAL GRAIN MYCOTOX, P259 WARE GM, 1994, ANAL LETT, V27, P693 WHITAKER TB, 1970, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V47, P501 WHITAKER TB, 2001, J AOAC INT, V84, P770 WHITAKER TB, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P1162 WHITAKER TB, 1983, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V66, P1055 WICKLOW DT, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P1146 WICKLOW DT, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V83, P299 WILSON D, 1989, ARCH ENV CONTAM TOXI, V18, P304 YOSHIZAWA T, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P163 English Article 838WJ CEREAL CHEMISI:0002227437000117 ^c503-509$://000081134100001 "Sobek, E. A. Munkvold, G. P.European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) larvae as vectors of Fusarium moniliforme, causing kernel rot and symptomless infection of maize kernels$Journal of Economic Entomology|vEuropean corn borer; corn; ear rot; insect vector equine leukoencephalomalacia; ear rot; resistance; fumonisins; linesField and greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the ability of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) larvae to act as vectors of Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. from maize leaf surfaces to kernels. Leaf surfaces of plants in the dough stage were sprayed with a spore suspension of F. moniliforme strain EA-2, after which plants were manually infested with O. nubilalis larvae or kernels were mechanically wounded. In 2 greenhouse experiments, O. nubilalis larvae significantly increased incidence of kernel rot symptoms and symptomless infection. Strain EA-2 was detected on O. nubilalis larvae, in plant debris in the leaf axils, and in 28-39% of F. moniliforme- infected kernels from plants manually infested with O. nubilalis. In the field, O. nubilalis infestation significantly increased incidence of kernel rot symptoms (1995) and symptomless infection (1994 and 1995). Symptomless infection was highest for treatments in which lan;ae were artificially contaminated with F. moniliforme strain EA-4 prior to manual infestation of plants. F. moniliforme strain EA-2 (from leaf surfaces) and strain EA-4 (from larvae) were recovered from kernels in the O. nubilalis-infested treatments in 1995. Results indicated that O. nubilalis larvae can act as vectors of F. moniliforme, increasing symptoms of Fusarium kernel rot and symptomless infection of kernels by F. moniliforme. Kernel wounding also is an important factor contributing to this disease.J. Econ. Entomol.  1999 Jun 923n'Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, 351 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Sobek EA Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, 351 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA :4Times Cited: 14 English Article 210YX J ECON ENTOMOLISI:000081134100001a101-107$://0002217750000092,Somashekar, D. Rati, E. R. Chandrashekar, A.PCR-restriction fragment length analysis of aflR gene for differentiation and detection of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in maize0*International Journal of Food MicrobiologyAspergillus flavus; Aspergillus parasiticus; maize; PCR; RFLP; aflR polymerase-chain-reaction; aflatoxin biosynthesis; cloning; molds; fungi"Contamination of food and feedstuffs by Aspergillus species and their toxic metabolites is a serious problem as they have adverse effects on human and animal health. Hence, food contamination monitoring is an important activity, which gives information on the level and type of contamination. A PCR-based method of detection of Aspergillus species was developed in spiked samples of sterile maize flour. Gene-specific primers were designed to target aflR gene, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the PCR product was done to differentiate Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Sterile maize flour was inoculated separately with A. flavus and A. parasiticus, each at several spore concentrations. Positive results ere obtained only after 12-h incubation in enriched media, with extracts of maize inoculated with A. flavus (10(1) spores/g) and A. parasiticus (104 spores/g). PCR products were subjected to restriction endonuclease (HincII and PvuII) analysis to look for RFLPs. PCR-RFLP patterns obtained with these two enzymes showed enough differences to distinguish A. flavus and A. parasiticus. This approach of differentiating these two species would be simpler, less costly and quicker than conventional sequencing of PCR products. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004 May 15931'Cent Food Technol Res Inst, Food Microbiol Dept, Mysore 570013, Karnataka, India Cent Food Technol Res Inst, Food Microbiol Dept, Mysore 570013, Karnataka, India Chandrashekar A Cent Food Technol Res Inst, Food Microbiol Dept, Mysore 570013, Karnataka, IndiaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 19 Cited References: BENNETT JW, 1988, ADV PLANT PATHOL, V6, P263 BENNETT JW, 1994, GENUS ASPERGILLUS, P51 BERRY CL, 1988, J PATHOL, V154, P301 CHANG PK, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P40 CHANG PK, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P3273 CHEN RS, 2002, J FOOD PROTECT, V65, P840 CRISEO G, 2001, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V33, P291 FARBER P, 1997, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V36, P215 KURTZMAN CP, 1986, MYCOLOGIA, V78, P955 MICHELMORE RW, 1987, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V25, P383 PAYNE GA, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P156 PITT JI, 1985, FUNGI FOOD SPOILAGE, P259 PITT JI, 1983, J APPL BACTERIOL, V54, P109 ROSSEN L, 1992, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V17, P37 ROZEN E, 1996, PRIMER 3 SHAPIRA R, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3270 STARK AA, 1980, ANNU REV MICROBIOL, V34, P235 SWEENEY MJ, 2000, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V56, P97 WOLOSHUK CP, 1998, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V160, P169 English Article 825RD INT J FOOD MICROBIOLISI:000221775000009^.n~/ $251-262$://A1996UV59100015"Dresen, G. Wang, Z. Bai, Q.,%Kinetics of grain growth in anorthiteTectonophysicspirecrystallized-grain; upper mantle; olivine; calcite; quartz; creep; size; mechanisms; rheology; behaviorWe investigated the grain growth kinetics of synthetic pure anorthite aggregates. The starting material was prepared from glass and has a homogeneous starting grain size of 3-4 mu m. Porosity was less than 1% and the dislocation density was less than 2 x 10(7) cm(-2). The samples were subsequently annealed at temperatures between 1100 degrees C and 1350 degrees C in air from 10 min to 480 h. Grain size was determined optically. We observed normal grain growth for anneals less than 24 h. The grain growth exponent n varied between 2.5-2.7 for different temperatures. We determined the activation energy for grain growth to be 365 +/- 25 kJ/mol. Microstructural observations show a decrease in aspect ratio of the grains from 2.8 to 1.7 with increasing annealing temperatures and duration.Tectonophysics 1996 Jun 15 258 1-4'xrGEOFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM POTSDAM,D-14473 POTSDAM,GERMANY Dresen G GEOFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM POTSDAM,D-14473 POTSDAM,GERMANY0*Times Cited: 12 Cited Reference Count: 41 Cited References: BEHRENS H, 1990, PHYS CHEM MINER, V17, P62 BROOK RJ, 1976, TREATISE MATERIALS S, V9, P331 CARPENTER MA, 1991, AM MINERAL, V76, P1110 CHEN PL, 1994, J AM CERAM SOC, V77, P2289 COOPER RF, 1984, PHYS CHEM MINER, V11, P5 COVEYCRUMP SJ, 1989, CONTRIB MINERAL PETR, V101, P69 DERBY B, 1990, DEFORMATION PROCESSE, P354 DRURY MR, 1991, PURE APPL GEOPHYS, V137, P439 EXNER HE, 1972, INT METALL REV, V17, P25 FARVER JR, 1995, CONTRIB MINERAL PETR, V118, P340 FISLER DF, 1994, PHYS CHEM MINER, V21, P156 GILETTI BJ, 1994, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V58, P3785 HILLERT M, 1965, ACTA METALL, V13, P227 HSUEH CH, 1983, ACTA METALL, V31, P189 JOESTEN RL, 1991, REV MINERAL, V26, P507 KARATO S, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P771 KARATO S, 1989, TECTONOPHYSICS, V168, P255 KARATO SI, 1989, GEOLOGY, V17, P695 KARATO SI, 1986, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V91, P8151 KINGERY WD, 1976, INTRO CERAMICS KINGERY WD, 1965, J AM CERAM SOC, V48, P546 KLEIN L, 1974, J GEOPHYS RES, V79, P4869 LIU Y, 1993, ACTA METALL MATER, V41, P2651 MASUDA T, 1991, J METAMORPH GEOL, V9, P389 MERCER RF, 1993, SCRIPTA METALL MATER, V28, P1177 MEYER DW, 1993, ACTA METALL MATER, V41, P3157 MONTARDI Y, 1987, THESIS U MONTPELLIER NICHOLS FA, 1966, J APPL PHYS, V37, P4599 NICHOLS SJ, 1991, PHYS CHEM MINER, V18, P269 OLGAARD DL, 1988, CONTRIB MINERAL PETR, V100, P246 OLGAARD DL, 1990, GEOL SOC SPEC PUBL L, V54, P175 OLGAARD DL, 1986, J AM CERAM SOC, V69, PC272 ROSS JV, 1980, TECTONOPHYSICS, V70, P39 SCHMID SM, 1977, TECTONOPHYSICS, V43, P257 SLEEP NH, 1994, PURE APPL GEOPHYS, V143, P41 TULLIS J, 1982, J GEOL, V90, P301 TULLIS J, 1991, J STRUCT GEOL, V13, P987 TWISS RJ, 1977, PURE APPL GEOPHYS, V115, P227 VANDERMEER RA, 1994, ACTA METALL MATER, V42, P3071 YAN MF, 1977, CERAMIC MICROSTRUCTU, P276 YUND RA, 1980, CONTRIB MINERAL PETR, V72, P297 English Article UV591 TECTONOPHYSICSISI:A1996UV59100015212-216$://000165306200009T"Driehuis, F. Elferink, SjwhoTNThe impact of the quality of silage on animal health and food safety: A reviewVeterinary Quarterlylisteria-monocytogenes; aerobic deterioration; chemical- composition; grass; maize; milk; contamination; fermentation; inoculant; growthThis paper reviews the microbiological aspects of forage preserved by ensilage, The main principles of preservation by ensilage are a rapid achievement of a low pH by lactic acid fermentation and the maintenance of anaerobic conditions. The silage microflora consists of beneficial micro-organisms, i,e. the lactic acid bacteria responsible for the silage fermentation process, and a number of harmful micro-organisms that are involved in anaerobic or aerobic spoilage processes. Micro-organisms that can cause anaerobic spoilage are enterobacteria and clostridia, Clostridium tyrobutyricum is of particular importance because of its ability to use lactic acid as a substrate. Silage-derived spores of C. tyrobutyricum can cause problems in cheese making. Aerobic spoilage of silage is associated with penetration of oxygen into the silage during storage or feeding. Lactate-oxidizing yeasts are generally responsible for the initiation of aerobic spoilage, The secondary aerobic spoilage nora consists of moulds, bacilli, listeria, and enterobacteria, Mycotoxin-producing moulds, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes in aerobically deteriorated silage form a serious risk to the qualify and safety of milli and to animal health.Vet. Q.f 2000 Octo224l'NIZO Food Res, POB 20, NL-6710 BA Ede, Netherlands ID Lelystad, Inst Anim Sci & Hlth, Dept ID TNO Anim Nutr, NL-8200 AB Lelystad, Netherlands Driehuis F NIZO Food Res, POB 20, NL-6710 BA Ede, Netherlandsl 4 .Times Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 47 Cited References: 1995, FARMERS WEEKLY 1124, PS4 AUERBACH H, 1998, J SCI FOOD AGR, V76, P565 AUERBACH H, 1996, THESIS U HOHENHEIM COURTIN MG, 1990, GRASS FORAGE SCI, V45, P153 DONALD AS, 1995, J APPL BACTERIOL, V79, P141 DRIEHUIS F, 1997, J AGR SCI 3, V128, P323 DRIEHUIS F, 1999, J APPL MICROBIOL, V87, P583 DRIEHUIS F, 2000, J SCI FOOD AGR, V80, P711 DRIEHUIS F, 1996, P 11 INT SIL C AB UK, P256 ELFERINAK SJW, 1997, SILAGE PRODUCTION RE, P130 FENLON DR, 1989, GRASS FORAGE SCI, V44, P97 GOUDKOV AV, 1965, J APPL BACTERIOL, V28, P63 GUERRE P, 2000, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V151, P7 HERON SJE, 1993, J APPL BACTERIOL, V75, P13 HONIG H, 2000, P EUR GRASSL FED LAN, P116 JOHNSON KM, 1984, J FOOD PROTECT, V47, P145 JONSSON A, 1984, ANIMAL RES DEV, V20, P7 KEHLER W, 1996, UBERSICHTEN TIERNAHR, V24, P83 KUNG L, 1991, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V35, P37 LINDGREN S, 1985, J SCI FOOD AGR, V36, P765 LOWRY T, 1956, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V162, P153 MCDONALD P, 1991, BIOCH SILAGE MIDDELHOVEN WJ, 1988, J SCI FOOD AGR, V42, P199 MOON NJ, 1979, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V69, P153 NOUT MJR, 1993, J AGR SCI, V121, P323 OHSHIMA M, 1978, J SCI FOOD AGR, V29, P497 OKIELY P, 1999, SILAGE PRODUCTION RE, P311 OLDENBURG E, 1991, FORAGE CONSERVATION, P191 PELHATE J, 1977, FOLIA VET LAT, V7, P1 RANDBY AT, 1999, J DAIRY SCI, V82, P420 REINDERS RD, 1999, SURVIVAL GROWTH VERO, P18 SANAA M, 1993, J DAIRY SCI, V76, P2891 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, J SCI FOOD AGR, V77, P1 SPOELSTRA SF, 1991, FORAGE CONSERVATION, P48 SPOELSTRA SF, 1985, GRASS FORAGE SCI, V40, P1 SPOELSTRA SF, 1988, J AGR SCI, V111, P127 TRUCKSESS MW, 1983, AM J VET RES, V44, P1753 VANOS M, 1997, BRIT J NUTR, V77, P399 VANOS M, 1995, J AGR SCI, V125, P299 VREMAN K, 1999, WIRTSCHAFTSEIGENE FU, V44, P1 WEISSBACH F, 1996, P 11 INT SIL C AB UK, P11 WIEDMANN M, 1994, J CLIN MICROBIOL, V32, P991 WIERINGA GW, 1958, NETH J AGR SCI, V6, P204 WILESMITH JW, 1986, VET REC, V119, P467 WILKINSON JM, 1996, SILAGE EUROPE SURVEY WOOLFORD MK, 1990, J APPL BACTERIOL, V68, P101 WOOLFORD MK, 1978, WIRTSCHAFTSEIGENE FU, V24, P125 English Review 373TW VET QUARTISI:000165306200009a 31-36$://A1995TH95900005.Dutton, M. F. Kinsey, A.\UOccurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereals and Animal Feedstuffs in Natal, South-Africa 1994MycopathologiaMycopathologia 1995 Jul 1311TH959 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1995TH959000050d  29-38$://A1997XK28400004,Vurro, M. Ellis, B. E.zsEffect of fungal toxins on induction of phenylalanine ammonia- lyase activity in elicited cultures of hybrid poplar Plant ScienceCphytotoxins; PAL; hybrid poplar cells; Populus trichocarpa Torr & Gray x P-deltoides marsh; elicitor phenylpropanoid metabolism; accumulation; suppression; phytoalexin; resistance; cells; acidngEleven fungal phytotoxins were tested for their ability to selectively interfere with elicitor-induced increases in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in hybrid poplar suspension cultures. The toxins varied greatly in their impact on cell growth, oxygen consumption and PAL induction. At a concentration of 10(-4) M, cytochalasin A and zearalenone severely depressed values for all three parameters, while fusaric acid, cytochalasin B, fumonisin B, and fusarenone X were somewhat less inhibitory. Fumonisin B, displayed selectivity in that it strongly inhibited growth and respiration, while having no effect on PAL induction. By contrast, pinolidoxin and putaminoxin were also selective, since at 10(-4) M they had little effect on cell growth but were able to suppress PAL induction by 40-50%. Selective suppression of PAL induction was also revealed when lower concentrations of fusarenone X were assayed. These results suggest that, in addition to their cytotoxic effects, some phytotoxins could directly suppress specific defence responses in plant cells during pathogenesis. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.e Plant Sci. 1997 Jul 15 12611'CNR,IST TOSSINE & MICOTOSSINE PARASSITI VEGETALI,VIALE EINAUDI 51,I-70125 BARI,ITALY UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT PLANT SCI,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA Vurro M CNR,IST TOSSINE & MICOTOSSINE PARASSITI VEGETALI,VIALE EINAUDI 51,I-70125 BARI,ITALY6/Times Cited: 11 English Article XK284 PLANT SCILISI:A1997XK28400004i`ZVurro, M., Gressel, J., Butts, T., Harman, G., Pilgeram, A., St.-Leger, R., Nuss, D., 2001:3In: Enhancing Biocontrol Agents and Handling Risks.l  IOS Presst.(Enhancing Biocontrol Agents and Handling  Amsterdam322-327$://000167258200016 Walker, R. D. White, D. G.`ZInheritance of resistance to aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production of corn from CI2 Plant DiseaseAspergillus flavus; maize; mycotoxin kernel infection; maize kernels; flavus; field; contamination; inoculation; genotypes; inbredsThis study determined the types and magnitude of gene action, estimated heritabilities, and predicted gain from selection for resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production in the cross of resistant corn inbred CI2 to susceptible inbred B73 in 1998 and 1999. The warm, dry summer of 1998 favored aflatoxin production, whereas the conditions of 1999 did not. Resistance to ear rot was mainly controlled by additive gene action. Aflatoxin values were analyzed by individual years (environments) because of the highly significant generation x environment interaction. Resistance to aflatoxin production was mainly controlled by epistasis in 1998 and by additive gene action in 1999. Heritabilities for ear rot and aflatoxin production were higher in the F-3 generation than in the BCP1- selfed generation. In 1998, Spearman's correlation coefficients between Aspergillus ear rot ratings and aflatoxin values for the F-3 and the BCP1-selfed families were not significant (P > 0.05). In 1999, both were highly significant (P < 0.01), but low at 0.41 and 0.17 for the F-3 and BCP1-selfed generations, respectively. We found that CI2 is not an acceptable source of resistance due to lower heritabilities and disease resistance compared to other sources of resistance. Plant Dis. 2001 Mar853'Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA White DG Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA`YTimes Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: BODINE AB, 1983, SO COOP SER B, V279, P46 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CAMPBELL KW, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1144 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CAMPBELL KW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P778 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DAVIS GL, 1999, PUBLICATION EDDS GT, 1983, SO COOPERATIVE SERIE, V279, P56 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GORMAN DP, 1992, PLANT BREEDING, V109, P296 HALLAUER AR, 1988, QUANTITATIVE GENETIC HAMBLIN AM, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P292 HAYMAN BI, 1960, GENETICA, V31, P133 HAYMAN BI, 1958, HEREDITY, V12, P371 HOERR FJ, 1983, S COOP B, V279, P51 JONES RK, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P810 LILLEHOJ EB, 1978, CROP SCI, V18, P921 MATHER K, 1982, BIOMETRICAL GENETICS NICHOLS TE, 1983, SO COOPERATIVE SERIE, V279, P67 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 SCOTT B, 1999, PUBLICATION ILLINOIS SCOTT B, 1998, PUBLICATION ILLINOIS SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 TAUBENHAUS JJ, 1920, TEX AGR EXP STN B, V270 WIDSTROM NW, 1984, CROP SCI, V24, P1155 WIDSTROM NW, 1979, J ENVIRON QUAL, V8, P5 ZUBER MS, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1346 English Article 407EA PLANT DISISI:000167258200016n650-657$://000088599000015B;Setamou, M. Schulthess, F. Poehling, H. M. Borgemeister, C.eMonitoring and modeling of field infestation and damage by the maize ear borer Mussidia nigrivenella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) in Benin, West Africa$Journal of Economic EntomologypiMussidia nigrivenella; infestation; damage; maize; yield losses ragonot lepidoptera; ivory-coast; harvestLEIn many countries in West Africa the pyralid ear borer Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot occasionally causes severe damage to pre- and postharvest maize. Between 1992 and 1995, the distribution of and damage caused by M. nigrivenella were studied in Benin using survey data and an on-station field experiment. The borer was distributed across the whole country, and at maturity an average 25% of the ears sampled in maize fields were infested, Damage levels varied with agro-ecological zones and were highest in the Guinea Savannas. However, borer-related yield losses were comparatively low. Three applications of cypermethrin over the growing season did not provide sufficient control in the on-station field experiment. A model was developed to estimate maize losses caused by M. nigrivenella, using the percentage of infested ears, which explained 93% of the variance. Extrapolation of field data indicated a 25% yield loss once a 100% infestation of maize ears was reached. For surveys in maize fields the model is a valid tool for a rapid assessment of crop losses caused by M. nigrivenella.oJ. Econ. Entomol.d 2000 Juns933r',&Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, 08 BP 932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, Cotonou, Benin Inst Plant Dis & Plant Protect, D-30419 Hannover, Germany Setamou M Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, 08 BP 932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin:3Times Cited: 9 English Article 341PP J ECON ENTOMOL ISI:000088599000015d343-349$://000177120100010NGSetamou, M. Schulthess, F. Goergen, G. Poehling, H. M. Borgemeister, C.tmNatural enemies of the maize cob borer, Mussidia nigrivenella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) in Benin, West Africa("Bulletin of Entomological Research& host plants; hymenoptera; damageMussidia nigrivenella Ragonot is a pest of maize cobs in West Africa. It significantly reduces maize yields and grain quality, with quantitative losses of 2-25% at harvest, and up to 10-15% indirect losses due to an increase in storage pest infestation levels. Infestation by M. nigrivenella also significantly increased the susceptibility of maize to Aspergillus flavus infection and subsequent aflatoxin contamination. Surveys conducted in different agro-ecological zones of Benin on cultivated and wild host plants during 1994- 1997 revealed one egg parasitoid, three larval parasitoids and one pupal parasitoid attacking M. nigrivenella. Egg parasitism was scarce on all host plants sampled and in all four agro- ecological zones. Parasitism by larval and pupal parasitoids was usually less than 10%, and varied with host plant species. Both larval and pupal parasitoids were rare or absent in cultivated maize fields. The solitary chalcidid pupal parasitoid, Antrocephalus crassipes Masi, was the predominant species, contributing approximately 53% of the observed mortality. Logistic regression analysis indicated that this parasitoid was more prevalent on fruits of Gardenia spp. (Rubiaceae) than on the other host plant species including maize used by M. nigrivenella, and was most abundant between February and September. The differences in parasitoid diversity and parasitism between Benin and other regions suggest that there are opportunities for biological control through introduction of exotic parasitoids or using the 'new association' approach, which uses natural enemies of closely related host species that occupy similar ecological niches to the target pest.Bull. Entomol. Res. 2002 Aug924'Univ Hannover, Inst Plant Dis & Plant Protect, Herrenhauser Str 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany Univ Hannover, Inst Plant Dis & Plant Protect, D-30419 Hannover, Germany Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Agr Res & Extens, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, Cotonou, Benin Borgemeister C Univ Hannover, Inst Plant Dis & Plant Protect, Herrenhauser Str 2, D-30419 Hannover, GermanyPJTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 43 Cited References: *SAS I, 1996, SAS US GUID STAT BENEREY B, 1997, J INSECT BEHAV, V10, P619 BOSQUEPEREZ NA, 1990, B ENTOMOL RES, V80, P363 BOUYCKX EJE, 1962, PRECIS MALADIES INSE CONLONG DE, 1997, INSECT SCI APPL, V17, P69 CONLONG DE, 1990, P S AFR SUG TECHN AS, V64, P111 CONLONG DE, 1994, THESIS U NATAL REPUB EHLER LE, 1979, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V8, P829 ENTWISTLE PF, 1972, PESTS COCOA GOUNOU S, 1994, PLANT HLTH MANAGEMEN, V4 HARE JD, 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P1576 HOKKANEN HMT, 1989, CAN ENTOMOL, V121, P829 HOSMER DW, 1989, APPL LOGISTIC REGRES JANSE AJT, 1941, J ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC, V4, P134 JANZ N, 1997, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V264, P701 KAROWE DN, 1992, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V62, P241 LEPELLEY RH, 1959, AGR INSECTS E AFRICA MOHYUDDIN AI, 1970, ENTOMOPHAGA, V15, P241 MOYAL P, 1988, COLLECTION ETUDES TH MOYAL P, 1991, INSECT SCI APPL, V12, P215 NDEMAH R, 2001, B ENTOMOL RES, V91, P205 NONVEILLER G, 1984, I PROTECTION PLANTES, V15 POLASZEK A, 1998, AFRICAN CEREAL STEMB RAO VP, 1965, COMMONWEALTH I BIOL, V6, P1 SCHULTHESS F, 1997, INSECT SCI APPL, V17, P97 SETAMOU M, 1999, B ENTOMOL RES, V89, P465 SETAMOU M, 1995, BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN, V5, P69 SETAMOU M, 1995, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V77, P205 SETAMOU M, 2000, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V29, P516 SETAMOU M, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P650 SETAMOU M, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P433 SETAMOU M, 1996, THESIS U CAPE COAST SHANOWER T, 1991, PLANT HLTH MANAGEMEN, V1 SILVIE P, 1990, COT FIB TROP, V45, P323 SMITH JW, 1993, PARASITES LEPIDOPTER SORAUER P, 1925, HDB PFLANZENKRANKHEI STAEUBLI A, 1977, COTON FIBRES TROP, V32, P325 SUBBIAH K, 1987, CURRENT SCI, V56, P794 TAYLOR JS, 1932, SCI B DEP AGR S AFRI, V113 VINSON SB, 1981, SEMIOCHEMICALS THEIR, P51 WAIYAKI JN, 1973, FAO PLANT PROTECTION, V21, P117 WESELOH RM, 1979, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V8, P174 WHITNEY WK, 1970, B ENTOMOL SOC, V2, P101 English Article 578LY BULL ENTOMOL RESISI:000177120100010 NIRENBERG HI, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P179 PLATTNER RD, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V3, P357 SYDENHAM EW, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P891 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2014 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 THIEL PG, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P1089 UENO Y, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P27 WICKLOW DT, 1994, MYCOLOGY STORED GRAI English Article 508CG INT J FOOD MICROBIOLISI:000173069200005:  45-50$://000080212200007nPJMonti, S. M. Fogliano, V. Randazzo, G. Peluso, G. Logrieco, A. Ritieni, A.2,Polyclonal antibodies against fusaproliferin& Canadian Journal of Microbiologyfusaproliferin; ELISA; mycotoxin; immunoassay; corn; Fusarium monoclonal-antibody; fusarium-proliferatum; mycotoxins; antiidiotype; beauvericin; corn; aflatoxin-b1; subglutinans; carrier; maizetFusaproliferin (FP), a toxic metabolite of the world-wide maize pathogens Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium subglutinans, was recently found to be a natural contaminant of maize. Its toxic activity on haematopoietic human cell lines and its teratogenic effects on chicken embryos has been recently proved. Therefore a sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive screening test to detect FP in agricultural commodities is necessary to protect human health. FP-hemiglutarate conjugated to modified bovine serum albumin was synthesized, characterized, and used as an antigen for raising polyclonal antibodies by immunizing rabbits. Indirect and competitive ELISA and immunoblotting analyses were performed to determine antibody specificity towards the mycotoxin. The determination of 10 mu g of free FP/mL was achieved using antibodies purified by means of affinity chromatography on a FP-lysine-Sepharose column. This unsatisfactory detection limit is due to high background values; thus, this method is not competitive with traditional UV-HPLC methods.Can. J. Microbiol. 1999 Jan451'`YUniv Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, Via Univ 100, I-80055 Portici, NA, Italy Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, I-80055 Portici, NA, Italy CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, I-70125 Bari, Italy Ritieni A Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, Via Univ 100, I-80055 Portici, NA, Italy Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: AZCONAOLIVERA JI, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P531 CHANH TC, 1992, INT J CLIN LAB RES, V22, P28 CHANH TC, 1990, J IMMUNOL, V144, P4721 CHANH TC, 1989, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V100, P201 CHU FS, 1977, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V33, P1125 CHU FS, 1976, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V31, P831 CHU FS, 1982, J IMMUNOL METHODS, V55, P73 DELSORBO G, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P136 DIXON DE, 1987, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V35, P122 FASCIGLIONE GF, 1996, HYBRIDOMA, V15, P1 HARLOW E, 1988, ANTIBODIES LAB MANUA HSU KH, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P2353 LAEMLLI VK, 1970, NATURE, V227, P68 LAU HP, 1981, J FOOD SAFETY, V3, P1 LESLIE JF, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P343 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MCELROY LJ, 1993, CAN J MICROBIOL, V39, P861 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P44 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 PESTKA JJ, 1988, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V71, P1075 RAM BP, 1986, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V69, P904 RANDAZZO G, 1993, TETRAHEDRON, V49, P10883 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 RITIENI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P17 SROBAROVA A, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN, P617 TOWBIN H, 1979, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V76, P4340 VETRO IB, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P729 English Article 194UM CAN J MICROBIOLISI:000080212200007 82-87$://000220532100008LFMoore, K. G. Price, M. S. Boston, R. S. Weissinger, A. K. Payne, G. A.PIA chitinase from Tex6 maize kernels inhibits growth of Aspergillus flavusPhytopathologyaflatoxin production; antifungal proteins; corn genotypes; ear rot; resistance; infection; beta-1;3-glucanase; seed; contamination; purificationZSThe maize inbred Tex6 has resistance to colonization and aflatoxin accumulation by Aspergillus flavus. A protein inhibitory to growth of A. flavus has been identified from aqueous extracts of mature Tex6 seeds. This study reports the purification of a chitinase associated with this inhibitory activity to electrophoretic homogeneity and the further characterization of its properties. The inhibitory protein, which has an M-r of 29,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is an endochitinase that is also capable of exochitinase activity. The enzyme has an optimal pH of 5.5 and a temperature optimum of 45degreesC. Chitinase activity in maize kernels peaked approximately 36 days after pollination. The Tex6 chitinase purified in this study is capable of inhibiting the growth of A. flavus by 50% at a concentration of 20 mug/ml. Our data indicate that chitinase activity in Tex6 kernels makes a major contribution to the antifungal activity in this maize genotype. Partial peptide sequence of the chitinase showed it to differ from previously reported chitinases.Phytopathology 2004 Jan941'd^N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Waters Corp, Beverly, MA 01915 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Payne GA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA|uTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 38 Cited References: AZARKAN M, 1997, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V46, P1319 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CHEN ZY, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P902 DEANE EE, 1998, BBA-PROTEIN STRUCT M, V1383, P101 EDDS GT, 1973, J AM VET MED ASSOC, V162, P304 FAKHOURY AM, 2001, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V14, P955 GRAHAM LS, 1994, CAN J BOT, V72, P1057 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 GUO BZ, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1174 HAMBLIN AM, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P292 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 HUYNH QK, 1992, J BIOL CHEM, V267, P6635 JACH G, 1995, PLANT J, V8, P97 JI C, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P507 JI C, 1996, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V49, P257 LAEMMLI UK, 1970, NATURE, V227, P680 LEVORSON J, 1997, PLANT MOL BIOL REP, V15, P122 LOZOVAYA VV, 1998, CROP SCI, V38, P1255 MAUCH F, 1988, PLANT PHYSIOL, V88, P936 METZGER GL, 1995, PLANT PHYSIOL, V109, P751 NICHOLS TE, 1983, SO COOPERATIVE SERIE, V279, P67 NIELSEN K, 2001, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V14, P164 NIELSEN KK, 1994, PLANT MOL BIOL, V25, P241 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCHICKLER H, 1997, J IND MICROBIOL BIOT, V19, P196 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 SEETHARAMAN K, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3666 SQUIRE RA, 1989, SCIENCE, V214, P887 WIDSTROM NW, 1996, ADV AGRON, V56, P219 WINDHAM GL, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P232 WINDHAM GL, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P281 WOGAN GN, 1974, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V12, P681 WU SC, 1994, PLANT PHYSIOL, V105, P1097 ZHANG Y, 1997, PLANT BREEDING, V116, P146 English Article 807WR PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:00022053210000817-22$://000166958800003e Pitt, J. I.,%Toxigenic fungi: which are importa647-656$://000221440100006 BPurdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Woloshuk CP Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USAb\Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 43 Cited References: CHI Y, 2001, GENE DEV, V15, P1078 COOPER KF, 2002, EUKARYOT CELL, V1, P66 DESAUTELS M, 2001, J BIOL CHEM, V276, P5932 DEVRIES SC, 1982, PLANTA, V156, P129 FLAHERTY JE, 2003, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V69, P5222 GARIEPY J, 1983, FEBS LETT, V160, P1 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HENDRICKS K, 1999, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V10, P198 HOLSTEGE FCP, 1998, CELL, V95, P717 JAAKOLA L, 2001, MOL BIOTECHNOL, V19, P201 JAYASHREE T, 2000, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V183, P215 KELLER SE, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P205 KELLER SE, 1997, J IND MICROBIOL BIOT, V19, P305 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KERR MK, 2001, BIOSTATISTICS, V2, P183 KERR MK, 2001, GENET RES, V77, P123 LI LT, 2001, J BIOL CHEM, V276, P5036 LIAO SM, 1995, NATURE, V374, P193 MELIN P, 2002, MOL GENET GENOMICS, V267, P695 MOODY D, 2002, MICROARRAY IMAGE ANA, P155 NELSON C, 2003, NATURE, V421, P187 NIKA J, 1997, YEAST, V13, P1155 NOWROUSIAN M, 1999, MOL CELL BIOL, V19, P450 OBRIAN GR, 2003, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V39, P118 OKAZAKI K, 2000, DNA RES, V7, P27 PROCTOR RH, 2003, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V38, P237 RHEEDER JP, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P2101 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 ROHDE JR, 2000, MOL CELL BIOL, V20, P3880 SADLER TW, 2002, TERATOLOGY, V66, P169 SAMBROOK J, 1989, MOL CLONING LAB MANU SCHLOSSER T, 2001, MICROBIOL-SGM 12, V147, P3377 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 SHIM WB, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P1607 SHIM WB, 1999, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V177, P109 SINGH AK, 2003, PLANT PHYSIOL, V132, P1825 VINCENT O, 2001, MOL CELL BIOL, V21, P5790 WAYNE ML, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P14903 WOLFINGER RD, 2001, J COMPUT BIOL, V8, P625 YUAN DS, 2000, GENETICS, V156, P45 ZHAO H, 1997, MOL CELL BIOL, V17, P5044 ZHAO H, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P2454 English Article 821DL FUNGAL GENET BIOLISI:000221440100006 a  =6257-264$://000220098400002,%La Penna, M. Nesci, A. Etcheverry, M.pjIn vitro studies on the potential for biological control on Aspergillus section Flavi by Kluyveromyces spp&Letters in Applied MicrobiologyAspergillus section Flavi; biocontrol; Kluyveromyces spp yeast candida-sake; fusarium-moniliforme; water activity; maize grain; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; environmental-factors; irradiated maize; stress tolerance; pichia-anomala; spoilage fungiAims: Antagonist activity of Kluyveromyces spp. isolates on Aspergillus section Flavi was studied. Methods and Results: The screening of isolates were made through studies of growth at different water activities and temperatures, index of dominance (I-D), ecological similarity, antifungal activity and impact on aflatoxin B-1 accumulation. High optical density was obtained at 25 and 30degreesC and 48 h of incubation. Cell growth decreases with decrease in water activity. The predominant interaction was mutual intermingling at a(w) = 0.982 and 0.955, while at a(w) = 0.999 and 0.937 mutual inhibition for contact was exhibited. All isolates were catabolically identical to Aspergillus section Flavi and compete by nutritional source. At high water activities yeasts showed inhibitory activity on Aspergillus strains, inhibition percentages varied between 75 and 100%. The isolates Y-9, Y-14, Y-16, Y-22, Y-25 and Y-33 showed antifungal activity and inhibitory activity on aflatoxin B-1 accumulation at all water activities assayed from all Aspergillus section Flavi strains. Conclusions: The data show that the isolates selected in a wide range of environmental conditions could exert their roll like biological control agents for Aspergillus section Flavi in storage maize ecosystem. Significance Impact of the Study: Isolates of Kluyveromyces spp. may have practical value in the postharvest control of storage maize.Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2004384'Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Ruta Nacl 36 Km,601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina Etcheverry M Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Ruta Nacl 36 Km,601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, ArgentinaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56, P257 ABADIAS M, 2001, CAN J MICROBIOL, V47, P123 CUERO RG, 1987, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V53, P1142 CUERO RG, 1988, J FOOD PROTECT, V51, P452 DALCERO A, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V141, P37 DALLYL H, 1980, SOC APPL BACTERIOLOG, P129 ETCHEVERRY M, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V147, P37 GOURAMA H, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V51, P263 GQALENI N, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V136, P103 LACEY J, 1991, CEREAL GRAIN MYCOTOX, P7 LEE HB, 1999, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V28, P300 LEE HB, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V146, P43 MAGAN N, 1985, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V85, P29 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P71 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 MARIN S, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P298 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOL RES 7, V102, P831 NESCI A, 2002, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V34, P343 PETERSSON S, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P1027 PETERSSON S, 1998, MYCOL RES 8, V102, P1003 TEIXIDO N, 1998, MYCOL RES 11, V102, P1409 TRUCKSESS MW, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P1512 TRUDGILL DL, 1995, FUND APPL NEMATOL, V18, P407 WICKLOW DT, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P68 WICKLOW DT, 1980, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V70, P761 WILSON M, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P3128 WILSON M, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P4468 English Article 801LW LETT APPL MICROBIOLISI:000220098400002 1040-1042O$://A1986F034600017GXRLamprecht, S. C. Marasas, W. F. O. Thiel, P. G. Schneider, D. J. Knoxdavies, P. S.lfIncidence and Toxigenicity of Seed-Borne Fusarium Species from Annual Medicago Species in South-AfricaPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1986 Oct7610'D=PLANT PROTECT RES INST,PRIVATE BAG X5017,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA REG VET LAB,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA LAMPRECHT SC PLANT PROTECT RES INST,PRIVATE BAG X5017,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA:3Times Cited: 9 English Article F0346 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1986F034600017189-194$://A1988R050100009HBLamprecht, S. C. Marasas, W. F. O. Vanwyk, P. S. Knoxdavies, P. S.^XFusarium-Tricinctum (Fungi, Hyphomycetes) in South-Africa - Morphology and PathogenicityBothaliaBothalia 1988 Octo182B'PLANT PROTECT RES INST,PRIVATE BAG X5017,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA LAMPRECHT SC PLANT PROTECT RES INST,PRIVATE BAG X5017,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA4-Times Cited: 0 English Article R0501 BOTHALIA0ISI:A1988R050100009 75-83$://A1989U117000010f_Lamprecht, S. C. Marasas, W. F. O. Sydenham, E. W. Thiel, P. G. Knoxdavies, P. S. Vanwyk, P. S..tnToxicity to Plants and Animals of an Undescribed, Neosolaniol Monoacetate-Producing Fusarium Species from SoilPlant and Soil Plant Soil 1989 Feb 114810'ZSPLANT PROTECT RES INST,PRIVATE BAG X 5017,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA LAMPRECHT SC PLANT PROTECT RES INST,PRIVATE BAG X 5017,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA6/Times Cited: 5 English Article U1170 PLANT SOILISI:A1989U117000010e 173-178$://A1994NT10600007<6Barnes, S. E. Dola, T. P. Bennett, J. W. Bhatnagar, D.leSynthesis of Sterigmatocystin on a Chemically-Defined Medium by Species of Aspergillus and ChaetomiumtMycopathologiaaflatoxin biosynthesis; aspergillus; chaetomium; defined medium; sterigmatocystins o-methylsterigmatocystin; aflatoxin biosynthesis; confirmation; precursor; fungiSterigmatocystin (ST) is a secondary metabolite and a principal mycotoxin known to be produced by over 30 species of filamentous fungi. It is also one of the late intermediates in aflatoxin biosynthesis. We have tested the ability of 7 species of Aspergillus, including 4 strains of A. versicolor, one species of Bipolaris, and two species of Chaetomium, to produce ST on a sucrose-salts-phenylalanine defined medium as well as on three complex substrates. Highest ST production in our survey was by a strain of A. versicolor grown on wheat, whereas, the highest ST production on defined medium was by C. cellulolyticum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ST production by C. cellulolyticum on any substrate. In precursor feeding studies, resting cultures of wild type A. nidulans and A. versicolor were unable to biotransform O- methylsterigmatocystin (OMST), the last known intermediate in aflatoxin biosynthesis. These results suggest that ST is the end product of polyketide metabolism in the strains tested.RMycopathologia 1994 Mar 125i3 'zsSO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA TULANE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118 SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LAi:4Times Cited: 12 English Article NT106 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1994NT106000072107-111$://000167375100008$Bata, A. Rafai, P. Kovacs, G.vpInvestigation and a new evaluation method of the resistance of maize hybrids grown in hungary to Fusarium moulds>8Journal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschriftngmaize; Fusarium; resistance; zearalenone; T2 toxin gibberella ear rot; graminearum; zearalenone; strainThirty maize hybrids grown in Hungary representing groups FAO 200-299, FAO 400-499 and FAO 500-were studied in order to obtain information about genotypic resistance to Fusarium moulds. The plants were grown on an experimental farm and were inoculated using the toothpick method with Fusarium graminearum urn and Fusarium culmorum. In addition maize grain meals were also inoculated with isolates of moulds. Measurements were made of the mould-covered surface area of the ears 9 weeks after inoculation and of the zearalenone and T2-toxin content of the inoculated maize meals. Large differences among hybrids were observed for the mould-covered area of the ear surface (2.00- 38.88%), the zearalenone content (4.20-71.20 mg/kg) and the T2- toxin content (1.60-122.50 mg/kg). Relatively poor correlation (r = 0.489) was found between the area of mould covering the ear surface and mycotoxin content of maize. Bearing in mind that the user of feed grain is interested in obtaining a feed with the lowest mycotoxin content, a new method of evaluation of hybrids which uses a toxin-mould index (TMI) was introduced. This index is calculated on the basis of both growth rate of moulds and their toxin-producing activity. Although a decreasing tendency in resistance of hybrids with a longer growing vegetation period could be observed, resistant genotypes were found in every FAO group, confirming the views that in addition to the influence of duration of the vegetation period on the resistance, genetic factors may also play a significant role.&J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. 2001 Feb 1492'TNTech Univ Budapest, Dept Biochem & Food Technol, Pf 91, H-1502 Budapest, Hungary Tech Univ Budapest, Dept Biochem & Food Technol, H-1502 Budapest, Hungary Univ Vet Sci Budapest, Dept Anim Hyg, Budapest, Hungary Plant Select Inst, Szentes, Hungary Bata A Tech Univ Budapest, Dept Biochem & Food Technol, Pf 91, H-1502 Budapest, HungaryTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 23 Cited References: ASSABGUI RA, 1993, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V83, P949 ATLIN GN, 1983, CAN J PLANT SCI, V63, P847 BATA A, 1983, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V66, P577 CHIANG MS, 1987, PHYTOPROTECTION, V68, P29 CULLEN D, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P89 DELANEY TP, 1997, PLANT PHYSIOL, V113, P5 EPPLE P, 1997, PLANT CELL, V9, P509 KOVACS K, 1994, MAYDICA, V39, P187 LEW H, 1994, GENET POL B, V35, P203 MESTERHAZY A, 1986, ACTA PHYTOPATHOL ENT, V21, P231 MESTERHAZY A, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P357 MESTERHAZY A, 1982, PHYTOPATHOL Z, V103, P1 MESTERHAZY A, 1983, Z PFLANZENZUCHT, V91, P295 NAGY E, 1988, ANN I CERC P CER PL, V56, P366 NAIK DM, 1978, CAN J PLANT SCI, V58, P1095 ODIEMAH M, 1994, ACTA PHYTOPATHOLOGIC, V17, P91 PERKOWSKI J, 1997, J PHYTOPATHOL, V145, P116 POMERANZ Y, 1990, ADV CEREAL SCI TECHN, V10, P373 RAFAI P, 1995, MYCOTOXIN PROBLEM HU SCOTT GE, 1984, MAYDICA, V29, P151 TANAKA T, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V12, P118 TEREN J, 1990, MYCOTOXINS MYCOTOXIC YOUNG HC, 1943, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V33, P13 English Article 409GA J PHYTOPATHOLISI:000167375100008p 984-989$://A1992HH28400033hHBNelson, P. E. Plattner, R. D. Shackelford, D. D. Desjardins, A. E.ztFumonisin-B1 Production by Fusarium Species Other Than F- Moniliforme in Section Liseola and by Some Related Species,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologylesandhill crane mortality; southern-africa; sp-nov; mycotoxins; leukoencephalomalacia; nygamai; milletrStrains of Fusarium proliferatum, F. subglutinans, F. anthophilum, F. annulatum, F. succisae, F. beomiforme, F. dlamini, F. napiforme, and F. nygamai from a variety of substrates and geographic areas were tested for the production of fumonisin B1 in culture. None of the cultures of F. subglutinans (0 of 23), F. annulatum (0 of 1), F. succisae (0 of 2), or F. beomiforme (0 of 15) produced fumonisin B1 in culture. Strains of F. proliferatum (19 of 31; 61%) produced fumonisin B1 in amounts ranging from 155 to 2,936 ppm, strains of F. anthophilum (3 of 17; 18%) produced fumonisin B1 in amounts ranging from 58 to 613 ppm, strains of F. dlamini (5 of 9; 56%) produced fumonisin B1 in amounts ranging from 42 to 82 ppm, strains of F. napiforme (5 of 33; 15%) produced fumonisin B1 in amounts ranging from 16 to 479 ppm, and strains of F. nygamai (10 of 27; 37%) produced fumonisin B1 in amounts ranging from 17 to 7,162 ppm. Of the species tested, F. proliferatum is the most important producer of fumonisin B1 because of its association with corn and animal mycotoxicoses such as porcine pulmonary edema. F. napiforme and F. nygamai also may be important because of their association with the food grains millet and sorghum. At present, F. anthophilum and F. dlamini are of minor importance because they are not associated with corn or other major food grains and have only a limited geographic range. This is the first report of the production of fumonisins by F. anthophilum, F. dlamini, and F. napiforme.E Appl. Environ. Microbiol.S 1992 MarT583I'PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIV PK,PA 16802 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604 NELSON PE PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIV PK,PA 16802D=Times Cited: 116 English Article HH284 APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOL0ISI:A1992HH28400033,543-546$://A1995RQ122000166/Nelson, P. E. Toussoun, T. A. Marasas, W. F. O.D>Neotypification and Emended Description of Fusarium Anguioides Mycologia60deuteromycetes; fusarium anguioides; systematicsThe species Fusarium anguioides is discussed and the problems resulting from the lack of type or culture material are described. The reasons for neotypification and emending the species description are the absence of type or culture material and the illustrations of polyphialides in the original description. The neotype chosen for F. anguioides is a culture from soil from a bamboo grove from China and the neotype and isoneotype have been deposited. Lyophilized cultures have been deposited in appropriate culture collections. Mycologia 1995Jul-Aug874'PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802 S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAM MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA NELSON PE PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 168024.Times Cited: 1 English Article RQ122 MYCOLOGIAISI:A1995RQ12200016343-348$://000175732300006Nesci, A. Etcheverry, M.JCAspergillus section Flavi populations from field maize in Argentina&Letters in Applied Microbiology:3united-states; aflatoxin; corn; parasiticus; cottonlfAims: Populations of Aspergillus section Flavi were studied from a commercial field of maize in Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina. Methods and Results: The Aspergillus species were isolated from soil, debris and insects during three periods: pre-planting, growing maize and post-harvest. The colony count from non-rhizospheric soil in the pre-planting period was higher than in growing maize and the post-harvest period. Debris samples analysed during all periods showed similar infection percentages for Aspergillus section Flavi. The samples of insects collected during the maize-growing period showed a lower percentage of Aspergillus isolates than the samples from soil and debris. Aflatoxigenic strains were present in lower levels in each component of the agroecosystem studied. All the strains that produced sclerotia were L strains. Conclusions: In this field agroecosystem, the only strains with a high probability for transfer to the storage agroecosystem were L strains with low toxigenic potential. Significance and Impact of the Study: Maize pre-harvest contamination with aflatoxigenic inoculum was not significant.Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2002345'Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ruta Nacl 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina Etcheverry M Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ruta Nacl 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, ArgentinaRKTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, MON EV CARC RISK HUM, V56, P257 ANGLE JS, 1982, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V46, P301 BENNETT JW, 1979, MYCOLOGIA, V71, P415 CHULZE S, 1989, MYCOTOXIN RES, V5, P9 COTTY PJ, 1997, MYCOL RES 6, V101, P698 COTTY PJ, 1989, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V79, P808 DECEREALES B, 1999, NUMERO ESTADISTICO 1 DIENER UL, 1987, AFLATOXIN MAIZE, P33 DOSTER MA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P393 EGEL DS, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P906 ETCHEVERRY M, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V147, P37 GEISEN R, 1996, SYST APPL MICROBIOL, V19, P388 HESSELTINE CW, 1970, P 1 US JAP C TOX MIC, P202 HORN BW, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P2472 HORN BW, 1998, MYCOLOGIA, V90, P767 KLICH MA, 1994, LAB GUIDE COMMON ASP KLICH MA, 1988, T BR MYCOL SOC, V91, P99 KURTZMAN CP, 1987, A VAN LEEUW J MICROB, V53, P147 LUSSENHOP J, 1990, T MYCOL SOC JPN, V31, P63 MCGEE DC, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P742 MCMILLIAN WW, 1987, AFLATOXIN MAIZE, P194 OLANYA OM, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P576 PITT JI, 1997, FUNGI FOOD SPOILAGE, V2 RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 SAITO M, 1986, P JPN ASS MYCOTOXICO, V24, P41 SHEARER JF, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P19 TRUCKSESS MW, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P1512 VANEGMOND HP, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P321 WICKLOW DT, 1991, AFLATOXIN CORN NEW P, V599, P315 WICKLOW DT, 1998, MYCOL RES 3, V102, P263 WICKLOW DT, 1988, PLANT DIS, V72, P113 ZUMMO N, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P978 English Article 554JP LETT APPL MICROBIOLISI:000175732300006"1001-1007$://000170055000004u\VMachinski, M. Soares, L. M. V. Sawazaki, E. Bolonhezi, D. Castro, J. L. Bortolleto, N.JDAflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in Brazilian corn cultivars 1001-1007$://000170055000004u\VMachinski, M. Soares, L. M. V. Sawazaki, E. Bolonhezi, D. Castro, J. L. Bortolleto, N.JDAflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in Brazilian corn cultivars4.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculturemycotoxins; Brazilian corn; aflatoxins; zearalenone; ochratoxin A layer chromatographic plates; aspergillus-flavus; maize kernels; environmental-conditions; preharvest infection; contamination; inoculation; mycotoxins; sterigmatocystin; resistanceTPast surveys indicated that the occurrence of aflatoxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A was not a problem in corn and corn products in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. However, according to recent studies, a change in pattern has been detected. To obtain a better overview, these toxins were searched for in 110 samples of freshly harvested corn, corresponding to 48 commercial cultivars planted at three different locations in the state. Aflatoxin contamination was found in 60 (54.5%) of the samples, in levels ranging from 6 to 1600 mu gkg(-1) aflatoxin B-1;. Insect control was exercised, so this was not the main route of corn infection. Endosperm type, germplasm type, number of days to flowering, and length of time the mature corn remained in the field had no effect on aflatoxin contamination. Ochratoxin A was found in two samples (206 and 128 mu gkg(-1)) and zearalenone in one sample (4640 mu gkg(- 1)). Possible causes of the increase in aflatoxin levels may lie in the changing nature of the commercial cultivars employed, associated with the forsaking of the original landraces, and in a change in the toxigenicity pattern of the corn mycoflora Aspergillus flavus/Aspergillus parasiticus prevailing strains. (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry.J. Sci. Food Agric. 2001 Aug8110'(!State Univ Campinas, Dept Food Sci, CP 6121, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil State Univ Campinas, Dept Food Sci, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Agron Inst Campinas, BR-13001970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Soares LMV State Univ Campinas, Dept Food Sci, CP 6121, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, BrazilTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 44 Cited References: BENNET GA, 1978, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V26, P1055 BORGEMEISTER C, 1998, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V69, P233 BROWN RL, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P967 CASTEGNARO M, 1987, CANCER RES, V47, P3608 CASTRO MFPM, 1995, REV MICROBIOL, V26, P289 CHOUDHARY AK, 1992, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V14, P143 CREPPY E, 1993, HUMAN OCHRATOXICOSIS DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DUARTE AP, 1998, I AGRONOMICO CAMPINA, P62 EATON DL, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN ELLIS WO, 1991, CRIT REV FOOD SCI, V30, P403 GOLINSKI P, 1984, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V67, P1108 GORMAN DP, 1991, PLANT BREEDING, V107, P1 HENNIGEN MR, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P677 HUNT DC, 1980, ANALYST, V105, P89 JONES RK, 1980, PLANT DIS, V64, P859 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1989, BIOMED ENVIRON SCI, V2, P179 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LILLEHOJ EB, 1983, ACTA AGR SCAND, V33, P113 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P255 LOZOVAYA VV, 1998, CROP SCI, V38, P1255 MARSH SF, 1984, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V74, P1284 MILLER JD, 1995, J STORED PROD RES, V31, P1 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 MIROCHA CJ, 1974, MYCOTOXINS, P129 PAYNE GA, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P1376 PAYNE GA, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P679 POZZI CR, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P313 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN, P329 PRZYBYLSKI W, 1975, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V58, P163 RAMBO GW, 1974, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V64, P797 SABINO M, 1989, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V6, P327 SCHMITT SG, 1989, CEREAL CHEM, V66, P165 SCOTT GE, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P381 SCUSSEL VM, 1989, CIENC TECHNOL ALIM, V6, P75 SOARES LMV, 1992, B SBCTA, V26, P33 SOARES LMV, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P22 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 SUTTON JC, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P149 THOMPSON DL, 1980, CROP SCI, V20, P609 VIQUEZ OM, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P2551 ZONTA EP, 1987, SISTEMA ANAL ESTATIS ZUMMO N, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P771 ZUMMO N, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P313 English Article 455YH J SCI FOOD AGRISI:000170055000004E1317-1326$://000179858800004"Blaney, B. J. Dodman, R. L.Production of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and acetylated derivatives by Australian isolates of Fusarium graminearum and F-pseudograminearum in relation to source and culturing 113-124$://000185935000004T0*Bhatnagar, S. Betran, F. J. Transue, D. K.~xAgronomic performance, aflatoxin accumulation and protein quality of subtropical and tropical QPM hybrids in southern USMaydicaO`Zmaize; adaptation; aflatoxin; quality; lysine nutritional-value; maize; swine; yield; feedDevelopment and adoption of Quality Protein Maize (QPM), at homozygous (o(2)o(2)) hard endosperm high lysine corn, would increase the nutritional value of food and feed maize products. Elite white and yellow QPM hybrids with subtropical and tropical adaptation that are competitive ill yield with commercial checks have been developed. The objectives of this study were: i. to evaluate the adaptation and agronomic performance of tropical and subtropical white and yellow QPM hybrids in southern U.S. environments; ii. to assess their response to aflatoxin accumulation; and iii. to estimate their protein and lysine content. QPM hybrids and non-QPM commercial hybrids adapted to southern USA were evaluated in replicated trials at 6 (white) and 8 (yellow) environments, and in 2 inoculated trials with Aspergillus flavus. QPM hybrids had bigger tassels, higher ear placements and longer flowering dates than non-QPM checks. QPM hybrids yielded less than non- QPM checks across locations. Avenge yield across locations for white QPM hybrids was 5.54 t ha(-1) vs. 6.44 t ha(-1) for white non-QPM checks. Sonic white QPM hybrids had similar grain yields to commercial hybrids. For yellow QPM hybrids, the average yield was 5.55 t ha(-1) as compared to 7.44 t ha(-1) For non-QPM checks. Both white and yellow QPM hybrids were significantly less susceptible to aflatoxin than non-QPM checks. All QPM hybrids had superior nutritional quality. White QPM hybrids had average lysine per protein content of 41.73 g kg(-1) vs. 34.13 g kg(-1) for commercial checks, and yellow QPM hybrids 41.91 g kg(-1) vs. 29.71 g k(-1) for non-QPM hybrids. Some QPM hybrids combined protein content similar to normal maize and high protein quality. QPM germplasm appears to be a source of aflatoxin resistance and nutritional quality. Although the agronomic performance of tropical and subtropical QPM hybrids was inferior to current commercial hybrids adapted to the area, it seems feasible to develop competitive QPM temperate hybrids with enhanced quality and nutritional value.Maydica  2003482S'Texas A&M Univ, Maize Breeding & Genet Program, College Stn, TX 77843 USA Texas A&M Univ, Maize Breeding & Genet Program, College Stn, TX 77843 USA Betran FJ Texas A&M Univ, Maize Breeding & Genet Program, College Stn, TX 77843 USA XRTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 34 Cited References: *AACC, 1983, 4613 AACC *AOAC, 1990, 1598230 E AOAC *CIMMYT, 1999, IMPR PROM QUAL PROT *SAS I INC, 1997, SAS PROPR SOFTW REL *US GRAINS COUNC, 2001, VAL ENH GRAINS QUAL *USDA FOR AGR SERV, 2001, GRAIN WORLD MARK TRA ASCHE GL, 1985, J ANIM SCI, V60, P1412 BETRAN FJ, 2002, CROP SCI, V12, P1894 BETRAN FJ, 2002, IN PRESS CROP SCI BOCKHOLT AJ, 1992, QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZ, P111 BRESSANI R, 1992, QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZ, P205 BURGOON KG, 1992, J ANIM SCI, V70, P811 CASTEGNARO M, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P671 ECHANDI CR, 1996, MAYDICA, V41, P317 GOLLOB HF, 1968, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V33, P73 GOODMAN MM, 1999, GENETICS EXPLOITATIO JOHNSON LA, 2001, CEREAL FOOD WORLD, V46, P472 KIM HC, 1996, P ICIP, V2, P41 KNABE DA, 1992, QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZ, P225 MCLAREN CG, 1996, PLANT ADAPTATION CRO, P225 MERTZ ET, 1964, SCIENCE, V145, P279 PARK DL, 1993, TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH, V4, P334 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 PIXLEY KV, 1993, CROP SCI, V33, P1229 QUINN P, 2000, J ANIM SCI, V78, P2144 SCHUETZ SH, 1978, THEOR APPL GENET, V53, P265 SHUKLA TP, 1997, CORN NUTRACEUTICALS SPROULE AM, 1988, CEREAL FOODS WORLD, V33, P233 TALLURY SP, 1999, THEOR APPL GENET, V98, P54 TOLER JE, 1999, J PROD AGRIC, V12, P396 VASAL SK, 2001, SPECIALITY CORNS, P85 WILSON DM, 1989, P 44 ANN MAIZ SORGH ZOBEL RW, 1988, AGRON J, V80, P388 ZUMMO N, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P313 English Article 732HP MAYDICAISI:000185935000004 153-173$://000185165300003 Bruns, H. A.F?Controlling aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize by crop management*#Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviewshaaflatoxin; fumonisin; Bacillus thuringiensis beliner; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus parasiticus speare; Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld; irrigation; N-fertility; plant stress aspergillus-flavus infection; corn-earworm lepidoptera; high- moisture corn; preharvest maize; united-states; insect damage; fungal growth; stored corn; contamination; resistanceNHMaize is a vital food and feed grain worldwide. Aflatoxin and fumonisin, mycotoxins produced primarily by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus Speare, and Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld, respectively, are very potent carcinogens in both humans and livestock and can readily contaminate maize grain in the field and in storage. Stress on developing maize, particularly during reproductive growth, facilitates infection by the fungi, production of mycotoxins and contamination of the grain. Drought, excessive heat, inadequate plant nutrition, insect feeding on developing kernels, weeds, excessive plant populations, and other plant diseases can produce plant stress and facilitate the infection of maize grain by mycotoxin producing fungi. Timely planting of adapted hybrids, proper plant nutrition, irrigation, and insect control either by insecticides or the use of transgenic hybrids all assist in curbing mycotoxin contamination. Production practices that produce high yields are basically the same ones that help control mycotoxins. Care must also be exercised in harvesting and handling grain in transport and storage to reduce kernel breakage and prevent contamination. Harvesting early and artificial drying helps reduce the incidence of mycotoxins as well as preventing kernel breakage and stored- grain insect infestations.J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 200322 2-3'USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Box 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA Bruns HA USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Box 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 69 Cited References: *IARC, 1987, MON EV CARC RISK S1, V1, P82 *US FDA, 2000, ACT LEV POIS DEL SUB *US FDA, 2002, BACKGR PAP SUPP FUM ADAMS WE, 1970, AGRON J, V62, P655 ANDERSON HW, 1975, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V23, P775 BETI JA, 1995, J ECON ENTOMOL, V88, P1776 BRUNS HA, 2001, ASA CSSA SSSA ANN M BRUNS HA, 1991, RES TRENDS ADV AGRON, V1, P81 CHEEKE PR, 1985, NATURAL TOXICANTS FE CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P276 COBB WY, 1979, Q B ASS FOOD DRUG OF, V43, P99 COTTY PJ, P BELTW COTT PROD RE, P108 DREPPER WJ, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P952 DUNCAN HE, 1979, NC AGR EXT SERV B DUVICK DN, 1999, CROP SCI, V39, P1622 EPSTEIN E, 1972, MINERAL NUTR PLANTS FORTNUM BA, 1986, AFL MAIZ P WORKSH, P145 GARMAN H, 1914, KY AGR EXP STN B, V187, P513 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 HALLAUER AR, 1988, AGRONOMY SERIES MONO, P463 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HODGES L, 1991, NEBFACTS HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 JONES RK, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P675 JONES RK, 1981, PLANT DIS, V65, P741 JONES RK, 1980, PLANT DIS, V64, P859 JONES RK, 1979, PLANT DIS ADV TREATI, V4, P466 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 LILLEHOJ EB, 1983, AFLATOXIN ASPERGILLU, P27 LILLEHOJ EB, 1975, CEREAL CHEM, V52, P403 LILLEHOJ EB, 1978, CROP SCI, V18, P921 LILLEHOJ EB, 1974, P ANN CORN SORGH RES, P230 LISKER N, 1991, MYCOTOXINS ANIMAL FO, P689 LOZOVAYA VV, 1998, CROP SCI, V38, P1255 MANWILLER A, 1979, AGRONOMY SOILS RES S MCMILLIAN WW, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P83 MCMILLIAN WW, 1985, J ENTOMOL SCI, V20, P66 MILLER JD, 2001, ENV HLTH PERSPECT, V102, P321 MILLS JT, 1983, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V73, P330 MITCHELL RL, 1970, CROP GROWTH CULTURE, P105 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 OLSON RA, 1988, AGRONOMY, P639 PARK DL, 1993, TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH, V4, P334 PAYNE GA, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS, P47 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 QASEM SA, 1960, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V50, P703 RAMBO GW, 1974, CEREAL CHEM, V51, P848 RICE EC, 1984, ALLELOPATHY, P8 RIOS MA, 1964, SOIL SCI SOC AM P, V28, P232 ROSENGRANT MW, 1999, SUMM M NUTR SOC GUIL, P1 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SAUER DB, 1980, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V70, P516 SEITZ LM, 1982, CEREAL CHEM, V59, P100 SETAMOU M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1323 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 STOLOFF L, 1984, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V58, PA976 STREETER JG, 1984, PSYCHOL BASIS CROP G, P192 STROMBERG EL, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS, P64 TUITE J, 1985, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V75, P1137 VINCELLI P, 2001, ID121 KY AGR EXP STN VINCELLI P, 1995, ID59 KY AGR EXP TN WATSON SA, 1988, AGRONOMY SERIES, V18, P881 WHITE DG, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS, P11 WIDSTROM NW, 1976, J ECON ENTOMOL, V69, P677 WIDSTROM NW, 1990, J PROD AGRIC, V3, P196 WILLIAMS WP, 1998, J AGR ENTOMOL, V15, P105 WINDELS CE, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P328 ZUBER MS, 1979, J ENVIRON QUAL, V88, P1 ZUBER MS, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P185 English Article 718UR J TOXICOL-TOXIN REVISI:0001851653000034  1-7$://000222736300001 Bruns, H. A. Abbas, H. K.PIEffects of harvest date on maize in the humid sub-tropical mid- south USAMaydicaTNmycotoxins; irrigation; Bt; plant populations corn; fumonisins; aflatoxin; rotF@Limited capacity for artificially drying maize (Zea mays L.) grain exists in the mid-south USA. Most of the area's production is field-dried and thus subjected to risks inherent to leaving mature crops in the field. A two-year experiment to assess some of the effects of delayed harvest on maize grain yield and other characteristics was conducted at Stoneville, MS. Six maize hybrids (three Bt and three non-Bt) were field grown in 2000 and 2001. Grain was hand harvested and shelled at 14, 28, 42 56, and 70 d post-physiological maturity (P-PM). Grain moisture levels declined with increased delays in harvest both years. Levels safe for handling and storage (150 mg g(-1)) were acquired at 28 cl P-PM in 2000 and 42 d P-PM in 2001. Grain moisture fell below 120 mg g(-1), 28 d P-PM in 2000 making it subject to mechanical damage. Declines in grain bulk density at 70 cl P-PM may he explained by such damage. Bt hybrids had less stalk lodging than non-Bt hybrids, and lodging tended to increase as hat-vests were delayed. Aflatoxin contamination Was minimal in 2000 and non-existent in 2001. Fumionisin levels were higher in 2001 than 2000. Adverse effects on yield and grain quality With delayed harvest appear minimal, inherent risks Of crop losses due to weather exist though, and monitoring grain moisture and the weather are recommended.Maydica 2004491'Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Box 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA Bruns HA Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Box 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USAPITimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: *NTP, 1999, NTP PUBLICATION *SAS I, 2001, SAS US GUID STAT VER ABBAS HK, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P22 ABOUZIED MM, 1995, J CLIN LIGAND ASSAY, V18, P145 BETI JA, 1995, J ECON ENTOMOL, V88, P1776 CASTEGNARO M, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P327 CHUNG DS, 1971, T ASAE, V14, P612 COTTY PJ, 1997, P BELTW COTT C NAT C, P108 DREPPER WJ, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P952 DUNCAN ER, 1962, IOWA FARM SCI, V16, P3 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, HEPATOTOXICITY CARCI, P279 HALI GE, 1974, T ASAE, V17, P578 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 LILLEHOJ EB, 1983, SO COOPERATIVE SERIE, V279, P27 MARASAS WF, 1989, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MCINTOSH MS, 1983, AGRON J, V75, P153 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NELSON SO, 1980, T AM SOC AGR ENG, V23, P139 OLSON RA, 1988, AGRON MONOGR, V18, P639 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 RITCHIE SW, 1997, 48 IOW STAT U SCI TE ROSS PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V177, P109 SHAW RH, 1988, AGRONOMY MONOGRAPH, V18, P609 SHIER WT, 1999, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V18, P323 STOREY CL, 1987, CORN CHEM TECHNOLOGY, P185 WATSON SA, 1988, AGRONOMY SERIES MONO, V18, P888 WHITE B, 2001, MS AGR FORST EXP STA, V371 WHITE DG, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS, P38 WIDSTROM NW, 1996, ADV AGRON, V56, P219 WINDHAM GL, 1999, MS AGR FORESTRY EXP, V22, P1 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 English Article 838TO MAYDICAISI:000222736300001 FK 2833-2836$://000088319600038S,&Medina-Martinez, M. S. Martinez, A. J.d^Mold occurrence and aflatoxin B-1 and fumonisin B-1 determination in corn samples in Venezuela0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryaflatoxin; fumonisin; mold; corn human esophageal cancer; fusarium-moniliforme; natural occurrence; mycotoxins; chromatography; transkei; poultry; africa; feeds; maize9Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum, which have been associated with several animal and human diseases. Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Both have been reported at high levels in corn. This study was pursued to determine mold, aflatoxin B-1 (AFTB(1)), and fumonisin B-1 (FB1) levels in white and yellow corn. Mold levels were determined using potato dextrose agar and identification of the main genus of molds present in corn, AFTB(1) levels by immunoaffinity chromatography, and FB1 levels by a Bond-Elut SAX cartridge and HPLC. AFTB(1) and FB1 occurrences were 16.6 and 83.78%, respectis; ely. The yellow corn presented higher mold incidence than the white corn. A. flavus and F. moniliforme were isolated. The positive results show the importance of this study, corn being the main cereal consumed in the Venezuelan diet.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000 Jul487'Univ Cent Venezuela, Fac Ciencias, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Alimentos, Apartado Postal 47097, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela Univ Cent Venezuela, Fac Ciencias, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Alimentos, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela Univ Cent Venezuela, Fac Farm, Catedra Microbiol Alimentos, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela Martinez AJ Univ Cent Venezuela, Fac Ciencias, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Alimentos, Apartado Postal 47097, Caracas 1041A, VenezuelaTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 33 Cited References: *COVENIN, 1982, 61282 COVENIN BULLERMAN LB, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P513 CAGAMPANG AE, 1994, THESIS U NEBRASKA LI CANAHUI E, 1988, SEM LAT CAR MIC BUEN CESPEDES AE, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P1215 CHAMBERLAIN WJ, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P995 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 COLVIN BM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P78 FASSATIOVA O, 1986, PROG IND MICROBIOL, V22, P61 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 HORWITZ W, 1980, OFFICIAL METHODS ANA KATTA SK, 1994, THESIS U NEBRASKA LI KELLERMAN TS, 1990, J VET RES, V57, P269 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARTINEZ A, 1989, BIODETERIORATION RES, V2, P251 MARTINEZ AJ, 1986, BIODETERIORATION RES, V1, P165 MORA M, 1988, DIAGNOSTICO CONTAMIN NORRED WP, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P522 RAPER KB, 1965, GENUS ASPERGILLUS RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 SAMSON RA, 1995, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN, P322 SCOTT PM, 1970, APPL MICROBIOL, V20, P839 SHETTY PH, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P2170 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 STACK ME, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P834 STOCKENSTROM S, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P676 SYDENHAM EW, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P891 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 TRUCKSESS MW, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P705 VIQUEZ OM, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P2551 VOSS KA, 1993, NAT TOXINS, V1, P222 YOSHIZAWA T, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P163 ZUMO N, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P771 English Article 336TT J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000088319600038528-533$://A1996WB68200007e("Meister, U. Symmank, H. Dahlke, H.f`Investigation and evaluation of the contamination of native and imported cereals with fumonisins>7Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung"Z. Lebensm.-Unters.-Forsch.n 1996 203 6o*#WB682 Z LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCH FORSaISI:A1996WB68200007t187-193$://000171268200006 Meister, U.Investigations on the change of fumonisin content of maize during hydrothermal treatment of maize. Analysis by means of HPLC methods and ELISA,%European Food Research and Technologyfumonisins; maize; extrusion cooking; corn flaking; HPLC; ELISA; mycotoxins fusarium-moniliforme; corn products; b-1; contamination; temperature; stability; grits; foods@9The study was subjected to the investigation of the effects of extrusion cooking, gelatinization, and cornflaking on the stability of fumonisins in artificially contaminated maize grits, spiked with fumonisin B-1 and B-2 at levels of 2 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg, respectively. All the processed samples were analyzed according to the AOAC-HPLC method, and some selected samples were analyzed additionally by a commercial enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and after alkaline hydrolysis. All the samples showed significant decreases of the fumonisin levels. If analyzed according to AOAC-HPLC method, cooking extrusion and gelatinization reduced fumonisin levels to approximately 30-55%, cooking the grits for flaking to approximately 20-65%, and roasting the flakes to approximately 6-35% (depending on the selected technological parameters). With ELISA the fumonisin contents were 15-50% and after alkaline hydrolysis 19-380% higher than with the AOAC-HPLC method. However, the funionisin amount added before the technological tests could not be recovered in any of the samples.Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2001 Sep 2133'(!Inst Lebensmittel & Unweltforsch EV, Arthur Scheunert Allee 40- 41, D-14558 Bergholz Rehbrucke, Germany Inst Lebensmittel & Unweltforsch EV, D-14558 Bergholz Rehbrucke, Germany Meister U Inst Lebensmittel & Unweltforsch EV, Arthur Scheunert Allee 40-41, D-14558 Bergholz Rehbrucke, GermanyTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 23 Cited References: *AOAC IUPAC, 1998, 99515 AOACIUPAC, P49 ALBERTS JF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P1729 BORDSON GO, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P1183 BRESCH H, 1998, DEUT LEBENSM-RUNDSCH, V94, P80 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1030 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD SCI, V63, P696 DUPUY J, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P2864 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HOPMANS EC, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1655 HOWARD PC, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3546 JACKSON LS, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4800 KATTA SK, 1999, CEREAL CHEM, V76, P16 MEISTER U, 1996, Z LEBENSM UNTERS FOR, V203, P528 MURPHY PA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P323 MURPHY PA, 1995, NATURAL PROTECTANTS, V1, P105 PARK DL, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P335 RESCH P, 2000, LEBENSMITTELCHEMIE, V54, P33 SEEFELDER W, 2001, IN PRESS J AGR FOOD SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHIER WT, 1997, J NAT TOXINS, V6, P225 STACK ME, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P834 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2014 USLEBER E, 1994, DMZ MAGAZINE FOOD DA, V115, P1220 English Article 477DQ EUR FOOD RES TECHNOLISI:000171268200006998, DEUT LEBENSM-RUNDSCH, V94, P80 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1030 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD SCI, V63, P696 DUPUY J, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P2864 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HOPMANS EC, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1655 HOWARD PC, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3546 JACKSON LS, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4800 KATTA SK, 1999, CEREAL CHEM, V76, P16 MEISTER U, 1996, Z LEBENSM UNTERS FOR, V203, P528 MURPHY PA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P323 MURPHY PA, 1995, NATURAL PROTECTANTS, V1, P105 PARK DL, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P335 RESCH P, 2000, LEBENSMITTELCHEMIE, V54, P33 SEEFELDER W, 2001, IN PRESS J AGR FOOD SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHIER WT, 1997, J NAT TOXINS, V6, P225 STACK ME, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P834 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2014 USLEBER E, 1994, DMZ MAGAZINE FOOD DA, V115, P1220 English Article 477DQ EUR FOOD RES TECHNOLISI:000171268200006?= 688-696$://A1996UN110000125f`Sydenham, E. W. Shephard, G. S. Thiel, P. G. Stockenstrom, S. Snijman, P. W. vanSchalkwyk, D. J.rlLiquid chromatographic determination of fumonisins B-1, B-2, and B-3 in corn: AOAC-IUPAC collaborative study$Journal of Aoac InternationalAsolid-phase extraction; fusarium-moniliforme; esophageal cancer; bonded silica; mycotoxins; leukoencephalomalacia; transkei; update; feedsA liquid chromatographic (LC) method for simultaneous determination of fumonisins B-1 (FB1), B-2 (FB2), and B-3 (FB3) in corn was subjected to a collaborative study involving 12 participants from 10 countries, in which the accuracy and reproducibility characteristics of the method were established, Mean analyte recoveries from corn ranged from 81.1 to 84.2% for FB1 (at a spiking range of 500 to 8000 ng/g), from 75.9 to 81.9% for FB2 (at a spiking range of 200 to 3200 ng/g), and from 75.8 to 86.8% for FB3 (at a spiking range of 100 to 1600 ng/g), The valid data were statistically evaluated after exclusion of outliers. Relative standard deviations for within- laboratory repeatability ranged from 5.8 to 13.2% for FB1, from 7.2 to 17.5% for FB2, and from 8.0 to 17.2% for FB3, Relative standard deviations for between-laboratory reproducibility varied from 13.9 to 22.2% for FB1, from 15.8 to 26.7% for FB2, and from 19.5 to 24.9% for FB3. HORRAT ratios, calculated for the individual toxin analogues, ranged from 0.75 to 1.73, The LC method for determination of fumonisins B-1, B-2, and B-3 in corn (at concentrations of 800-12800 ng total fumonisins/g) has been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. J. AOAC Int. 1996May-JunC793C' S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA CAPE TECHNIKON,BUSINESS INFORMAT,CAPE TOWN 8000,SOUTH AFRICA Sydenham EW S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA60Times Cited: 52 English Article UN110 J AOAC INTISI:A1996UN11000012I159-164$://A1996TR36000029nJCSydenham, E. W. Shephard, G. S. Thiel, P. G. Bird, C. Miller, B. M.Id^Determination of fumonisins in corn: Evaluation of competitive immunoassay and HPLC techniques0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfumonisins; immunoassay; ELISA; HPLC; corn liquid-chromatographic determination; fusarium-moniliforme; equine leukoencephalomalacia; fluorescence detection; mass- spectrometry; feeds; mycotoxins; cultures; samples; cancerAThe fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, are known to occur as natural contaminants of corn worldwide and to be associated with several animal disease syndromes. Highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and monoclonal antibody-based (MAb) competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CD-ELISA) methods, developed for the determination of fumonisins in corn, were compared. CD-ELISA results for naturally contaminated corn were consistently higher than corresponding HPLC results. Quantitative differences were reduced by decreasing the organic phase composition of the extract and by introducing a hexane partitioning step. The results were indicative of a possible lipid-based matrix effect, but when applied to fumonisin-free corn spiked with fumonisin levels ranging from 0.8 to 12.8 mu g/g, analyses by both techniques were well correlated (r = 0.996). It is concluded that structurally related fumonisin- like compounds, present in naturally contaminated corn, may contribute to the differences recorded between the two methods, although the MAb-based CD-ELISA may still be used as an initial semiquantitative screening technique.J. Agric. Food Chem. 1996 JanP441O'S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA NEOGEN CORP,LANSING,MI 48912 Sydenham EW S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA<5Times Cited: 17 English Article TR360 J AGR FOOD CHEM,ISI:A1996TR36000029C, 1992, CARCINOGENESIS, V13, P891 English Article 712ED INT J EPIDEMIOLISI:000184783500019103-108$://A1996XH01100007.6/Gqaleni, N. Smith, J. E. Lacey, J. Gettinby, G.The production of cyclopiazonic acid by Penicillium commune and cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus as affected by water activity and temperature on maize grains9MycopathologiaMycopathologia 1996 1362:XH011 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1996XH011000070 i}blastoma cells blightblight resistant wheatbloodbody iron stores bonded silicabone-mineral density borderborerborer lepidoptera bostrichidae bovine oocytebran Brazilbrazilian cornbread breadbakingbreast neoplasms breast-cancerbreast-cancer risk breast-milk broilerbroiler chicks broilers Bromus broomrapebrown stem rotBt Bt corm Bt corn bt-corn Bt-toxin Buchnera buchnera- BurundiBusseola fuscabutoxide (PBO) butterbutylated hydroxyanisolec-myccacaocaenorhabditis-elegans calamistis calcite calcium calibrant california calvariacalvarial sutures Cameroon cancercancer incidencecancer initiation$cancer initiation and promotioncancer promotioncancer screening trial canker canker fungus capacity capture gas-chromatography carbendazimcarbendazim-resistance carbohydrate carcass carcinogencarcinogenesiscarcinogenicity carcinogens carcinomacarcinoma cell-linescarcinoma cells CarpophilusCarpophilus dimidiatus carrier carrierscarryover of zearalenonecase-control studies caspases cassavacatCathartus quadricolliscdna cdna cloning cell cultures cell layercell plasma-membranescell proliferationcell suspension cultures cell-cultures cell-cycle cell-freecell-mediated-immunitycell-proliferationcell-suspension culturescells$ cephalosporin biosynthetic genes ceramics ceramideceramide synthasecercospora-zeae-maydis cereal cereal grainscereal-based foods cereal-grains cereals cerevisiaecertified reference("certified reference material (CRM) chaconine chaetomium chemicalchemical carcinogenesischemical defense chemical hepatocarcinogens chemical-chemically defined medium chemicalschemisorption index chemistry chemometricschemopreventionchewing insect pests Chiapaschick chicks child growth children chiliesChilo partelluschilo-partellus$!chimeric rna/dna oligonucleotideschina chitin chitinase chitosanchlobenthiazonechlorothalonil cholesterol cholinechromatographic analysischromatographic methodchromatography$ chromatography mass-spectrometrychromosome 13q$chromosome length polymorphismschronic exposurechronic viral-hepatitis citrininclarified neem oil class-muclassification cleanup cleavageclimatic parametersclonal adaptation cloning closure clustercluster analysiscluster-analysis co-evolution co-occurrenceco-transformationco2 extraction cob rot cobalamincobalamin deficiencycoccidioides-immitis cochliobolus-heterostrophus coconut coefficient coffee coleoptera coli beta-coli beta-glucuronidasecollaborative studycolletotrichum- colletotrichum-lindemuthianumcolon colon- colon-cancercolon-carcinoma cells colonizationcolorectal-cancer column columns commoditiescommon mutation communities$!comparative genomic hybridizationcompartmentalization compatibilitycompeting fungi competitioncompetition effectscompetitive elisacomplementationcomplete inventory complexcomplex sphingolipids composition compoundsconcentrate feedconfers resistance confidence configuration confirmation conformation congenital-congenital-anomaliescongenital-malformations conidiaconidiogenesisconidiophore development constraints consumption containing containing culture material contaminantscontaminated corn contamination continentalcontinuous winter-wheat controlT263-270$://000184029100009LFPaul, C. Naidoo, G. Forbes, A. Mikkilineni, V. White, D. Rocheford, T.\UQuantitative trait loci for low aflatoxin production in two related maize populations& Theoretical and Applied Geneticsaflatoxin; Aspergillus flavus; molecular markers; QTLs; Zea mays L. aspergillus ear rot; kernel infection; corn genotypes; resistance; flavus; contamination; inheritance; markers; accumulation; inoculation~wAflatoxin B-1 formed by Aspergillus flavus Fr:Link has been associated with animal disease and liver cancer in humans. We performed genetic studies in progenies derived from maize inbred Tex6, associated with relatively low levels of aflatoxin production, crossed with the historically important inbred B73. (Tex6xB73) x B73 BC1S1 and Tex6 x B73 F-2:3 mapping populations were produced and evaluated in 1996 and 1997 in Champaign, Ill. Ears were inoculated 20 to 24 days after midsilk using a pinboard method and a mixture of conidia of A. flavus Link:Fr. isolates. Aflatoxin B-1 levels in harvested ears were determined using an indirect competitive ELISA. Molecular markers were assayed on the populations and used to generate maps. Molecular marker - QTL associations for lower levels of aflatoxin production were determined using multiple regression (MR) and composite interval analysis with multiple regression (CIM MR). MR revealed sets of markers associated with lower aflatoxin production in 1996 and 1997, and CIM MR detected a smaller subset of loci significant in 1997. QTLs for lower aflatoxin were attributed to both Tex6 and B73 parental sources. Environment strongly influenced the detection of QTLs for lower aflatoxin production in different years. There were very few chromosome regions associated with QTLs in more than 1 year or population with MR analysis, and none with CIM MR analysis. In 1997, QTLs for lower aflatoxin were detected with CIM MR in bins 5.01-2 and 5.04-5 in the BC1S1 population, and in bins 3.05-6, 4.07-8 and 10.05-10.07 in the F-2:3 population. These QTL associations appear the most promising for further study.Theor. Appl. Genet. 2003 Jul 1072'Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Rocheford T Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA \ UTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 51 Cited References: *FAO, 1997, WOLRLDW REG MYC 1995, P1 *UMC, 1989, UMC RFLP LAB MAN PRO ANDERSON HW, 1975, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V23, P775 BEAVIS WD, 1994, CROP SCI, V34, P882 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 CAMPBELL KW, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1144 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CAMPBELL KW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P778 CAMPBELL KW, 1993, PLANT DIS, V77, P1169 CHARCOSSET A, 1996, THEOR APPL GENET, V93, P1193 CHURCHILL GA, 1994, GENETICS, V138, P963 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DAVIS G, 1999, 41 MAIZ GEN C MARCH DEVICENTE MC, 1993, GENETICS, V134, P585 DIENER UL, 1987, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V25, P249 DUDLEY JW, 1993, CROP SCI, V33, P660 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GOLDMAN IL, 1993, THEOR APPL GENET, V87, P217 GORMAN DP, 1992, PLANT BREEDING, V109, P292 HALEY CS, 1992, HEREDITY, V69, P315 HALLAUER AR, 1981, QUANTITATIVE GENETIC HAMBLIN AM, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P292 HAUMANN F, 1995, INFORMATION B, P248 HSIEH DPH, 1989, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P69 JANSEN RC, 1994, GENETICS, V136, P1447 LANDER EC, 1993, MAPMAKER EXP 3 0 MAP MANSUR LM, 1996, CROP SCI, V36, P1327 MCGLYNN KA, 1995, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V92, P2384 MIKKILINENI V, 1997, THESIS U ILLINOIS UR NAIDOO G, 2002, CROP SCI, V42, P360 NICHOLS TE, 1983, SO COOPERATIVE SERIE, V279, P67 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 SCOTT GE, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P1378 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 SENIOR ML, 1996, CROP SCI, V36, P1676 SMITH JE, 1985, MYCOTOXINS FORMATION SQUIRE RA, 1981, SCIENCE, V214, P877 STAM P, 1995, JOINMAP TM VERSION 2 STAM P, 1993, PLANT J, V3, P739 THOMPSON DL, 1984, PLANT DIS, V68, P465 UTZ HF, 2000, GENETICS, V154, P1839 UTZ HF, 1994, P 9 M EUCARPIA SECT, P195 UTZ HF, 1996, PLABQTL PROGRAM COMP WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WIDSTROM NW, 1984, CROP SCI, V24, P1155 WINDHAM GL, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P281 WYLLIE TD, 1978, ENCY HDB ZENG ZB, 1994, GENETICS, V136, P1457 ZUBER MS, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1346 ZUBER MS, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P1120 English Article 698YX THEOR APPL GENETISI:000184029100009U279-287$://000184110900010,&Nesci, A. Rodriguez, M. Etcheverry, M.zControl of Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production using antioxidants at different conditions of water activity and pH&Journal of Applied Microbiologyantioxidants; Aspergillus; water activity fusarium-proliferatum; butylated hydroxyanisole; maize grain; preservatives; parasiticus; corn; temperature; germination; moniliforme; inhibitionAims: The effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), trihydroxybutyrophenone (THB) and propyl paraben (PP) (at concentrations of 1, 10 and 20 mmol l(-1)) on germination, growth and aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus section Flavi was evaluated. Methods and Results: Studies on the percentage of spore germination, elongation rate, growth rate and aflatoxin B-1 production were carried out in vitro in relation to water activity (a (w)) at 0.982, 0.937, 0.809 and 0.747 values. At 0.809 and 0.747a (w) values none of the isolates was able to germinate. Overall, PP and BHA were the antioxidants most effective at inhibiting germination of both species. In the presence of the lowest concentration of BHA and PP (1 mmol l(-1)) the conidial germination percentage ranged from 2 to 19% after 15 h of incubation at the highest water activity tested. BHA and PP at 10-20 mmol l(-1) completely inhibited conidial germination. The antioxidants more efficient in controlling Aspergillus elongation rate were PP, BHT and BHA. All strains were much more sensitive to all antioxidants tested on the percentage of spore germination and growth rate at 0.937a (w). The antioxidants PP and BHA completely inhibited aflatoxin B-1 production by all strains when added at 1 mmol l(-1). Decreased aflatoxin B-1 levels in comparison with the control, were observed with BHT at 1, 10 and 20 mmol(-1) with the strain T20 at 0.982a (w). In contrast, stimulation was observed with the antioxidant THB at 10 and 20 mmol l(-1) at 0.937a (w) with the strains T20 and T23. The effect of BHA and PP at 1 mmol l(-1) on lag phase and growth rate was maintained in the pH range between 6 and 8. At all pH values the inhibitory effect of BHA was higher than PP. No aflatoxin B-1 was detected at all pH values. Conclusions: The data show that BHA and PP could be considered as effective fungitoxicants for A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Significance and Impact of the Study: The information obtained show promise for controlling growth and aflatoxin B-1 in stored maize. Futher studies should be carried out to examine the potential for antioxidants, such as BHA and PP to effectively control both growth and aflatoxin production.J. Appl. Microbiol. 2003952'PIUniv Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ruta 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Cordoba, Argentina Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, RA-5800 Cordoba, Argentina Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Math, RA-5800 Cordoba, Argentina Etcheverry M Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ruta 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Cordoba, ArgentinaTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 35 Cited References: ADAMS MR, 1995, FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AHMAND S, 1979, THESIS WASHINGTON ST BEUCHAT LR, 1978, ACTA ALIMENTARI, V7, P373 BUCHANAN RL, 1976, J FOOD SCI, V41, P128 CHANG HC, 1975, J FOOD SCI, V40, P349 CHIPLEY JR, 1980, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V40, P352 CHULZE S, 1989, MYCOTOXIN RES, V5, P9 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 EKLUND T, 1989, MECH ACTION FOOD PRE, P181 FUNG DYC, 1977, J FOOD SAFETY, V1, P39 GONZALEZ HHL, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V130, P29 HILL RA, 1983, ANN APPL BIOL, V102, P467 LACEY J, 1986, INT BIODETERIORATI S, V22, P29 LACEY J, 1989, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, V10, P161 LEE SJ, 1986, CEREAL CHEM, V63, P82 LIN CCS, 1983, J FOOD SCI, V48, P576 LORD KA, 1981, ANIMAL FEED SCI TECH, V6, P73 MAGAN N, 1986, J APPL BACTERIOL, V60, P221 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P555 MARIN S, 1998, J APPL MICROBIOL, V84, P25 MARIN S, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P298 MARSHALL DL, 1986, J FOOD PROTECT, V49, P378 MOORELANDECKER E, 1996, FUNDAMENTALS FUNGI, P305 PITT J, 1979, GENUS PENICILLIUM IT RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 SILLIKER JH, 1980, FACTORES QUE AFECTAN, P132 SINGER M, 1977, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V26, P2259 THOMPSON DP, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P133 THOMPSON DP, 1991, J FOOD PROTECT, V54, P375 THOMPSON DP, 1992, MYCOLOGIA, V84, P791 TRUCKSESS MW, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P1512 WHEELER KA, 1991, INT J FOOD PROTECTIO, V54, P375 YOUSEF AE, 1981, J FOOD PROTECT, V44, P741 English Article 700KJ J APPL MICROBIOLISI:000184110900010965-972$://0002213290000089("Nesci, A. Etcheverry, M. Magan, N.Osmotic and matric potential effects on growth, sugar alcohol and sugar accumulation by Aspergillus section Flavi strains from Argentina&Journal of Applied MicrobiologyAspergillus flavus; Aspergillus parasiticus; osmotic/matric stress; polyols; sugars soil populations; united-states; water; fungi; trehalose; solutes; stress; temperature; germination; tolerance82Aims: The effect of osmotic and matric potential stress on growth and sugar alcohols (polyols: glycerol, erythritol, arabitol and mannitol) and sugars (trehalose and glucose) accumulation in toxigenic and nontoxigenic colonies of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus was evaluated. Methods and Results: Growth of Aspergillus section Flavi with significant reductions at 20 and 30degreesC was more sensitive to changes in matric potential, between 60 and 100% in the range of -7 to -14 MPa. No significant differences were found between toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains for both species. Total polyol accumulation in unamended maize meal agar medium (-0.75 MPa water potential) was higher at 30 than 20degreesC. The major change in concentrations of endogenous sugars and total polyols was in matrically amended medium (with PEG 8000) at -7 and -10 MPa. Accumulation of glucose, arabitol, mannitol and erythritol content of A. flavus and A. parasiticus mycelial colonies was greater in normal unstressed maize meal agar medium (-0.75 Mpa) at 20degreesC. This was modified by solute and matric stress. Conclusions: The data showed relative sensitivity to osmotic and matric potential, and temperature, and the impact on growth rates, polyol and sugar accumulation in mycelia of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Significance and Impact of the Study: The matric potential effects on growth may be of particular importance for growth and survival in environments with low-matric potential stress. The tolerance of spoilage fungi such as Aspergillus section Flavi to such modifications could increase the potential for spoilage and mycotoxin production in such substrates. This knowledge is important for understanding the relative ecological fitness of these aflatoxigenic species and in the development of prevention strategies for their control.J. Appl. Microbiol.O 2004965P'~wUniv Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ruta 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina Cranfield Univ, Ctr Biotechnol, Appl Mycol Grp, Silsoe, Beds, England Etcheverry M Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ruta 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, ArgentinaSTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 34 Cited References: ABEDAYO AA, 1971, SOIL SCI AM, V35, P465 ALHAMDANI AM, 1987, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V89, P51 BEECHER TM, 2000, SCI CULTIVATION EDIB, P455 BROWN AD, 1972, J GEN MICROBIOL, V72, P589 BROWN AD, 1990, MICROBIAL WATER STRE COTTY PJ, 1997, MYCOL RES 6, V101, P698 DOUGLAS LI, 1994, BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN, V4, P239 GRIFFIN DM, 1981, ADV MICROB ECOL, V5, P91 HALLSWORTH JE, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P2435 HALLSWORTH JE, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P2435 HALLSWORTH JE, 1994, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V18, P8 HALLSWORTH JE, 1995, MICROBIOL-UK, V141, P1109 HOCKING AD, 1983, J GEN MICROBIOL, V129, P2915 HOCKING AD, 1993, STRESS TOLERANCE FUN HORN BW, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P2472 HORN BW, 1998, MYCOLOGIA, V90, P767 LUARD EJ, 1982, J GEN MICROBIOL, V128, P2563 LUARD EJ, 1982, J GEN MICROBIOL, V128, P2583 LUSSENHOP J, 1990, T MYCOL SOC JPN, V31, P63 MAGAN N, 2001, FUNGI BIOCONTROL AGE MAGAN N, 1995, SCI TECHNOLOGY EDIBL, P773 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOLOGICAL RES, V120, P959 MCMILLIAN WW, 1987, AFLATOXIN MAIZE, P194 MIEKLE AJ, 1991, FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LE, V82, P163 MSWAKA AY, 1995, THESIS CRANFIELD U U NESCI A, 2002, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V34, P343 OLANYA OM, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P576 PIPER PW, 1993, FEMS MICROBIOL REV, V11, P339 RAMOS AJ, 1999, MYCOL RES 2, V103, P141 STEUTER AA, 1981, PLANT PHYSIOL, V67, P64 VANLAERE A, 1989, FEMS MICROBIOL REV, V63, P201 WICKLOW DT, 1998, MYCOL RES 3, V102, P263 WICKLOW DT, 1991, RES B IOWA AGR HOME, V599, P315 English Article 819QF J APPL MICROBIOL,ISI:000221329000008R >  1349-1356g$://A1997WR16200025eHAYu, J. J. Chang, P. K. Cary, J. W. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E. avnA, a gene encoding a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, is involved in the conversion of averantin to averufin in aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus.,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologyngnorsolorinic acid; expression; cloning; sequence; pathway; flavus; cdna; methyltransferase; forms; aflrt Recent studies have shown that at least 17 genes involved in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway are clustered within a 75-kb DNA fragment in the genome of Aspergillus parasiticus. Several additional transcripts have also been mapped to this gene cluster, A gene, avnA (previously named ord-l), corresponding to one of the two transcripts identified earlier between the ver-1 and omtA genes on the gene cluster was sequenced, The nucleotide sequence of the avnA gene contains a coding region for a protein of 495 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 56.3 kDa, The gene consists of three exons and two introns, Disruption of the avnA gene in the wild-type aflatoxigenic A, parasiticus strain (SU1-N3) resulted in a nonaflatoxigenic mutant which accumulated a bright yellow pigment, Thin-layer chromatographic studies with six different solvent systems showed that the migration patterns of the accumulated metabolite were identical to those of averantin, a known aflatoxin precursor. Precursor feeding studies with this mutant showed that norsolorinic acid and averantin were not converted to aflatoxin whereas 5'-hydroxyaverantin averufanin, averufin, versicolorin A, sterigmatocystin, and O- methylsterigmatocystin were converted to aflatoxins, Southern blot analysis of the wild-type strain and avnA-disrupted mutant strain indicated that the avnA gene was disrupted in the mutant strain. A search of the GenBank database for similarity indicated that the avnA gene encodes a cytochrome P-450-type monooxygenase, and it has been assigned to a new P-450 gene family named CYP60A1, We have therefore concluded that the avnA gene encodes a fungal cytochrome P-450-type enzyme which is involved in the conversion of averantin to averufin in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway in A. parasiticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997 Apr634'USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 TULANE UNIV,DEPT MOL & CELL BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179B://000077396700031TrkYu, J. J. Chang, P. K. Ehrlich, K. C. Cary, J. W. Montalbano, B. Dyer, J. M. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E.8Characterization of the critical amino acids of an Aspergillus parasiticus cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase encoded by ordA that is involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxins B-1, G(1), B-2, and G(2) ,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologyo-methylsterigmatocystin; gene-cluster; enzyme-activities; conversion; pathway; methyltransferase; sterigmatocystin; flavus; identification; expression {The conversion of O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST) and dihydro- O-methylsterigmatocystin to a aflatoxins B-1, G(1), B-2, and G(2) requires a cytochrome P-450 type of oxidoreductase activity. ordA, a gene adjacent to the omtA gene, was identified in the aflatoxin-biosynthetic pathway gene cluster by chromosomal walking in Aspergillus parasiticus, The ordA gene was a homolog of the Aspergillus flavus ord1 gene, which is involved in the conversion of OMST to aflatoxin B-1. Complementation of A. parasiticus SRRC 2043, an OMST- accumulating strain, with the ordA gene restored the ability to produce aflatoxins B-1, G(1), B-2, and G(2). The ordA gene placed under the control of the GAL1 promoter converted exogenously supplied OMST to aflatoxin B-1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast, the ordA gene homolog in A. parasiticus SRRC 2043, ordA1, was not able to carry out the same conversion in the yeast system. Sequence analysis revealed that the ordA1 gene had three point mutations which resulted in three amino acid changes (His-400-->Leu-400, Ala-143-->Ser-143, and Ile-528-->Tyr-528). Site-directed mutagenesis studies showed that the change of His-400 to Leu-400 resulted in a loss of the monooxygenase activity and that Ala-143 played a significant role in the catalytic conversion, In contrast, Ile- 528 was not associated with the enzymatic activity, The involvement of the ordA gene in the synthesis of aflatoxins G(1), and G(2) in A. parasiticus suggests that enzymes required fur the formation of aflatoxins G(1) and G(2) are not present in A. flavus. The results showed that in addition to the conserved heme-binding and redox reaction domains encoded by ordA, other seemingly domain-unrelated amino acid residues are critical for cytochrome P-450 catalytic activity. The ordA gene has been assigned to a new cytochrome P-450 gene family named CYP64 by The Cytochrome P450 Nomenclature Committee.  Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1 1998 Dec76412'USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Cleveland TE USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USAB://000089294600026e<5Yu, J. J. Chang, P. K. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E. LFCloning of a sugar utilization gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticusB;Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Gene Structure and Expression genome structure; sugar regulation; zinc-finger; aflatoxin; hexose transport; glucosidase; NADH oxidase saccharomyces-cerevisiae; aflatoxin biosynthesis; transporters; flavusAt one end of the 70 kb aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway gene cluster in Aspergillus parasitictus and Aspergillus flavus reported earlier, we have cloned a group of four genes that constitute a well-defined gene cluster related to sugar utilization in A. parasiticus: (1) sugR, (2) hxtA, (3) glcA and (4) nadA. No similar well-defined sugar gene cluster has been reported so far in any other related Aspergillus species such as A. flavus, A. nidulcans, A. sojae, A. niger, A. oryzae and A. fumigatus. The expression of the hxtA gene, encoding a hexose transporter protein, was found to be concurrent with the aflatoxin pathway cluster genes, in aflatoxin-conducive medium. This is significant since a close linkage between the two gene clusters could potentially explain the induction of aflatoxin biosynthesis by simple sugars such as glucose or sucrose. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.4.Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression 2000 Sep 7c 1493 1-2a'ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Yu JJ ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USAD=Times Cited: 11 English Article 353UV BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPRESSISI:000089294600026R>oxin 1364-1368;$://000083858100017 6/Kruger, S. C. Kohn, B. Ramsey, C. S. Prioli, R.1zsRapid immunoaffinity-based method for determination of zearalenone in corn by fluorometry and liquid chromatographyH$Journal of Aoac International,linked-immunosorbent-assay; animal feeding stuffs; natural occurrence; alpha-zearalenol; fluorescence detection; mycotoxin zearalenone; fusarium mycotoxins; fumonisin b-1; maize; derivatization|An immunoaffinity-based method was developed to determine zearalenone in corn, Corn samples were extracted in acetonitrile-water (90 + 10, v/v), applied to an immunoaffinity column, and eluted with methanol. The isolated toxin was quantitated either by reaction with aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3. 6H(2)O) prior to measurement with a fluorometer or injection into a liquid chromatographic (LC) system with a fluorescence detector. Performance was evaluated in terms of antibody specificity, limit of detection, percentage recovery, precision, column capacity, assay linearity, and comparison with AOAC Official Method 985.18. With the immunoaffinity column cleanup procedure, only zearalenone and its metabolites were recognized by the antibody (greater than or equal to 75% recovery). Limits of detection were 0.10 mu g/g for the fluorometer and 0.10 or 0.0025 mu g/g (sensitive method) for the LC method. Percentage recovery averaged 105% (fluorometer) and 93% (LC method), with average relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 15.7 and 9.3%. Naturally contaminated samples gave comparable RSDs of 8.3 and 9.9% for the fluorometer and LC methods, respectively. Column capacity was 4.0 mu g with 89% recovery. Assay linearity was comparable for both methods (r(2) = 0.998). Optimum assay ranges were 0.10-5.0 mu g/g for the fluorometer and 0.10-50 or 0.0025-5.0 mu g/g (sensitive method) for the LC method. Comparative analysis of 17 naturally contaminated corn samples using ZearalaTest LC and the official AOAC LC method for detection of zearalenone showed that ZearalaTest is statistically comparable to the AOAC Official Method 985.18 (r(2) = 0.747). J. AOAC Int. 1999Nov-Dec826'VICAM, 313 Pleasant St, Watertown, MA 02472 USA VICAM, Watertown, MA 02472 USA Kohn B VICAM, 313 Pleasant St, Watertown, MA 02472 USA Times Cited: 11 Cited Reference Count: 29 Cited References: *AOAC INT, 1998, OFF METH AN ABOUZIED MM, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P495 BAGNATI R, 1991, J CHROMATOGR-BIOMED, V564, P493 BENNETT GA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P1500 BENNETT GA, 1985, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V68, P958 BOTTALICO A, 1985, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V49, P547 CHAMKASEM N, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P336 CHANG HL, 1984, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V67, P741 DALCERO A, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V141, P37 FAZEKAS B, 1996, ACTA VET HUNG, V44, P25 FORCE T, 1989, MYCOTOXINS EC HLTH R HETMANSKI MT, 1991, J CHROMATOGR, V588, P47 LIU MT, 1985, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V50, P332 MACDOUGALD OA, 1990, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V73, P65 MEDINA MB, 1992, J CHROMATOGR-BIOMED, V581, P119 PARK JJ, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1642 PRELUSKY DB, 1989, J CHROMATOGR-BIOMED, V494, P267 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 QUIROGA NM, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P939 RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 RICHARDSON KE, 1985, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V33, P862 SCOTT PM, 1988, J ASS OFF CHEM, V71, P1176 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SCUDAMORE KA, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P157 STRATTON GW, 1993, ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX, V24, P399 TANAKA T, 1993, J AOAC INT, V76, P1006 VISCONTI A, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P133 VRABCHEVA T, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V136, P47 WARE GM, 1999, J AOAC INT, V82, P90 English Article 258UT J AOAC INTISI:000083858100017G] Mayer2003m Mayo2002-Z Mayura20010 Maziya-Dixon2000F McClure2003 McCormick1986 McCormick1987 McCormick1987 McCormick1987 McCormick1987 McCormick1987 McCormick1988 McCormick1988 McCormick1988 McCormick1995q McCormick2000y McCormick2000 McCormick2000 McCormick2002 McCormick2002m McGee1996h McGee1997A McGlynn1985@ McGlynn1986> McGlynn1987? McGlynn1987< McGlynn1988; McGlynn1990: McGlynn19916 McGlynn19937 McGlynn19938 McGlynn19933 McGlynn19954 McGlynn19955 McGlynn19951 McGlynn19962 McGlynn1996/ McGlynn19970 McGlynn1997, McGlynn2000- McGlynn2000. McGlynn2000% McGlynn2001& McGlynn2001' McGlynn2001( McGlynn2001) McGlynn2001* McGlynn2001# McGlynn2002$ McGlynn2002 McGlynn2003 McGlynn2003  McGlynn2003! 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Minne1980\ Minoia20010 Minto1996Miraglia20044 Mirete2004 Mirete2004E Mirocha1979Mirsaidi2004 Misra1978 Missmer2004< Mitterbauer2002- Mitterbauer2003 Mitterbauer2004 Mohawed2003 Monahan2002 Montalbano1996 Montalbano1997 Montalbano1998 Montalbano1998 Montalbano2000> Monti1997 Monti1999 Moody2004 Moore2003: Moore2004VMoreno-Martinez20036Moreno-Martinez2004FMoreno-Martinez2004d Moretti1995> Moretti1997. Moretti19989 Moretti2002 Moretti2002 Moretti2002 Moretti2003 Moretti2003 Moretti2004 Moritz20022% Mortensen2003Moschini1999$ Moss20020* Mostofi2001d Moussa20020 Mphande2004Mpuchane1996Mpuchane1997Mpuchane1998 Mshicileli2003Mugwanya19989 Muhitch2000 Mule20022 Mule2003 Mule20040 Mule20040 Mule2004JMullaney1995 Muller-Stover2001% Munimbazi1996# Munimbazi1997+ Munimbazi1998  Munimbazi1998! Munimbazi1998 Munimbazi1999 Munimbazi2000 Munimbazi2001|Munkvold1987{Munkvold1990yMunkvold1991zMunkvold1991uMunkvold1993vMunkvold1993wMunkvold1993xMunkvold1993sMunkvold1994tMunkvold1994oMunkvold1995pMunkvold1995qMunkvold1995rMunkvold1995lMunkvold1996mMunkvold1996nMunkvold1996gMunkvold1997hMunkvold1997iMunkvold1997jMunkvold1997kMunkvold1997eMunkvold1998fMunkvold1998xMunkvold1999'Munkvold1999bMunkvold1999cMunkvold1999dMunkvold1999[Munkvold2001\Munkvold2001]Munkvold20011^Munkvold2001_Munkvold2001`Munkvold2001Munkvold20020WMunkvold2002XMunkvold2002YMunkvold2002ZMunkvold2002Munkvold2003Munkvold2003 Munoz2003 Murillo2003@ Murphy19866G Murphy19977A Murphy200201 Murray19833 Muthomi2000 Muthomi2002 Mutitu20000 Mutitu200223 Nadubinska2002 Nadubinska20031 Nagler20020U Naicker2002u Naidoo2002T Naidoo2003 Nair20010tNakajima1994f Nasir2001N Nasir2002/ Nauta19988 Nawaz1998 Nayak2001 Ndemah20020{ Neely1990y Neely1991Negron-Gonzalez2000[ Neira1996 Nelsen199590 Nelsen1998' Nelson19855+ Nelson19855 Nelson19866$ Nelson19866& Nelson19866 Nelson19877 Nelson19877 Nelson19888 Nelson19888 Nelson19900X Nelson19919[ Nelson19911 Nelson1991 Nelson1992 Nelson1992 Nelson19933p Nelson1994 Nelson19949 Nelson1995 Nelson19966 Nelson19961 Nelson19979 Nelson19979F Nesbitt1997 Nesci1999 Nesci1999p Nesci2002U Nesci2003 Nesci2004= Nesci2004] Ngoko2001 Ngoko2002) Ngoko2003S Nichols19671 Nichols1991 Nicholson2004' Nicol1998 Nicol1999 Nicol2002` Nieuwenhuis1989 Nieuwenhuis1991Z Nieuwenhuis1991 Nieuwoudt1999 Nieuwoudt1999 Nieuwoudt1999 Nieuwoudt2001 Nikiema1999 Nirenberg2003 Nishiuchi2003~Nogueira20000J Norton19966/ Notermans1998C Nout1997 Nwude1991 Nystrom1993 O'Donnell2003Z O'Mara20020) Obilana2004 Obrian1998 Obrian2003) Ochanda2004 Ochiai-Fukuda2003* Ochieng1994* Ochor1994J Odhav2002U Odhav2002thomi2002 Mutitu20000 Mutitu200223 Nadubinska2002 Nadubinska20031 Nagler20020U Naicker2002u Naidoo2002T Naidoo2003 Nair20010 Nair20010tNakajima1994f Nasir2001N Nasir2002/ Nauta19988 Nawaz1998 Nayak2001 Ndemah20020Negron-Gonzalez2000[ Neira19960 Nelsen1998 Nelson19866X Nelson19919[ Nelson19911p Nelson1994 Nelson19966 Nelson19979F Nesbitt1997 Nesci1999 Nesci1999p Nesci2002U Nesci2003 Nesci2004= Nesci2004] Ngoko2001 Ngoko2001 Ngoko2002) Ngoko20031 Nichols1991 Nicholson2004' Nicol1998 Nicol1999 Nicol2002` Nieuwenhuis1989 Nieuwenhuis1991Z Nieuwenhuis1991 Nieuwoudt1999 Nieuwoudt1999 Nieuwoudt1999 Nieuwoudt1999 Nieuwoudt1999 Nieuwoudt2001 Nieuwoudt2001 Nikiema1999 Nirenberg2003 Nishiuchi2003~Nogueira20000J Norton19966/ Notermans1998C Nout1997̊ Nwude1991 O'Donnell2003) Obilana2004) Ochanda2004 Ochiai-Fukuda2003* Ochieng1994* Ochor1994J Odhav2002U Odhav2002 >277-282$://000178418000008 PIAmalfitano, C. Pengue, R. Andolfi, A. Vurro, M. Zonno, M. C. Evidente, A.\HPLC analysis of fusaric acid, 9,10-dehydrofusaric acid and their methyl esters, toxic metabolites from weed pathogenic Fusarium speciesPhytochemical AnalysisHPLC; fusaric acid; 9;10-dehydrofusaric acid; fusaric acid methyl ester; 9;10-dehydrofusaric acid methyl ester; Fusarium spp fumonisin; oxysporum; cultures A simple and rapid HPLC method, using a high-density C-18 column, has been developed for the quantitative analysis of fusaric and dehydrofusaric acids and their methyl esters in the methanol extract of lyophilised culture filtrates of species of Fusarium. The method has been used to determine the content of these metabolites in two strains of Fusarium oxysporum and in strains of F. nygamai and F. udum. Fusaric acid has been isolated and identified from a strain of F. udum for the first time. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Phytochem. Anal. 2002Sep-Oct135'b\Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Chim Agrarie, Via Univ 100, I-80055 Portici, Italy Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Chim Agrarie, I-80055 Portici, Italy CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, I-70125 Bari, Italy Amalfitano C Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Chim Agrarie, Via Univ 100, I-80055 Portici, Italy>7Times Cited: 2 English Article 600XX PHYTOCHEM ANALYSISISI:000178418000008523-530$://000188705600013PIAmbrosino, P. Galvano, F. Fogliano, V. Logrieco, A. Fresa, R. Ritieni, A.>8Supercritical fluid extraction of Beauvericin from maizeTalantabeauvericin; supercritical fluid extraction; mycotoxin; Fusarium multifunctional enzyme; mycotoxin beauvericin; co2 extraction; corn; fusaproliferin; tumorigenicity; subglutinans; bioassayD=Beauvericin (BEA), a supercritical fluid extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide from maize was investigated. Extraction efficiencies under several different extraction conditions were examined. Pressure, temperature, extraction time, organic modifier and water matrix content (10%) were investigated. The best extraction conditions were at a temperature of 60 degreesC, 3200 psi, for 30 min static extraction time and methanol as modifier solvent. Extraction recovery of 36% without modifier by adding water to the matrix in the extraction vessel (reproducibility relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) = 3-5%) were recorded. Extraction recovery of 76.9% with methanol as co-solvent (reproducibility R.S.D. = 3-5%) was obtained. Data shows that SFE gives a lower BEA recovery compared to conventional extraction protocol with organic solvents while SFE with modifier and conventional extraction yields are comparable. BEA extract contents were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array detector (DAD) at 205 nm and BEA peak confirmed by LC-MS. Acetonitrile-water as mobile phase and column G 18 were both tested. Instrumental and analytical parameters were optimized in the range linear interval from 1 to 500 mg kg(-1) and reached a detection limit of 2 ng. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. TalantaL 2004 Feb 27623'Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, Parco Gussone, I-80055 Naples, Italy Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, I-80055 Naples, Italy Univ Reggio Calabria, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Agroforestali & Ambient, I-89061 Reggio Di Calabria, Italy CNR, Ist Prod Alimentari, Area Ric Bari, I-70100 Bari, Italy Essences Srl, Salerno, Italy Ritieni A Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, Parco Gussone, I-80055 Naples, ItalyJDTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 36 Cited References: ARAI M, 1983, CANCER LETT, V17, P281 BERNARDINI M, 1975, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V14, P1865 BOTTALICO A, 1989, TOPICS SECONDARY MET, P85 BUSBY WF, 1984, CARCINOGENESIS, V5, P1311 CASTLEBURY LA, 1999, WORLD J MICROB BIOT, V15, P131 GREIBROKK T, 1992, J CHROMATOGR, V626, P33 GROVE JF, 1980, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V70, P103 GUPTA S, 1995, J NAT PRODUCTS, V58, P733 GUPTA S, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V115, P185 HAMILL RL, 1969, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V49, P4255 KLEINKAUF H, 1979, PLANTA MED, V35, P1 KOSTECKI M, 1995, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V13, P67 KRSKA R, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3665 KRSKA R, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V746, P233 LOGRIECO A, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P82 LOGRIECO A, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3084 MACCHIA L, 1995, INT SEM FUS MYC TAX, P72 MARASAS WFO, 1972, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V39, P1 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MORETTI A, 1994, MYCOTOXIN RES, V10, P73 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 OJCIUS DM, 1991, EXP CELL RES, V197, P43 OVCHINNIKOV YA, 1994, FEBS LETT, V44, P1 PEETERS H, 1988, J ANTIBIOT, V41, P352 PEETERS H, 1983, J ANTIBIOT, V36, P1762 PLATTNER RD, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P3894 POCSFALVI G, 1997, RAPID COMMUN MASS SP, V11, P265 PRINCE RC, 1974, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V54, P697 REVERCHON E, 1993, 2 C IT FLUID SUP LOR REVERCHON E, 1994, 3 S SUP FLUIDS STRAS REVERCHON E, 1994, J SUPERCRIT FLUID, V7, P185 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 ROESKE RW, 1974, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V57, P554 SCHLATTER C, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM S, V13, P43 SPANOS GA, 1993, J FOOD SCI, V58, P817 ZOCHER R, 1982, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V21, P43 English Article 770CL TALANTAISI:000188705600013fI4.Pamphile, J. A. da Rocha, Clmsc Azevedo, J. L. 2004Co-transformation of a tropical maize endophytic isolate of Fusarium verticilloides (synonym F. monififorme) with gusA and nia genes$Genetics and Molecular Biology272p253-258e JunGenet. Mol. Biol.1ISI:000222989100021Lco-transformation; gus; nia; Fusarium verticillioides; endophyte glucuronidase gene; oxysporum; transformation; system; moniliforme; expressionA tropical endophytic isolate of the fungus Fusarium verticillioides (synonym Fusarium moniliforme) obtained from Zea mays was co-transformed with plasmid pNH24 containing the Fusarium oxysporum nitrate reductase nia gene and plasmid pNOM 102 carrying the Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase gusA gene. Transformation frequency for the nia marker was 75 transformants mug(-1) vector DNA and introduction of the gusA gene by co-transformation was 57.2% as indicated by the presence of the GUS(+) phenotype on plates. Southern analyses confirmed the integration of both plasmids into the genome of ten GUS(+) transformants. All co-transformants showed mitotic stability in respect of the GUS(+) phenotype. To assess the potential of transformed endophytic fungi as vectors for introducing desirable characteristics into host tropical plants of biotechnological and agricultural importance we successfully infected maize roots and detected GUS(+) phenotype".:3Times Cited: 0 English Article 842FP GENET MOL BIOLz://000222989100021 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Pamphile-Co-transform-trop-maize-fusarium.pdf'Univ Estadual Maringa, Dept Biol Celular & Genet, Avenida Colombo 5790, BR-87020900 Maringa, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Maringa, Dept Biol Celular & Genet, BR-87020900 Maringa, Parana, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Super Agr Luiz Queiroz, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Pamphile JA Univ Estadual Maringa, Dept Biol Celular & Genet, Avenida Colombo 5790, BR-87020900 Maringa, Parana, Brazila 39-46$://000178685700007 2,Papp, E. H-Otta, K. Zaray, G. Mincsovics, E.82Liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxinsMicrochemical JournalB;aflatoxin; food; liquid chromatography; overpressured-layer chromatography; validation immunoaffinity column cleanup; overpressured-layer chromatography; gel-permeation chromatography; animal feeding stuffs; fluorescence detection; postcolumn derivatization; enzyme-immunoassay; hplc determination; corn; mycotoxinsThe difurancoumarin derivatives known as aflatoxins are highly toxic fungi metabolites belonging to the vast class of mycotoxins, which can contaminate foods and feeds when storage conditions favor fungal growth. Because of potential health hazards for humans, levels of aflatoxins are monitored throughout the world. During the past two decades several chromatographic and other methods were developed for identification and determination of aflatoxins in agricultural and food products. This paper is a review of the overpressured- layer chromatographic (OPLC) and high performance liquid chromatographic methods most often used for the analysis of aflatoxins. However, emphasis is placed on summarizing the OPLC methods developed for determination of aflatoxins in maize, wheat, fish meat, peanut samples, rice and sunflower seeds spiked with aflatoxins B-1, B-2, G(1) and G(2) in concentration of 2-10 mug/cm(3), which were developed in our laboratory. The results of the proposed validation procedure, whose development was based on the guideline of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) for pharmaceutical products (1994, Brussels), for the determination of the above-mentioned aflatoxins in wheat samples are also presented. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Microchem J. 2002 Oct73 1-2'6/Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Chem Technol & Environm Chem, POB 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Chem Technol & Environm Chem, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary OPLC NIT Ltd, H-1119 Budapest, Hungary H-Otta K Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Chem Technol & Environm Chem, POB 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary R LTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 59 Cited References: 1994, INT C HARM VAL AN PR *AOAC, 1988, 96822 AOAC *AOAC, 1994, 99033 AOAC *AOAC, 1994, 99131A AOAC AKIYAMA H, 2001, J CHROMATOGR A, V932, P153 AKIYAMA H, 1996, J FOOD HYG SOC JPN, V37, P195 ALI N, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P273 BETINA V, 1985, J CHROMATOGR, V334, P221 BOCCIA A, 1986, MICROBIOL ALIMENT NU, V4, P293 BRERA C, 1996, MICROCHEM J, V54, P465 CEPEDA A, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V721, P69 CHAMKASEM N, 1989, J ASS OFF ANAL CHEM, V72 COHEN H, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V64, P1372 COLE RO, 1992, TALANTA, V39, P1139 DUNNE C, 1993, J CHROMATOGR, V629, P229 ELKADY IA, 1995, FOLIA MICROBIOL, V40, P297 FLAHERTY JE, 1997, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V63, P3995 GARNER RC, 1993, J CHROMATOGR, V648, P485 GULYAS H, 1985, J CHROMATOGR, V319, P105 HETMANSKI MT, 1989, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V6, P35 JEWERS K, 1989, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V27, P917 KOZLOSKI RP, 1988, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V36, P815 MALONE BR, 2000, J AOAC INT, V83, P95 MARAGOS CM, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4337 MARTINS ML, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P315 MEDINAMARTINEZ MS, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2833 MICCO C, 1988, FOOD ADD CONTAM, V5, P309 MICCO C, 1987, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V4, P407 MINCSOVICS E, 1995, 8 INT S INSTR PLAN C, P5 MINCSOVICS E, 1996, HDB THIN LAYER CHROM, PCH7 MINCSOVICS E, 1999, J AOAC INT, V82, P587 MIRAGLIA M, 1996, MICROCHEM J, V54, P472 NAWAZ S, 1995, J PLANAR CHROMATOGR, V8 NAYAK S, 2001, ANALYST, V126, P179 OTTA KH, 2000, J CHROMATOGR A, V882, P11 OTTA KH, 1998, JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT, V11, P370 PAPP E, 2000, JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT, V13, P328 PEARSON SM, 1999, BIOTECHNOL TECH, V13, P97 PESTKA JJ, 1988, J ASS OFF ANAL CHEM, V71 PINTO VF, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P1017 REDDY SV, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P553 SCHUSTER R, 1993, ANAL MYCOTOXINS HPLC SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P2 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SCUDAMORE KA, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P175 SHARMA M, 2001, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V93, P109 SRIVASTAVA VP, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P993 STROKA I, 2000, J CHROMATOGR A, V904, P251 TRUCKSESS MW, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77 TRUCKSESS MW, 1984, J ASS OFF ANAL CHEM, V67 TRUCKSESS MW, 1991, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V74, P81 TYIHAK E, 1979, J CHROMATOGR, V75, P174 VANEGMOND HP, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P17 VANEGMONT HP, 1988, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V3, P321 VIDYASAGAR T, 1997, ANALYST, V122, P609 VINITKETKUMNUEN U, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P168 WILSON TJ, 1991, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V74, P651 YEN IC, 1993, J AOAC INT, V76 YONG RK, 2001, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V65, P27 English Article 605PF MICROCHEM JISI:000178685700007e* h 1084-1094e$://000178384100008I>7Chen, Z. Y. Brown, R. L. Damann, K. E. Cleveland, T. E.Identification of unique or elevated levels of kernel proteins in aflatoxin-resistant maize genotypes through proteome analysisTPhytopathology host resistance; resistance-associated proteins heat-shock proteins; aspergillus ear rot; embryogenesis- abundant proteins; corn trypsin-inhibitor; escherichia-coli; 2- dimensional electrophoresis; aldose reductase; water-deficit; embryo globulins; abscisic-acid|vAflatoxins are carcinogens produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus during infection of susceptible crops such as maize (Zea mays L.). Resistant maize genotypes have been identified, but the incorporation of resistance into commercial lines has been slow due to the lack of selectable markers. Here we report the identification of potential markers in resistant maize lines using a proteomics approach. Kernel embryo proteins from each of two resistant genotypes have been compared with those from a composite of five susceptible genotypes using large format two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Through these comparisons, both quantitative and qualitative differences have been identified. Protein spots have been sequenced, and based on peptide sequence homology analysis, are categorized as follows: storage proteins (globulin 1 and globulin 2), late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins related to drought or desiccation (LEA3 and LEA 14), water- or osmo-stress related proteins (WSI18 and aldose reductase), and heat-stress related proteins (HSP16.9). Aldose reductase activity measured in resistant and susceptible genotypes before and after infection suggests the importance of constitutive levels of this enzyme to resistance. Results of this study point to a correlation between host resistance and stress tolerance. The putative function of each identified protein is discussed.Phytopathology 2002 Octf9210'TMLouisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Brown RL Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA  Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 61 Cited References: ALTSCHUL SF, 1997, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V25, P3389 BARTELS D, 1991, EMBO J, V10, P1037 BELANGER FC, 1991, GENETICS, V129, P863 BELANGER FC, 1989, PLANT PHYSIOL, V91, P636 BRADFORD MM, 1976, ANAL BIOCHEM, V72, P248 BROWN RL, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P396 BROWN RL, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P967 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CAVAN GP, 1996, PLANT MOL BIOL, V30, P1076 CHEN KH, 1998, CHINESE J MECH, V14, P1 CHEN ZY, ACS S SERIES, V829, P131 CHEN ZY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1320 CHEN ZY, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P1785 CHEN ZY, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P902 DAVIS GL, 1999, MAIZE GENET C, V41, P22 DIENER UL, 1987, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V25, P249 GALAU GA, 1993, PLANT PHYSIOL, V101, P695 GARAYARROYO A, 2000, J BIOL CHEM, V275, P5668 GORG A, 1998, ELECTROPHORESIS, V19, P1516 GUO BZ, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P276 HASPER AA, 2000, MOL MICROBIOL, V36, P193 HENDRICK JP, 1993, ANNU REV BIOCHEM, V62, P349 JACOB U, 1993, J BIOL CHEM, V268, P1517 JONES RK, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P810 KAWASAKI N, 1989, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V996, P30 KELLER NP, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P483 KIYOSUE T, 1994, PLANT MOL BIOL, V25, P791 KRIZ AL, 1989, BIOCHEM GENET, V27, P239 LEE SP, 1993, PLANT PHYSIOL, V101, P1089 LI BL, 1995, PLANT MOL BIOL, V29, P823 MAITRA N, 1994, PLANT PHYSIOL, V106, P805 NICHOLS TE, 1983, SO COOPERATIVE SERIE, V279, P67 OBERSCHALL A, 2000, PLANT J, V24, P437 PAYNE GA, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P279 PAYNE GA, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P679 PICARD P, 1997, ELECTROPHORESIS, V18, P174 RICCARDI F, 1998, PLANT PHYSIOL, V117, P1253 RONCARATI R, 1995, PLANT J, V7, P809 SABEHAT A, 1998, PLANT PHYSIOL, V117, P651 SANTONI V, 1997, PLANTA, V202, P62 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 SMART MG, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1287 SOTO A, 1999, PLANT PHYSIOL, V120, P521 SUN JL, 1996, PLANT CELL PHYSIOL, V37, P612 TAKAHASHI R, 1994, PLANT MOL BIOL, V26, P339 THOMANN EB, 1992, PLANT PHYSIOL, V99, P607 TOUZET P, 1995, ELECTROPHORESIS, V16, P1289 TSENG TS, 1992, PLANT MOL BIOL, V18, P963 WALKER RD, 2001, PLANT DIS, V85, P322 WALLACE NH, 1991, PLANT PHYSIOL, V95, P973 WEHMEYER N, 2000, PLANT PHYSIOL, V122, P1099 WESTGATE ME, 1994, CROP SCI, V34, P76 WHITE CN, 1995, PLANT PHYSIOL, V108, P1337 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WINDHAM GL, 1999, 22 MISS AGR FOR EXP, P8 WINDHAM GL, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P232 WOLOSHUK CP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P164 XU DP, 1996, PLANT PHYSIOL, V110, P249 YEH CH, 1997, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V94, P10967 English Article 600HG PHYTOPATHOLOGY3ISI:000178384100008  4333-4336M$://000169051100009Chokkalingam, A. P. McGlynn, K. A. Gao, Y. T. Pollak, M. Deng, J. Sesterhenn, I. A. Mostofi, F. K. Fraumeni, J. F. Hsing, A. W.Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, insulin-like growth factors, and prostate cancer risk: A population-based case- control study in China:Cancer Research ZT1;25-dihydroxyvitamin d-3; binding-proteins; association; expression; density; cells82Operating through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), vitamin D inhibits prostate cancer growth and increases insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) expression, suggesting that the vitamin D and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) regulatory systems may operate together to affect prostate cancer. Among 191 newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases and 304 randomly selected population controls in Shanghai, China, we found no significant association between the BsmI or FokI VDR gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk. However, we found that among men with the ff FokI genotype, those in the highest tertile of plasma IGFBP-3 had a decreased risk versus those in the lowest tertile (odds ratio, 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.56; P-trend < 0.01), whereas among men with the FF and Ff genotypes, IGFBP-3 was not associated with risk. Similarly, IGFBP-1 was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk only among men with the ff FokI genotype (odds ratio, 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.85; P-trend = 0.02). No such FokI genotype-specific effects were observed for IGF-I or IGF-II. Our findings in a low-risk population suggest that the IGF and vitamin D regulatory systems may interact to affect prostate cancer risk. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and clarify the underlying mechanisms. Cancer Res.M 2001 Jun 1C6111'D=NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, EPS-MSC-7234,6120 Execut Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Univ Maryland, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA Shanghai Canc Inst, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish Hosp, Canc Prevent Res Unit, Montreal, PQ H3T 1E2, Canada McGill Univ, Dept Oncol, Montreal, PQ H3T 1E2, Canada Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA Chokkalingam AP NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, EPS-MSC-7234,6120 Execut Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA060Times Cited: 15 English Article 438KA CANCER RESISI:000169051100009P697-703$://A1995RG63700012Chourasia, H. K.RLMycobiota and Mycotoxins in Herbal Drugs of Indian Pharmaceutical IndustriesMycological Research Mycol. Res.E 1995 Junt996 RG637 MYCOL RESlISI:A1995RG63700012ij f 1483-1487$://000177944700020$Tubajika, K. M. Damann, K. E.\VGlufosinate-ammonium reduces growth and aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus flavus Journal of Food Protection&biosynthesis; maize; inhibitionThe herbicide glufosinate-ammonium (GA) [butanoic acid, 2- amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-ammonium salt] was tested at concentrations from 2 to 2,000 g GA per ml for activity against growth and aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) production by the mycotoxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. The highest concentration (2,000 mug GA per ml) reduced colony diameter of A. flavus strain AF13 by 80%. AFB(1) production was inhibited by 90% at this concentration. Reduction in mycelial dry weight and AFB(1) production in response to GA application ranged from 17.2 to 97.1% and from 39.1 to 90.1%, respectively. of four concentrations tested, 2 mug GA per ml was weakly inhibitory. In the kernel screening assay, AFB(1) production was inhibited 60 to 91% when kernels were preimmersed or immersed 5 days after incubation in 200 mug GA per ml. Both concentrations (2 and 200 mug GA per ml) reduced seed germination by 25 to 50%. Results indicate that GA has an inhibitory effect on growth and AFB(1) production by A. flavus. J. Food Prot. 2002 Sep659' Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Damann KE Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 25 Cited References: 1983, 39886 HOE 1988, OFFICIAL METHODS REC, PA13 ADYE J, 1964, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V86, P418 BAYER E, 1972, HELV CHIM ACTA, V55, P224 BENNETT JW, 1983, ADV APPL MICROBIOL, V29, P53 BROWN RL, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P967 BUCHANAN RL, 1978, J FOOD SCI, V43, P654 DAMANN KE, 2000, P USDA ARS AFL FUM W, P89 DOYLE MP, 1982, J FOOD PROTECT, V45, P964 FANELLI C, 1980, T BR MYCOL SOC, V75, P371 HSIEH DPH, 1973, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V21, P468 LEA PJ, 1991, HERBICIDES, P267 MORENO OJ, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P1 NORTON RA, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P1230 NORTON RA, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P814 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 RODRIGUEZ SB, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P106 SINGH R, 1977, ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS, V178, P285 SMITH AE, 1989, J ENVIRON QUAL, V18, P475 TUBAJIKA KM, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P2652 TUBAJIKA KM, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5257 TUBAJIKA KM, 1998, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P53 TUBAJIKA KM, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P1341 UCHIMIYA H, 1993, BIO-TECHNOL, V11, P835 ZAIKA LL, 1987, J FOOD PROTECT, V50, P691 English Article 592NX J FOOD PROTECTISI:000177944700020,0v X48>A> 21-28$://A1980KJ59100003("Wingfield, M. J. Marasas, W. F. O.^WVerticicladiella-Alacris Sp-Nov Associated with a Root Disease of Pines in South-Africa36/Transactions of the British Mycological Societyn 198075 AUGe'PLANT PROTECT RES INST,PRIVATE BAG X5017,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA WINGFIELD MJ PLANT PROTECT RES INST,PRIVATE BAG X5017,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICAR@9Times Cited: 7 English Article KJ591 TRANS BRIT MYCOL SOCAISI:A1980KJ59100003M508-510$://A1981LV78100024("Wingfield, M. J. Marasas, W. F. O.60Verticicladiella-Alacris, a Synonym of V Serpens6/Transactions of the British Mycological Societyo 198176 JUNA'PLANT PROTECT RES INST,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA WINGFIELD MJ PLANT PROTECT RES INST,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA0<6Times Cited: 5 English Note LV781 TRANS BRIT MYCOL SOCISI:A1981LV78100024O231-236$://A1983QN92300005("Wingfield, M. J. Marasas, W. F. O.Some Verticicladiella Species, Including V Truncata Sp-Nov, Associated with Root Diseases of Pine in New-Zealand and South- Africa6/Transactions of the British Mycological Society 198380 APRV'PLANT PROTECT RES INST,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,MRC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA PLANT PROTECT RES INST,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA@:Times Cited: 16 English Article QN923 TRANS BRIT MYCOL SOCISI:A1983QN92300005O 23-30$://A1988M63500000460Wingfield, M. J. Vanwyk, P. S. Marasas, W. F. O.@:Ceratocystiopsis-Proteae Sp-Nov, with a New Anamorph Genus Mycologia Mycologia  1988Jan-FebH801P'PLANT PROTECT RES INST,PRIVATE BAG X5017,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BLOEMFONTEIN 9300,SOUTH AFRICA WINGFIELD MJ PLANT PROTECT RES INST,PRIVATE BAG X5017,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA6/Times Cited: 24 English Article M6350 MYCOLOGIAISI:A1988M635000004 2408-2414i$://A1994NV57200031n\VWoloshuk, C. P. Foutz, K. R. Brewer, J. F. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E. Payne, G. A.XQMolecular Characterization of Aflr, a Regulatory Locus for Aflatoxin Biosynthesisy,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology{aspergillus-parasiticus; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene; protein; cloning; sequence; activator; induction; cluster; complex Aflatoxins belong to a family of decaketides that are produced as secondary metabolites by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway involves several enzymatic steps that appear to be regulated by the afl2 gene in A. flavus and the apa2 gene in A. parasiticus. Several lines of evidence indicate that these two genes are homologous. The DNA sequences of the two genes are highly similar, they both are involved in the regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis, and apa2 can complement the afl2 mutation in A. flavus. Because of these similarities, we propose that these two genes are homologs, and because of the ability of these genes to regulate aflatoxin biosynthesis, we suggest that they be designated aflR. We report here the further characterization of aflR fi-om A. flavus and show that aflR codes for a 2,078-bp transcript with an open reading frame of 1,311 nucleotides that codes for 437 amino acids and a putative protein of 46,679 daltons. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence indicated that the polypeptide contains a zinc cluster motif between amino acid positions 29 and 56. This region contains the consensus sequence Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa6-Cys-Xaa6-Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa6-Cys. This motif has been found in several fungal transcriptional regulatory proteins. DNA hybridization of the aflR gene with genomic digests of seven polyketide-producing fungi revealed similar sequences in three other species related to A. flavus: A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, and A. sojae. Finally, we present evidence for an antisense transcript (aflRas) derived from the opposite strand of aflR, suggesting that the aflR locus involves some form of antisense regulation.a Appl. Environ. Microbiol.  1994 Jula607i'N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695 PURDUE UNIV,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695 B://A1995RM01500033,PJWoloshuk, C. P. Yousibova, G. L. Rollins, J. A. Bhatnagar, D. Payne, G. A.JDMolecular Characterization of the Afl-1 Locus in Aspergillus- Flavus,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology{drosophila-brown gene; aflatoxin biosynthesis; trans- inactivation; parasiticus; cloning; purification; zeste; transvectionNHAn unusual mutation at the afl-1 locus, affecting aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus 649, was investigated. The inability of strain 649 to produce aflatoxin was found to be the result of a large (greater than 60 kb) deletion that included a cluster of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes. Diploids formed by parasexual crosses between strain 649 and the aflatoxigenic strain 86 did not produce aflatoxin, indicating the dominant nature of the afl-1 mutation in strain 649. In metabolite feeding experiments, the diploids did not convert three intermediates in the aflatoxin pathway to aflatoxin. Northern (RNA blot) analysis of the diploids grown in medium conducive for aflatoxin production indicated that the aflatoxin pathway genes nor1, ver1, and omt1 were not expressed; however, there was low-level expression of the regulatory gene aflR. Pulsed-field electrophoresis gels indicated a larger (6 Mb) chromosome in strain 649 than the apparently homologous (4.9 Mb) chromosome in strain 86. The larger chromosome in strain 649 suggests that a rearrangement occurred in addition to the deletion. From these data, we propose that a traps-sensing mechanism in diploids is responsible for the dominant phenotype associated with the afl-1 locus in strain 649. Such a mechanism is known in Drosophila melanogaster but has not been described for fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995 Aug1618' PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,1155 LILLY HALL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695 WOLOSHUK CP PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,1155 LILLY HALL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 B://A1987K5595000222,Wright, G. C. Marasas, W. F. O. Sokoloff, L.^WEffect of Fusarochromanone and T-2 Toxin on Articular Chondrocytes in Monolayer-Culture("Fundamental and Applied ToxicologyFundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1987 OctT9P3U'SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT PATHOL,STONY BROOK,NY 11794 S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA WRIGHT GC SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT PATHOL,STONY BROOK,NY 11794:3Times Cited: 5 English Note K5595 FUND APPL TOXICOLISI:A1987K559500022`625-631$://A1995QP09300029PIGelderblom, W. C. A. Snyman, S. D. Vanderwesthuizen, L. Marasas, W. F. O.ERLMitoinhibitory Effect of Fumonisin B-1 on Rat Hepatocytes in Primary CultureCarcinogenesisprotein-kinase-c; growth-factor receptor; fusarium-moniliforme; dna-synthesis; sphingolipid biosynthesis; inhibition; carcinogenesis; cytotoxicity; mycotoxins; livertThe inhibitory effect of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes was investigated by monitoring the incorporation of [H-3]thymidine in the DNA. A pulse-labelling technique was adapted to determine the incorporation of the radioactivity in the DNA (S-phase) quantitatively, FB1 inhibits the EGF-induced DNA synthesis up to 90% when incorporated at concentrations of 150 to 300 mu M for a period of 44 h. A continued presence of FB1 is required to exhibit this inhibition as (i) the subsequent removal of FB1 resulted in a reversal of the effect, (ii) a higher stimulatory response in EGF-treated hepatocytes was found when the exposure period of hepatocytes to FB1 was reduced, and (iii) pretreatment of hepatocytes with FB1 only slightly reduced (not significantly) DNA synthesis induced by EGF. Whilst the growth inhibitory effect of FB1 was not associated with a cytotoxic effect, binding studies using [I- 125]EGF indicated that the growth factor-receptor interaction was not altered. No relationship was found between the disruption of the sphingolipid biosynthesis by FB1 and (i) the mitoinhibitory effect on the EGF response and (ii) the cytotoxicity of FB1 in primary hepatocytes.Carcinogenesis 1995  1126-1126.$://000083918800003nRKTammen, J. F. Toussoun, T. A. Horst, R. K. Burgess, L. W. Marasas, W. F. O..'Paul E. Nelson, 1927 to 1996 - ObituaryaPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1999 DecJ8912D=Times Cited: 0 English Biographical-Item 259XG PHYTOPATHOLOGYMISI:0000839188000031JZp231-243$://000170353200002i"Siranidou, E. Buchenauer, H.81Chemical control of Fusarium head blight on wheatuf_Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection Fusarium head blight; wheat; grain yield; deoxynivalenol (DON); tebuconazole; piperonylbutoxide; metconazole; benomyl; prochloraz; chlorothalonil; azoxystrobin mycotoxin production; gas-chromatography; ear blight; deoxynivalenol; contamination; resistance; cereals; crop; scabThe effects of different chemical substances on infection and mycotoxin production of Fusarium culmorum in winter wheat cultivars were investigated in Field trials during 2 years. Spray treatments of the cvs. 'Kontrast' and 'Agent' with the fungicide tebuconazole either 2 days before or 2 days post inoculation reduced of the disease index of the spikes by 61-89 % and the toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in the grain by 50-70 % as well as increased grain yield by 9-19 % in comparison to the untreated control. Application of metconazole in the cvs. 'Kontrast', 'Agent' and 'Piko' 2 days before inoculation led to decreases of the disease index by 68-71 % and the DON content in the grain by 61-69 % and increased grain yield by 6-9 % compared with the untreated plants. The application of the fungicidal substances chlorothalonil, prochloraz and benomyl 2 days before inoculation did not satisfactorily control the pathogen. Treatment of the plants with azoxystrobin reduced the disease index of the spikes, but the content of DON determined in the grain was higher than in the untreated control. Application of piperonylbutoxide, a possible inhibitor of trichothecene biosynthesis, increased the efficacy of the fungicides in the cv. 'Agent'. 2,Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2001 May  108C3'Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed 360, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed 360, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Siranidou E Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed 360, D-70593 Stuttgart, GermanyD=Times Cited: 7 English Article 461FA Z PFLANZENKR PFLANZENSCHISI:000170353200002 1283-1286$://A1990EP586000052,Smart, M. G. Shotwell, O. L. Caldwell, R. W.rlPathogenesis in Aspergillus Ear Rot of Maize - Aflatoxin B-1 Levels in Grains around Wound-Inoculation SitesPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1990 Decm8012EP586 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1990EP58600005l 1287-1294s$://A1990EP586000062+Smart, M. G. Wicklow, D. T. Caldwell, R. W..b\Pathogenesis in Aspergillus Ear Rot of Maize - Light-Microscopy of Fungal Spread from WoundsPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1990 Dec8012EP586 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1990EP58600006:TELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA GELDERBLOM WCA S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA>7Times Cited: 15 English Article SU814 BIOCHEM PHARMACOLGISI:A1984SU81400004i122-124$://A1984SB35300037Gelderblom, W. C. A. Marasas, W. F. O. Steyn, P. S. Thiel, P. G. Vandermerwe, K. J. Vanrooyen, P. H. Vleggaar, R. Wessels, P. L.TNStructure Elucidation of Fusarin-C, a Mutagen Produced by Fusarium-Moniliforme>7Journal of the Chemical Society-Chemical CommunicationsE"J. Chem. Soc.-Chem. Commun. 198424'CSIR,NATL CHEM RES LAB,POB 395,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICA MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT BIOCHEM,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA CSIR,NATL CHEM RES LAB,POB 395,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICAB://A1984TL92200031LFGelderblom, W. C. A. Thiel, P. G. Marasas, W. F. O. Vandermerwe, K. J.ZTNatural Occurrence of Fusarin-C, a Mutagen Produced by Fusarium-Moniliforme, in Corn0*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryJ. Agric. Food Chem. 1984325V'S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT BIOCHEM,STELLENBOSCH 7600,SOUTH AFRICA GELDERBLOM WCA S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA<5Times Cited: 38 English Article TL922 J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:A1984TL92200031q181-192$://000089567100001&Maragos, C. M. McCormick, S. P.ZTMonoclonal antibodies for the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and 3- acetyl-deoxynivalenol& Food and Agricultural Immunologydeoxynivalenol; vomitoxin; immunoassay; antibody; analysis linked-immunosorbent-assay; chromatography mass-spectrometry; gas-chromatography; wheat; 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; vomitoxin; cereals; grains; barley; feedsThe mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is produced by the mold Fusarium graminearum and is found worldwide on cereal grains, in particular wheat and maize. Each year this compound, also known as `vomitoxin' causes substantial losses to agricultural productivity. Three monoclonal antibodies were developed following the immunization of mice with a conjugate of DON and ovalbumin. One of these antibodies, produced by clone #22, was selected for the development of a competitive direct ELISA (CD- ELISA). This format consists of competition between a DON horseradish peroxidase conjugate (DON-HRP) and free DON for antibody attached to microwell plates. Color development in the assay was inhibited 50% (IC50) by 18 ng DON/ml in phosphate- buffered saline (PBS). The antibody from this clone showed strong cross-reactivity to 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON), with an IC50 of 2.9 ng ml(-1) Cross-reactivity to 19 other trichothecene mycotoxins was low. The CD-ELISA was applied to wheat spiked with DON over the range 0.01-10 mu g/g and extracted with a 10-fold excess of PBS. The midpoint for color development in the assay using this extraction was 0.27 mu g DON/g wheat. Recoveries over the range 0.05-5 mu g/g averaged 88.7% with a coefficient of variation of 10.9%. This assay is sufficiently sensitive and rapid to permit the screening of DON in wheat below the US Food and Drug Administration advisory level of 1 ppm in human food. Food Agric. Immunol. 2000 Sepn123n'ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Maragos CM ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USAGTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 29 Cited References: ABOUZIED MM, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P1264 ALLEN DC, 1977, PLASMA PROTEINS BAXTER JA, 1985, B ENV CONTAMINANTS T, V34, P645 CASALE WL, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P663 HOOGENRAAD N, 1983, J IMMUNOL METHODS, V61, P317 HUOPALAHTI RP, 1997, J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T, V20, P537 JELINEK CF, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P223 KAMIMURA H, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V64, P1067 KENNETT RH, 1982, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIE, P365 LAUREN DR, 1987, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V70, P479 MILLS ENC, 1990, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V2, P109 MOSSOBA MM, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P1116 NICOL MJ, 1993, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V5, P199 ROTTER BA, 1996, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V48, P1 SCHMIDT R, 1995, 109 M AOAC INT SEPT SCHMITT K, 1996, IMMUNOASSAYS RESIDUE, P314 SCOTT PM, 1993, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V10, P381 SINHA RC, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1740 TACKE BK, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P472 TRUCKSESS MW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P883 TRUCKSESS MW, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P631 TRUCKSESS MW, 1986, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V69, P35 USLEBER E, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2019 USLEBER E, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2091 WALTON KW, 1964, J CLIN PATHOL, V17, P627 WANG BH, 1996, MAN IN ICE, V3, P59 XIAO H, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P2092 XU YC, 1988, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V71, P945 ZHANG GS, 1986, J FOOD PROTECT, V49, P336 English Article 358PU FOOD AGRIC IMMUNOLISI:000089567100001S5DtU:RTb8H |955-961$://0001699470000041&Fakhoury, A. M. Woloshuk, C. P. ztInhibition of growth of Aspergillus flavus and fungal alpha- amylases by a lectin-like protein from Lablab purpureus*$Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactionscorn genotypes resistant; aflatoxin biosynthesis; maize kernels; antifungal properties; trypsin-inhibitor; ear rot; seeds; binding; purification; insectAspergillus flavus is a fungal pathogen of maize causing an important ear rot disease when plants are exposed to drought and heat stress. Associated with the disease is the production of aflatoxins, which are a series of structurally related mycotoxins known to be carcinogenic. Previous research has suggested that the a-amylase of A. flavus promotes aflatoxin production in the endosperm of infected maize kernels. We report here the isolation and characterization of a 36-kDa alpha -amylase inhibitor from Lablab purpureus (AILP), AILP inhibited the alpha -amylases from several fungi but had little effect on those from animal and plant sources. The protein inhibited conidial germination and hyphal growth of A. flavus. The amino acid sequence indicated that AILP is similar to lectin members of a lectin-arcelin-alpha -amylase inhibitor family described in common bean and shown to be a component of plant resistance to insect pests. AILP also agglutinated papain-treated red blood cells from human and rabbit. These data indicate that AILP represents a novel variant in the lectin-arcelin-alpha -amylase inhibitor family of proteins having lectin-like and alpha -amylase inhibitory activity."Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 2001 AugL1482'Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Woloshuk CP Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Times Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 40 Cited References: BARBER D, 1986, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V869, P115 BLANCOLABRA A, 1995, J FOOD BIOCHEM, V19, P27 BOMPARDGILLES C, 1996, STRUCTURE, V4, P1441 BRADFORD MM, 1976, ANAL BIOCHEM, V72, P248 BROEKAERT WF, 1989, SCIENCE, V245, P1100 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CAMPOS JE, 1997, J FOOD BIOCHEM, V21, P203 CHAPLIN MF, 1994, CARBOHYDRATE ANAL PR, P1 CHEN ZY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1320 CHEN ZY, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P902 CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P276 CHEN ZY, 1997, PLANT PHYSIOL, V114, P265 DESA MFG, 1997, PLANTA, V203, P295 DOHROO NP, 1987, PLANT DIS RES, V2, P106 FAKHOURY AM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P908 FENG GH, 1996, INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC, V26, P419 FINARDIFILHO F, 1996, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V43, P57 GATEHOUSE AMR, 1986, J SCI FOOD AGR, V37, P727 GOZIA O, 1993, CR ACAD SCI III-VIE, V316, P788 GUO BZ, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P98 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 GUO BZ, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1174 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 LAEMMLI UK, 1970, NATURE, V227, P680 LEBERREANTON V, 2000, PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH, V38, P657 MIRKOV TE, 1994, PLANT MOL BIOL, V26, P1103 POWERS JR, 1977, J FOOD BIOCHEM, V1, P217 POWERS JR, 1982, J FOOD PROTECT, V45, P655 PUEYO JJ, 1993, PLANT PHYSIOL, V101, P1341 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCHROEDER HE, 1995, PLANT PHYSIOL, V107, P1233 SHADE RE, 1994, BIO-TECHNOL, V12, P793 SILANO V, 1975, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V391, P170 SINGH R, 1989, INDIAN J MYCOL PLANT, V19, P22 SUN Z, 1990, PLANT PHYSIOL, V94, P320 VANPARIJS J, 1991, PLANTA, V183, P258 VAUGHAN AH, 1999, CROP PROT, V18, P177 WOLOSHUK CP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P164 XU Q, 1998, PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH, V36, P899 English Article 453ZA MOL PLANT MICROBE INTERACTIONISI:000169947000004O:3Fandohan, P. Hell, P. Marasas, WFO. Wingfield, MJ.  2003`ZReview - Infection of maize by Fusarium species and contamination with fumonisin in Africa(!Arfrican Journal of Biotechnology212570-579*$ Fusarium, fumonisins, maize, Africa Fusarium is one of the major fungal genera associated with maize in Africa. This genus comprises several toxigenic species including F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, which are the most prolific producers of fumonisins. The fumonisins are a group of economically important mycotoxins and very common contaminants of maize-based foods and feeds throughout the world. They have been found to be associated with several animal diseases such as leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary oedema in pigs. Effects of fumonisins on humans are not yet well understood. However, their occurrence in maize has been associated with high incidences of oesophageal and liver cancer. Infection of maize by Fusarium species and contamination with fumonisins are generally influenced by many factors including environmental conditions (climate, temperature, humidity), insect infestation and pre- and postharvest handling. Attempts to control F. verticillioides and to detoxify or reduce fumonisin levels in maize have been undertaken. However, more research studies are urgently needed in order to understand more about this toxin. Fumonisins are less documented because they are recently discovered mycotoxins compared to aflatoxins. To date in Africa, apart from South Africa, very little information is available on Fusarium infection and fumonisin contamination in maize. It is a matter of great concern that on this continent, millions of people are consuming contaminated maize and maize-based foods daily without being aware of the danger.ZShttp://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?jb03108 and http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/'P. Fandohan1*, K. Hell2, W.F.O. Marasas3, M.J. Wingfield4 1Programme on Agricultural and Food Technology, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, P. O. Box 128, Porto-Novo, Benin. *Corresponding author. Tel: +229 21 41 60. E-mail: lta@intnet.bj. 2International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P. O. Box: 08-0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin. 3Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical Research Council, P. O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa. 4Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.731-736$://A1991HM13000007l*$Faraj, M. K. Smith, J. E. Harran, G.Interaction of Water Activity and Temperature on Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus-Flavus and Aspergillus-Parasiticus in Irradiated Maize SeedsA&Food Additives and ContaminantsoFood Addit. Contam.8 1991Nov-Dec8167HM130 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMRISI:A1991HM130000071515-518$://A1995RV544000131 Fazekas, B. Tothne, H. E. JCIncidence of Fumonisin-B-1 Mycotoxin in Maize Cultivated in Hungary Magyar Allatorvosok LapjacMagy. Allatorv. Lapjai 1995 Augi508 RV544 MAGY ALLATORV LAPJA9ISI:A1995RV544000139484-487$://A1996VG02500009Fazekas, B. Bajmocy, E. hbOccurrence of the equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) caused by fumonisin-B-1 mycotoxin in Hungary Magyar Allatorvosok LapjagMagy. Allatorv. Lapja 1996 AugA518S VG025 MAGY ALLATORV LAPJA:ISI:A1996VG02500009c 25-37$://A1996UR53800004& Fazekas, B. Kis, M. Hajdu, E. T.^XData on the contamination of maize with fumonisin B-1 and other fusariotoxins in Hungary Acta Veterinaria HungaricaActa Vet. Hung.l 1996441UR538 ACTA VET HUNG6ISI:A1996UR53800004:137-139$://A1997WY7500000260Fazekas, B. Bajmocy, E. Glavits, R. Fenyvesi, A.nhFumonisine mycotoxicoses in Hungary. Leukoencephalomalacia in horses, fattening pulmonary oedema in pigs Magyar Allatorvosok LapjapMagy. Allatorv. Lapja 1997 Mar7 119.3 WY750 MAGY ALLATORV LAPJAISI:A1997WY75000002T171-181$://000073112800006@:Fazekas, B. Bajmocy, E. Glavits, R. Fenyvesi, A. Tanyi, J.^WFumonisin B-1 contamination of maize and experimental acute fumonisin toxicosis in pigso^XJournal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health:3J. Vet. Med. Ser. B-Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health0 1998 AprT453:("ZH463 J VET MED B-INFECT DIS VET PISI:000073112800006S B2,Brown, M. P. Brown-Jenco, C. S. Payne, G. A. 1999>8Genetic and molecular analysis of aflatoxin biosynthesis"Fungal Genetics and Biology0262; 81-98i MarnFungal Genet. Biol.9ISI:000080253900001isterigmatocystin; secondary metabolism; polyketide biosynthesis; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus parasiticus; Aspergillus nidulans; mycotoxins; Zn(II)2cys6 binuclear cluster; DNA binding motif fatty-acid synthases; aspergillus-parasiticus nrrl-3240; versiconal hemiacetal acetate; versicolorin-b synthase; polyketide synthase; sterigmatocystin biosynthesis; cytochrome- p-450 monooxygenase; o-methylsterigmatocystin; penicillin biosynthesis; filamentous fungiThe aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway represents one of the best studied pathways of fungal secondary metabolism. Its elucidation is the result of over 30 years of study by scientists in many disciplines. For recent reviews on the chemistry of the pathway see articles by Bhatnagar et al. (1992) Minto and Townsend (1997), and Woloshuk and Prieto (1997). Concern over the toxicity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxin has been the prime force driving research in this area. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen known (Squire, 1989), and epidemiological data implicate aflatoxin as a component of liver cancer in humans in certain parts of the world (Hall and Wild, 1994). Although aflatoxins are not extremely toxic, consumption of aflatoxin contaminated food by animals can lead to decreased weight gain, hemorrhaging, and suppression of the immune system (Miller andWilson, 1994).<6Times Cited: 22 English Review 195MC FUNGAL GENET BIOLvp://000080253900001 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Brown-Rev-Aflatox-biosynth-1999.pdf'4-N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Box 7616, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA InterLink Associates, Auburn, CA 95603 USA Monsanto Corp, St Louis, MO 63198 USA Payne GA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Box 7616, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA708-711$://000172959700018NHBrown, R. L. Cleveland, T. E. Woloshuk, C. P. Payne, G. A. Bhatnagar, D.rkGrowth inhibition of a Fusarium verticillioides GUS strain in corn kernels of aflatoxin-resistant genotypes,&Applied Microbiology and Biotechnologyzcoli beta-glucuronidase; aspergillus-flavus; escherichia-coli; maize kernels; fumonisin production; contamination; proteinb\Two corn genotypes, GT-MAS:gk and MI82, resistant to Aspergillus flavus infection/aflatoxin contamination, were tested for their ability to limit growth of Fusarium verticillioides. An F. verticillioides strain was transformed with a P-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (uidA) construct to facilitate fungal growth quantification and then inoculated onto endosperm-wounded and non-wounded kernels of the above- corn lines. To serve as a control, an A. flavus strain containing the same reporter gene construct was inoculated onto non-wounded kernels of GT-MAS:gk. Results showed that, as in a previous study, non-wounded GT-MAS:gk kernels supported less growth (six- to ten-fold) of A. flavus than did kernels of a susceptible control. Also, non-wounded kernels of GT-MAS:gk and MI82 supported less growth (two- to four-fold) of F. verticillioides than did susceptible kernels. Wounding, however, increased F. verticillioides infection of MI82, but not that of GT-MAS:gk. This is in contrast to a previous study of A. flavus, where wounding increased infection of GT-MAS:gk rather than MI82 kernels. Further study is needed to explain genotypic variation in the kernel response to A. flavus and F. verticillioides kernel infections. Also, the potential for aflatoxin-resistant corn lines to likewise inhibit growth of F. verticillioides needs to be confirmed in the field."Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2001 Dec57 5-6'@:USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27965 USA Brown RL USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA2,Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 26 Cited References: *FDA, 2000, GUID IND FUM LEV HUM BACON CW, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P514 BACON CW, 2000, P USDA ARS AFL FUM W, P35 BROWN RL, 1997, J FOOD PROTECT, V60, P84 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CHEN ZY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1320 CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P276 DELUCCA AJ, 1997, ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH, V41, P481 GLENN AE, 2000, P USDA ARS AFL FUM W, P40 GUO BZ, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P276 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 JEFFERSON RA, 1987, EMBO J, V6, P3901 JEFFERSON RA, 1987, PLANT MOL BIOL REP, V5, P387 KOEHLER B, 1959, ILL AGR EXP STN B, V639 LILLEHOJ EB, 1988, TROPICAL SCI, V28, P19 MAY GS, 1987, GENE, V55, P231 PLATTNER RD, 2000, P USDA ARS AFL FUM W, P46 SEDMAK JJ, 1977, ANAL BIOCHEM, V79, P544 SEIP ER, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3686 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 TURGEON BG, 1987, MOL CELL BIOL, V7, P3297 WYLLIE TD, 1978, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V3, PR7 YATES IE, 2000, P USDA ARS AFL FUM W, P38 English Article 506FT APPL MICROBIOL BIOTECHNOLISI:000172959700018|Dc : 2492-2496 $://A1991GF76900008m@9Chelack, W. S. Borsa, J. Marquardt, R. R. Frohlich, A. A.Role of the Competitive Microbial-Flora in the Radiation- Induced Enhancement of Ochratoxin Production by Aspergillus- Alutaceus Var Alutaceus Nrrl 3174,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1 1991 Sep4579S"GF769 APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:A1991GF769000080@:Chelule, P. K. Gqaleni, N. Dutton, M. F. Chuturgoon, A. A. 2001haExposure of rural and urban populations in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, to fumonisin B-1 in maizeo(!Environmental Health Perspectives 109[3[253-256 Mar Environ. Health Perspect.esophageal cancer; fumonisin B-1; Fusarium verticillioides; high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); maize esophageal cancer; fusarium-moniliforme; transkei; corn; fermentation; areasrlWe surveyed households in rural and urban areas of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, to assess the exposure of the inhabitants to fumonisin B-1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides. In southern African regions maize, used as a staple food by the population, is prone to F. verticillioides infection. Furthermore, high levels of FB1 in maize have been associated with esophageal cancer in South Africa. We assessed exposure of the population to FB1 at three levels, namely, by analying stored maize, plate-ready food, and frees. The positions of participating households in the rural area were recorded using geographic information systems (GTS) for ease and accuracy of Follow-up. OF the 50 rural maize samples examined, 32% had levels of FB1 ranging from 0.1-22.2 mg/kg, whereas 29% of the 28 cooked maize (phutu) samples contained FB1 ranging from 0.1-0.4 mg/kg. The incidence and levels of FB1 in feces were 33% and 0.5-39.0 mg/kg, respectively. Of the 49 urban maize samples analyzed 6.1% had a range of 0.2-0.5 mg/kg FB1, whereas 3 of 44 fecal samples (6%) ranged between 0.6 and 16.2 mg/kg. No FB1 was detected in urban phutu samples. Because these levels are lower than those published from regions in South Africa with high incidence of esophageal cancer, it may be concluded that the risk of esophageal cancer from FB1 exposure is lower in the KwaZulu Natal region."Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 15 Cited References: ABDOOLKARIM Q, 1992, AIDS, V6, P1535 BOTHAST RJ, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P233 CHELULE PK, 2000, BIOMARKERS, V5, P1 GQALENI N, 1998, REV MED VET, V149, P563 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 LESUEUR D, 1997, PARTIAL RURAL INFORM MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 MURPHY PA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P323 MYBURG R, 1998, IMMUNOLOCALISATION F PEERS F, 1987, INT J CANCER, V39, P545 RAVA E, 1996, MYCOTOXIN RES, V12, P25 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 SCOTT PM, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P31 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 English Article 416HQ ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECTPJhttp://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2001/109p253-256chelule/chelule-full.html'leUniv Natal, Nelson R Mandela Sch Med, Sch Med Sci, Environm Hlth Res Unit, Private Bag 7, ZA-4013 Congella, South Africa Univ Natal, Nelson R Mandela Sch Med, Sch Med Sci, Environm Hlth Res Unit, ZA-4013 Congella, South Africa Dutton MF Univ Natal, Nelson R Mandela Sch Med, Sch Med Sci, Environm Hlth Res Unit, Private Bag 7, ZA-4013 Congella, South Africa 1785-1792T$://000172247800023 LEChen, Z. Y. Brown, R. L. Cleveland, T. E. Damann, K. E. Russin, J. S.,|Comparison of constitutive and inducible maize kernel proteins of genotypes resistant or susceptible to aflatoxin production Journal of Food Protectioncorn trypsin-inhibitor; aspergillus ear rot; escherichia-coli; globulin-2 gene; flavus; infection; contamination; germination; defense; plants Maize genotypes resistant or susceptible to aflatoxin production or contamination were compared for differences in both constitutive and inducible proteins. Five additional constitutive proteins were found to be associated with resistance in over 8 of the 10 genotypes examined. Among these, the 58- and 46-kDa proteins were identified as globulin-1 and globulin-2, respectively. Differences in the ability to induce specific antifungal proteins, such as the higher synthesis of the 22-kDa zeamatin in resistant genotypes, were also observed between resistant and susceptible kernels incubated under germinating conditions (31 degreesC, 100% humidity). Both constitutive and inducible proteins appear to be necessary for kernel resistance. Embryo-killed kernels (unable to synthesize new proteins) supported the highest level of aflatoxins, whereas imbibed kernels (to hasten protein induction) supported the lowest among all treatments. This suggests that the synthesis of new proteins by the embryo plays an important role in conferring resistance However, significantly lower levels of aflatoxin production in embryo-killed resistant kernels than in susceptible ones suggest that, in reality, high levels of constitutive antifungal proteins are indispensable to kernel resistance. J. Food Prot. 2001 Nov6411'USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Brown RL USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA  Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 47 Cited References: BELANGER FC, 1989, PLANT PHYSIOL, V91, P636 BOWLES DJ, 1990, ANNU REV BIOCHEM, V59, P873 BRADFORD MM, 1976, ANAL BIOCHEM, V72, P248 BROWN RL, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P967 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CHEN ZY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1320 CHEN ZY, 2001, COMMUNICATION CHEN ZY, 1998, P AFL EL WORKSH NAT, P41 CHEN ZY, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P902 CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P276 CHEN ZY, 1997, PLANT PHYSIOL, V114, P265 CORDERO MJ, 1994, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V7, P23 CORDERO MJ, 1992, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V41, P189 COTTY PJ, 1989, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V79, P808 DAVIS GL, 1999, MAIZE GENET C, V41, P22 DIENER UL, 1987, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V25, P249 GUO BZ, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P276 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 GUO BZ, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1174 HSIEH DPH, 1989, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P69 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 HUTCHESON SW, 1998, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V36, P59 HUYNH QK, 1992, J BIOL CHEM, V267, P6635 JACKSON AO, 1996, PLANT CELL, V8, P1651 KEEN NT, 1992, PLANT MOL BIOL, V19, P109 KRIZ AL, 1991, BIOCHEM GENET, V29, P241 KRIZ AL, 1989, BIOCHEM GENET, V27, P239 LAEMMLI UK, 1970, NATURE, V227, P680 LOZOVAYA VV, 1998, CROP SCI, V38, P1255 MAUCH F, 1988, PLANT PHYSIOL, V88, P936 MORRIS SW, 1998, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V11, P643 NICHOLS TE, 1983, SO COOPERATIVE SERIE, V279, P67 ODONOUGHUE LS, 1996, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V86, P719 OSBOURN AE, 1996, PLANT CELL, V8, P1821 PAYNE GA, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P279 RAVENTOS D, 1994, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V45, P349 ROBERTS WK, 1990, J GEN MICROBIOL, V136, P1771 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 SMITH JE, 1985, MYCOTOXINS FORMATION SQUIRE RA, 1981, SCIENCE, V214, P877 WALLACE NH, 1991, PLANT PHYSIOL, V95, P973 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WU SC, 1994, PLANT PHYSIOL, V105, P1097 English Article 493XB J FOOD PROTECTISI:000172247800023~d 587-591$://A1997YG99200021XQGemechuHatewu, M. Platt, K. L. Oesch, F. Hacker, H. J. Bannasch, P. Steinberg, P.|uMetabolic activation of aflatoxin B-1 to aflatoxin B-1-8,9- epoxide in woodchucks undergoing chronic active hepatitis&International Journal of Cancervirus transgenic mice; b virus; hepatocellular-carcinoma; chemical hepatocarcinogens; human hepatocytes; primary culture; nitric-oxide; expression; infection; liver$Chronic hepatitis B virus infection as well as consumption of food contaminated with the mycotoxin aflatoxin B-1 are considered to be 2 major risk factors for the development of primary liver cancer in humans, Furthermore, epidemiological surveys indicate that hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin B-1 might act synergistically to induce primary liver cancer. In the present study, we have tested the hypothesis that the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B-1 to aflatoxin B-1-8,9-epoxide, the ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic mycotoxin metabolite, is enhanced in an experimental model of chronic hepatitis using woodchucks, chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus. Woodchuck liver microsomes were incubated with radiolabeled aflatoxin B-1, the resulting aflatoxin B-1-8,9- epoxide was trapped as a glutathione conjugate and its formation rate was determined by a reversed-phase HPLC analysis. In woodchuck hepatitis virus-positive woodchucks, activation of aflatoxin B-1 to aflatoxin B-1-8,9-epoxide was reduced when compared to woodchuck hepatitis virus-free animals, and the extent of the reduction was dependent on the severity of the hepatitis, Hence, at least in woodchucks, a chronic hepadnaviral infection does not lead to an enhanced activation of aflatoxin B-1. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Int. J. Cancer 1997 Nov 14734'UNIV MAINZ,INST TOXICOL,D-55131 MAINZ,GERMANY GERMAN CANC RES CTR,DIV CELL PATHOL,D-6900 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY UNIV MAINZ,INST TOXICOL,D-55131 MAINZ,GERMANYTimes Cited: 10 Cited Reference Count: 25 Cited References: *IARC, 1992, CANC INC 5 CONT, V6 *IARC, 1994, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V59, P45 *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56, P245 ABDELRAZZAK Z, 1993, MOL PHARMACOL, V44, P707 BAERTSCHI SW, 1988, J AM CHEM SOC, V110, P7929 BANNASCH P, 1995, CANCER RES, V55, P3318 CHISARI FV, 1989, CELL, V59, P1145 DEFLORA S, 1989, CARCINOGENESIS, V10, P1099 KIRBY GM, 1993, CARCINOGENESIS, V14, P2613 KIRBY GM, 1994, MOL CARCINOGEN, V11, P74 KIRBY GM, 1996, TOXICOL PATHOL, V24, P458 LANG MA, 1994, MOL CARCINOGEN, V11, P81 LIU RH, 1991, CANCER RES, V51, P3925 LIU RH, 1994, CARCINOGENESIS, V15, P2875 MUNTANERELAT J, 1995, HEPATOLOGY 1, V22, P1143 OHSHIMA H, 1994, MUTAT RES, V305, P253 PARMENTIER JH, 1996, XENOBIOTICA, V26, P1181 PEERS F, 1987, INT J CANCER, V39, P545 ROGGENDORF M, 1995, INTERVIROLOGY, V38, P100 ROSS RK, 1992, LANCET, V339, P943 SELL S, 1991, CANCER RES, V51, P1278 SUMMERS J, 1981, HEPATOLOGY, V1, P179 TENNANT BC, 1990, VIRAL HEPATITIS LIVE, P599 THAL C, 1994, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V268, P515 YEH FS, 1989, CANCER RES, V49, P2506 English Article YG992 INT J CANCERISI:A1997YG99200021 71-81$://A1992JA28700006 .'Gilbert, J. Boenke, A. Wagstaffe, P. J.,d]Deoxynivalenol in Wheat and Maize Flour Reference Materials .1. An Intercomparison of Methodsc&Food Additives and ContaminantsFood Addit. Contam.n 1992Jan-Febo9y1rJA287 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMEISI:A1992JA28700006w533-539$://000171240000007,HBGuo, B. Z. Li, R. G. Widstrom, N. W. Lynch, R. E. Cleveland, T. E.Genetic variation within maize population GT-MAS : gk and the relationship with resistance to Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin productionR& Theoretical and Applied Geneticsaflatoxin; heterogeneous; population; resistance; RAPD markers; Zea mays corn genotypes resistant; antifungal activities; hybrid performance; kernel infection; inbreds; contamination; accumulation; ear; polymorphisms; inheritanceOPJAspergillus flavus (Link:Fr.) infection and aflatoxin contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) grain are an extremely serious problem. Maize genotypes resistant to A. flavus attack are needed. Maize breeders and plant pathologists must identify resistance sources and incorporate resistance into adapted breeding material. Maize population GT-MAS:gk has been released for use as a resistance source. In this study, we surveyed the genetic variation in this population and made the breeders/plant pathologists aware of the heterogeneous nature in this maize population by using RAPD analysis and correlated the RAPD marker association with the resistance to A. flavus and aflatoxin production. Of 40 RAPD primers, only 15 gave sufficient numbers of reproducible and readily scored polymorphic bands suggesting that this population was highly homogeneous. However, genetic distances, ranging from 0.08 to 0.28 and averaging 0.17, suggest that there is variation within the population. Cluster analysis distinguished three major polymorphic groups. Laboratory bioassay revealed that group I contained the most resistant individuals, i.e., those with less aflatoxin production. Group Il had the least resistance, and group III was intermediate. This study showed that the maize population GT-MAS:gk is heterogeneous and individuals are different in resistance to A. flavus and aflatoxin production. Resistance should be confirmed through progeny testing before further development. The RAPD marker OPX-04, which may be associated with the resistance trait, has been cloned and further characterization will be pursued.Theor. Appl. Genet. 2001 Sep 1034'd^USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Guo BZ USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USATimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 41 Cited References: 1989, OFFICIAL METHODS REC ARMSTRONG JS, 1994, RAPDISTANCE PACKAGE BROWN RL, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P967 CAMPBELL KW, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1144 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P276 CLEVELAND TE, 1992, MOL APPROACHES IMPRO, P205 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DICE LR, 1945, ECOLOGY, V26, P297 GARCIA E, 1998, THEOR APPL GENET, V80, P833 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GOLDBLATT LA, 1969, AFLATOXIN SCI BACKGR GUO BZ, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P564 GUO BZ, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P98 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 GUO BZ, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, PS32 GUO BZ, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1174 GUO BZ, 1996, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V86, P824 HAMALAINEN JH, 1997, THEOR APPL GENET, V94, P192 HENRY SH, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P2453 HILLIS DM, 1990, MOL SYSTEMATICS, P318 HSIEH DPH, 1989, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P69 KRESOVICH S, 1994, CROP SCI, V34, P805 LEE M, 1989, CROP SCI, V29, P1067 MARSAN PA, 1998, THEOR APPL GENET, V96, P219 MCMILLIAN WW, 1993, CROP SCI, V33, P882 NEI M, 1979, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V76, P5269 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SAITOU N, 1987, MOL BIOL EVOL, V4, P406 SMITH OS, 1990, THEOR APPL GENET, V80, P833 SQUIRE RA, 1981, SCIENCE, V214, P877 THOMPSON DL, 1984, PLANT DIS, V68, P465 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WIDSTROM NW, 1984, CROP SCI, V24, P1155 WIDSTROM NW, 1983, SO COOP SERIES B, V279, P72 WILLIAMS JGK, 1990, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V18, P6531 ZHANG QF, 1995, MOL BREEDING, V1, P133 ZHANG Y, 1997, PLANT BREEDING, V116, P146 ZUBER MS, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI, P173 ZUBER MS, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1346 ZUBER MS, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P185 English Article 476QJ THEOR APPL GENETISI:000171240000007167-171$://000173281900025A@9Guo, B. Z. Butron, A. Li, H. Widstrom, N. W. Lynch, R. E.SRestriction fragment length polymorphism assessment of the heterogeneous nature of maize population GT-MAS : gk and field evaluation of resistance to aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus Journal of Food Protectioncorn genotypes resistant; antifungal activities; hybrid performance; kernel infection; inbreds; accumulation; ear; contamination; inheritance; inoculationAflatoxin, produced by Aspergillus flavus, is one of the most toxic and carcinogenic substances known and contaminates many agricultural commodities such as corn, peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts, The challenge to breeders/plant pathologists is to identify lines that have resistance to aflatoxin production. Maize population GT-MAS:gk has been identified and released as a germplasm with resistance to aflatoxin contamination. In the present study, we assessed genetic divergence in the GT-MAS:gk Population using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) DNA markers to survey 11 selfed inbred lines and conducted field evaluations for the dissimilarities in aflatoxin production among these inbred lines in comparison with a sister population. GT-MAS;pw.nf, The 11 selfed inbred lines were assayed for DNA polymorphism using a 113 RFLP markers in 10 linkage groups covering 1,518.2 centimorgans (cM; unit of gene or chromosome size), Considerable variation among the inbreds was detected with RFLP markers, of which 42 probe- enzyme combinations gave 102 polymorphic bands. Cluster analysis based on genetic similarities revealed associations and variations among the tested lines. Three polymorphic groups were distinguished by cluster analysis. Two years of field evaluation data showed that aflatoxin concentrations among the lines were significantly different in both years (P < 0.001). Maturity data were also different. Thus, this study demonstrates that the maize population GT-MAS:gk is heterogeneous and that individuals may be different in resistance to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin production, Therefore, the most resistant lines should be inbred to increase homogeneity, and resistance should be confirmed through progeny testing. J. Food Prot. 2002 Jan651'^WUSDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Guo BZ USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA"Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 38 Cited References: BROWN RL, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P967 BUTRON A, MAYDICA, V46, P117 CAMPBELL KW, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1144 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P276 CLEVELAND TE, 1992, MOL APPROACHES IMPRO, P205 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DAVIS GL, 1999, GENETICS, V152, P1137 DICE LR, 1945, ECOLOGY, V26, P297 GARCIA E, 1998, THEOR APPL GENET, V80, P833 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GOLDBLATT LA, 1969, AFLATOXIN SCI BACKGR GUO BZ, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P564 GUO BZ, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P98 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 GUO BZ, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, PS32 GUO BZ, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1174 GUO BZ, 1996, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V86, P824 GUO BZ, 2000, RRD AGR FOOD CHEM 1, V4, P165 GUO BZ, 2001, THEOR APPL GENET, V103, P533 HAMALAINEN JH, 1997, THEOR APPL GENET, V94, P192 HENRY SH, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P2453 HILLIS DM, 1990, MOL SYSTEMATICS, P318 HSIEH DPH, 1989, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P69 LEE M, 1989, CROP SCI, V29, P1067 MARSAN PA, 1998, THEOR APPL GENET, V96, P219 MCMILLIAN WW, 1993, CROP SCI, V33, P882 NEI M, 1979, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V76, P5269 ROHLF FJ, 1989, NTSYS PC NUMERICAL T RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SMITH OS, 1990, THEOR APPL GENET, V80, P833 SQUIRE RA, 1981, SCIENCE, V214, P877 THOMPSON DL, 1984, PLANT DIS, V68, P465 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WIDSTROM NW, 1984, CROP SCI, V24, P1155 WIDSTROM NW, IN PRESS EUR J AGRON ZHANG QF, 1995, MOL BREEDING, V1, P133 ZHANG Y, 1997, PLANT BREEDING, V116, P146 English Article 511TP J FOOD PROTECTISI:000173281900025@ <D117-124$://000170645200007n`ZButron, A. Li, R. G. Guo, B. Z. Widstrom, N. W. Snook, M. E. Cleveland, T. E. Lynch, R. E.RKMolecular markers to increase corn earworm resistance in a maize populationTMaydica660maysin-apimaysin-3 '-methoxymaysin chloro-genic acid-flavonoid- RFLP markers-Zea mays-Helicoverpa Zea-husk tightness quantitative trait loci; larvae lepidoptera; zea-mays; aspergillus-flavus; aflatoxin contamination; metabolic pathways; genetic mechanisms; noctuidae larvae; helicoverpa- zea; silk maysinMaysin and related compounds, such as apimaysin, 3 ' - methoxymaysin, and chlorogenic acid, have been determined to be important maize (Zea mays L.) produced antibiotic compounds against corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie), but, to be effective under field conditions, silk antibiotics should be accompanied by good husk coverage. The objective of this work was to identify molecular markers associated with synthesis of maysin and related compounds in a maize Population and determine if the markers could be linked to the genes which affect husk tightness. A total of 113 probes were used to screen for RFLP polymorphisms and the 53 probes that were polymorphic between the parents were used as codominant markers to genotype 205 F-2 individuals. Silks and husks of F-2:3 families were evaluated. Two major QTL were identified for the synthesis of maysin and related compounds, the already known pl, on the short arm of chromosome 1, and a novel one on the interval csu1066-umcl76 on genomic region 2C-2L. A QTL for husk tightness was located near pl. The functional allele for pi and the favorable allele for husk tightness were in repulsion linkage. in a marker-assisted selection program for increasing resistance to corn earworm, markers for silk antibiotic synthesis should be accompanied by markers for husk tightness. Efforts Should be made to convert the RFLP-markers into PCR- based markers for user friendly application in marker-assisted breeding.Maydica 2001462'USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Richard Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Guo BZ USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA j cTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 50 Cited References: *SAS I INC, 1989, SAS STAT US GUID VER, V1 BUTRON A, 2000, RRD AGR FOOD CHEM 1, V4, P193 BYRNE PF, 1998, CROP SCI, V38, P461 BYRNE PF, 1997, J ECON ENTOMOL, V90, P1039 BYRNE PF, 1996, MAYDICA, V41, P13 BYRNE PF, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P8820 DAVIS GL, 1999, GENETICS, V152, P1137 DVORACKOVA L, 1990, AFLATOXINS HUMAN HLT GARDINER JM, 1993, GENETICS, V134, P917 GROTEWOLD E, 1998, PLANT CELL, V10, P721 GUO BZ, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P564 GUO BZ, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P746 GUO BZ, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1174 GUO BZ, 2000, RRD AGR FOOD CHEM 1, V4, P165 HELLER W, 1994, FLAVONOIDS ADV RES 1, P499 LANDE R, 1990, GENETICS, V124, P743 LANDER ES, 1987, GENOMICS, V1, P174 LEE EA, 1998, GENETICS, V149, P1997 LILLEHOJ EB, 1975, CROP SCI, V15, P267 LINCOLN S, 1992, CONSTRUCTING GENETIC LINCOLN S, 1992, MAPPING GENES CONTRO MCMILLIAN WW, 1993, CROP SCI, V33, P882 MCMILLIAN WW, 1978, J ENVIRON QUAL, V7, P564 MCMULLEN MD, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P1996 MORENO OJ, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P1 ONG TM, 1975, MUTAT RES, V32, P35 PATTERSON AH, 1988, NATURE, V335, P721 PODKOWINSKI J, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P1870 RASMUSSEN S, 1999, PLANT CELL, V11, P1537 SCOTT GE, 1991, AGRON J, V83, P595 SNOOK ME, 1994, ACS SYM SER, V557, P122 SNOOK ME, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P2740 SNOOK ME, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1481 SNOOK ME, 1989, J CHROMATOGR, V477, P439 STUBER CW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P639 STYLES ED, 1989, MAYDICA, V34, P227 TANKSLEY SD, 1996, THEOR APPL GENET, V92, P191 WAISS AC, 1979, J ECON ENTOMOL, V72, P256 WIDSTROM NW, 1998, CROP SCI, V38, P372 WIDSTROM NW, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P202 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WIDSTROM NW, 1975, CROP SCI, V15, P183 WIDSTROM NW, 1975, J ECON ENTOMOL, V68, P855 WIDSTROM NW, 1994, PLANT BREEDING, V112, P120 WIDSTROM NW, 1997, RRD AGR FOOD CHEM, V1, P301 WISEMAN BR, 1996, J ECON ENTOMOL, V89, P1040 WISEMAN BR, 1995, J ECON ENTOMOL, V88, P1037 WISEMAN BR, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P2473 WISEMAN BR, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P2500 WISEMAN BR, 1992, MAYDICA, V36, P119 English Article 466KR MAYDICAISI:000170645200007319-323$://0001774369000100*Caldas, E. D. Silva, S. C. Oliveira, J. N.HAAflatoxins and ochratoxin A in food and the risks to human healthRevista De Saude Publicad^aflatoxins; ochratoxins; food analyses; food contamination; health surveillance; peanuts; cornObjectives The presence of mycotoxins in food has been associated with several human diseases, and health authorities have taken actions to decrease the ingestion of these compounds in the diet. A study was carried out to assess aflatoxins and ochratoxin A concentrations found in food, and to evaluate the potential risk to human health resulting from mycotoxin exposure. Methods Between July 1998 to December 2001, 366 food samples were analyzed, including peanuts and its products, nuts, maize, oat and/or Wheat products, rice and beans. Samples were processed and the extracted mycotoxins were detected and separated using thin layer chromatography, and then quantified with fluorescence. Results Aflatoxins were detected in 19.6% of the samples: raw peanuts and its products, pop corn, maize and Brazilian nuts (>2mg/kg). Peanuts and its products showed the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination (34.7%) with up to 1280mg/kg of AFBI + AFGI and 1706 mg/kg of total aflatoxins. Of the Positive samples. AFBI was detected in 98.5%, AFB2 in 93%. AFGI in 66.7%, and AFG2 in 65.4%. Ochratoxin A was not detected (<25 mg/kg) in any sample analyzed. Conclusion It was found that contamination levels mainly seen in peanuts and its products exceed Brazilian regulated standards, and they can be a potential risk to regular consumers of these products. Food producers' awareness allied to monitoring programs is essential to reduce bunion exposure to these compounds and prevent ensuing chronic diseases. Rev. Saude Publica 2002 JunV363A' Univ Brasilia, Fac Ciencias Saude, BR-70919970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Brasilia, Fac Ciencias Saude, BR-70919970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Lab Cent Saude Publ Distrito Fed, Brasilia, DF, Brazil Caldas ED Univ Brasilia, Fac Ciencias Saude, BR-70919970 Brasilia, DF, BrazilTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 13 Cited References: *ANVISA, 2001, LEG DISP URL *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56, P245 *JECFA, 1998, SAF EV CERT FOOD ADD *MIN AGR AB, 2000, PREV AFL CAST BRAS AMORIM SS, 2000, 10 INT IUPAC S MYCOT, P141 CALDAS ED, 1998, REV SAUDE DIST FED, V9, P44 CORREA TBS, 2000, 10 INT IUPAC S MYC P, P134 DOLL R, 1981, J NATL CANCER I, V66, P1191 FONSECA H, 1976, ANN ESAIQ, V33, P365 SABINO M, 2000, 10 INT IUPAC S MYC P, P151 SHUNDO L, 2000, 10 INT IUPAC S MYC P, P133 SILVA SC, 1996, REV I A LUTZ, V56, P49 SOARES LMV, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P22 Portuguese Article 583XQ REV SAUDE PUBLISI:0001774369000103 1060-1068H$://0001704344000026/Marin, S. Albareda, X. Ramos, A. J. Sanchis, V.Impact of environment and interactions of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum with Aspergillus parasiticus on fumonisin B-1 and aflatoxins on maize grain4.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureFusarium; Aspergillus parasiticus; fumonisins; aflatoxins; maize water activity; atoxigenic strains; flavus strains; spoilage fungi; niche overlap; storage fungi; corn; temperature; moniliforme; growthINHFusarium verticillioides and F proliferatum isolates were inoculated in mixed cultures with Aspergillus parasiticus on irradiated maize grain at two different inoculum concentrations (2 x 10(5) and 2 x 10(2) conidia g(-1) dry maize). The treatments were 0.93-0.98 water activity (a(w)) and 15 and 25 degreesC for 28 days. A complex relationship was found between a(w), temperature, inoculum concentration and the interactions which took place between fumonisin and aflatoxin producers. In general, A parasiticus reduced F verticillioides and F proliferatum populations (by 6-36%) but did not affect fumonisin B-1 production by these species. In contrast, while the Fusarium species were not able to decrease A parasiticus populations, they significantly reduced aflatoxin B-1 accumulation (by 30-93%). (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry.J. Sci. Food Agric.0 2001 Sep 1S8111'Univ Lleida, Dept Food Technol, CeRTA, UTPV, Rovira Roure 177, E-25198 Lleida, Spain Univ Lleida, Dept Food Technol, CeRTA, UTPV, E-25198 Lleida, Spain Sanchis V Univ Lleida, Dept Food Technol, CeRTA, UTPV, Rovira Roure 177, E-25198 Lleida, SpainTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 41 Cited References: *ISTA, 1976, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V4, P3 ABRAMSON D, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P346 ASEVEDO IG, 1993, REV MICROBIOL, V24, P32 BACON CW, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P514 BLANEY BJ, 1986, AUST J AGR RES, V37, P235 BROWN RL, 1991, J FOOD PROTECT, V54, P623 CHAMBERLAIN WJ, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P995 COOKE RC, 1993, ECOPHYSIOLOGY FUNGI COTTY PJ, 1989, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V79, P808 COTTY PJ, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P233 CUERO R, 1988, J FOOD PROTECT, V6, P452 CUERO RG, 1987, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V53, P1142 DURAKOVIC S, 1987, PERIOD BIOL, V89, P45 ETCHEVERRY M, 1988, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V142, P37 ETCHEVERRY M, 1996, REV IBER MICOL, V13, P18 FERNANDEZPINTO VE, 1991, FOOD MICROBIOL, V8, P195 LEE HB, 1999, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V28, P300 LEE HB, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V146, P43 MAGAN N, 1985, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V85, P29 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P83 MAING IV, 1973, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V25, P1015 MARIN S, 1998, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V45, P107 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 MARIN S, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P289 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOL RES 7, V102, P831 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOLOGICAL RES, V120, P950 NORTHOLT MD, 1977, J FOOD PROTECT, V40, P778 ODAMTTEN GT, 1987, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V4, P119 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1993, MYCOL RES, V97, P1393 RHEEDER JP, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P131 SALA N, 1993, THESIS U LLEIDA SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SHETTY PH, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P2170 TRUCKSESS MW, 1988, J FOOD PROTECT, V51, P361 ULLSTRUP AJ, 1970, PLANT DIS, V64, P658 VANWYK PS, 1988, PLANT SOIL, V107, P251 WECKBACH LS, 1977, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V62, P39 WICKLOW DT, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P68 WICKLOW DT, 1980, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V70, P761 YOSHIZAWA T, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P163 ZUMMO N, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P771 English Article 462RW J SCI FOOD AGRPISI:000170434400002Mg m>rqp249-256$://A1995QL71300022w$Munkvold, G. P. Marois, J. J.crkFactors Associated with Variation in Susceptibility of Grapevine Pruning Wounds to Infection by Eutypa-LataPhytopathologyeutypa armeniacae; vitis vinifera; wound response quercus-robur l; peach bark; leucostoma-persoonii; biological- control; suberin; sapwood; lignin; compartmentalization; resistance; barriert|Pruning wounds are the only important infection site for Eutypa lata, the cause of Eutypa dieback. In 1989-1991, the susceptibility of grapevine pruning wounds inoculated with E. lata was significantly affected by date of pruning. Wound susceptibility was highest when vines were pruned early in the dormant season (November or December) and lower when vines were pruned later in the dormant season (January or March). Wound susceptibility declined significantly during the 28 days following pruning, except for fall pruning in one experiment. The decline in susceptibility was highly correlated with an increase in suberin and lignin deposition (r = 0.64-0.92) and with degree-day accumulation (r = 0.83-0.85). The rate of increase of suberin and lignin was also highly correlated with the rate of accumulation of degree-days over 0 C (r = 0.93- 0.99). The growth of populations of nonpathogenic microorganisms on the wound surfaces also was dependent on pruning date and was correlated with degree-day accumulation. Microorganism populations increased more rapidly when vines were pruned in early spring than in fall or early winter. The age of wood at the time of pruning did not significantly affect susceptibility. Grape cultivars were significantly different in their susceptibility to infection by E. lata, but their relative susceptibility was not always consistent between two field experiments.Phytopathology 1995 Feb852'IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,DAVIS,CA 95616 MUNKVOLD GP IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011:3Times Cited: 7 English Article QL713 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1995QL71300022 95-101$://A1995QE56700029"Munkvold, G. P. Yang, X. B.D=Crop Damage and Epidemics Associated with 1993 Floods in Iowa Plant Diseasesweet corn; resistance Plant Dis. 1995 JanA7915'IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,351 BESSEY HALL,AMES,IA 50011 MUNKVOLD GP IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,351 BESSEY HALL,AMES,IA 50011T4.Times Cited: 8 English Article QE567 PLANT DISISI:A1995QE56700029T747-749$://A1996UR94100006,%Munkvold, G. P. McGee, D. C. Iles, A.m{Effects of imidacloprid seed treatment of corn on foliar feeding and Erwinia stewartii transmission by the corn flea beetle Plant Disease2+Pantoea stewartii; Stewart's bacterial wiltoThe effects of imidacloprid seed treatment (a systemic insecticide) on corn flea beetle leaf feeding and transmission of Erwinia stewartii to corn were studied in greenhouse experiments. Seed of corn inbred A632 was treated with imidacloprid at 6.0, 3.0, 1.5, or 0 g a.i./kg seed and planted in 15-cm pots. Corn flea beetles were allowed to feed on E. stewartii-infected corn plants for 9 to 10 days and were transferred to insect cages containing the 2- or 3-week-old seedlings grown from treated seeds. Beetles were allowed to feed on the treated plants for 2 to 4 weeks. Flea beetle feeding damage, Stewart's disease symptoms, E. stewartii infection (detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and plant growth were evaluated. Imidacloprid seed treatment at 6.0 and 3.0 g a.i./kg seed significantly reduced the total number of flea beetle feeding scars, the number of feeding scars >3 mm in length, the number of leaves with Stewart's disease symptoms, and the number of plants infected by E. stewartii, compared with the control plants. Results indicate that imidacloprid seed treatment at greater than or equal to 3.0 g a.i./kg seed can be an effective control practice for Stewart's disease in young corn plants. Plant Dis. 1996 Jul807'IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,SEED SCI CTR,AMES,IA 50011 Munkvold GP IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 500114.Times Cited: 6 English Article UR941 PLANT DISISI:A1996UR94100006 1071-1077o$://A1997XZ38000013r4.Munkvold, G. P. Hellmich, R. L. Showers, W. B.Reduced Fusarium ear rot and symptomless infection in kernels of maize genetically engineered for European corn borer resistancePhytopathologyxqBt-toxin; corn; Gibberella insecticidal crystal proteins; bacillus-thuringiensis; moniliforme; fumonisins; plantstField experiments were conducted in 1994, 1995, and 1996 to evaluate the incidence and severity of Fusarium ear rot and the incidence of symptomless Fusarium infection in kernels of maize hybrids genetically engineered with Bacillus thuringiensis genes encoding for the delta-endotoxin CryIA(b). Treatments included manual infestation with European corn borer (ECB) larvae and insecticide applications to limit ECB activity to specific maize growth stages or mimic standard ECB control practices. Fusarium symptoms and infection were affected by the specific cryIA(b) transformation used in each hybrid that determines tissue-specific expression of CryIA(b). In hybrids expressing CryIA(b) in kernels, incidence and severity of Fusarium ear rot and incidence of symptomless kernel infection were reduced compared with near-isogenic hybrids lacking cryIA(b) genes. In plants that were manually infested with ECB, ear rot incidence was reduced by 87, 58, and 68%; severity was reduced by 96, 54, and 64%; and incidence of kernel infection by Fusarium species was reduced by 17, 38, and 38% in 1994, 1995, and 1996, respectively. Results were similar in treatments that were not manually infested, but differences between transgenic and nontransgenic hybrids were smaller. Most kernel infection was due to F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans (section Liseola) collectively, and it was within this group that transgenic hybrids exhibited reduced infection. Expression of CryIA(b) in plant tissues other than kernels did not consistently affect Fusarium symptoms or infection. Disease incidence was positively correlated with ECB damage to kernels. Insecticide applications also reduced Fusarium symptoms and infection when applied to nontransgenic plants.Phytopathology 1997 Oct8710'IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,351 BESSEY HALL,AMES,IA 50011 IOWA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,CORN INSECTS & CROP GENET RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMES,IA 50011 Munkvold GP IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,351 BESSEY HALL,AMES,IA 50011:4Times Cited: 46 English Article XZ380 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1997XZ38000013Y FUNGI DIX DE, 1984, THESIS U GEORGIA ATH DUNKEL FV, 1988, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V7, P227 EUGENIO C, 1970, J ECON ENTOMOL, V63, P412 LACEY J, 1991, CEREAL GRAIN MYCOTOX, P77 LEE HB, 2000, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V61, P11 LEE HB, 1999, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V28, P300 LEE HB, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V146, P43 MAGAN N, 1986, ANN APPL BIOL, V109, P117 MAGAN N, 1985, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V85, P29 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P83 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOL RES 7, V102, P831 SAUER DB, 1984, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V74, P1050 SINHA RN, 1971, J ECON ENTOMOL, V64, P3 SINHA RN, 1995, STORED GRAIN ECOSYST WALLACE HAH, 1981, FUNGAL COMMUNITY ITS, P233 WILLCOCK J, 2001, J STORED PROD RES, V37, P35 WILSON M, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P3128 WILSON M, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P4468 WRIGHT, 1973, THESIS U MINNESOTA M English Article 727MA EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYISI:000185661500008 +H4$://0001684506000061B<Munkvold, G. P. Martinson, C. A. Shriver, J. M. Dixon, P. M.XQProbabilities for profitable fungicide use against gray leaf spot in hybrid maizePhytopathologytmBayesian statistics; corn; economic benefits; foliar disease bayesian-approach; corn; inheritance; resistancetGray leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis, c999-1004$://000076117400012$Munimbazi, C. Bullerman, L. B.b\High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of moniliformin in corn$Journal of Aoac Internationale J. AOAC Int. 1998Sep-Octp815123GL J AOAC INTISI:000076117400012959-968$://000075057100006C$Munimbazi, C. Bullerman, L. B.ZTIsolation and partial characterization of antifungal metabolites of Bacillus pumilus&Journal of Applied Microbiologysbiological-control; iturin-a; aflatoxin-production; cyclopiazonic acid; subtilis; diseases; antibiotics; aspergillus; biocontrol; inhibitionTNAntifungal metabolites produced by Bacillus pumilus in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) were isolated from culture supernatant fluid by precipitation with ammonium sulphate. The antifungal metabolites inhibited mycelial growth of many species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. They also inhibited production of aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid, ochratoxin A and patulin. The metabolites were heat-stable and remained active after sterilization at 121 degrees C for 15 min. Their activity was stable over a wide range of pH (2-10). The metabolites were resistant to hydrolysis by various proteases, peptidases and other enzymes. They were also resistant to denaturation by many protein-denaturing detergents except Nonidet P-40. The metabolites were soluble in water and relatively polar organic solvents. Chromatographic bioassay revealed that a crude precipitate of the metabolites contained only one compound with antifungal activity. The active compound did not form a fluorescent derivative with fluorescamine suggesting that the compound is either a cyclic polypeptide or a non-peptidic compound.J. Appl. Microbiol.J 1998 Jun:846n'Univ Nebraska, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA Univ Nebraska, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA Bullerman LB Univ Nebraska, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA<6Times Cited: 10 English Article 105DH J APPL MICROBIOLISI:000075057100006i719-729$://000170014200004lfOno, E. Y. S. Ono, M. A. Funo, F. Y. Medina, A. E. Oliveira, Tcrm Kawamura, O. Ueno, Y. Hirooka, E. Y.XREvaluation of fumonisin-aflatoxin co-occurrence in Brazilian corn hybrids by ELISA&Food Additives and Contaminantsfumonisin; aflatoxin; ELISA; corn hybrids freshly harvested corn; fusarium-moniliforme; aspergillus- flavus; natural occurrence; competitive elisa; kernel infection; mycotoxins; maize; zearalenone; cancerThe natural co-occurrence of fumonisins and aflatoxins was investigated in freshly harvested corn kernels (150 samples, 62 hybrids), acquired from the Central-Southern (27 samples, 21 hybrids), Central-Western (86 samples, 51 hybrids) and Northern (37 samples, 18 hybrids) regions of the State of Parana, Brazil using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fumonisins were detected in 147 (98%) samples at a concentration range of 0.096 to 22.6 mug/g, while aflatoxins were detected in 17 (11.3%). All the aflatoxin-positive samples (range 38.0-460.0 ng/g) came from the Central-Western region and were co- contaminated with fumonisins. Fumonisin contamination was higher in corn from the Northern (9.85 mug/g) and Central- Western regions (5.08 mug/g), when compared with the Central- Southern region (1.14 mug/g). The overall evaluation detected 62% samples with fumonisin levels less than or equal to5.0 mug/g. Regional differences affected fumonisin levels in the same hybrid, regardless of Fusarium count and moisture content, suggesting interference from climatic conditions, in addition to the local predominance of toxigenic strains of the Fusarium biotype.Food Addit. Contam. 2001 Aug188'`YState Univ Londrina, CCE, Dept Biochem, POB 6001, BR-86051990 Londrina, Parana, Brazil State Univ Londrina, CCE, Dept Biochem, BR-86051990 Londrina, Parana, Brazil State Univ Londrina, CCB, Dept Pathol Sci, BR-86051990 Londrina, Parana, Brazil State Univ Londrina, CCA, Dept Food & Drug Technol, BR-86051990 Londrina, Parana, Brazil Ctr Nacl Sanidad Agropecuarta, Havana, Cuba Kagawa Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Biochem & Food Sci, Miki, Kagawa 7610765, Japan Tochigi Inst Clin Pathol, Nogi, Tochigi 3290112, Japan Ono EYS State Univ Londrina, CCE, Dept Biochem, POB 6001, BR-86051990 Londrina, Parana, BrazilTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 44 Cited References: 1998, SECRETARIA ESTADO AG, V24, P75 *FOOD AGR ORG UN, 1996, WORLDW REG MYC *IAPAR, 1994, CART CLIM EST PAR ALI N, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P377 CASTEGNARO M, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P327 CASTRO MFPM, 1995, REV MICROBIOL, V26, P289 CHAMBERLAIN WJ, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P995 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CHU FS, 1984, J FOOD PROTECT, V47, P562 GATEHOUSE AMR, 1992, P ROY SOC EDINB B, V99, P51 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1992, CARCINOGENESIS, V13, P433 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P279 GERAGE AC, 1995, INFORME PESQUISA I A, V115, P7 GOMES VM, 1994, ARQ BIOL TECNOL, V37, P371 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HIROOKA EY, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P173 IIJIMA K, 1996, MYCOTOXINS, V42, P63 KONONENKO GP, 1999, APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+, V35, P183 LEDOUX DR, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P330 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL ONO EYS, 2000, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V12, P5 ONO EYS, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V147, P139 RODRIGUEZDELBOSQUE LA, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P988 SABINO M, 1989, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V6, P327 SAMSON RA, 1995, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN SCOTT GE, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P123 SCOTT PM, 1993, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V18, P257 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SOARES LMV, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P22 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P994 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, PROGR FOOD CONTAMINA, P65 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 UENO Y, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P27 UENO Y, 2000, MYCOTOXINS, V50, P13 VISCONTI A, 1995, EUROPEAN COMMISSION VISCONTI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P269 WANG DS, 1995, MYCOTOXINS, V41, P67 WEIBKING TS, 1993, POULTRY SCI, V72, P456 WOGAN GN, 1969, AFLATOXIN, P152 ZUMMO N, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P771 English Article 455EH FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000170014200004ggillus flavusFusarium verticillioides 1049-1053K$://0001785500000234-Williams, W. P. Buckley, P. M. Windham, G. L.b\Southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) damage and aflatoxin accumulation in maize$Journal of Economic Entomologysouthwestern corn borer; aflatoxin; corn; plant resistance aspergillus-flavus; kernel infection; germplasm line; contamination; registration; resistance; mycotoxins; hybrids; grain; foodsyAflatoxin, a potent carcinogen, is produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link: Fr. Drought, high temperatures, and insect damage contribute to increased levels of aflatoxin contamination in corn, Zea mays L. Plant resistance is widely considered a desirable method of reducing aflatoxin contamination. Germplasm lines with aflatoxin resistance have been developed. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether crosses among these lines exhibited resistance to southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, and to assess the effects of southwestern corn borer feeding on aflatoxin accumulation. Differences in ear damage among southwestern corn borer infested hybrids were significant. Estimates of general combining ability effects indicated that the lines Mp80:04, Mp420, and Mp488 contributed to reduced ear damage, and SC213 and T165 contributed to greater damage when used in hybrids. Mean aflatoxin levels were 254 ng/g for hybrids infested with southwestern corn borer larvae and 164 ng/g for noninfested hybrids in 2000 when environmental conditions were conducive to aflatoxin production. In contrast, the overall mean aflatoxin level for southwestern corn borer infested hybrids was only 5 ng/g in 1999 when environmental conditions did not favor aflatoxin accumulation. Crosses that included lines selected for aflatoxin resistance as parents (Mp,80:04 and Mp313E) exhibited lower levels of aflatoxin contamination both with and without southwestern corn borer infestation in 2000. Only the experimental line Mp80:04 contributed significantly to both reduced southwestern corn borer damage and reduced aflatoxin contamination.aJ. Econ. Entomol.c 2002 Octp955 ' USDA ARS, Corn Hosp Plant Resistanc Res Unit, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA USDA ARS, Corn Hosp Plant Resistanc Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Williams WP USDA ARS, Corn Hosp Plant Resistanc Res Unit, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA pjTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 22 Cited References: *SAS I, 1996, US MAN VERS 6 12 BARRY D, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P2492 CASTEGNARO M, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P671 DAVID FM, 1994, J ECON ENTOMOL, V87, P1105 DAVIS FM, 1997, INS RES MAIZ REC ADV DIENER UL, 1989, BIODETERIORATION RES, V2, P217 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD GOURAMA H, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P1395 GRIFFING B, 1956, AUST J BIOL SCI, V9, P463 GUTHRIE WD, 1981, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V29, P1170 MCMILLIAN WW, 1985, J ENVIRON QUAL, V14, P200 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 SCOTT GE, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1296 SCOTT GE, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P1378 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 STEEL RDG, 1980, PRINCIPLES PROCEDURE WIDSTROM NW, 1996, ADV AGRON, V56, P219 WILLIAMS WP, 2001, CROP SCI, V41, P1374 WINDHAM GL, 1999, MISS AGR FOR EXP STN, V8, P8 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 English Article 603GF J ECON ENTOMOLISI:000178550000023n68Wilson, R. A. Otsuki, T. 20010)Winners and Losers in a Fragmented Systemi  World BankNH Working Papers -- Agriculture. Land, commodity prices, markets No. 2689  Washington  World Bank 2004Food safety and the trade-off between precaution and increased agricultural exports is at the forefront of policy debate. Discussions of food safety standards and their relation to trade have been prominent in many of the osition papers developed in advance of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial in Doha set for November 2001, for example. How food safety is addressed within the trading systems is of significant importance to developing countries which continue to rely on agricultural exports. This includes some of the least developed exporters of cereals, fruits, an nuts in Africa, Asia, and Western Hemisphere. Moreover, in a fragmented system of conflicting national standards and lack of agreement on globally accepted regulation of food safety attributes -- export prospects for the least developed countries can be severely limited. This study examines the impact of adopting international food safety standards and harmonization of standards on global food trade patterns. The paper estimates the effect of aflatoxin standards in 15 importing (4 developing) countries on exports from 31 (21 developing ) countries. Aflatoxin is a natural substance which can contaminate certain grains and nuts when storage and drying facilities for these commodities are inadequate. Based on our analysis, we find that adopting a worldwide standard for aflatoxin B1 the most potentially toxic of all aflatoxins -- based on current international guidelines is found to increase the cereal and nut trade among the countries studied by $US 6.1 billion from the 1998 levels. We further estimate that total world exports would rise by $38.8 billion if an international standard (Codex) were adopted, compared to the current divergent national standards in place.nhhttp://ideas.repec.org/p/wop/wobaac/2689.html and http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/research/workpapers.nsf/'Development Research Group (DECRG), The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433, USA Corresponding author. E-mail address: totsuki@worldbank.org (Tsunehiro Otsuki)Wilson, J. S. Otsuki, T. 2004LETo spray or not to spray: pesticides, banana exports, and food safetyl Food Policyu292p131-146i Apro Food Policy ISI:000221924100002shealth; regimeHow governments regulate food safety and environmental protection, including pesticide residue levels, has important implications for trade. This paper explores food safety standards and whether regulations on pesticide residues in food have an effect on trade flows. We examine regulatory data from I I Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development importing countries and trade data from 21 exporting countries, including Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Our results suggest that a 1% increase in regulatory stringency-tighter restrictions on the pesticide chlorpyrifos-leads to a decrease in banana imports by 1.63%. This represents a significant impact on trade with particular relevance to developing countries that rely on exports of agricultural commodities such as bananas. In addition, our findings suggest that lack of consensus on international standards and divergent national regulations on pesticides is costly. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.c60Times Cited: 0 English Article 827TO FOOD POLICYrk://000221924100002 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Wilson-Otsuki-Spray-Banana.pdfi'HAWorld Bank, DECRG, Dev Res Grp, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA World Bank, DECRG, Dev Res Grp, Washington, DC 20433 USA World Bank, TUDTR, Transport Unit, Washington, DC 20433 USA World Bank, TUDTR, Dept Dev, Washington, DC 20433 USA Otsuki T World Bank, DECRG, Dev Res Grp, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA0281-284$://000072163100003$Windham, G. L. Williams, W. P.hbAspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation in resistant and susceptible maize hybrids Plant Disease Plant Dis. 1998 MarS823oYY587 PLANT DISiISI:000072163100003.C321-326$://000168374000016PJAlmeida, A. P. Correa, B. Mallozzi, M. A. B. Sawazaki, E. Soares, L. M. V.jcMycoflora and aflatoxin/fumonisin production by fungal isolates from freshly harvested corn hybrids(!Brazilian Journal of Microbiologyaflatoxins; Aspergillus flavus; fumonisins; Fusarium moniliforme; corn mycotoxins; contamination; postharvest; aspergillus; preharvest; health; maizeiThe mycoflora of 3 hybrids of freshly harvested corn grains collected from three regions of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil (Assis, Capao Bonito and Ribeirao Preto) was investigated. A total of 66 samples were analyzed focusing on the influence of abiotic factors (moisture content, water activity, temperature and rainfall) on both the prevalence of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium moniliforme, and the ability of these genera isolates to produce aflatoxins and fumonisins, respectively. In the three surveyed regions, the fungal population comprised mainly Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. and 2 others filamentous fungal genera, which were isolated from corn kernels showing water activity of 0.30 to 0.99 and moisture content of 5.0% to 20.2%. Among the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus, the most frequent species were F. moniliforme and A. flavus, respectively. Concerning the toxigenic potential of F. moniliforme, all isolated strains (40) produced fumonisins at 20 mug/g to 2168 mug/g (FB1) and/or 10 mug/g to 380 mug/g (FB2). From the 10 A. flavus isolates, 6 strains (60.0%) produced aflatoxins at 615 mug/kg to 30.750 mug/kg (AFB(1)) and/or 11 mug/kg to 22 mug/kg (AFB(2)).Braz. J. Microbiol. 2000Oct-Dec314'Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Microbiol, Inst Ciencias Biomed 2, Av Prof Lineu Prestes 1374,Cidade Univ, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Microbiol, Inst Ciencias Biomed 2, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil Inst Biol Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Inst Agron Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Fac Engn Alimentos, Campinas, SP, Brazil Almeida AP Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Microbiol, Inst Ciencias Biomed 2, Av Prof Lineu Prestes 1374,Cidade Univ, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: *AOAC, 1980, OFF METH AN *BRAZ MIN AGR, 1976, RES 845 *INT COMM MICR SPE, 1980, MICR EC FOODS *JOINT FAO WHO UNE, 1977, C MYC GLOB PERSP MYC BARNETT HL, 1972, ILLUSTRATED GENERA I BULLERMAN LB, 1979, J FOOD PROTECT, V42, P65 BUSTA FF, 1984, COMPENDIUM METHODS M, P62 CARVALHO FC, 1990, 18 C NAC MILH SORG V CASTRO MFPM, 1995, REV MICROBIOL, V26, P289 CHRISTENSEN CN, 1969, GRAIN STORAGE ROLE F DRAPER NR, 1981, APPL REGRESSION ANAL FRANCISCO VLF, 1997, CENSO AGROPECUARIO E GONZALEZ HHL, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V130, P29 HILL RA, 1985, TRICHOTECENES OTHER JULIAN AM, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V129, P5 LACEY J, 1991, HDB APPL MICOLOGY FO LEONI LAB, 1994, C LAT MIC, V1, P114 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P255 LILLEHOJ EB, 1976, SCIENCE, P495 LILLEHOJ EB, 1988, TROPICAL SCI, V28, P19 LIN MT, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P1466 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NORTHOLT MD, 1988, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN, P231 ORSI RB, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P75 ORSI RB, 1995, THESIS U SAO PAULO S PEDROSA AVB, 1991, PRECOS AGRICOLAS, V55, P1 POZZI CR, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P313 RAPER KB, 1965, GENUS ASPERGILLUS ROSS PF, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V114, P129 SEARLE SR, 1992, VARIANCE COMPONENTS TSUNESHIRO A, 1996, AGR SAO PAULO, V43, P117 TSUNESHIRO A, 1996, INFORMACOES ECONOMIC, V26, P87 English Article 426XP BRAZ J MICROBIOLISI:000168374000016 3877-3882$://000176267800041 XRAlmeida, A. P. Fonseca, H. Fancelli, A. L. Direito, G. M. Ortega, E. M. Correa, B.TNMycoflora and fumonisin contamination in Brazilian corn from sowing to harvest0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistrylemycoflora; aflatoxin; fumonisin; corn natural occurrence; fusarium; maize; mycotoxins; hybrids; foods 60The present study aimed to analyze the mycoflora and potential mycotoxin contamination of soil and corn samples collected at different plant maturity stages in Capao, Bonito and Ribeirao Preto, two regions of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. In addition, the data obtained were correlated with the occurrence of wind-dispersed fungi and the predominant climatic conditions of the two regions studied. Corn mycoflora profiles showed that Fusarium verticillioides prevailed in 35% of the samples from Capao Bonito and in 49% of the samples from Ribeirao Preto. Examination of wind-dispersed fungi also revealed a high incidence of F verticillioides. Soil mycoflora analyses showed that Penicillium was the most prevalent genus, although F verticillioides was present in 55.5% of Capao, Bonito's samples and in 26.7% of Ribeirao Preto's samples. With respect to water activity, the corn kernels most contaminated with F verticillioides had water activity levels of 0.70-0.80. HPLC analysis of fumonisins revealed that 88.5% of Capao Bonito's kernels were contaminated with fumonisin B-1 (FB1) (0.09-10.87 mug/g) and 53.8% with fumonisin B-2 (FB2) (0.05-0.52 mug/g); Ribeirao Preto's kernels presented contamination levels of 93.5% for FB1 (0.11-1 7.69 mug/g) and 61.3% for FB2 (0.05-5.24 mug/g). No aflatoxins were detected by thin-layer chromatography in corn grains of either region. The concomitant occurrence of F. verticillioides and fumonisins in most of the field corn assayed demonstrates the importance of an effective control of cultivation throughout the plant maturity stages.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002 Jun 195013'Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Ave Prof Lineu Prestes 134, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil USP, Escola Super Agr Luiz Queiroz, Piracicaba, Brazil Univ Fed Rural Rio de Janeiro, Inst Vet, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil USP, Inst Matemat, Sao Paulo, Brazil Correa B Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Ave Prof Lineu Prestes 134, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil82Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 38 Cited References: *AOAC, 1980, OFF METH AN ALMEIDA AP, 2000, J BRAZ SOC MICROBIOL, V31, P321 ASAN A, 1997, TURK J BIOL, V21, P89 BARNETT HL, 1972, ILLUSTRATED GENERA I CAMARGOS SM, 2000, THESIS U CAMPINAS CASTRO MFPM, 1995, REV MICROBIOL, V26, P289 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 CUERO RG, 1987, AFLATOXIN MAIZE DELP BR, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P1299 DRAPER NR, 1981, APPL REGRESSION ANAL GAMBALE W, 1983, REV MICROBIOL, V14, P204 HIROOKA EY, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P173 KING AD, 1979, APPLIED ENV MICROBIO, V37, P959 LACEY J, 1991, HDB APPL MICOLOGY FO MACHINSKI M, 2000, THESIS U CAMPINAS MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 MARTIN JP, 1950, SOIL SCI, V69, P215 MILLER JD, 1996, INT IUPAC S MYC PHYC MILLS JT, 1989, J FOOD PROTECT, V52, P737 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 NAIK DM, 1982, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V10, P347 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL ORSI RB, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P75 POZZI CR, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P313 RAPER KB, 1965, GENUS ASPERGILLUS RILEY RT, 1993, ANNU REV NUTR, V13, P167 SCHNEIDER RW, 1983, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V73, P863 SCHOENTEIN HIC, 1998, HOEHNEA DEC, V25, P87 SCOTT PM, 1990, OFFICIAL METHODS ANA SEARLE SR, 1992, VARIANCE COMPONENTS SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SOARES LMV, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P22 STACK ME, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P834 SWANSON KM, 1992, COMPENDIUM METHODS M SYDENHAM EW, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P891 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 THIEL PG, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P3 VISCONTI A, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P546 English Article 563QV J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000176267800041 396-400$://000167326800020^XBrown, R. L. Chen, Z. Y. Menkir, A. Cleveland, T. E. Cardwell, K. Kling, J. White, D. G.{Resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in kernels of maize inbreds selected for ear rot resistance in West and Central Africa Journal of Food Protectioncorn genotypes resistant; coli beta-glucuronidase; aspergillus- flavus; escherichia-coli; antifungal activities; atoxigenic strains; contamination; germination; cottonseed; proteins ~xThirty-six inbred hues selected in West and Central Africa for moderate to high resistance to maize ear rot under conditions of severe natural infection were screened for resistance to aflatoxin contamination using the previously established kernel screening assay. Results showed that more than half the inbreds accumulated aflatoxins at levels as low as or lower than the resistant U.S. Lines GT-MAS:gk or M182. In 10 selected aflatoxin-resistant or aflatoxin-susceptible inbreds, Aspergillus flavus growth, which was quantified using an A. flavus transformant containing a GUS-B-tubulin reporter gene construct, was, in general, positively related to aflatoxin accumulation. However, one aflatoxin-resistant inbred supported a relatively high level of fungal infection, whereas two susceptibles supported relatively low fungal infection. When kernels of the 10 tested lines were profiled for proteins using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, significant variations from protein profiles of U.S. lines were observed. Confirmation of resistance in promising African lines in held trials may significantly broaden the resistant germplasm base available for managing aflatoxin contamination through breeding approaches. Biochemical resistance markers different from those being identified and characterized in U.S. genotypes, such as ones inhibitory to aflatoxin biosynthesis rather than to fungal infection, may also be identified in African lines. These discoveries could significantly enhance the host resistance strategy of pyramiding different traits into agronomically useful maize germplasm to control aflatoxin contamination. J. Food Prot.1 2001 Mar 643R'hbUSDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Louisiana State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Int Inst Trop Agr, Ibadan, Nigeria Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Brown RL USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USArlTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *COUNC ANG SCI TEC, 1979, 80 COUNC AGR SCI TEC BROWN LA, 1999, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V89, P1 BROWN RL, 1997, J FOOD PROTECT, V60, P84 BROWN RL, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P967 BROWN RL, 1991, J FOOD PROTECT, V54, P623 BROWN RL, 1999, P USDA ARS AFL SL WO, P11 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CHEN ZY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1320 CHEN ZY, 1998, COMMUNICATION CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P279 COTTY PJ, 1989, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V79, P808 COTTY PJ, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P233 COTTY PJ, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P489 DIENER UL, 1987, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V25, P249 GUO BZ, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P98 GUO BZ, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P276 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 GUO BZ, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1174 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 JEFFERSON RA, 1987, PLANT MOL BIOL REP, V5, P387 LAEMMLI UK, 1970, NATURE, V227, P680 LILLEHOJ EB, 1987, AFLATOXIN MAIZE, P13 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P505 SEDMAK JJ, 1977, ANAL BIOCHEM, V79, P544 SWEGLE M, 1992, PLANT PHYSIOL, V99, P1009 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 English Article 408LC J FOOD PROTECTISI:000167326800020 !:235-238$://A1991FA040000082,Wallin, J. R. Widstrom, N. W. Fortnum, B. A.NHMaize Populations with Resistance to Field Contamination by Aflatoxin-B14.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureLEplant resistance; mycotoxins; corn; plant breeding aspergillus-flavusrMaize (Zea mays L) germplasm is needed with resistance to infection by Aspergillus flavus and/or subsequent contamination by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). A select group of maize populations were evaluated for their resistance to AFB1 contamination at three locations. Four populations (Ibadan B and three others derived from crosses between Corn Belt inbreds and diploid perennial teosinte, Zea diploperennis) were compared with a susceptible hybrid check in a randomised complete block experiment with 10 replicates in Georgia, Missouri and South Carolina for two years. Ears were not inoculated, and naturally occurring concentrations of AFB1 in harvested grain were analysed for population differences. Ibadan B and Mo20W x Z diploperennis had significantly lower average amounts of AFB1, 19-mu-g kg-1 and 18-mu-g kg-1, respectively, than other test entries. Backcrossing to susceptible Corn Belt inbreds produced populations as susceptible as the check when resistance was measured as the concentrations of AFB1 in the grain. The consistency and significance of low AFB1 concentrations for Ibadan B and Mo20W x Z diploperennis suggest that these may be useful sources of resistance.J. Sci. Food Agric. 1991542'UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,USDA,COLUMBIA,MO 65211 USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793 PEE DEE RES & EDUC CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29503 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,USDA,COLUMBIA,MO 65211:3Times Cited: 7 English Article FA040 J SCI FOOD AGRISI:A1991FA04000008B dN439-443$://A1995TM49800026VOKlich, M. A. Yu, J. Chang, P. K. Mullaney, E. J. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E.txrHybridization of genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis to DNA of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic aspergilli,&Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology("flavus group; parasiticus; cloningNHSouthern blots of DNA from a number of aspergilli belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi, including aflatoxin-producing and non-aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, were probed with the aflatoxin pathway genes aflR and omt-1. DNA of all A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. sojae isolates examined hybridized with both genes. None of the A. oryzae isolates examined hybridized to the aflR probe and one of the three did not hybridize to the omt-1 probe. None of the A. tamarii isolates examined hybridized to either gene. Our results suggest that some isolates in this section do not produce aflatoxin because they lack at least one of the genes necessary for biosynthesis, and that non-producing A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. sojae strains either lack a gene we did not examine or have genes that are not being expressed."Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1995 Dec44 3-4'USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 TULANE UNIV,DEPT CELL & MOLEC BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118 Klich MA USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179F?Times Cited: 21 English Article TM498 APPL MICROBIOL BIOTECHNOLISI:A1995TM49800026643-652$://A1997XQ30800017F@Klittich, C. J. R. Leslie, J. F. Nelson, P. E. Marasas, W. F. O.^WFusarium thapsinum (Gibberella thapsina): A new species in section Liseola from sorghum Mycologiabiological species; Gibberella fujikuroi; Fusarium moniliforme; maize; systematics vegetative compatibility; moniliformin production; mating populations; fujikuroi; strainstmA group of Fusarium strains first distinguished by the production of a diffusing yellow pigment is now described as a separate species, Fusarium thapsinum. The teleomorph, Gibberella thapsina, can be formed under laboratory conditions by crossing strains of opposite mating type on carrot agar. Fusarium thapsinum was recovered from banana, maize, peanut and sorghum in Egypt, South Africa, the Philippines, Thailand, and nine states in the United States. Members of this species are morphologically similar to Fusarium moniliforme (Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A), but the two groups are reproductively isolated and can be distinguished by other characters such as mycotoxins produced, isozyme polymorphism, electrophoretic karyotype, benomyl sensitivity, and differences in the sequence of the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA repeat.e Mycologia  1997Jul-Augd894e'(!KANSAS STATE UNIV,THROCKMORTON PLANT SCI CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802 S AFRICAN MRC,PROMEC,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA KANSAS STATE UNIV,THROCKMORTON PLANT SCI CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506a6/Times Cited: 28 English Article XQ308 MYCOLOGIA ISI:A1997XQ30800017 446-446$://A1987J84350003581Knoxdavies, P. S. Vanwyk, P. S. Marasas, W. F. O.D>Diseases of Proteas and Their Control in the Southwestern Cape& South African Journal of ScienceS. Afr. J. Sci.R 1987 JulI837T'UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,STELLENBOSCH,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE,BLOEMFONTEIN 9301,SOUTH AFRICA MRC,NATL INST NUTR DIS,PRETORIA,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,STELLENBOSCH,SOUTH AFRICA@9Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract J8435 S AFR J SCIISI:A1987J843500035115-119$://000176753300017&Kos, G. Lohninger, H. Krska, R.Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FT-IR/ATR) as a tool for the detection of Fusarium fungi on maizeVibrational SpectroscopyFusarium fungi; chemometrics; ergosterol; deoxynivalenol; ATR capture gas-chromatography; midinfrared spectroscopy; food; corn; chemometricsThe application of Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (ATR) for the detection of Fusarium graminearum as an indicator for the presence of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is described. This rapid screening method for the determination of Fusarium fungi, which produces DON as its main metabolite, could speed up analysis time, resulting in a higher sample throughput, as conventional determination is a time-consuming and tedious task. In this study the fungus itself was determined on maize by pressing the ground sample against a diamond ATR-crystal with 3 internal reflections and recording the mid-infrared absorption spectrum. Reference measurements were performed by determining ergosterol with HPLC-DAD. Obtained concentrations of ergosterol served as a parameter for the total fungal biomass contained in the sample. DON was determined with GG-ECD after extraction with acetonitrile and clean-up with Mycosep(TM) columns. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to separate contaminated maize from blank samples using the first derivative of spectra. Results showed that, for concentrations greater than 8.23 mg/kg ergosterol and 0.13 mg/kg DON at least 75% of samples were correctly classified. Exceptions are due to inhomogeneities in the sample, which will be dealt with in future studies. The PCA score plots for the first two principal components illustrate the feasibility of this approach as a separation between the two sample sets can be clearly seen. Concentrations of ergosterol and DON in tested samples ranged from 0.79-947 mg/kg (ergosterol) and from 0.13-2.59 mg/kg (DON). For PCA these samples were always compared with a blank. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Vib. Spectrosc.B 2002 Jul 5J29 1-2D'TMInst Agrobiotechnol IFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Inst Agrobiotechnol IFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Vienna Tech Univ, Inst Chem Technol Analyt Chem, A-1060 Vienna, Austria Krska R Inst Agrobiotechnol IFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria,:4Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 15 Cited References: 1991, NORME FRANCAISE DETE, V18 BRIANDET R, 1996, J SCI FOOD AGR, V71, P359 DOWNEY G, 1998, TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM, V17, P418 GORDON SH, 1997, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V35, P179 GORDON SH, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5267 GORDON SH, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P221 GREENE RV, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P1144 HOERR FJ, 1997, DIS POULTRY, P885 LOHNINGER H, 2001, DATALAB PROGRAM STAT MAUPETIT P, 1993, 44 ANN M EAAP 16 19 MCQUEEN DH, 1995, TALANTA, V42, P2007 REEVES JB, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P766 SCOTT PM, 1986, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V69, P889 WEINGAERTNER J, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V357, P1206 WILSON RH, 1999, TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM, V18, P85 English Article 572BH VIB SPECTROSCISI:000176753300017OT<T643-644$://000184918700002Seifert, K. A. Aoki, T. Baayen, R. P. Brayford, D. Burgess, L. W. Chulze, S. Gams, W. Geiser, D. de Gruyter, J. Leslie, J. F. Logrieco, A. Marasas, W. F. O. Nirenberg, H. I. O'Donnell, K. Rheeder, J. Samuels, G. J. Summerell, B. A. Thrane, U. Waalwijk, C. <6The name Fusarium moniliforme should no longer be usedMycological Researchgibberella-fujikuroi Mycol. Res. 2003 Jun 107'(!Agr & Agri Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Agr & Agri Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan Plantenziekundige Dienst, NL-6700 HC Wageningen, Netherlands CABI Biosci UK Ctr Egham, Egham TW20 9TY, Surrey, England Univ Sydney, Fac Agr A05, Fusarium Res Lab, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dpto Microbiol & Inmunol, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fusarium Res Ctr, Buckhout Lab 121, University Pk, PA 16802 USA Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4002, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, Toxigen Fungi Unit, I-70125 Bari, Italy S African MRC, PROMEC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa BBA, Inst Pflanzenvirol Mikrobiol & Biol Sicherheit, D-14195 Berlin, Germany USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA Royal Bot Gardens, Plant Dis Diagnost Unit, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia Tech Univ Denmark, Ctr Proc Biotechnol, Bioctr, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Plant Res Int, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands Seifert KA Agr & Agri Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada82Times Cited: 1 English News Item 6 714MU MYCOL RESISI:000184918700002155-165$://000173226700002M0)Seo, J. A. Proctor, R. H. Plattner, R. D. {Characterization of four clustered and coregulated genes associated with fumonisin biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioidesA"Fungal Genetics and Biology9$Fusarium verticillioides; Gibberella moniliformis; fumonisin; mycotoxin biosynthesis; cytochrome P450 monooxygenase mating population-a; gibberella-fujikuroi; trichothecene biosynthesis; sporotrichioides encodes; sphingolipid synthesis; moniliforme; cloning; enzyme; sequences; synthase{Fumonisins are mycotoxins that cause several fatal animal diseases, including cancer in rats and mice. These toxins are produced by several Fusarium species, including the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, and can accumulate in maize infected with the fungus. We have identified four F. verticillioides genes (FUM6, FUM7, FUM8, and FUM9) adjacent to FUM5, a previously identified polyketide synthase gene that is required for fumonisin biosynthesis. Gene disruption analysis revealed that FUM6 and FUM8 are required for fumonisin production and Northern blot analysis revealed that expression of all four recently identified genes is correlated with fumonisin production. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the predicted FUM6 translation product is most similar to cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-P450 reductase fusion proteins and the predicted products of FUM7, FUM8, and FUM9 are most similar to type III alcohol dehydrogenases, class-II alpha- amino-transferases, and dioxygenases, respectively. Together, these data are consistent with FUM5 through FUM9 being part of a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in F. verticillioides.Fungal Genet. Biol. 2001 Dec343'ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Proctor RH ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA T MTimes Cited: 26 Cited Reference Count: 47 Cited References: ALEXANDER FW, 1994, EUR J BIOCHEM, V219, P953 ALEXANDER NJ, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P221 ALTSCHUL SF, 1990, J MOL BIOL, V215, P403 BLACKWELL BA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P506 BOWER S, 1996, J BACTERIOL, V178, P4122 BRANHAM BE, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V124, P99 BROWN DW, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P1418 CALDAS ED, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P4734 CLOUSE SD, 1985, J CHROMATOGR, V350, P255 CONWAY T, 1989, J BACTERIOL, V171, P3754 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P2571 DESJARDINS AE, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1695 DESJARDINS AE, 1999, FUSARIUM EDGAR AJ, 2000, EUR J BIOCHEM, V267, P1805 FOURNEY RM, 1988, FOCUS, V10, P5 GURR SJ, 1987, GENE STRUCTURE EUKAR, P93 HOHN TM, 1995, MOL GEN GENET, V248, P95 HOHN TM, 1992, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V5, P249 HOLM TM, 1995, MOL APPROACHES FOOD, P239 HOWARD PC, 1999, MYCOTOXINS S, P45 KELLER NP, 1997, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V21, P17 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 MCCLUNG CR, 1987, GENE, V54, P133 MERRILL AH, 1990, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1044, P1 MERRILL AH, 1997, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V142, P208 NAGIEC MM, 1994, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V91, P7899 NAKAYAMA N, 1996, J BIOCHEM-TOKYO, V119, P435 NELSON DR, 1996, PHARMACOGENETICS, V6, P1 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 PLATTNER RD, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P57 PLATTNER RD, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P17 PROCTOR RH, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P1923 PROCTOR RH, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V27, P100 REID MF, 1994, CRIT REV MICROBIOL, V20, P13 ROJAS MC, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P5838 RUETTINGER RT, 1989, J BIOL CHEM, V264, P10987 SEIBERT V, 1998, J BACTERIOL, V180, P3503 SEO JA, 1996, J NAT PROD, V59, P1003 SHIBASAKI T, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P4028 TRAPP SC, 1998, MOL GEN GENET, V257, P421 TUDZYNSKI B, 1998, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V25, P157 TUITE J, 1969, PLANT PATHOLOGICAL TURGEON BG, 1987, MOL CELL BIOL, V7, P3297 VANDENBRINK HJM, 1998, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V23, P1 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WEISS B, 1997, EUR J BIOCHEM, V249, P239 XU JR, 1996, GENETICS, V143, P175 English Article 510UY FUNGAL GENET BIOLISI:000173226700002\$*215-216$://A1990DA43800005$Zeringue, H. J. Bhatnagar, D.Inhibition of Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus-Flavus Infected Cotton Bolls after Treatment with Neem (Azadirachta- Indica) Leaf Extracts2,Journal of the American Oil Chemists SocietyJ. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.T 1990 Apr 6740'xqUSDA,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 ZERINGUE HJ USDA,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179A<5Times Cited: 7 English Note DA438 J AMER OIL CHEM SOCCISI:A1990DA438000058 2264-22700$://A1993LL310000414.Zeringue, H. J. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E.VOC15h24 Volatile Compounds Unique to Aflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus-FlavusE,&Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyZSleaf-derived volatiles; mass-spectra; identification; cottonseed; mixtures; arizonaHeadspace volatiles from eight strains of Aspergillus flavus (four aflatoxigenic strains and four nonaflatoxigenic strains), grown for 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 10 days in submerged cultures, were collected in Tenax GC traps. The traps were desorbed onto a 50-m gas-liquid chromatography capillary column by heat and gas purge from an external direct injector device. The column was interfaced with a mass spectrometer data acquisition system. Peaks were identified by comparing retention times and mass spectra with those obtained from authentic compounds and by using a computer-assisted mass spectral data base. Aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus produced several C15H24 compounds (e.g., alpha-gurjunene, trans-caryophyllene, and cadinene) which peaked in 3-day cultures and were not present in earlier (1- and 2-day) or later (8- and 10-day) cultures. None of these volatiles were detected in nonaflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus. There was an apparent correlation between the release of C15H24 volatile compounds and the initiation of aflatoxin biosynthesis, and a correlation between decline of aflatoxin synthesis and the disappearance of the C15H24 compounds unique to aflatoxigenic A. flavus also existed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993 JulS597,'yUSDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 ZERINGUE HJ USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 701791B://A1994PK26600010$Zeringue, H. J. Bhatnagar, D.d]Effects of Neem Leaf Volatiles on Submerged Cultures of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus-Parasiticus,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologyflavus; growth>7Microbe-free compressed air was passed continuously for a S-day test period through an enclosed system containing fresh neem leaves; the resultant emitted volatiles were passed over the surface of submerged liquid cultures of a wild-type aflatoxigenic isolate of Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin determinations for the fungal culture that received neem- derived volatiles, after a 3-day incubation period, resulted in a 90% overall reduction in aflatoxin production and a 51% reduction in fungal biomass when compared with cultures that did not receive neem volatiles. In a separate experiment but in a similarly enclosed system, volatiles from fresh neem leaves were collected on a small Tenax column and were thermally desorbed and cryogenically focused on a capillary gas chromatography column. The neem volatiles-were subsequently separated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty-eight compounds were identified by comparison of retention times and mass spectra with either authentic compounds or spectra from a computer-assisted library database of mass spectra. It was found that 10% of the total headspace volatiles were composed of C-3 to C-9 alkenals, which are toxic to aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp., which could explain the bioactivity that resulted in reduced biomass in the neem-treated cultures.B Appl. Environ. Microbiol.D 1994 OctU6010'yUSDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 ZERINGUE HJ USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 B;Times Cited: 6 English Article PK266 APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLUISI:A1994PK26600010DY\ 1669-1679$://000166049400016. Dowd, P. F.Indirect reduction of ear molds and associated mycotoxins in Bacillus thuringiensis corn under controlled and open field conditions: Utility and limitations$Journal of Economic Entomology Bacillus thuringiensis; maize; Zea; Ostrinia; Helicoverpa; Carpophilus environmentally selective control; malathion flour granules; chewing insect pests; aflatoxin contamination; aspergillus- flavus; earworm lepidoptera; noctuidae damage; helicoverpa-zea; maize hybrids; resistance,In 1995, ears of a experimental inbred (CG59-2) containing a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis Cry IA(b) gene driven by PEPC, pith and pollen promoters and artificially infested with Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) larvae in small plot studies were free from insect damage, whereas 40-50% of the corresponding non-Bt inbred ears were damaged. Bt inbred ears that were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus Link and Fusarium proliferatum T. Matsushima (Nirenberg) or exposed to natural mold inoculum after infestation with O. nubilalis were free of visible signs of mold, as compared with approximate to 30-40% of the non-Bt ears similarly treated. Results in 1996 using the same inbred with a single allele dose of the Bt gene showed similar trends. Mean total fumonisin levels for non-Bt versus Bt inbred ears were not significantly different (2.8 versus 0.8 ppm, respectively) in 1996. In paired hybrid studies run in 0.4-ha (1-acre) fields, an event 176 Bt hybrid had significantly lower amounts of damage and signs of Fusarium spp. mold, but not fumonisin, compared with a corresponding non-Bt hybrid from 1996 to 1998. However, two hybrid pairs that contained either MON810 or Bt11 constructs examined in similar fields at the same site had lower levels of fumonisin in both 1997 (30- to 40-fold) and 1998. High intrafield Variability in insect infestation and presence of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in Bt hybrids was apparently responsible for fewer significant differences in fumonisin levels in 1998. Similar trends for all three hybrid pairs were noted in small plot trials at another site. Incidence of other ear pests or insect predators varied as much among non-Bt hybrids as they did for Bt/non-Bt hybrid pairs.J. Econ. Entomol. 2000 Dec936'$USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Dowd PF USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USAZTTimes Cited: 22 Cited Reference Count: 44 Cited References: *CIB SEEDS, 1995, CIBA SEEDS PROD DAT *COUNC AGR SCI TEC, 1989, MYC EC HLTH RISKS *MYC PLANT SCI, 1996, NAT GUARD INS RES PL *USDA RES SERV, 1999, FOOD SAF NAT PROGR ANDERSON HW, 1975, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V23, P775 BARRY D, 1986, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V15, P1116 COTTY PJ, 1997, P 1997 AFL EL WORKSH, P13 DOWD PF, 1996, 1996 AFL EL WORKSH F, P52 DOWD PF, 1997, 1997 AFL EL WORKSH M, P9 DOWD PF, 1998, 1998 AFL EL WORKSH S, P89 DOWD PF, 1999, 40 ANN CORN DRY MILL DOWD PF, 1994, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V71, P177 DOWD PF, 1997, J CHEM ECOL, V23, P2357 DOWD PF, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P68 DOWD PF, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P1058 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 DOWD PF, 1997, P 38 ANN CORN DRY MI DOWD PF, 1995, P ARS AFL WORKSH USD GOULD F, 1998, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V43, P701 JAVED T, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V123, P171 JENKINS MT, 1947, YB AGR 1943 1947, P389 KISHORE G, 1995, FOOD CHEM NEWS 0724 KOZIEL MG, 1993, BIO-TECHNOL, V11, P194 LILLEHOJ EB, 1976, CROP SCI, V16, P483 LOSEY JE, 1999, NATURE, V399, P214 MCMILLIAN WW, 1987, J ENTOMOL SCI, V22, P307 MCMILLIAN WW, 1985, J ENTOMOL SCI, V20, P66 MUNKVOLD GP, 1998, ABSTR AM PHYT M, V73 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1996, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V86, PS47 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 NORTON RA, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V129, P103 PILCHER CD, 1997, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V26, P446 PILCHER CD, 1997, J ECON ENTOMOL, V90, P669 RICE ME, 1998, AM ENTOMOL, V44, P75 ROUSH RT, 1997, ADV INSECT CONTROL R, P271 SHURTLEFF MC, 1980, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS SMELTZER DG, 1959, AGRON J, V51, P53 SMITH MS, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P998 STONE TB, 1993, J ECON ENTOMOL, V86, P989 TRENHOLM HL, 1989, ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX, V18, P443 VANDUYN JW, 1998, UNPUB ILSI HLTH ENV WIDSTROM NW, 1976, J ECON ENTOMOL, V69, P677 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 English Article 386FD J ECON ENTOMOLISI:000166049400016 1067-1074s$://000171545000009 Dowd, P. F.ztBiotic and abiotic factors limiting efficacy of Bt corn in indirectly reducing mycotoxin levels in commercial fields$Journal of Economic EntomologyBacillus thuringiensis; Ostrinia; Helicoverpa; Fusarium; fumonisin bacillus-thuringiensis corn; aflatoxin production; aspergillus- flavus; indirect reduction; maize hybrids; infection; granules; kernels; pests; borerIncidence of insect damage, and association of insect damage with mycotoxigenic, corn ear molds and mycotoxins was examined in commercial fields of Bt and non-Bt hybrids of different backgrounds in Illinois in 1998 and 1999. Nearly 50% Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) infestation sometimes occurred in Bt hybrids that express high levels of the protein in silks and kernels. Damage by European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, was uncommon, even in non-Bt ears. Levels of total fumonisins were generally less (15- to 1.8-fold) in Bt versus non-Bt hybrids at the same site, with some significant differences. There were several instances where there were no significant differences in fumonisin levels between low/no Bt kernel hybrids and Bt hybrids that produced high levels of the protein in the kernel and silk tissue. However, significant correlations were often noted between numbers of insect-damaged kernels and total fumonisin levels, especially in 1998, suggesting in these cases that reducing insect damage was still reducing fumonisin levels. There was variability between the correlation coefficient for numbers of insect damaged kernels and fumonisin levels at different sites for the same year, different hybrids at the same site, and the same hybrid for different years. Although reductions in fumonisins in Bt hybrids were more limited than reported in the past, planting the Bt hybrids still appears to be a useful method for indirectly reducing mycotoxins in corn ears.J. Econ. Entomol. 2001 Oct945'*#USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Dowd PF USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USAD>Times Cited: 15 Cited Reference Count: 27 Cited References: *CAST, 1989, MYC EC HLTH RISKS *SAS I, 1987, SAT STAT GUID VERS 6 *USDA ARS, 1999, FOOD SAF NAT PROGR ANDERSON HW, 1975, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V23, P775 BERDEGUE M, 1996, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V80, P389 DOWD PF, 1998, BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN, V8, P221 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1424 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 DOWD PF, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P68 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 DOWD PF, 1998, P 1998 AFL EL WORKSH, P89 DOWD PF, 1999, P 1999 AFL EL WORKSH, P29 DOWD PF, 1997, P 38 ANN CORN DRY MI GOULD F, 1998, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V43, P701 LILLEHOJ EB, 1976, CROP SCI, V16, P483 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 PILCHER CD, 1997, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V26, P446 PILCHER CD, 1997, J ECON ENTOMOL, V90, P669 RAJENDRAN N, 1994, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V122, P103 RICE ME, 1998, AM ENTOMOL, V44, P75 RITCHIE SW, 1989, 48 IOW STAT COOP EXT SHURTLEFF MC, 1980, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS SMELTZER DG, 1959, AGRON J, V51, P53 WILLIAMS WP, 1999, P 1999 AFL EL WORKSH, P31 WILSON DM, 1999, P 1999 AFL EL WORKSH, P32 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 English Article 481XD J ECON ENTOMOLISI:000171545000009OM 2188-2192$://000182037000013onhKritzinger, Q. Aveling, T. A. S. Marasas, W. F. O. Rheeder, J. P. Van der Westhuizen, L. Shephard, G. S.b\Mycoflora and furnonisin mycotoxins associated with cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp seeds0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistrycowpea; fumonisins; FB1; Fusarium proliferatum; mycoflora; Vigna unguiculata fusarium-moniliforme; fungal contamination; natural occurrence; l cultivars; corn; fumonisins; beans; leukoencephalomalacia; lines@9Cowpea seed samples from South Africa and Benin were analyzed for seed mycoflora. Fusarium species detected were F. equiseti, F chlamydosporum, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. sambucinum, F. semitectum, and F. subglutinans. Cowpea seed from South Africa and Benin and F. proliferatum isolates from Benin, inoculated onto maize patty medium, were analyzed for fumonisin production. Samples were extracted with methanol/water and cleaned up on strong anion exchange solid phase extraction cartridges. HPLC with precolumn derivatization using o-phthaldialdehyde was used for the detection and quantification of fumonisins. Cowpea cultivars from South Africa showed the presence of fumonisin B, at concentrations ranging between 0. 12 and 0.61 mug/g, whereas those from Benin showed no fumonisins. This is believed to be the first report of the natural occurrence of FB1 on cowpea seed. Fumonisin B-1, B-2, and B-3 were produced by all F. proliferatum isolates. Total fumonisin concentrations were between 0.8 and 25.30 mug/g, and the highest level of FB1 detected was 16.86 mug/g.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003 Apr 9518'RKUniv Pretoria, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa Univ Pretoria, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis PROMEC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Kritzinger Q Univ Pretoria, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South AfricaTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 39 Cited References: *INT AG RES CANC, 2002, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V82 AHMAD SK, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P723 ALBERTS JF, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P2673 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 DOEHLERT DC, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V127, P117 ELHAG N, 1976, SCIENCE, V192, P1345 ELKADY IA, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V133, P185 ELKADY IA, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V113, P165 ELLIS MB, 1997, MICROFUNGI LAND PLAN EMECHEBE AM, 1979, PEST ARTICLES NEW SU, V25, P401 ESURUOSO OF, 1975, NIGERIAN J PLANT PRO, V2, P87 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HITOKOTO H, 1981, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V73, P33 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 LAMPRECHT SC, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P383 MARASAS WFO, 1994, FOODBORNE DIS HDB, V2, P522 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P3 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL OGUNSANWO BM, 1989, NAHRUNG, V6, P595 RHEEDER JP, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P2101 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 SABER SM, 1998, AFR J MYCROL BIOTECH, V6, P53 SABER SM, 1992, J BASIC MICROB, V32, P249 SAMSON RA, 1981, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN SEENAPPA M, 1983, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V83, P103 SHAMA S, 1988, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V16, P541 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SINGH BB, 1997, ADV COWPEA RES, PR10 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 THIEL PG, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P1089 TSENG TC, 1997, MICROBIOS, V90, P87 TSENG TC, 1995, MICROBIOS, V84, P21 TUAN YH, 1992, J FOOD SCI, V68, P1371 UENO Y, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P1143 USHAMALINI C, 1998, ACTA PHYTOPATHOL ENT, V33, P285 VANWYK BE, 2000, PEOPLES PLANTS GUIDE, P30 WATANABE T, 1994, PICTORIAL ATLAS SOIL ZOHRI AA, 1993, AFR J MYCOL BIOTECHN, V1, P87 English Article 663ZJ J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000182037000013 3665-3667o$://A1996VT71000048haKrska, R. Lemmens, M. Schuhmacher, R. Grasserbauer, M. Pronczuk, M. Wisniewska, H. Chelkowski, J.pjAccumulation of the mycotoxin beauvericin in kernels of corn hybrids inoculated with Fusarium subglutinans0*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryJ. Agric. Food Chem. 1996 NovO4411VT710 J AGR FOOD CHEMbISI:A1996VT71000048c233-238$://A1996VQ49900008i>7Krska, R. Schuhmacher, R. Grasserbauer, M. Scott, P. M.Determination of the Fusarium mycotoxin beauvericin at mu g/kg levels in corn by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection"Journal of Chromatography AJ. Chromatogr. A 1996 Oct 11 746V20VQ499 J CHROMATOGR AISI:A1996VQ499000082f]4I8Y 3482-3492$://000182932700045("Ratnavathi, C. V. Sashidhar, R. B.|uSubstrate suitability of different genotypes of sorghum in relation to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin production0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry`Zaflatoxin; polyphenol; ergosterol; Aspergillus; sorghum; phytic acid; genotype grain; moldyGrain sorghum is often damaged by rain in the field and severely infected by grain mold, which includes Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin production. The objective of the study is to investigate the extent of aflatoxin production with Aspergillus infection in vitro in different sorghum genotypes with different pericarps, red, yellow, and white, the physical and chemical characteristics of grain during infection, and the changes in grain polyphenols and phytic acid in comparison to maize and groundnut. The physical characters and biochemical composition of sorghum grain contribute to make it less susceptible to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination compared to maize and groundnut. The lowest amounts of aflatoxin and ergosterol were observed in genotypes with red pericarp, whereas higher amounts of aflatoxin and ergosterol were found in white genotypes followed by maize and groundnut. All of the red genotypes differ in polyphenol composition and aflatoxin produced, showing resistance to mold damage. Another indication of resistance in red genotypes was the delayed peaking of aflatoxin production (9 days after infection). In red sorghum genotypes there was a significant, positive correlation existing between polyphenol content and aflatoxin produced at 3 and 6 days after infection, the r values being 0.589 and 0.513, respectively. The starch content decreased whereas the protein content in all sorghum genotypes increased during infection. Maximum phytic acid was observed in white sorghum genotypes. Phytic acid in yellow genotypes was found to have a significant negative correlation (r = -0.569) with aflatoxin produced.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003 May 215111'Natl Res Ctr Sorghum, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India Osmania Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Biochem, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India Ratnavathi CV Natl Res Ctr Sorghum, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, Indiab\Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 43 Cited References: 1993, DESCRIPTORS SORGHUM, P12 *AOAC, 1995, OFF METH AN AOAC INT, V2 *FAO, 1979, FOOD NUTR PAP 13 PER, P77 *WHO, 1979, ENV HLTH CRIT, V11, P127 BAIROV E, 1982, POULTRY SCI, V61, P2247 BLANEY BJ, 1985, P INT MYC S SYDN AUS, P97 DOHERTY CA, 1987, CEREAL CHEM, V64, P42 EGAN H, 1982, ENV CARCINOGENS SELE, V5, P147 FORBES GA, 1989, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V17, P297 GLUECK JA, 1980, P INT WORKSH SORGH D, P119 HARRIS HB, 1973, AGRON J, V65, P957 JAMBUNATHAN R, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P425 KRISHNAMACHARI KAV, 1975, LANCET, V1, P1061 KUMARI SR, 1994, J CEREAL SCI, V20, P93 KUMARI SR, 1992, J SCI FOOD AGR, V60, P275 LAFONT P, 1970, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V8, P403 LOPEZ LC, 1967, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V57, P588 MALL OP, 1985, INDIAN PHYTOPATHOL, V39, P409 MCMILLAN WW, 1981, SORGHUM NEWL, V24, P123 MIGUEL JA, 1982, ANN I NAC INVEST AGR, V17, P61 PADULE DN, 1984, NUTR PROCESSING QUAL, P231 RAHMAN QN, 1974, BANGLADESH J SCI IND, P129 RATNAVATHI CV, 1998, FOOD CHEM, V61, P373 REDDY MJ, 1992, J SCI FOOD AGR, V59, P177 RODRICKS JV, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI, P7 SALUNKHE DK, 1987, AFLATOXINS FOODS FEE, P1 SALUNKHE DK, 1982, NUTR PROCESSING QUAL, P1 SASHIDHAR RB, 1988, ANALYST, V113, P809 SASHIDHAR RB, 1992, J STORED PROD RES, V28, P257 SHEPHERD AD, 1972, ANN REPORT 1971 72, P23 SHETTY PH, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P2170 SILVA JB, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P4352 SNEDECOR GW, 1968, STAT METHODS, P120 SNYDER BA, 1990, SCIENCE, V248, P1637 SOMANI RB, 1992, P 22 ANN SORGH WORKS, P27 SORENSON WG, 1967, MYCOPATHOL MYCOL APP, V33, P49 SOUTHGATE DAT, 1976, DETERMINATION FOOD C, P52 TURNER RJ, 1994, IMMUNOLOGY COMP APPR, P1 UENO Y, 1987, TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECT, P139 USHA CM, 1994, TROP SCI, V34, P353 WHEELER EL, 1971, CEREAL CHEM, V48, P312 WILLIS RB, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P1804 WYLLIE JD, 1978, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V1, P13 English Article 679QD J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000182932700045847-847$://A1993LW33500849.RKRebbeck, T. R. Rosvold, E. A. McGlynn, K. A. Lustbader, E. D. Buetow, K. H.Af`Association of Breast-Cancer with Genotypes Encoding Phase-I and Phase-Ii Detoxification Enzymes("American Journal of Human Genetics'.(FOX CHASE CANC CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1993 SepH533,F@Times Cited: 2 English Meeting Abstract S LW335 AMER J HUM GENETISI:A1993LW33500849T431-436$://A1996WD923000020*Reid, L. M. Stewart, D. W. Hamilton, R. I.lfA 4-year study of the association between Gibberella ear rot severity and deoxynivalenol concentration>8Journal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschrift&J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z.e 1996 Nov 144K 9-10WD923 J PHYTOPATHOL9ISI:A1996WD92300002 110-114$://A1996TP770000120)Reid, L. M. Mather, D. E. Hamilton, R. I.tPJDistribution of deoxynivalenol in Fusarium graminearum-infected maize earsPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1996 Janu8611TP770 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1996TP77000012l147-154$://000073406000005Reid, L. M. Sinha, R. C.lfMaize maturity and the development of gibberella ear rot symptoms and deoxynivalenol after inoculation*#European Journal of Plant PathologySEur. J. Plant Pathol. 1998 Mar 1042 "ZL172 EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGY0ISI:000073406000005   787-793$://A1997YD76200015Hendrickse, R. G.Of sick turkeys, kwashiorkor, malaria, perinatal mortality, heroin addicts and food poisoning: research on the influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropicsn2,Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology>8neonatal cord blood; pregnant-women; breast-milk; ibadanSimilarities between the geographical and climatic prevalences of kwashiorkor and of exposure to dietary aflatoxins, and between the biochemical, metabolic and immunological derangements in kwashiorkor and those in animals exposed to aflatoxins, prompted investigation of the associations between kwashiorkor and aflatoxins. Studies in Africa in the 1980s indicated a role for these toxins in the pathogenesis of the disease. Paediatric cases of kwashiorkor are less prone to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria than normal children. In mice infected with P. berghei, aflatoxin exposure inhibits parasite growth and ameliorates morbidity. Aflatoxins occur in less than or equal to 40% of samples of breast milk from tropical Africa, usually as low concentrations of the relatively non-toxic derivatives of aflatoxin Bi (AFB(1)) but sometimes as high concentrations of the very toxic AFB(1). This could explain kwashiorkor in breast-fed babies. Aflatoxin exposure occurs in greater than or equal to 30% of pregnancies in tropical Africa and the toxins are often in cord blood, sometimes at extremely high concentrations. Aflatoxins are now incriminated in neonatal jaundice and there is circumstantial evidence that they cause perinatal death and reduced birthweight. Aflatoxin-induced immunosuppresion may explain the aggressive behaviour of HIV infection in Africa. There are similarities between observations on HIV cases in Africa and those on heroin addicts in Europe, where 'street' heroin is frequently contaminated with aflatoxin. Aflatoxins were found in 20% of random urine samples from heroin addicts in the U.K. and the Netherlands. Aflatoxins have also been incriminated in episodes of food poisoning which have been associated with serious morbidity and mortality, particularly among young children.y Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1997 Octr917d'UNIV LIVERPOOL,POB 147,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND Hendrickse RG UNIV LIVERPOOL,POB 147,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND@:Times Cited: 5 English Review YD762 ANN TROP MED PARASITOLISI:A1997YD76200015O229-235$://000082467100001lHendrickse, R. G.Of sick turkeys, kwashiorkor, malaria, perinatal mortality, heroin addicts and food poisoning: research on the influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropicsn$Annals of Tropical Paediatrics>8neonatal cord blood; pregnant-women; breast-milk; ibadanSimilarities between the geographical and climatic prevalences of kwashiorkor and of exposure to dietary aflatoxins, and between the biochemical, metabolic and immunological derangements in kwashiorkor and those in animals exposed to aflatoxins, prompted investigation of the associations between kwashiorkor and aflatoxins. Studies in Africa in the 1980s indicated a role for these toxins in the pathogenesis of the disease. Paediatric cases of kwashiorkor are less prone to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria than normal children. In mice infected with P. berghei, aflatoxin exposure inhibits parasite growth and ameliorates morbidity. Aflatoxins occur in less than or equal to 40% of samples of breast-milk from tropical Africa, usually as low concentrations of the relatively non-toxic derivatives of aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) but sometimes as high concentrations of the very toxic AFB(1). This could explain kwashiorkor in breastfed babies. Aflatoxin exposure occurs in greater than or equal to 30% of pregnancies in tropical Africa and the toxins are often in cord blood, sometimes at extremely high concentrations. Aflatoxins are now incriminated in neonatal jaundice and there is circumstantial evidence that they cause perinatal death and reduced birthweight. Aflatoxin-induced immunosuppression may explain the aggressive behaviour of HIV infection in Africa. There are similarities between observations on HIV cases in Africa and those on heroin addicts in Europe, where 'street' heroin is frequently contaminated with aflatoxin. Aflatoxins were found in 20% of random urine samples from heroin addicts in the UK and The Netherlands. Aflatoxins have also been incriminated in episodes of food poisoning which have been associated with serious morbidity and mortality, particularly among young children.Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1999 Sep193'Univ Liverpool, POB 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England Univ Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England Hendrickse RG Univ Liverpool, POB 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England<5Times Cited: 2 English Reprint 234CP ANN TROP PAEDIATISI:000082467100001914-918$://000182733600039Higa, A. Kimura, M. Mimori, K. Ochiai-Fukuda, T. Tokai, T. Takahashi-Ando, N. Nishiuchi, T. Igawa, T. Fujimura, M. Hamamoto, H. Usami, R. Yamaguchi, I.NHExpression in cereal plants of genes that inactivate fusarium mycotoxins0)Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistryfusarium head blight; mycotoxin and phytotoxin; transgenic cereals; trichothecene resistance; zearalenone detoxification trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase gene; tri101; biosynthesis; graminearum; resistance; cloning; tobacco; region Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (encoded by Tri101) inactivates the virulence factor of the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Zearalenone hydrolase (encoded by zhd101) detoxifies the oestrogenic mycotoxin produced by the same pathogen. These genes were introduced into a model monocotyledon rice plant to evaluate their usefulness for decontamination of mycotoxins. The strong and constitutive rice Act1 promoter did not cause accumulation of TRI101 protein in transgenic rice plants. In contrast, the same promoter was suitable for transgenic production of ZHD101 protein; so far, five promising To plants have been generated. Low transgenic expression of Tri101 was suggested to be increased by addition of an Omega enhancer sequence upstream of the start codon."Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2003 Apr674'RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Remediat Res, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Remediat Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan Toyo Univ, Dept Engn, Kawagoe, Saitama 3508585, Japan Toyo Univ, Dept Life Sci, Itakura, Gunma 3740193, Japan Kanazawa Univ, Inst Gene Res, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9200934, Japan RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Adaptat & Resistance, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan Kimura M RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Remediat Res, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, JapanTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 14 Cited References: DESJARDINS AE, 1993, MICROBIOL REV, V57, P595 KIMURA M, 1998, BIOSCI BIOTECH BIOCH, V62, P1033 KIMURA M, 1998, FEBS LETT, V435, P163 KIMURA M, 1998, J BIOL CHEM, V273, P1654 KIMURA M, 2001, J GEN APPL MICROBIOL, V47, P149 LI WL, 2001, THEOR APPL GENET, V102, P353 MCELROY D, 1991, MOL GEN GENET, V231, P150 MUHITCH MJ, 2000, PLANT SCI, V157, P201 OKUBARA PA, 2001, 2001 NAT FUS HEAD BL, P23 SIVAMANI E, 2000, PLANT SCI, V155, P1 TAKAHASHIANDO N, 2002, BIOCHEM J 1, V365, P1 TYC K, 1984, EUR J BIOCHEM, V140, P503 WAKITA Y, 1998, GENES GENET SYST, V73, P219 YAMAGUCHI I, 2002, NIPPON NOGEIK KAISHI, V76, P29 English Article 676CD BIOSCI BIOTECHNOL BIOCHEMISI:000182733600039 x 219-221$://000173281900035Escobar, A. Regueiro, S.Determination of aflatoxin B1 in food and feedstuffs in Cuba (1990 through 1996) using an immunoenzymatic reagent kit (Aflacen) Journal of Food Protection$mycotoxins; zearalenone; maize:4The presence of aflatoxin 131 was analyzed in imported food and feedstuffs of national production in the period of 1990 through 1996, destined to animal and human consumption using an immunoenzymatic reagent kit Aflacen, Ckure, la Habana, Cuba) with a detection limit of 0.3 mug/kg. It was found that the 17.04% of a total of 4,594 analyzed samples presented aflatoxin 131, and the biggest percentages were in sorghum and peanut with an 83.3 and 40.4%, respectively. The corn, oat, wheat, and soy are fundamental raw ingredients in the elaboration of concentrates. Percentages of contamination with aflatoxin B1 of 23.3, 10.7, 25, and 4.6 were found in corn, oat, wheat, and soy, respectively, Other analyzed foods like rice, beans, and peas presented percentages of contamination with aflatoxin 131 inferior to 5% of the analyzed samples. It was found that more than 455 samples surpassed the value of 10 mug/kg. Corn and peanut products present a high demand in population showing levels of contamination superior to 50 mug/kg. The 11.3% of the samples contaminated with aflatoxin B 1 have values between 1 and 20 mug/kg, where peanut and concentrates show the highest percentages (21.9 and 18.7), respectively. These results show levels of aflatoxin B 1 in the population that constitute a great risk for human and animal health. J. Food Prot. 2002 Jan651 ' Natl Ctr Anim & Plant Protect, CENSA, Apartado 10 San Jose Lajas, Havana, Cuba Natl Ctr Anim & Plant Protect, CENSA, Havana, Cuba Inst Nutr & Hyg Food, INHA, Havana, Cuba Escobar A Natl Ctr Anim & Plant Protect, CENSA, Apartado 10 San Jose Lajas, Havana, CubaCTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 24 Cited References: *FAO, 1997, 64 FAO *FAO, 1998, B TRIM EST, V2 ALVAREZ MT, 1990, B EPIDEMIOL MINSAP, V8, P13 ALVAREZ MT, 1994, CANCEROLOGIA IMSS, V40, P186 ALVAREZ MT, 1995, GEN REV SOC VENEZ GA, V49, P36 ALVAREZ MT, 1991, GEN REV SOC VENEZ GA, V45, P205 CESPEDES AE, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P1215 CHU FS, 1990, VET HUM TOXICOL, V32, P42 ERCHEVERRY M, 1996, MICOTOXINAS PERSPECT, P161 ESCOBAR A, 1991, REV SALUD ANIM, V13, P246 ESCOBAR A, 1995, THESIS CIENCIAS VET FONSECA H, 1996, MICOTOXINAS PERSPECT, P220 JELINEK CF, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P223 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1995, TOXICOL LETT, V82, P853 MELENDEZ B, 1996, MICOTOXINAS PERSPECT, P157 MONTESANO R, 1997, J NATL CANCER I, V89, P1844 MORA M, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V138, P77 REGUEIRO OS, 1996, MICOTOXINAS PERSPECT, P132 RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 RICHARD JL, 1993, J ANIM SCI, V71, P2563 SABINO M, 1993, J BRAZILLIAN ASS ADV, V45, P359 SANTUARIO JM, 1996, MICOTOXINAS PERSPECT, P149 SIAME BA, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1670 WOOD GE, 1992, J ANIM SCI, V70, P3941 English Article 511TP J FOOD PROTECTISI:000173281900035, 37-41$://000087070100006@9Etcheverry, M. Nesci, A. Barros, G. Torres, A. Chulze, S.lfOccurrence of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin B-1 in corn genotypes and corn meal in ArgentinaMycopathologiacorn genotypes; corn meal; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus parasiticus; aflatoxin B1 fusarium-moniliforme; natural occurrence; maize; contamination; fumonisins; infection; brazilhaA study has been carried out in Argentina on samples of corn genotypes from a breeding station as well as in commercially available corn meal. All samples were analyzed for fungal infection and aflatoxin B-1. Mycological analysis of corn genotypes showed the presence of three principal genera of filamentous fungi Fusarium (100%), Penicillium (67%) and Aspergillus (60%). In the genus Fusarium three species were identified, F. moniliforme (42%), F. nygamai (56%) and F. proliferatum (1.8%). Eight species of Penicillium were identified, the predominant species isolated were P. minioluteum, P. funiculosum and P. variabile. In the genus ranked third in isolation frequency, two species were identified, A. flavus and A. parasiticus, the percentage of infection was 78% and 21%, respectively. Only one corn genotype was contaminated with aflatoxin B-1 at a level of 5 ppb. The corn meal samples showed great differences in fungal contamination, the values ranging from 1 x 10(1) to 7 x 10(5) cfu g(-1). Fusarium (68%), Aspergillus (35%) and Penicillium (21%) were the most frequent genera isolated. Among the genus, Aspergillus, A. parasiticus (38%) was the most frequent species isolated. All the samples of corn meal were negative to aflatoxin B-1. These results indicate a low degree of human exposure to aflatoxins in Argentina through the ingestion of maize or corn meal.Mycopathologia 1999 Jul 1471'Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Ruta Nacl 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina Etcheverry M Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Ruta Nacl 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, ArgentinaTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 24 Cited References: *CAN AS S R L, 1992, COD AL ARG, P24 *FAO UN, 1997, WORLDW REG MYC 1995, V64, P7 *INT AG RES CANC, 1993, MON EV CARC RISK HUM, V56, P257 BULLERMAN LB, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P541 CHULZE S, 1989, MYCOTOXIN RES, V5, P9 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 COTTY PJ, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P1270 FARNOCHI MC, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P587 GARBINI A, 1987, 2 C LAT MIC MAR VEN, P86 GONZALEZ HLL, THESIS U NACIONAL BU KLICH MA, 1994, LAB GUIDE COMMON ASP NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL PITT JI, 1997, FUNGI FOOD SPOILAGE PITT JI, 1988, LAB GUIDE COMMON PEN POZZI CR, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P313 RAMIREZ ML, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V135, P29 RAPER KB, 1965, GENUS ASPERGILLUS RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 SAMSON RA, 1981, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN TORRES A, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P389 TRUCKSESS MW, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P1512 WICKLOW DT, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P68 ZUMMO N, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P771 ZUMMO N, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P978 English Article 314RA MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:000087070100006715-726$://000222436300016 Wu, F.vpExplaining public resistance to genetically modified corn: An analysis of the distribution of benefits and risks Risk AnalysisBt corn; distributional analysis; economic impacts; genetically modified crops bt-corn; maize hybrids; fumonisin; biotechnology; feeds Genetically modified (GM) crops have met with widespread approval among scientists and policy makers in the United States, but public approval of GM crops, both domestically and abroad, is progressing much more slowly. An underlying cause of public wariness may be that both nations and individual consumers do not perceive significant benefits to themselves from GM crops, while fearing the risks they may incur. In this study, an economic analysis is conducted to determine whether the benefits of one type of GM corn, Bt corn (genetically modified to resist damage from the ECB and Southwestern corn borer), outweigh the potential risks; and who the "winners" and "losers" are among stakeholder groups that may be affected by Bt corn. It is found that Bt corn growers, consumers, and industry all benefit from Bt corn adoption, though the purported health and environmental benefits of reducing chemical pesticide usage through Bt corn are negligible. Though the aggregated public benefit is large, the welfare gain to individual consumers is small and may not make up for perceived risks. While environmental and health risks of Bt corn are unlikely, the potential market risks-impacting both the organic corn market and total U.S. corn exports-are found to be significant, Currently, distributional analysis is not a part of regulatory decision making of Bt corn in the United States; yet it may help to explain why decision makers at both the government and individual-consumer levels have failed to embrace Bt corn and other GM crops. Risk Anal. 2004 Jun243'Univ Pittsburgh, Crabtree Hall,130 Desoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA Wu F Univ Pittsburgh, Crabtree Hall,130 Desoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA T NTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 55 Cited References: 2002, AGBIOTECH BUZZ PEW I *COD AL COMM, 2002, REP 3 SESS COD AD HO *EPA, 2001, COST ILLN HDB *EPA, 1998, EFED RED CHAPT METH *EXT, 1996, CHLORP *EXT, 1996, LAMBD CYH *EXT, 1996, PERM *IOW STAT U, 1999, CORN BOR INCR 1999 *NAT RES COUNC, 2000, GEN MOD PEST PROT PL *US EPA, 2001, BIOP REG ACT DOC BAC *USDA, 2002, CROP VAL 2001 SUMM *USDA, 2002, ERS AGR INF B, V762 ALSTON J, 1995, SCI SCARCITY PRINCIP AULRICH K, 2001, ARCH ANIM NUTR, V54, P183 BLONDELL J, 1997, OCCUP MED, V12, P209 CARPENTER JE, 2001, CASE STUDIES BENEFIT CAUVIN HE, 2002, NY TIMES 0830 CHARMAN K, 2001, SIERRA, V86, P40 COCHRANE WW, 1993, DEV AM AGR HIST AN FALCKZEPEDA JB, 2000, AM J AGR ECON, V82, P360 FALCKZEPEDA JB, 2003, COMMUNICATION 0417 FERNANDEZCORNEJ.J, 2002, 810 USDA GIANESSI LP, 1999, AGR BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GOOD D, 2001, AE4743 U ILL URB GREENE CR, 2001, AGR INFORMATION B US, V770 HYDE J, 1999, REV AGR EC, V21, P442 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KIM HJ, 2003, COMMUNICATION 0402 KIM HJ, 2001, HEARTL ENV RES EC WO LAGET P, 2001, ISSUES SCI TECHNOL, V17, P37 LIN W, 2000, TECHNICAL B USDA, V1888 LIN WW, 2000, AGR OUTLOOK APR, P29 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P194 MARRA MC, 2002, 87 INT FOOD POL RES MILLER JD, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P321 MOREL B, 2002, EC RESISTANCE MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 ODVODY GN, 2000, P 2000 AFL FUM WORKS OSTLIE K, 1997, NCR PUBLICATION, V602 PAARLBERG R, 2002, WALL STREET J 0823 PINSTRUPANDERSE.P, 2000, SEEDS CONTENTION REIGART JR, 1999, RECOGNITION MANAGEME RICE ME, 1999, M ENT SOC AM ROSS PF, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P109 ROTTER BA, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P42 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P1123 SCHLUTER K, 1995, BIO-TECHNOL, V13, P1094 SEARS MK, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P11937 VANDYK J, 1996, CORN IS DAMAGED ECB VARDON P, 2003, 139 CAST TASK FORC WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 WU F, IN PRESS J TOXICOLOG WU F, 2001, SOC RISK AN ANN M SE WYATT RD, 1991, MYCOTOXINS ANIMAL FO, P553 YIMIN D, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P2317 English Article 834UL RISK ANALISI:000222436300016o381-393$://000086585200033Wild, C. P. Hall, A. J.LFPrimary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries4.Mutation Research-Reviews in Mutation Researchhepatocellular carcinoma; prevention; chemoprevention; aflatoxins; hepatitis viruses aflatoxin-albumin adducts; republic-of-china; hepatitis-b vaccine; aspergillus-flavus; molecular dosimetry; human exposure; liver-cancer; human-urine; p53 gene; riskHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world with 80% of cases occurring in developing countries. The cancer is rapidly fatal in almost all cases with survival generally less than 1 year from diagnosis. The major risk factors for this cancer have been identified as chronic infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses and dietary exposure to aflatoxins. There is a safe and effective vaccine to prevent chronic HBV infection. Given estimates that approximately 70% of HCC in developing countries is attributable to HBV then vaccination could prevent more than 250,000 cases per year in these areas of the world. A major challenge now is to ensure the availability of vaccine in countries with endemic infection. Development of a vaccine against HCV is more problematic due to the genetic heterogeniety of the virus. However, with 24% of HCC in developing countries attributable to HCV (approximately 93,000 cases per year) a vaccine would make a major contribution to cancer prevention. Aflatoxins contaminate dietary staple foods (groundnuts, maize), are patent animal hepatocarcinogens and are carcinogenic in humans with particularly high risks in individuals with a concomitant infection with HBV. Reduction of exposure can be addressed at the community level either pre- or post-harvest by limiting fungal contamination of crops; approaches may involve low technology post-harvest measures to limit fungal growth or genetic engineering of crops to be resistant to fungal infection or toxin biosynthesis. An alternative measure is to modulate the metabolism of aflatoxins once ingested using chemopreventive agents e.g., oltipraz. The resources available in countries with endemic hepatitis infection and fungal contamination of foods are often severely Limited. Clearly HBV vaccination has to be the priority in the reducing the incidence of HCC. However, there are currently 360 million chronic HBV carriers worldwide and HBV vaccine is still not incorporated into many national immunisation programs. Thus measures to reduce food spoilage by fungi and the associated dietary exposure to aflatoxins is also a desirable public health goal. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved."Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. 2000 Apr 462 2-3'yUniv Leeds, Sch Med, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Algernon Firth Bldg, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England Univ Leeds, Sch Med, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Communicable Dis Epidemiol Unit, London WC1E 7HT, England Wild CP Univ Leeds, Sch Med, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Algernon Firth Bldg, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, EnglandTimes Cited: 23 Cited Reference Count: 82 Cited References: *CAST, 1989, MYC EC HLTH RISKS *IARC, 1994, IARC SCI PUBL, V59 *IARC, 1993, IARC SCI PUBL, V56 *IARC IPCS WORK GR, 1982, 82001 IARCIPCS WORK, P25 ABDELWAHHAB MA, 1999, J APPL TOXICOL, V19, P199 ALTER MJ, 1996, EUR J GASTROEN HEPAT, V8, P319 BARIN F, 1981, PROG MED VIROL, V27, P148 BEARDALL J, 1994, MYCOTOXIN RES, V10, P21 BHATNAGAR D, 1995, INFORM, V6, P262 BHATNAGAR D, 1993, PREHARVEST AFLATOXIN, P272 BHATNAGAR D, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN, P327 BRESSAC B, 1991, NATURE, V350, P429 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 CAMPBELL TC, 1970, NATURE, V227, P403 CHANG MH, 1997, NEW ENGL J MED, V336, P1855 CHEN HL, 1996, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V276, P906 CHEN ZY, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P276 COTTY PJ, 1994, GENUS ASPERGILLUS, P1 CROMPTON JAF, 1993, TROP SCI, V33, P283 DASHWOOD R, 1998, MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M, V399, P245 DENNING DW, 1987, ADVERSE DRUG REACT, V4, P175 DICKENS JW, 1975, PEANUT SCI, V2, P45 DMELLO JPF, 1998, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V104, P741 DORNER JW, 1998, BIOL CONTROL, V12, P171 DORNER JW, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P650 EATON DA, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN EDMUNDS WJ, 1993, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V253, P197 EGNER PA, 1995, CARCINOGENESIS, V16, P1769 EHRLICH KC, 1998, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V23, P279 FORTUIN M, 1993, LANCET, V341, P1129 FRANZOLIN MR, 1999, J STORED PROD RES, V335, P215 GAN LS, 1988, CARCINOGENESIS, V9, P1323 GORELICK NJ, 1990, RISK ANAL, V10, P539 GROOPMAN JD, 1985, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V82, P6492 GUO BZ, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P98 HALL AJ, 1993, T ROY SOC TROP MED H, V87, P333 HALL AJ, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN, P233 HILL RA, 1983, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V45, P628 HOOFNAGLE JH, 1997, HEPATOLOGY S1, V26, PS15 HORN BW, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1444 HSU IC, 1991, NATURE, V350, P427 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 JACOBSON L, 1996, BIOMARKERS PREV, V6, P257 JELINEK CF, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P223 JUDAH DJ, 1993, BIOCHEM J, V292, P13 KARLOVSKY P, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P1 KENNAN JI, 1994, GROUNDNUT CROP SCI B, P509 KENSLER TW, 1998, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V7, P127 KENSLER TW, 1997, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V6, P603 KENSLER TW, 1999, CHEM RES TOXICOL, V12, P113 KIRK G, 1999, AACR 90 ANN M, V40, P41 LISKER N, 1991, MYCOTOXINS ANIMAL FO, P689 MEHAN VK, 1986, PEANUT SCI, V13, P7 MONTESANO R, 1997, J NATL CANCER I, V89, P1844 NJAPAU H, 1998, J SCI FOOD AGR, V76, P450 PARKIN DM, 1999, CANCER SURV, V33, P5 PARKIN DM, 1998, SEMIN CANCER BIOL, V8, P219 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 PESTKA JJ, 1994, IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY IMM, P163 PHILLIPS TD, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN, P383 QIAN GS, 1994, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V3, P3 ROEBUCK BD, 1991, CANCER RES, V51, P5501 ROSS RK, 1992, LANCET, V339, P943 SABBIONI G, 1990, CARCINOGENESIS, V11, P2063 SABBIONI G, 1987, CARCINOGENESIS, V8, P819 SHANTHA T, 1986, J FOOD SAFETY, V7, P225 SIZARET P, 1982, J NATL CANCER I, V69, P1375 VANEGMOND HP, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P321 VIVIANI S, 1999, IN PRESS VACCINE WAMBUGU F, 1999, NATURE, V400, P15 WANG JS, 1996, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V5, P253 WANG JS, 1999, J NATL CANCER I, V91, P347 WANG LY, 1996, INT J CANCER, V67, P620 WILD CP, 1996, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V5, P179 WILD CP, 1990, CANCER RES, V50, P245 WILD CP, 1999, CANCER SURV, V33, P35 WILD CP, 1990, CARCINOGENESIS, V11, P2271 WILD CP, 1986, CARCINOGENESIS, V7, P853 WILD CP, 1986, J CELL BIOCHEM, V30, P171 WILD CP, 1996, MYCOTA, V6, P213 YU SZ, 1995, J GASTROEN HEPATOL, V10, P674 ZHU JQ, 1987, CANCER RES, V47, P1848 English Article 306EW MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT RESISI:000086585200033 1265-1279.$://A1994NV04600013n$Williams, K. C. Blaney, B. J.WEffect of the Mycotoxins, Nivalenol and Zearalenone, in Maize Naturally Infected with Fusarium-Graminearum on the Performance of Growing and Pregnant Pigs2+Australian Journal of Agricultural ResearchAust. J. Agric. Res. 19944560NV046 AUST J AGR RESISI:A1994NV04600013X455-458$://0000842088000092NHKeyser, Z. Vismer, H. F. Klaasen, J. A. Snijman, P. W. Marasas, W. F. O.RKThe antifungal effect of fumonisin B-1 on Fusarium and other fungal speciesT& South African Journal of Sciencehuman esophageal cancer; aflatoxin contamination; aspergillus- flavus; corn; moniliforme; mycotoxins; temperature; infection; transkeiFumonisins are mycotoxins produced by several Fusarium species that are commonly found on maize and maize products. They have diverse toxicological effects in animals and are associated with oesophageal cancer in humans, but their function in nature is obscure. To determine any antifungal effect of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) on Fusarium verticillioides (= F. moniliforme), F. proliferatum, F. globosum, F: subglutinans, ir graminearum, Penicillicum expansum, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea, the sensitivity of these fungi was tested by an agar-diffusion method on PDA plates at FB1 concentrations of 40-0.05 mM at pH 5.45. Fumonisin B-1 inhibited mycelial growth of five of the nine fungi tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration of FB1 ranged from 0.25-0.5 mM for A. alternata, 1-5 mM for P. expansum and B. cinerea, and 5-10 mM for F. graminearum, whereas the other fungi tested showed no sensitivity to the mycotoxin. A small inhibition zone was visible with F. proliferatum, a FB1-producing species, at 40 mM. The mycelial growth of the two other FB1-producing species, F. verticillioides and F: globosum, was not affected by the toxin. This is the first report on the antifungal activity of FB1.S. Afr. J. Sci. 1999 Oct9510'xrS African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Western Cape, Dept Microbiol, ZA-7535 Bellville, South Africa Keyser Z S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa2+Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: ALBERTS JF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P1729 BECKER B, 1997, WORLD J MICROB BIOT, V13, P539 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BLANEY BJ, 1986, AUST J AGR RES, V37, P235 BUTTNER P, 1994, CURR GENET, V25, P445 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 GALE EF, 1981, MOL BASIS ANTIBIOTIC GEHRT A, 1995, J CLIN MICROBIOL, V33, P1302 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 HILDICKSMITH G, 1968, PEDIATR CLIN N AM, V15, P107 HOLEMAN CW, 1963, CALIF MED, V99, P90 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 LAMPRECHT SC, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P383 MARASAS WFO, 1984, INT J CANCER, V34, P383 MARASAS WFO, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P792 MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL OSWEILER GD, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P53 PUJOL I, 1997, ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH, V41, P808 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RIPPON JW, 1988, MED MYCOLOGY PATHOGE ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V77, P491 SHEPHARD GS, 1993, J CHROMATOGR, V641, P95 SYDENHAM EW, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4004 TOLMSOFF WJ, 1983, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V21, P317 VANWYK PS, 1988, PLANT SOIL, V107, P251 WICKLOW DT, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P68 WU WI, 1995, J BIOL CHEM, V270, P13171 ZUMMO N, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P771 English Article 264XP S AFR J SCIISI:0000842088000095(185-187$://000074457000033d^Schlechter, M. Marasas, W. F. O. Sydenham, E. W. Stockenstrom, S. Vismer, H. F. Rheeder, J. P.Incidence of Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisins in commercial maize products, intended for human consumption, obtained from retail outlets in the United States and South Africag& South African Journal of Science.'corn; contamination; mycotoxins; horsesFusarium moniliforme is associated with ear-ro185-187$://000074457000033d^Schlechter, M. Marasas, W. F. O. Sydenham, E. W. Stockenstrom, S. Vismer, H. F. Rheeder, J. P.Incidence of Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisins in commercial maize products, intended for human consumption, obtained from retail outlets in the United States and South Africae& South African Journal of Science.'corn; contamination; mycotoxins; horsesiFusarium moniliforme is associated with ear-rot of maize worldwide and is regarded as the most common seed-borne fungus of maize in South Africa. Fumonisins B-1 and B-2 secondary metabolites produced by F. moniliforme, cause acute toxic effects in several animal species, and are associated with a high risk of oesophageal cancer in humans who consume contaminated home-grown maize. Various commercial maize products intended for human consumption were purchased from several retail supermarkets in the US and South Africa, and subjected to mycological and chemical analyses. Fungal counts for F. moniliforme and the levels of fumonisin contamination were generally higher in the American maize products. The mean levels off moniliforme contamination in the South African and US products were 19 x 10(2) and 1037 x 10(2) cfu g(-1), respectively. Total fumonisin levels ranged from 0-465 ng g(-1) and from 0-3605 ng g(-1), respectively 'Braaipap' meals contained the highest mean fumonisin levels amongst the South African products (FB1, 177 ng g(-1); FB2, 32 ng g(-1)), whereas the American products with the most contamination were the white meals (FB1, 1365 ng g(-1); FB2, 319 ng g(-1)).sS. Afr. J. Sci.  1998 Apre944s'NHS African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, PROMEC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Vismer HF S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa60Times Cited: 2 English Article ZW874 S AFR J SCIISI:000074457000033bS INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAB;Times Cited: 6 English Article P1867 APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:A1988P186700011217-221$://A1994NM03700015PIConvert, O. Jellal, A. Correia, I. Dardoize, F. Menguy, L. Cherton, J. C.A Novel Mycotoxin - the Chaetoglobosin-N from Infested Maize by Phomopsis-Leptostromiformis .2. Structure Elucidation by H-1 and C-13 NmrAnalusisAnalusis 1994 May7224NM037 ANALUSISISI:A1994NM03700015S , 87-92$://000181762700008VPPacin, A. M. Gonzalez, H. H. L. Etcheverry, M. Resnik, S. L. Vivas, L. Espin, S.B://A1992GY44001307$Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E.@:Possible Regulatory Role of Camp in Aflatoxin Biosynthesis Faseb Journal'2,USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179Faseb J. 1992 Jan 1E6T1R<5Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract GY440 FASEB J9ISI:A1992GY44001307m272-292$://A1993LK20500024a2+Bhatnagar, D. Cotty, P. J. Cleveland, T. E.CPIPreharvest Aflatoxin Contamination - Molecular Strategies for Its ControliAcs Symposium Seriesaspergillus-parasiticus cultures; versiconal hemiacetal acetate; leaf-derived volatiles; cotton bolls; hepatocellular- carcinoma; cell-cultures; p53 gene; flavus; biosynthesis; resistanceAflatoxins are carcinogens produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus when these fungi infect crops before and after harvest, thereby contaminating food and feed and threatening both human and animal health. Traditional control methods (such as the use of certain cultural practices, pesticides and resistant varieties), which effectively reduce populations of many plant pests in the field, have not been effective in controlling aflatoxin-producing fungi. Our research, therefore, consists of acquiring knowledge of. 1) the molecular regulation of aflatoxin formation within the fungus, 2) environmental factors and biocompetitive microbes influencing growth of A. flavus and aflatoxin synthesis in crops, and 3) enhancement of host plant resistance to aflatoxin accumulation through understanding the biochemistry of host plant resistance responses. This understanding is expected to lead to development of biocontrol strategies and/or, in longer term research, development of elite crop lines ''immune'' to aflatoxin producing fungi. 1993 5283'USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124 BHATNAGAR D USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124960Times Cited: 1 English Review LK205 ACS SYMP SERISI:A1993LK20500024P A1234-A12340$://A1993KY84801139i4-Bhatnagar, D. Ehrlich, K. C. Cleveland, T. E.^XBiochemical-Characterization of an Aflatoxin-B(2) Producing Mutant of Aspergillus-Flavus Faseb Journale'("USDA ARS SRRC,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124Faseb J. 1993 Apr 207L7r<5Times Cited: 5 English Meeting Abstract KY848 FASEB J.ISI:A1993KY84801139A<5Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T., Linz, J., Payne, G.,m 19950)Molecular biology to eliminate aflatoxinsa INFORM6e262-271\D>http://www.informinc.org/indcontribute.php not available: 1995 3012-3012K$://A1996UK86103241eF?Bhatnagar, D. Lax, A. R. Prima, B. Cary, J. W. Cleveland, T. E.E~xPurification of a 43 KDa enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of norsolorinic acid to averantin in aflatoxin biosynthesis Faseb Journalf'2,USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124Faseb J. 1996 Apr 30106T<5Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract UK861 FASEB JRISI:A1996UK861032415 938$://000083961501092rLFBhatnagar, D. Cary, J. W. Ehrlich, K. C. Cleveland, T. E. Payne, G. A.b\Molecular characterization of an aflatoxin B-2 producing mutant strain of Aspergillus flavus Faseb JournaleFaseb J. 1998 Apr 24128 '|vARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA USA N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA ARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA USA>7Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract S 260QN FASEB JAISI:0000839615010921, V415, P235 SPURR AR, 1969, J ULTRASTRUCT RES, V26, P31 STURM A, 1987, J BIOL CHEM, V262, P13392 TAVLADORAKI P, 1993, NATURE, V366, P469 VIANELLO A, 1981, PLANTA, V153, P443 WAKULINSKI W, 1989, ACTA PHYSIOL PLANT, V11, P301 WHITELAM GC, 1995, J SCI FOOD AGR, V68, P1 WHITELAM GC, 1996, TRENDS PLANT SCI, V1, P268 YUAN QP, 1997, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V63, P263 ZAMBRYSKI P, 1983, EMBO J, V2, P2143 English Article 340QP APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:000088546300054d  f 63-68$://000085622500011XRFernandez-Surumay, G. Negron-Gonzalez, G. Isea-Fernandez, G. Sanchez-Camarillo, E.Report of quantitative analysis of aflatoxins by ELISA method in raw ingredients samples of balanced feed for poultry from a factory located at Mara municipality of Zulia State, Venezuela:4Revista Cientifica-Facultad De Ciencias Veterinariasaflatoxin; concentrate feed; poultry; ELISA mycotoxins; zearalenone; argentina; stuffs; corn; deoxynivalenol; mycoflora; products; maize; foodvoAflatoxin is a secondary metabolite of several species of fungus, like Aspergillus flavus mainly. It can produce many adverse effects. These effects range from a decrease of egg production, growth depression in broilers, and an increase of mortality in adult birds. The presence of this toxin has been detected in several grains, organic tissues and animal fluids using cromatographic and inmunochemical methods. For this study was used the ELISA test with a spectrophotometer at 650 nm as the determination method. Forty samples, treated with methilic alcohol were analyzed. Five different raw ingredients used in the production of concentrate feed for poultry were sampled, elaborated in a factory located at Mara municipality of Zulia state. Seventeen of analyzed samples resulted positive for aflatoxin in variable amounts. The corn flour resulted with the highest values ((X) over bar = 34.1 ppb). The aflatoxin content of the rest of the samples was significantly lower (milled yellow corn: (X) over bar = 0.98 ppb, soy flour: (X) over bar = 2 ppb, milled sorghum: (X) over bar = 0.25 ppb and wheat bran: (X) over bar = 0.0 ppb)."Rev. Cient.-Fac. Cienc. Vet. 2000Jan-Feb101'Univ Zulia, Catedra Farmacol & Toxicol, Fac Ciencias Vet, Apartado 15252, Maracaibo 4005A, Edo Zulia, Venezuela Univ Zulia, Catedra Farmacol & Toxicol, Fac Ciencias Vet, Maracaibo 4005A, Edo Zulia, Venezuela Univ Zulia, Unidad Apoyo Bioestadist Invest, Fac Ciencias Vet, Maracaibo 4005A, Edo Zulia, Venezuela Fernandez-Surumay G Univ Zulia, Catedra Farmacol & Toxicol, Fac Ciencias Vet, Apartado 15252, Maracaibo 4005A, Edo Zulia, VenezuelaTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 22 Cited References: *STAT ANAL SYST I, 1985, SAS STAT GUID PERS C ALI N, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P377 BUCK W, 1990, TOXICOLOGIA VET CLIN, P325 CESPEDES AE, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P1215 DALCERO A, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V141, P37 DALCERO AM, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V137, P179 DEVEGOWDA G, 1997, BIOTECHNOLOGY FEED I, P205 HUMPHREYS D, 1990, TOXICOLOGIA VET, P295 LAREZ A, 1985, COMPENDIO ANAL QUIMI, P63 NEPOTE MC, 1997, ARCH LATINOAM NUTR, V47, P262 PARK DL, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P399 PARK DL, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P638 QURESHI MA, 1998, POULTRY SCI, V77, P812 RICHARD J, 1993, J ANIM SCI, V71, P2536 SABINO M, 1989, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V6, P327 SASHIDHAR RB, 1993, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V101, P43 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P185 SCUDAMORE KA, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P157 SCUDAMORE KA, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P175 SILVOTTI L, 1997, VET REC, V141, P469 TORRES E, 1995, FOOD ADIT CONTAM, V12, P387 Spanish Article 289LL REV CIENT-FAC CIENC VETISI:000085622500011917-922$://000184299400002LEFigueira, E. L. Z. Hirooka, E. Y. Mendiola-Olaya, E. Blanco-Labra, A.Characterization of a hydrophobic amylase inhibitor from corn (Zea mays) seeds with activity against amylase from Fusarium verticillioidesPhytopathology82disulfide bonds; proteins; maize; resistance; acid A hydrophobic 19.7-kDa amylase inhibitor (Al) was purified from corn kernels by 95% ethanol extraction and anionic exchange chromatography. The Al has an isoelectric point of 3.6 and was very stable at different pH values and high temperatures, maintaining 47.6% activity after heating to 94degreesC for 60 min. Amino acid analysis indicated high valine. leucine. glycine. alanine, and glutamic acid/glutamine content, and especially high valine content (41.2 mol%). This inhibitor is not a glycoprotein. It required 30-min preincubation to maximize complex enzyme-inhibitor formation when the amylase from Fusarium verticillioides was tested. The optimal pH of interaction was 6.5. It showed broad-spectrum activity including the following amylases: human saliva, porcine pancreas, E verticillioides, as well as those from some insects of agricultural importance (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Zabrotes subfasciatus. Sitophilus zeamais, and Prostephanus truncatus). This novel hydrophobic protein not only inhibited the amylase from E verticillioides but also decreased the conidia germination. Thus, this protein represents an approach to decrease the production of fumonisin in corn, either by using it as a molecular marker to detect fungal resistance or through genetic engineering.TPhytopathology 2003 AugE938F'XQIPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Apdo Postal 629, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico Univ Estadual Londrinia, BR-86051990 Londrina, PR, Brazil Blanco-Labra A IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Apdo Postal 629, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico,Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 24 Cited References: BLANCOLABRA A, 1995, J FOOD BIOCHEM, V19, P27 BLANCOLABRA A, 1996, J PLANT PHYSIOL, V149, P650 BLANKENSTEIJN JD, 1998, J ENDOVASC SURG, V5, P1 BLOOM H, 1987, ELECTROPHORESIS, V8, P93 CHAN KY, 1993, CEREAL CHEM, V70, P22 CHRZASZCZ T, 1934, BIOCHEM J, V28, P296 FIGUEIRA ELZ, 2000, BRAZ ARCH BIOL TECHN, V43, P461 FIGUEIRA ELZ, 2003, PLANT DIS, V87, P233 GATEHOUSE AMR, 1986, J SCI FOOD AGR, V37, P727 GONZALEZ HHL, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V130, P29 HO MF, 1994, PROTEIN STRUCTURE FU, PCH5 ISHIMOTO M, 1996, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V79, P309 KEDERA CJ, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P41 MAHONEY WC, 1984, J BIOL CHEM, V259, P8412 MORTON RL, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P3820 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 OSBORNE TB, 1924, VEGETABLE PROTEINS RICHARDSON M, 1991, METHODS PLANT BIOCH, PCH10 SCHAGGER H, 1987, ANAL BIOCHEM, V166, P368 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SMITH PK, 1985, ANAL BIOCHEM, V150, P76 THANNHAUSER TW, 1987, METHOD ENZYMOL, V143, P115 WILSON JJ, 1982, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V44, P301 XAVIERFILHO J, 1989, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V37, P1139 English Article 703UK PHYTOPATHOLOGYGISI:000184299400002Oc,aD219-228$://000180440600008^XCamargos, S. M. Soares, L. M. V. Sawazaki, E. Bolonhezi, D. Castro, J. L. Bortolleto, N.Accumulation of fumonisins B-1 and B-2 in freshly harvested Brazilian commercial maize at three locations during two nonconsecutive seasonsMycopathologiaBrazil; fumonisins; maize; mycotoxins fusarium-moniliforme; kernel infection; corn; contamination; argentina; mycoflora; outbreaks; hybridsvoFifty-six Brazilian commercial maize cultivars were examined for FB1 and FB2 accumulation after two nonconsecutive growing seasons. During the 94/95 growing season 35 cultivars were planted at three locations in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. All samples (total of 105) were contaminated (0.10 mug/g-6.58 mug/g FB1 and 0.04 mug/g-2.15 mug/g FB2). During the 97/98 growing season, 8 of the cultivars used during 94/95 and 21 others were replanted at the same locations. All 87 samples were contaminated (1.15 mug/g-43.80 mug/g FB1 and 0.08 mug/g- 11.65 mug/g FB2). One cultivar accumulated significantly less fumonisins in all locations during both growing seasons, indicating that some degree of selection may be possible even in climates that favor F. moniliforme (verticillioides) infection of maize. The presence of water surplus in soil from kernel maturity to harvest correlated with concentrations of FB1 in the grain for the 8 cultivars planted during both seasons at three locations. Observed trends indicated that water excesses and deficits from silking to harvest increased fumonisin levels. The difference in the incidence of FB1, FB2, and FB1 + FB2 was significant between growing seasons, planting locations and between cultivars. Neither the level of hybridization, nor the type of endosperm, nor the length of the vegetative cycle showed any effect on the FB1 contamination.Mycopathologia 2002 1554'0*Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Food Sci, CP 6121, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Food Sci, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Campinas Inst Agron, BR-13000197 Campinas, SP, Brazil Soares LMV Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Food Sci, CP 6121, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, BrazilTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 29 Cited References: BARBIERI V, 1995, P 7 BRAZ C CLIM AGR, P297 BUCCI TJ, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P51 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 CHULZE SN, 1998, MYCOL RES 2, V102, P141 DESJARDINS AE, 1995, FUMONISINS FOOD, P165 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 DUARTE AD, 1998, 62 AGR I CAMP GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 HEADRICK JM, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P268 HIROOKA EY, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P173 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 MEIRELES MCA, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V127, P183 MEREGE WH, 1996, 99 COORD ASS TECN IN MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 NELSON PE, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P2410 ORSI RB, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P75 OSWEILER GD, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P53 RAMIREZ ML, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V135, P29 ROSS PF, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V114, P129 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SNIJDERS CHA, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P37 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V40, P994 THORNTHWAITE CW, 1955, PUBLICATIONS CLIMATO, V8 VISCONTI A, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P193 WARFIELD CY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P2853 XAVIER JG, 1991, J VET RES ANIM SCI, V28, P185 ZONTA EP, 1987, SISTEMA ANALISE ESTA English Article 636EB MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:000180440600008 1039-1045$://A1995RW79100016"Campbell, K. W. White, D. G.tnEvaluation of Corn Genotypes for Resistance to Aspergillus Ear Rot, Kernel Infection, and Aflatoxin Production Plant Disease Plant Dis. 1995 Oct7910RW791 PLANT DISPISI:A1995RW79100016s886-896$://A1995RP60900010"Campbell, K. W. White, D. G.VPInheritance of Resistance to Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin in Corn GenotypesPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1995 Aug858RP609 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1995RP609000109 <715-726$://000222436300016 Wu, F.vpExplaining public resistance to genetically modified corn: An analysis of the distribution of benefits and risks Risk Ana 1215-1223O$://000086703200004ZTWright, M. S. Greene-McDowelle, D. M. Zeringue, H. J. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E.Effects of volatile aldehydes from Aspergillus-resistant varieties of corn on Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin biosynthesisToxiconAspergillus parasiticus; corn; volatiles; aerial hyphae; aflatoxin lipoxygenase pathway; maize; cotton; flavus; contamination; plants; fungi; eareThe fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produce a potent class of hepatocarcinogens known as aflatoxins. Corn-derived volatile compounds have been previously found to affect growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus. In this study, the effects on A. parasiticus of three corn-derived volatile compounds, n-decyl aldehyde, hexanal and octanal, were measured. These three compounds were previously found to be variably expressed in five Aspergillus- resistant maize strains and three susceptible strains. In this study, A. parasiticus radial growth was restricted least by n- decyl aldehyde and most by octanal. Treatments of 100 mu l of both hexanal and octanal were found to completely inhibit radial growth of the fungus using an agar plate assay method. While the volatile compound n-decyl aldehyde had less of an effect on radial growth than the other volatiles, the n-decyl aldehyde treated colonies had a predominance of uniquely aerial hyphae. These colony structures were found to have more complex hyphae and significantly fewer conidiophores than the control and other aldehyde treatments. Furthermore, aflatoxin production by the fungus was reduced by n-decyl aldehyde and hexanal, but was stimulated by octanal. The results presented here indicate that all three volatile compounds reduce radial growth but only n-decyl aldehyde significantly inhibits aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. parasiticus. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.TToxiconP 2000 Sep,389T'ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Wright MS ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USATimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 23 Cited References: ANDERSON JM, 1989, 2 MESSENGERS PLANT G, P181 BENNETT JW, 1986, EXPERIENTIA, V42, P848 BHATNAGAR D, 1987, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V53, P1028 BHATNAGAR D, 1991, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V30, P4343 CHLAN CA, 1995, PLANT MOL BIOL REP, V13, P31 CLEVELAND TE, 1997, B I COMPR AGR SCI KI, V5, P75 CROFT KPC, 1993, PLANT PHYSIOL, V101, P13 FARMER EE, 1992, PLANT CELL, V4, P129 GARDNER HW, 1991, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1084, P221 GARDNER HW, 1998, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V75, P1801 GREENEMCDOWELLE DM, 1999, TOXICON, V37, P883 HARRISON MA, 1987, J FOOD QUALITY, V10, P101 KALE SP, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3399 KLICH MA, 1988, T BR MYCOL SOC, V91, P99 MIMS CW, 1991, MYCOLOGIA, V83, P1 SLUSARENKO AJ, 1991, BIOCH MOL BIOL PLANT, P126 VICK BA, 1987, BIOCH PLANTS COMPREH, V9, P53 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WILSON DM, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN, P309 ZERINGUE HJ, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P403 ZERINGUE HJ, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P341 ZERINGUE HJ, 1990, TOXICON, V28, P445 ZUBER MS, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P185 English Article 308GY TOXICONISI:000086703200004P  2508-2512S$://000080624300034 <5Chang, P. K. Yu, J. J. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E. The carboxy-terminal portion of the aflatoxin pathway regulatory protein AFLR of Aspergillus parasiticus activates GAL1 :: lacZ gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeE,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologydna-binding; molecular characterization; binuclear cluster; biosynthesis; nidulans; yeast; flavus; transcription; mutants; domain 81AFLR, a DNA-binding protein of 444 amino acids, transactivates the. expression of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus, as well as the sterigmatocystin synthesis genes in Aspergillus nidulans. We show here by fusion of various aflR coding regions to the GAL4 DNA-binding coding region that the AFLR carboxyl terminus contained a region that activated GAL1::lacZ gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and that the AFLR internal region was required for the activation activity. Compared to the AFLR carboxy-terminal fusion protein (AFLRC), a mutant AFLRC retained approximately 75% of the activation activity after deletion of three acidic amino acids, Asp365, Glu366, and Glu367, in a previously identified acidic: stretch. Removal of the carboxy-terminal amino acid, Glu444, did not affect the activation activity. Substitutions of acidic. Glu423, Asp439, or Asp436/Asp439 with basic, amino acids, Lys and His, resulted in 10- to 15-fold-lower activation activities. Strikingly, the Asp436His mutation abolished the activation activity. Substitutions of basic His428 and His442 with acidic Asp resulted in 20 and. 40% decreases in the activation activities, respectively. Simultaneous substitutions of Arg427, Arg429, and Arg431 with Leu also significantly decreased the activation activity; the decrease was approximately 50-fold. Results suggest that the AFLR carboxy-terminal region is involved in transcription activation and that total acidity in this region is not a major determinant of;AFLR's activation ability in S. cerevisiae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999 Jun656'ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Chang PK ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USAB://000165055300016ihbChang, P. K. Yu, J. J. Ehrlich, K. C. Boue, S. M. Montalbano, B. G. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E.d]adhA in Aspergillus parasiticus is involved in conversion of 5 '-hydroxyaverantin to averufin6,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologyaflatoxin gene-cluster; biosynthetic-pathway; norsolorinic acid; dehydrogenase; averantin; nidulans; cloning; protein; flavus; aflrTwo routes for the conversion of 5'-hydroxyaverantin (HAVN) to averufin (AVF) in the synthesis of aflatoxin have been proposed. One involves the dehydration of HAVN to the lactone averufanin (AVNN), which is then oxidized to AVP. Another requires dehydrogenation of HAVN to 5'-ketoaverantin, the open- chain form of AVF, which then cyclizes spontaneously to AVF, We isolated a gene, adhA, from the aflatoxin gene cluster of Aspergillus parasiticus SU-1. The deduced ADHA amino acid sequence contained two conserved motifs found in short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases-a glycine-rich loop (GXXXGXG) that is necessary for interaction with NAD(+)-NADP(+), and the motif YXXXK, which is found at the active site, A. parasiticus SU-1, which produces aflatoxins, has two copies of adhA (adhA1), whereas A. parasiticus SRRC 2043, a strain that accumulates O- methylsterigmatocystin (OMST), has only one copy. Disruption of adhA in SRRC 2043 resulted in a strain that accumulates predominantly HAVN, This result suggests that ADHA is involved in the dehydrogenation of HAVN to AVF. Those adhA disruptants that still made small amounts of OMST also accumulated other metabolites, including AVNN, after prolonged culture.E Appl. Environ. Microbiol.B 2000 Nov6611'USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Bldg, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Chang PK USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Bldg, New Orleans, LA 70124 USAB;Times Cited: 1 English Article 369FM APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLtISI:000165055300016t263-266$://000086661000026,<5Chang, P. K. Yu, J. J. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E.IZTCharacterization of the Aspergillus parasiticus major nitrogen regulatory gene, areAB;Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Gene Structure and Expressionnitrogen regulation; areA; DNA-binding domain; transcription activation domain; aflatoxin; Aspergillus parasiticus aflatoxin biosynthesis; metabolite repression; transcription; specificity; nidulans; protein; fungi; aflrD=The major nitrogen regulatory gene, areA, was cloned from Aspergillus parasiticus. It encoded a polypeptide of 864 amino acids which contained a nuclear localization signal (NLS), a highly acidic region from positions 497 to 542, a Cys-X-2-Cys- X-17-Cys-X-2-Cys DNA-binding motif and a conserved carboxy- terminus. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggested that the A. parasiticus AREA DNA-binding domain fusion protein bound cooperatively to single GATA elements in the A. parasiticus niaD-niiA intergenic region. AREA also bound to the aflR-qflJ intergenic region of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster. Regions of areA were fused to a yeast GAL4 DNA-binding domain coding region to localize putative transcription activation domain(s) of AREA based on activation of the GAL1(p)::lacZ reporter gene expression. The portion between NLS and the acidic domain demonstrated 16-20-fold higher activation activities than other portions of AREA, which suggests that the transcription activation domain is located in this region. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.4.Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression 2000 Apr 25 1491 1-3A'ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Chang PK ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USAB://A1996VN64400060sPIDoko, M. B. Canet, C. Brown, N. Sydenham, E. W. Mpuchane, S. Siame, B. A.l|vNatural co-occurrence of fumonisins and zearalenone in cereals and cereal-based foods from Eastern and Southern Africa0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfumonisins; zearalenone; cereals; Eastern Africa; Southern Africa liquid-chromatographic determination; fusarium-moniliforme; esophageal cancer; mycotoxins; feeds; maize; leukoencephalomalacia; contamination; toxicity; zimbabwen The natural co-occurrence of fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), fumonisin B3 (FB3), and zearalenone was investigated in 40 randomly selected cereals and cereal-based commodities collected in 1994 from Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. FB1 was detected in 37 of the samples (92.5%) at concentrations ranging from 20 to 1910 ng/g, while total fumonisin (FB1 + FB2 + FB3) concentrations in the same samples ranged from 20 to 2735 ng/g. The highest total fumonisin levels were detected in maize kernels from Zimbabwe (2735 ng/g). In contrast to the high incidence of fumonisins (92.5%), zearalenone was detected in only five samples (12.5%) at concentrations ranging from 40 to 400 ng/g. Linear regression analysis showed no correlation between the occurrence of fumonisins and zearalenone in the samples tested. Although limited in sample numbers, this survey ranks the fumonisins as major contaminants of cereals and cereal-based foods in Eastern and Southern Africa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1996 Oct)4410'UNIV BOTSWANA & SWAZILAND,DEPT BIOL SCI,GABORONE,BOTSWANA FAO,FOOD POLICY & NUTR DIV,FOOD QUAL & CONSUMER PROTECT GRP,I-00100 ROME,ITALY MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV BOTSWANA & SWAZILAND,DEPT BIOL SCI,GABORONE,BOTSWANA<5Times Cited: 18 English Article VN644 J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:A1996VN64400060\ Miller, H. Conco, G. 2004TNThe Frankenfood Myth, How Protest and Politics Threaten the Biotech Revolution London Praeger Publishers 296{ 0-275-97879-6nDescription: Few topics have inspired as much international furor and misinformation as the development and distribution of genetically altered foods. For thousands of years, farmers have bred crops for their resistance to disease, productivity, and nutritional value; and over the past century, scientists have used increasingly more sophisticated methods for modifying them at the genetic level. But only since the 1970s have advances in biotechnology (or gene-splicing to be more precise) upped the ante, with the promise of dramatically improved agricultural products--and public resistance far out of synch with the potential risks. In this provocative and meticulously researched book, Henry Miller and Gregory Conko trace the origins of gene-splicing, its applications, and the backlash from consumer groups and government agencies against so-called "Frankenfoods"--from America to Zimbabwe. They explain how a "happy conspiracy" of anti-technology activism, bureaucratic over-reach, and business lobbying has resulted in a regulatory framework in which there is an inverse relationship between the degree of product risk and degree of regulatory scrutiny. The net result, they argue, is a combination of public confusion, political manipulation, ill-conceived regulation (from such agencies as the USDA, EPA, and FDA), and ultimately, the obstruction of one of the safest and most promising technologies ever developed--with profoundly negative consequences for the environment and starving people around the world. The authors go on to suggest a way to emerge from this morass, proposing a variety of business and policy reforms that can unlock the potential of this cutting-edge science, while ensuring appropriate safeguards and moving environmentally friendly products into the hands of farmers and consumers. This book is guaranteed to fuel the ongoing debate over the future of biotech and its cultural, economic, and political implications.Table of Contents: Foreword by Norman E. Borlaug Prologue by John H. Moore Acknowledgments A Brave New World of Biotechnology? More Like a Brave Old World! Myths, Mistakes, Misconceptions, and Mendacity Science, Common Sense, and Nonsense Caution, Precaution, and the Precautionary Principle The Vagaries of U.S. Regulation Legal Liability Issues The Vagaries of Foreign and International Regulation European Resistance to Biotechnology Climbing Out of the Quagmire Notes Index Publication Date: 8/30/2004HAhttp://www.greenwood.com/books/BookDetail.asp?dept_id=1&sku=C7879'b[Dr. Henry Miller Stanford University Hoover Institution USA - 94305-6010 STANFORD Ca U.S.A.489-495$://000170935200038LEMinervini, F. Dell'Aquila, M. E. Maritato, F. Minoia, P. Visconti, A.Toxic effects of the mycotoxin zearalenone and its derivatives on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes and 17 beta-estradiol levels in mural granulosa cell culturesmToxicology in VitroEzearalenone; bovine oocyte; in vitro maturation; 17 beta- estradiol; toxic effect blastocyst development; fusarium; maize; sowseMoulds parasites of livestock foodstuffs alter the quality of grains by synthetising mycotoxins. Zearalenone (ZEA) and its derivatives (alpha- and beta -zearalenol, zeranol, taleranol and zearalanone) are produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium and, after ingestion via contaminated cereals, may lead to fertility disturbances and other reproductive pathologies. Zearalenone, alpha -zearalenol and zearalanone were tested, at levels ranging from 0.3 to 30 mug/ml, in order to evaluate the effect on the in vitro maturation (IVM) rate of bovine oocytes and on the formation of 17 beta -estradiol in supernatants of mural granulosa cells (GC) cultures. These compounds induced dose-dependent oocyte maturation delay and chromatin abnormalities. Maturation of oocytes to metaphase II (M II) was inhibited in oocytes cultured in the presence of 30 mug/ml ZEA, alpha -zearalenol or zearalanone, with a significant increase in chromatin abnormalities occurring in the presence of ZEA (P<0.05) and -zearalenol (P<0.001). In preliminary trials on 17-estradiol formation, at the same testing concentration, higher levels of 17 beta -estradiol were found in the presence of alpha -zearalenol (mean value 1.6 ng/ml) with respect to ZEA and zearalanone (mean estradiol concentrations of 0.06 and 0.5 ng/ml, respectively). These data demonstrate a negative effect of ZEA and its derivatives on meiotic progression of bovine oocytes, possibly attributable to a toxic mechanism not related to the binding affinity of these compounds to estrogen receptor sites, and support previous observations that alpha -zearalenol acts as a stronger estrogenic inducer than the original molecule (ZEA). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.PToxicol. Vitro 2001Aug-Oct,15 4-5S' CNR, Inst Toxins & Mycotoxins, Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Inst Toxins & Mycotoxins, I-70125 Bari, Italy Univ Bari, Sect Reprod, Dept Anim Prod, I-70010 Bari, Italy Minervini F CNR, Inst Toxins & Mycotoxins, Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, ItalyTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 24 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56, P397 BARILE VL, 1990, B SOC ITAL BIOL SPER, V66, P899 BOTTALICO A, 1985, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V49, P547 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 CHARMLEY LL, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P471 CHEEKE PR, 1998, NATURAL TOXICANTS FE, P87 COPPOCK RW, 1990, VET HUM TOXICOL, V32, P246 DELLAQUILA ME, 1996, THERIOGENOLOGY, V45, P547 DIEKMAN MA, 1989, AM J VET RES, V50, P1224 DMELLO FJP, 1997, HDB PLANT FUNGAL TOX, P287 HASCHEK W, 1986, DIAGNOSIS MYCOTOXICO LONG GC, 1989, AM J VET RES, V50, P296 LONG GG, 1992, VET PATHOL, V29, P60 MANKA M, 1985, PHYTOPATHOL Z, V113, P24 MIROCHA CJ, 1979, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V38, P557 MULLER HM, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P801 OLSEN M, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P167 OSWEILER GD, 1986, DIAGNOSIS MYCOTOXICO, P31 POMPA G, 1988, ARCH VET ITAL, V39, P238 RICHARDSON KE, 1985, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V33, P862 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 UENO Y, 1991, MYCOTOXINS ANIMAL FO, P437 VISCONTI A, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V113, P181 English Article 471NJ TOXICOL VITRO,ISI:000170935200038M6;$PDIII@HAFFnUraa022`u0u0^^^`7`ZflEbfByxltB eeeor881K|e$^_roo CR Lo$q:Ldsq1dq 1bb%980-987$://000169947000007,0*Wilson, R. A. Gardner, H. W. Keller, N. P.^XCultivar-dependent expression of a maize lipoxygenase responsive to seed infesting fungi*$Molecular Plant-Microbe InteractionsAspergillus flavus; Fusarium verticillioides; plant defense gene; Zea mays980-987$://000169947000007,0*Wilson, R. A. Gardner, H. W. Keller, N. P.^XCultivar-dependent expression of a maize lipoxygenase responsive to seed infesting fungi*$Molecular Plant-Microbe InteractionsAspergillus flavus; Fusarium verticillioides; plant defense gene; Zea mays soybean pod walls; aflatoxin production; aspergillus-flavus; molecular characterization; linoleic-acid; cell layer; resistance; pathway; arabidopsis; genotypesMaize kernels are highly susceptible to Aspergillus spp. infection and aflatoxin (AF) contamination. Fatty acid signaling molecules appear to mediate the plant-fungal interaction by affecting the growth, development, and AF production of the fungus. In particular, fatty acid derivatives of the plant lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway are implicated in the Aspergillus spp.-seed interaction. The 9(S)-hydroperoxide derivative of linoleic acid promotes transcription of AF genes, whereas the 13(S)-hydroperoxide derivative decreases AF gene expression and production; both are sporulation factors. Our goal was to identify LOX genes responsive to Aspergillus spp. colonization and determine their specificities, 9(S)- or 13(S)- , Screening maize LOX expressed sequence tags (ESTs) identified one clone, cssap 92, which is highly expressed in Aspergillus spp.-infected seed susceptible to AF contamination and repressed in lines with resistance to AF contamination, The accumulation of cssap 92 transcript was similar during Fusarium spp, infection. The cDNA clone has 94% identity to the previously described L2 LOX gene from maize. Product- specificity analysis of the CSSAP 92 protein shows that it preferentially adds oxygen to carbon 9 of linoleic acid. Because 9(S)-hydroperoxy linoleic acid has been implicated as an anatoxin-signaling molecule, it is possible that cssap 92 could be used as a biomarker that is indicative of AF resistance in maize lines."Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 2001 Aug148'HBUniv Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Russell Labs 882, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Keller NP Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Russell Labs 882, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USATimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 37 Cited References: BATE NJ, 1998, PLANT J, V16, P561 BOHLMANN H, 1998, FEBS LETT, V437, P281 BOYINGTON JC, 1997, ADV EXP MED BIOL A&B, V400, P133 BUROW GB, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P380 BUROW GB, 2000, PLANT MOL BIOL, V42, P689 CALVO AM, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P3668 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 CHEN L, 1993, MAIZE HDB, P541 DOEHLERT DC, 1993, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V83, P1473 DUBBS WE, 2000, PLANT PHYSIOL, V123, P1269 DUBBS WE, 2000, PLANT PHYSIOL, V123, P1281 EIBEN HG, 1994, PLANT J, V5, P123 FUNK MO, 1987, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V26, P6880 GARDNER HW, 1991, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1084, P221 GARDNER HW, 1989, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1001, P274 GARDNER HW, 1998, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V75, P1801 GARDNER HW, 1970, LIPIDS, V5, P678 GOODRICHTANRIKU.M, 1995, MICROBIOL-UK, V141, P2831 GUO BZ, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P276 HORNUNG E, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P4192 JENSEN AB, 1997, PLANT MOL BIOL, V33, P605 KELLER NP, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P483 KOLOMIETS MV, 2000, PLANT PHYSIOL, V124, P1121 KUHN H, 1999, FEBS LETT, V449, P7 LEHMANN WD, 1994, J BIOL CHEM, V242, P5329 MAY C, 2000, EUR J BIOCHEM, V267, P1100 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 RANCE I, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P6554 RODRIGUEZCONCEPCION M, 1995, PLANT MOL BIOL, V27, P887 ROYO J, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P1146 SAMBROOK J, 1989, MOL CLONING LAB MANU SHIBATA D, 1996, LIPOXYGENASE LIPOXYG, P39 STASWICK PE, 1998, PLANT J, V15, P747 STECZKO J, 1991, PROTEIN EXPRES PURIF, V2, P221 VANMECHELEN JR, 1999, PLANT MOL BIOL, V39, P1283 WISNIEWSKI JP, 1999, PLANT MOL BIOL, V39, P775 ZERINGUE HJ, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P403 English Article 453ZA MOL PLANT MICROBE INTERACTIONISI:000169947000007" 589-600$://000180735700004,0)Wanyoike, M. W. Walker, F. Buchenauer, H..{Relationship between virulence, fungal biomass and mycotoxin production by Fusarium graminearum in winter wheat head blightf_Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzen589-600$://000180735700004,0)Wanyoike, M. W. Walker, F. Buchenauer, H..{Relationship between virulence, fungal biomass and mycotoxin production by Fusarium graminearum in winter wheat head blightf_Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection4area under disease progress curve (AUDPC); trichothecene mycotoxins; ergosterol; PCR gibberella-zeae; liquid-chromatography; reduced virulence; genetic-variation; deoxynivalenol; zearalenone; cereals; aggressiveness; nivalenol; culmorum & Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (scab) in wheat. The disease is of great economic importance as it is responsible for serious yield losses and production of mycotoxins (trichothecenes). Fifteen isolates of F graminearum were examined for their degree of disease severity (virulence), ergosterol (ERG) and mycotoxin accumulation on two winter wheat genotypes differing in their response to Fusarium head blight (FHB) after single spikelet inoculation. All the isolates used were pathogenic on both tested wheat genotypes but they differed significantly in all tested traits. The 1000-kernel weight (TKW) reduction ranged from 0 to 29 %, the head blight rating, expressed as area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), varied from I 10 to 991 and ergosterol levels ranged from 2.6 to 18.2 mg/kg ground grain. Among the isolates tested, in vivo deoxynivalenol (DON) levels ranged from 0.12 to 7.1 mg/kg ground grain while in vitro DON concentrations varied from 0.12 to 34.3 mg/kg ground grain. Nivalenol (NIV) could not be detected in vitro while in vivo it was detected as a minor metabolite in two growth periods. 15-ADON and 3-ADON were inconsistently produced both in vivo and in vitro. The resistant cultivar 'Arina' had lower disease severity expressed as AUDPC values and also accumulated low mycotoxin levels in the grains as compared to the susceptible cultivar 'Agent'. DON and total trichothecene values were highly correlated with each other and had positive moderate associations with ERG. The association between DON/ERG ratio and head blight ratings (AUDPC, TKW), DON or total trichothecenes were low to moderate. Significant correlation was found between head blight rating (AUDPC) of the isolates and the DON contents in the infected grain (r = 0.68-0.75); the correlation remained more or less the same when the sum of NIV, DON and its acetylated derivatives (3-ADON, 15-ADON) were considered during the first and third year of study (r 0.68, 0.69, respectively) while during the 2nd year of study, the correlation decreased significantly (r = 0.34). The DON-producing capacity could, therefore, be a decisive factor of virulence of the 15 F. graminearum isolates tested. The PCR analysis identified the trichodiene synthase gene in all the isolates apart from the trichothecene-defective mutant isolate.2,Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2002 Nov 1096'Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed, 360, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Wanyoike MW Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phytomed, 360, D-70593 Stuttgart, GermanyD=Times Cited: 0 English Article 641FZ Z PFLANZENKR PFLANZENSCHISI:000180735700004 d299-306$://0001758035000031F@Srobarova, A. Moretti, A. Ferracane, R. Ritieni, A. Logrieco, A.xqToxigenic Fusarium species of Liseola section in pre-harvest maize ear rot, and associated mycotoxins in slovakiaC*#European Journal of Plant Pathology beauvericin; fumonisin B-1; fusaproliferin; Fusarium proliferatum; Fusarium subglutinans; Fusarium verticillioides; maize kernels gibberella-fujikuroi; natural occurrence; fumonisin b-1; fusaproliferin; subglutinans; beauvericin; corn; cells; spp. HAThe occurrence of Fusarium species of Liseola section and related toxins was investigated for two years (1996 and 1998) on maize ear rot samples collected in the most important areas for maize growing in Slovakia. The species most frequently isolated was F. verticillioides, followed by F. proliferatum in 1996 and F. subglutinans in 1998. Most of the strains belonged to mating populations A, D, and E of the teleomorph Gibberella fujikuroi. Fusarium graminearum was also frequently recovered in both the years of investigations. Toxin analysis of maize ears showed that most of the samples (21 out of 22) were contaminated with at least one toxin. In particular, the concentration of fumonisin B-1, and fumonisin (2) was up to 26.9 and 5.1 mug g(-1), respectively in 1996, and up to 12.1 and 6.3 mug g(-1), respectively in 1998. Beauvericin was detected only in one sample in 1996. Seven samples in 1996 were contaminated by fusaproliferin up to 8.2 mug g(-1), but just traces of the toxin were found in one sample in 1998. All 29 strains of F. verticillioides, two of three strains of F. proliferatum and none of eight F. subglutinans strains isolated from samples produced fumonisin B-1 in culture on whole maize kernels (0.1-5646 and 940-1200 muug g(-1), respectively). Two strains of F. subglutinans and two of F. proliferatum produced beauvericin (up to 65 and 70 mug g(-1), respectively). Ten strains of F. verticillioides produced beauvericin: 9 strains produced a low amount (up to 3 mug g(-1)), while only one of them produced a high level of toxin (375 mug g(-1)). Fusaproliferin was produced by two F. proliferatum strains (220 and 370 mug g(-1)), by seven F. subglutinans (20-1335 mug g(- 1)) and by three F. verticillioides (10-35 mug g(-1)). This is the first report on fusaproliferin production by F. verticillioides, although at low level.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2002 May 1084'\VCNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, I-70125 Bari, Italy SAS, Inst Expt Phytopathol & Entomol, Ivanka Pri Dunaj, Czech Republic Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, I-80055 Portici, Italy Logrieco A CNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, Viale Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, ItalyTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 38 Cited References: *US NTP, 1999, NIH PUBL, P123 BACON CW, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P4039 BOCAROVSTANCIC A, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P581 BOTTALICO A, 1998, EUROPEAN J PLANT PAT, V80, P85 CHELKOWSKI J, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P53 CHULZE S, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 DIPAOLA R, 1998, 1 WORKSH COST ACT 83, P44 DOKO MB, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P433 GROVE JF, 1980, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V70, P103 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 JURJEVIC Z, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P455 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KLITTICH CJR, 1988, GENETICS, V118, P417 LEMMENS M, 2000, 6 EUR FUS SEM BERL 1, P43 LESLIE JF, 1995, CANADIAN J BOT S1, V73, PS281 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 LESLIE JF, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P343 LEVIC J, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P773 LEW H, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P467 LEW H, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P321 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MACCHIA L, 1995, 14 C NAZ SOC IT IMM, P463 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MILEVOJ L, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 2, V25, P603 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P45 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NELSON PE, 1981, FUSARIUM DIS BIOL TA NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P352 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 RITIENI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P17 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 TOLLESON WH, 1996, CARCINOGENESIS, V17, P239 English Article 555PY EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYISI:000175803500003HAStaib, F. Hussain, S. P. Hofseth, L. J. Wang, X. W. Harris, C. C.n 2003$TP53 and liver carcinogenesisFHuman Mutation213g201-216s Mard Hum. Mutat.CISI:000181474900005Acancer; carcinogenesis; hepatocellular carcinoma; p53; TP53; aflatoxin B-1; HBV; HCV; vinyl chloride; oxidative stress; nitrosative stress; tumor exposure; mutagen; risk factor hepatitis-b-virus; nitric-oxide synthase; p53 tumor-suppressor; human hepatocellular-carcinoma; necrosis-factor-alpha; nf- kappa-b; differential gene-expression; chronic viral-hepatitis; x-protein; vinyl-chloridengPrimary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and has the fourth highest mortality rate worldwide. The major risk factors, including chronic infections with the hepatitis B or C virus, are exposure to dietary aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)), vinyl chloride, or alcohol consumption. Southern China and sub,Saharan Africa have the highest dietary AFB(1) exposure; making it and hepatitis B virus (HBV) the major causes of cancer mortality in these geographic areas. Recent studies have discovered genetic and epigenetic changes involved in the molecular pathogenesis of HCC, including somatic mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene (TP53). AFB(1) induces typical G:C to TA transversions at the third base in codon 249 of p53. Chronic active hepatitis B and C (HCV) infection, and further inflammatory and oxyradical disorders including Wilson disease (WD) or hemochromatosis, generate reactive oxygen/nitrogen species that can damage DNA and mutate the P53 gene. The X gene of HBV (HBx) is the most common open reading frame integrated into the host genome in HCC. The integrated HBx is frequently mutated and has a diminished ability to function as a transcriptional cotransactivator and to activate the NF-kappa B pathway. However, the mutant HBx proteins still retain their ability to bind to and abrogate p53-mediated apoptosis. In summary, both viruses and chemicals are implicated in the etiology and molecular pathogenesis of HCC. The resultant molecular changes in the ras and Wnt signal,transduction pathways, and the p53 and Rb tumor suppressor pathway's significantly contribute to liver carcinogenesis.4.Times Cited: 13 English Review 654CA HUM MUTATpj://000181474900005 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Staib-Human-Mutation-2003.pdf'NCI, Human Carcinogenesis Lab, NIH, Bldg 37,Room 2C05, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA NCI, Human Carcinogenesis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Harris CC NCI, Human Carcinogenesis Lab, NIH, Bldg 37,Room 2C05, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA 2` 1317-1326$://000179858800004"Blaney, B. J. Dodman, R. L.Production of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and acetylated derivatives by Australian isolates of Fusarium graminearum and F-pseudograminearum in relation to source and culturing conditions2+Australian Journal of Agricultural ResearchGibberella zeae; G. coronicola; head scab; crown rot; head blight; phytotoxicity trichothecene mycotoxins; roseum graminearum; gibberella-zeae; head blight; wheat; queensland; maize; 4-deoxynivalenol; populations; virulence LEAustralian isolates of Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fp = F. graminearum Group 1) and F. graminearum (Fg = F. graminearum Group 2) can produce mycotoxins including zearalenone (ZEA), 4- deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol (NIV). Fp isolates from wheat and barley tillers in southern Queensland all produced ZEA and DON in culture, and one typical isolate also produced 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Most Fg isolates from wheat and sorghum grains in southern Queensland produced ZEA and DON and one typical isolate also produced 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Fg isolates from maize plants in northern Queensland were all ZEA and NIV producers, which was consistent with previous reports, and they also produced high concentrations of acetyl- nivalenols. ZEA and either DON or NIV production by cultures derived from different conidia (and ascospores in Fg isolates) varied by 4-18-fold for ZEA and 2-4-fold for DON/NIV production, and there were significant negative correlations between ZEA and either DON or NIV, indicating a common controlling process. The pattern of ZEA production was quite different between Fp and Fg, with ZEA production being relatively delayed in Fg. After 7 days incubation at 28degreesC on maize meal, one Fp isolate produced 49 mg ZEA/kg, but in both DON-producing and NIV-producing isolates of Fg, ZEA concentrations after 7 days were <1 mg/kg. ZEA and DON were produced on sorghum and combined wheat-barley grains as well as maize meal, although there were trends for maize meal to be more productive, probably due to greater surface area or different gaseous exchange. Low temperature incubation of a Fg DON-type isolate increased ZEA production, but did not affect either a Fg NIV-type isolate or a Fp isolate. Relationships between these patterns of mycotoxin production, pathogenicity, and implications for crop contamination are discussed. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 20025312' Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Anim Res Inst, Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka, Qld 4105, Australia Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Anim Res Inst, Moorooka, Qld 4105, Australia Blaney BJ Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Anim Res Inst, Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka, Qld 4105, Australia vpTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: ALHEETI AA, 1988, 7 INT S MYC PHYT TOK AOKI T, 1999, MYCOLOGIA, V91, P597 AOKI T, 1999, MYCOSCIENCE, V40, P443 BLANEY BJ, 1988, AUST J AGR RES, V39, P21 BLANEY BJ, 1987, AUST J AGR RES, V38, P993 BLANEY BJ, 1986, AUST J AGR RES, V37, P235 BLANEY BJ, 1984, AUST VET J, V61, P24 BLANEY BJ, 1987, HERBIVORE NUTR RES, P37 BURGESS LW, 1987, AUSTR J PLANT PATHOL, V16, P72 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 EUDES F, 2000, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V22, P286 FRANCIS RG, 1977, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V68, P421 FU YF, 1994, ACTA AGRONOMICA SINI, V20, P271 GREENHALGH R, 1983, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V46, P625 HARRIS LJ, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P954 LIU XG, 1999, J HUAZHONG AGR U, V18, P416 MESTERHAZY A, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P97 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J MICROBIOL, V29, P1171 MIROCHA CJ, 1989, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V55, P1315 MIROCHA CJ, 1974, MYCOTOXINS, P129 MOORE CJ, 1985, AUSTR VET J, V57, P314 NAIK DM, 1987, CAN J PLANT SCI, V58, P1095 SATO N, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI, P295 TIO M, 1977, AUST PLANT PATHOL SO, V6, P11 VESONDER RF, 1982, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V43, P967 WILLIAMS KC, 1994, AUST J AGR RES, V45, P1265 WINDELS CE, 1989, MYCOLOGIA, V81, P272 WOLF JC, 1977, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V33, P546 YAO KL, 1990, PLANT PHYSL COMMUNIC, V26, P34 YOSHIZAWA T, 1975, APPL MICROBIOL, V29, P54 YOSHIZAWA T, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P689 ZHAO DG, 1999, ACTA PHYTOPHYSIOLOGI, V25, P66 English Article 626EF AUST J AGR RESISI:000179858800004ABodenmller, K.0 2001|uHealth-relevant and environmental aspects of different farming systems: organic, conventional and genetic engineeringl www.internutrition.chd Zrich PJInterNutrition - Swiss Association for Research and Nutrition, Switzerland 2004 1.1. Starting position and aims of the study For many consumers organic products have the reputation of being healthier, safer and better tasting than conventional foods, whereas genetically modified (GM) foods are often seen as unnatural, a threat to health or a potential risk to the environment. The key question in this study was whether these perceptions agree with scientific findings. A scientifically sound risk-benefit assessment leading to an objective discussion requires that the various agricultural production systems be objectively compared with each other instead of being individually assessed in isolation. Based on published scientific papers, InterNutrition presents a summary of the facts that must be taken into consideration when comparing organic, conventional and genetic engineering farming strategies. 1.2. The most important findings From a scientific viewpoint, organic foods are neither healthier nor safer than conventional or genetically modified products. Some studies show that organic foods may contain more fungal toxins than foods produced by conventional methods. Transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize varieties, on the other hand, occasionally exhibit noticeably smaller quantities of mycotoxins in the kernels than conventional varieties do. In terms of nutritional composition and the effects on animal feeding, there are no significant differences between conventional and genetically modified feeds. Meat, milk and eggs from animals given GM feeds are just as harmless for human consumption as if they had come from animals fed on conventional feeds. The problem of cross-fertilization by pollen (gene transfer) between genetically modified plants and related wild species as well as between transgenic and conventional crop varieties only arises with few important species of cultivated plants. Detailed studies must be undertaken on a case-by-case, place-by-place, plant-by-plant and transgene-by-transgene basis. Growing crops by various agricultural systems side by side has always been possible and will continue to be so in future. The field studies carried out so far with transgenic, pest resistant crops do not confirm the environmental risks predicted by critics. For example, Bt maize varieties do not result in a temporary reduction in the number of beneficial organisms in the field, as can be observed with some synthetic pesticides. Already shortly after their introduction transgenic plants prove to be a valid option for a farming approach that sustains resources and protects the environment. The savings achieved so far in pesticide use and the improvements in ground flora and fauna can be ranked alongside the efforts of integrated production and organic farming on behalf of a more sustainable agriculture.FHBhttp://www.internutrition.ch/in-news/mediainfo/med001120zus_f.html'Kurt Bodenmller Gen Suisse Weltpoststrasse 4 Postfach CH - 3000 BERN 15 Switzerland Email: kurt_Bodenmueller@b-m.ch _________________________________________________)5b[Gressel, J. Hanafi, A. Head, G. Marasas, W. Obilana, B. Ochanda, J. Souissi, T. Tzotzos, G.v 2004Major heretofore intractable biotic constraints to African food security that may be amenable to novel biotechnological solutionsCrop Protection238661-689 Aug Crop Prot.ISI:000222409300001PIaflatoxin; Africa; Bemesia; biotechnology; broomrape; Bromus spp.; Chilo partellus; constraints; Eldana saccharina; food security; fumonisin; grain weevils; grass weeds; leaf curl virus; Lolium rigidum; mycotoxins; Orobanche spp.; parasitic weeds; Prostephanus truncates; Sesamia calamistis; Sitopholus spp.; stem borers; Striga spp.; witchweed; whitefly planthopper nilaparvata-lugens; witchweed striga-hermonthica; prostephanus-truncatus horn; neural-tube defects; zea-mays l; bacillus-thuringiensis; fusarium-moniliforme; chilo-partellus; fumonisin contamination; aspergillus-flavusxrThe input costs of pesticides to control biotic constraints are often prohibitive to the subsistence farmers of Africa and seed based solutions to biotic stresses are more appropriate. Plant breeding has been highly successful in dealing with many pest problems in Africa, especially diseases, but its limited to the genes available within the crop genome. Years of breeding and studying cultural practices have not always been successful in alleviating many problems that biotechnology may be able to solve. We pinpoint the major intractable regional problems as: (1) weeds: parasitic weeds (Striga and Orobanche spp.) throughout Africa; grass weeds of wheat (Bromus and Lolium) intractable to herbicides in North Africa; (2) insect and diseases: stem borers and post-harvest grain weevils in sub- Saharan Africa; Bemesia tabaci (white fly) as the vector of the tomato leaf curl virus complex on vegetable crops in North Africa; and (3) the mycotoxins: fumonisins and aflatoxins in stored grains. Abiotic stresses may exacerbate many of these problems, and biotechnological alleviations of abiotic stress could partially allay some predicaments. Some of these constraints are already under study using biotechnological procedures, but others may require longer-term research and development to alleviate the problems. Despite the huge impacts of post-harvest weevils and of mycotoxins in grains, these issues had not been given high priority in national biotechnological programs, possibly due to a lack of knowledge of their immensity. The need for public sector involvement is accentuated for cases where immediate profits are not perceived (e.g. lowering mycotoxin levels in farmer utilized grain, which does not increase yield) but where the public weal will gain, and will be invaluable, especially where the private sector supplies genes already isolated. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. 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P. Windham, G. L. Buckley, P. M.JDEnhancing maize germplasm with resistance to aflatoxin contamination*#Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviewsaflatoxin; Aspergillus flavus; host plant resistance; maize; Zea mays L. field inoculation techniques; aspergillus-flavus; kernel infection; preharvest maize; south georgia; insect damage; corn; hybrids; registration; linePreharvest kernel infection by Aspergillus flavus and the subsequent accumulation of aflatoxin in maize grain are chronic problems in the southeastern United States. Aflatoxin is a natural carcinogen, and its presence markedly reduces the value of grain. Losses to aflatoxin contamination reach devastating levels some years. Development and deployment of maize hybrids with resistance to aflatoxin contamination is generally considered the most feasible method of reducing or eliminating the problem. Research to address the aflatoxin problem was initiated by USDA-ARS at Mississippi State, MS, in the late 1970s. The goals of the research were to identify and develop aflatoxin-resistant maize germplasm. First, reliable techniques for screening germplasm were developed. Then, germplasm from numerous sources was screened. The release of Mp313E in 1988 was the first release of maize germplasm with resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Two other germplasm lines, Mp420 and Mp715, were released in 1991 and 1999, respectively. Additional germplasm lines have been developed, but not yet released. Efforts are currently underway to identify other sources of resistance. When used in crosses with other lines, the aflatoxin-resistant lines markedly reduce the level of aflatoxin contamination in the resulting hybrids. Analysis of a diallel cross indicated that general combining ability was a significant source of variation in the inheritance of resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Efforts to combine resistance to aflatoxin combination and agronomic qualities using both conventional breeding methods and molecular marker assisted selection have been initiated.J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 200322 2-3'F@Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Williams WP Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: ANDERSON HW, 1975, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V23, P775 BARRY D, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P2492 GRIFFING B, 1956, AUST J BIOL SCI, V9, P463 KING SB, 1982, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V72, P782 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P255 LILLEHOJ EB, 1974, CEREAL CHEM, V52, P603 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CROP SCI, V20, P731 LILLEHOJ EB, 1976, CROP SCI, V16, P483 MCMILLIAN WW, 1993, CROP SCI, V33, P882 MCMILLIAN WW, 1978, J ENVIRON QUAL, V7, P564 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 SCOTT GE, 1991, AGRON J, V83, P595 SCOTT GE, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1296 SCOTT GE, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P381 SCOTT GE, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P1378 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 SHOTWELL OL, 1977, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V54, PA216 TUCKER DH, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P290 WIDSTROM NW, 1996, ADV AGRON, V56, P219 WIDSTROM NW, 1990, J PROD AGRIC, V3, P196 WILLIAMS WP, 2002, CROP SCI, V42, P671 WILLIAMS WP, 2001, CROP SCI, V4, P1374 WILLIAMS WP, 2000, CROP SCI, V40, P584 WILSON DM, 1979, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V56, P798 WINDHAM GL, 1999, AFLATOXIN ACCUMULATI, V22, P1 WINDHAM GL, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P232 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 WINDHAM GL, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P281 ZUBER MS, 1979, J ENVIRON QUAL, V8, P1 ZUBER MS, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P1120 ZUMMO N, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P313 English Article 718UR J TOXICOL-TOXIN REVISI:000185165300004 8 Torres, A. 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Yu, J. J. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E.Increased Expression of Aspergillus-Parasiticus Aflr, Encoding a Sequence-Specific DNA-Binding Protein, Relieves Nitrate Inhibition of Aflatoxin Biosynthesiso,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology|vregulatory gene; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; neurospora-crassa; nidulans; cloning; gal4; determinants; yeast; cdna; site|vThe aflR gene from Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus may be involved in the regulation of ah aflatoxin biosynthesis. The aflR gene product, AFLR, possesses a GAL4- type binuclear zinc finger DNA-binding domain. A transformant, SU1-N3(pHSP), containing an additional copy of aflR, showed increased transcription of aflR and the aflatoxin pathway structural genes, nor-1, ver-1, and omt-1, when cells were grown in nitrate medium, which normally suppresses aflatoxin production. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the recombinant protein containing the DNA-binding domain, AFLR1, bound specifically to the palindromic sequence, TTAGGCCTAA, 120 bp upstream of the AFLR translation start site. Expression of aflR thus appears to be autoregulated. Increased expression of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes in the transformant might result from an elevated basal level of AFLR, allowing it to overcome nitrate inhibition and to bind to the aflR promotor region, thereby initiating aflatoxin biosynthesis. Results further suggest that aflR is involved in the regulation of multiple parts of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.n 1995 Jun 6163'USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124 TULANE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124iB://000171758800003 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Otsuki-Saving-Food-Policy.pdf'World Bank, Dev Res Grp, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA World Bank, Dev Res Grp, Washington, DC 20433 USA Otsuki T World Bank, Dev Res Grp, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA209-217$://000086173600004K,&Oyebanji, A. O. Efiuvwevwere, B. J. O.Growth of spoilage mould and aflatoxin B-1 production in naturally contaminated or artificially inoculated maize as influenced by moisture content under ambient tropical condition6/International Biodeterioration & BiodegradationNGmaize; mycotoxin; aflatoxin B; tropical aspergillus-flavus; environment,*#Maize (cu. TSZB) samples were re-moistened to different moisture contents (m.c.s) of 13, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30 or 35% and stored with the natural microflora or sterilized before artificial inoculation with either single or mixed moulds (Aspergillus flavus, A. niger., Penicilium purpurogenum and Fusmarium moniliforme) and evaluated for initiation time for moulding, fungal populations and aflatoxin B-1 production. Whereas the fungal populations of naturally contaminated maize of 13% m.c, decreased significantly with storage, 17 and 20% m.c. maize increased with the latter showing maximum of about log(10) 7 colony forming units (cfu g(-1)). Of the samples (13, 15, 17 or 20% m.c. maize), only those of greater than or equal to 20% m.c. showed hazardous levels (> 20 ppb) of aflatoxin B-1 production. The 20% b m.c, sample also showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.92) between m.c. and fungal load but those of lower m.c.s exhibited poor correlations, probably reflecting the absence of changes in the m.c.s of the 13, 15 and 17% m.c. maize. Aflatoxin BI content of 25% m.c. maize increased with increase in inoculum concentration of A. flavus Mixed mould inoculation of maize samples resulted in a reduction in aflatoxin concentration with co-cultures of A. flavus and P. purpurogenum showing the lowest production, while that inoculated with A. flavus alone (control) exhibiting the maximum production. Initiation time for moulding was most rapid in greater than or equal to 20% m.c, maize irrespective of inoculum type, with A. flavus being the most invasive in singly inoculated samples. However, A flavus was most competitive in 20-30% m.c. maize inoculated with mixed moulds, while F. moniliforme was most competitive in the 35%, b m.c. maize. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved."Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 1999 Dec444'jdUniv Port Harcourt, Food & Ind Div, Dept Microbiol, Box 148 Uniport PO Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Univ Port Harcourt, Food & Ind Div, Dept Microbiol, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Nigerian Stored Prod Res Inst, Microbiol Sect, Ilorin, Nigeria Efiuvwevwere BJO Univ Port Harcourt, Food & Ind Div, Dept Microbiol, Box 148 Uniport PO Choba, Port Harcourt, NigeriaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 34 Cited References: *FAO, 1980, FAO AGR SERVICES B, V40, P1 *FAO, 1981, PROD YB FAO UN NAT *TPI, 1972, TROP PROD I B BOTHAST RJ, 1978, POST HARVEST BIOL BI BULLERMAN LB, 1984, J FOOD PROTECT, V47, P637 BURRELL NJ, 1980, J STORED PRODUCTS RE, V16, P115 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1974, STORAGE CEREAL GRAIN CUERO RG, 1987, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V89, P221 DELUCCA AJ, 1987, TROPICAL SCI, V27, P205 DUNCAN DB, 1955, BIOMETRICS, V11, P1 EFIUVWEVWERE BJO, 1992, INT BIODETER BIODEGR, V29, P75 EFIUVWEVWERE BJO, 1998, POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC, V14, P235 EFIUVWEVWERE BJO, 1991, TROP SCI, V31, P325 FRAZIER WC, 1981, FOOD MICROBIOLOGY GARRAWAY WC, 1982, FUNGAL NUTR PHYSL HESSELTINE CW, 1981, MYCOLOGIA, V73, P216 HESSELTINE CW, 1982, MYOCOLOGIA, V74, P432 HOCKING AD, 1988, FOOD PRESERVATION MO JONES RK, 1980, PLANT DIS, V64, P859 KUKU FO, 1980, REP NIGERIA STORED P, P63 LACEY J, 1990, ASPECTS APPL BIOL, V25, P395 LILLEHOJ EB, 1988, TROPICAL SCI, V28, P19 LUH BS, 1980, RICE PRODUCTION UTIL MERONUCK RA, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P287 MILLER WR, 1986, TROP SCI, V26, P1 MORENO MA, 1986, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V95, P145 OGUNDERO VW, 1987, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V100, P75 OPADOKUN JS, 1988, TECHNICAL REPORT 20, P35 OYENIRAN JO, 1980, NIGERIAN J AGR SCI, V2, P6 PIXTON SW, 1967, J STORED PROD RES, V3, P35 SAMSON RA, 1988, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN SAUER DB, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P745 WECKBACH LS, 1977, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V62, P39 WICKLOW DT, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P68 English Article 299AL INT BIODETERIOR BIODEGRADISI:0000861736000046 Gilliam1998 Gilliam1999 Gillman2002 Glaser2003D Glavits19975 Glavits1998u Glawe1993 Gleddie2001 Glossl20033 Glossl20044n Goergen2002( Gold2000 Goldwasser2001.Golinski1998Golinski19999b Gomez1999Q Gong2003MGonzalez19932Gonzalez1999iGonzalez2001Gonzalez20011Gonzalez2002FGonzalez-Hernandez2004 Gonzalez-Jaen2004 Gonzalez-Jaen2004 Gonzalez-Jaen2004'Goodarzi20030 Gordon19979 Gordon19999s Gordon20000I Gorstallman19781 Gorstallman1983 Gorstallman1988 Gorstallman1989 Gott19939JGovinden2002Govinden2003 Goynes19889A Gqaleni1996c Gqaleni2001M Grasserbauer1996O Grasserbauer19969 Grasserbauer1997, Grasserbauer1998( Grasserbauer1999_ Grau2001e` Grau2001e Green1989- Greenberg2000Greene-McDowelle1999Greene-McDowelle2000 Gressel2001 Gressel2001) Gressel2004X Grimm2001 Grossi20040% Gunter20012 Gunter20033l Guo1995T Guo1996Z Guo1996< Guo1997? Guo1997 Guo2001 Guo2001w Guo2002$ Guo2003R Guo2003 Gutema2000f H-Otta2002 Hacker1997w' Hadiani2003.Haggblom2003 Hagler1991 Hagler20030 Hagler20030 Hagler2004- Haile2000U Hajdu1996 Hald20000 Hall19979 Hall19989 Hall19989 Hall19999 Hall19999 Hall2000* Hall20020 Hall20020Q Hall20030 Hall20033 Hall200404 Halle2002m Halm1994$ Halmos2002Hamamoto20033Hamamoto2004o; Hamblin1997{ Hamblin2000IHamilton1996]Hamilton1996p Hammerschmidt2000  Hammond2004 Hammond2004) Hanafi20044< Hann19889; Hann1990% Hansen20033 Hara2002 Hardy2000 Harman20011 Harran1991 Harris2001 Harris20033 Hart20000Q Hartl2002{ Hasan1993 Hashimoto20021 Hassan20020B Hastie19799OHattingh1976A Hauck2002 Hayes2004 He20002) Head20040Headrick2003! Hebert20030 Heine1988 Hell1997 Hell19989 Hell1998s Hell2000 Hell2000B Hell2003H Hell20032gHellmich1997'Hellmich1999dHellmich1999\Hellmich2001XHellmich2002GHendrich1997AHendrich2002 Hendricks2000 Hendricks2000 Hendricks2000 Hendricks2002~ Hendricks2003 Hendricks2003 Hendricks2003 Hendricks2003 Hendricks2004| Hendricks2004 Hendrickse1997 Hendrickse1999 Hendrikse2000 Hess19933H Hetmanski19978 Hetmanski1998) Heyt20012> Heyward1987 Higa2003 Highley2003 Hilakivi-Clarke1998 Hill1987vHillocks2000 Hinterholzer2001s Hinton1994S Hinton1996` Hinton2001O Hinton2002" Hinton2003Q Hirooka1992 Hirooka2001 Hirooka2002 Hirooka2003 Hirooka20038 Hocking1996F Hofmann1979 Hofseth2003 Hohn1991s Hohn19959 Hohn19991 Hohn2000 Hohn2002y Holland1996[ Holland2001 Hollis20042$ Holt2002> Hooker20020 Hope20033G Hopmans1997 Horak1988 Horak1988 Hornok20011 Horst1999Q Hounsa2003Hourcade2004 Howard2002( Hsing2001* Hsing20017 Hu19935 Hu1995e Hu20000, Hu2000' Hu2001 Hu2003 Hu2004K Hua-Van2001L Hua-Van2001 Huang2001 Huber1997l Hughes1996n Hughes1996f Hughes1998 Humphreys2004 Hunter20033 Hussain2003 Hussein1991A Hutton19959x Hyde199990 Ibeh1991/ Ibeh19929. Ibeh1994- Ibeh1995, Ibeh1998 Igawa2003Ikediobi1991 Ikotun20000m Iles19966>Illincic-Tamburic2002x Imerman1999 Ingber1999w Inman2004b Irelan19999^ Isakeit2002< Isakeit2004Isea-Fernandez20000 Itano2002g Ituarte1995  Izzotti1995b Jackson19996 Jackson2002w Jacob1991l Jacob1999r Jakab2000mJakobsen19944Grasserbauer1998( Grasserbauer1999 Green1989Greene-McDowelle2000 Gressel2001) Gressel2004X Grimm2001 Grossi20040 Gunter20033l Guo1995T Guo1996Z Guo1996< Guo1997? Guo1997 Guo2001 Guo2001w Guo2002$ Guo2003R Guo2003 Gutema2000f H-Otta2002  Hacker1997w' Hadiani2003.Haggblom2003̇ Hagler1991 Hagler20030 Hagler20030 Hagler2004U Hajdu1996 Hald20000 Hall19979 Hall19979 Hall19989 Hall19989 Hall19989 Hall19989 Hall19999 Hall19999 Hall19999 Hall19999 Hall2000* Hall20020 Hall20020 Hall20020Q Hall20030 Hall20033 Hall20040 Hall200404 Halle2002m Halm1994Hamamoto20033Hamamoto2004o; Hamblin1997{ Hamblin2000IHamilton1996]Hamilton1996p Hammerschmidt2000  Hammond2004 Hammond2004) Hanafi20044% Hansen20033 Hara2002 Hardy2000 Harran1991 Harris2001̲ Harris20033 Hart20000Q Hartl2002{ Hasan1993 Hashimoto20021 Hassan20020A Hauck2002 He20002) Head20040Headrick2003 Heine1988 Hell1997 Hell19989 Hell1998s Hell2000̝ Hell2000B Hell2003'Hellmich1999GHendrich1997AHendrich2002̃ Hendricks2000 Hendricks2000 Hendricks2000 Hendricks2002~ Hendricks2003 Hendricks2003 Hendricks2003 Hendricks2003 Hendricks2004| Hendricks2004 Hendricks2004 Hendrickse1997̵ Hendrickse1999 Hendrikse2000 Hess19933H Hetmanski19978 Hetmanski1998 Higa2003 Highley2003 Hilakivi-Clarke1998vHillocks2000 Hinterholzer2001s Hinton1994S Hinton1996` Hinton2001O Hinton2002" Hinton2003Q Hirooka1992 Hirooka1992 Hirooka2001 Hirooka2002 Hirooka2003 Hirooka20038 Hocking1996 Hocking1996 Hofseth2003 Hohn19991 Hohn2000 Hohn2002y> Hooker20020 Hope20033G Hopmans1997 Horak1988 Horak1988  Horak1988 Hornok20011 Horst1999Q Hounsa2003Hourcade2004 Howard2002 Hu20000 Huang2001 Huber1997 Humphreys2004 Humphreys2004 Hussain2003 Hussein1991A Hutton19959x Hyde199990 Ibeh1991/ Ibeh19929. Ibeh1994- Ibeh1995, Ibeh1998 Igawa2003Ikediobi1991̦ Ikotun20000>Illincic-Tamburic2002x Imerman1999 Inman2004^ Isakeit2002< Isakeit2004Isea-Fernandez20000 Itano2002g Ituarte1995  Izzotti19956 Jackson2002w Jacob1991l Jacob1999r Jakab2000mJakobsen19944h* 1489-1496$://000076988500012 <5Marin, S. Sanchis, V. Rull, F. Ramos, A. J. Magan, N.Colonization of maize grain by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum in the presence of competing fungi and their impact on fumonisin production Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot. 1998 Nov 6111138TG J FOOD PROTECTISI:000076988500012y203-214$://000086150400011JDMarin, S. Magan, N. Abellana, M. Canela, R. Ramos, A. J. Sanchis, V.tnSelective effect of propionates and water activity on maize mycoflora and impact on fumonisin B-1 accumulation*#Journal of Stored Products Researchfusarium-moniliforme; aflatoxin production; environmental- factors; potassium sorbate; growth; grain; acid; proliferatum; temperature; aspergillusThe effect of a commercial mixture of propionates at two different doses (0.05% and 0.1%) on fungal spoilage of natural maize stored at 0.85, 0.90 and 0.95 water activity (a(w),) was investigated. Parallel treatments with added inoculum of Fusarium Liseola section isolates (Fusarium moniliforme and F. proliferatum) were carried out in order to determine the effect of fungal interactions on the development of fumonisin- producers on maize in relation to preservative efficacy. Fungal colonisation of grain was measured as fungal counts (CFUs g(-1) maize). In general, no differences were found between inoculated and uninoculated samples. Besides the selective effect of a(w) on maize mycoflora, it was demonstrated that most genera which colonise maize remained unaffected by the preservative concentrations applied. However, Penicillium populations (CFUs g(-1) maize) counts decreased significantly. As they represent a major component of the total fungal counts, an overall control of total mycoflora was observed. Furthermore, there was a significant statistical interaction between preservative and a(w) levels, with the preservative activity enhanced at low a(w). The concentrations of fumonisin B-1(-) were unaffected by treatment with no significant differences in concentrations found. This suggests that the natural mycoflora of maize may act as an inhibitor of Fusarium development, and consequently of fumonisin biosynthesis. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.J. Stored Prod. Res. 2000 Apr362'b\Lleida Univ, Dept Food Technol, CeRTA, Rovira Roure 177, Lleida 25198, Spain Lleida Univ, Dept Food Technol, CeRTA, Lleida 25198, Spain Cranfield Univ, Ctr Biotechnol, Appl Mycol Grp, Cranfield MK43 0AL, Beds, England Lleida Univ, Dept Chem, Lleida 25198, Spain Sanchis V Lleida Univ, Dept Food Technol, CeRTA, Rovira Roure 177, Lleida 25198, Spain Times Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: *ISTA, 1976, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V4, P3 ALHILLI AL, 1979, FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LE, V6, P367 CALORIDOMINGUES MA, 1996, REV MICROBIOL, V27, P71 CLEVSTROEM G, 1981, J STORED PROD RES, V17, P151 DEBOER E, 1995, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN, P289 DEBOER E, 1988, INTRO FOODBORNE FUNG, P268 GAREIS M, 1984, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V47, P416 HERTING DC, 1974, CEREAL CHEM, V51, P74 KUMAR S, 1993, J STORED PROD RES, V29, P89 LACEY J, 1989, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P161 LEE SJ, 1986, CEREAL CHEM, V63, P82 LORD KA, 1981, ANIMAL FEED SCI TECH, V6, P73 MARIN S, 1996, CAN J MICROBIOL, V42, P1045 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 2000, IN PRESS FOOD ADDITI MARIN S, 1998, J APPL MICROBIOL, V84, P25 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 MARIN S, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P298 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOL RES 7, V102, P831 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOLOGICAL RES, V120, P950 MUTASA ES, 1990, MYCOL RES, V94, P971 MUTASA ES, 1990, MYCOLOGICAL RES, V94, P965 PASTER N, 1979, POULTRY SCI, V58, P572 PATKAR KL, 1995, TROPICAL SCI, V35, P40 RUSUL G, 1987, J FOOD PROTECT, V50, P909 SALA N, 1993, THESIS U LLEIDA SPAI SAUER DB, 1974, T ASAE, V17, P557 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SKRINJAR M, 1995, FOLIA MICROBIOL, V40, P253 SMITH JE, 1985, MYCOTOXINS FORMATION, P10 VANDEGRAFT EE, 1975, CEREAL CHEM, V52, P79 English Article 298QJ J STORED PROD RESISI:000086150400011o 407-416$://000087835900006 Scudamore, K. A. Patel, S.piSurvey for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisins in maize imported into the United Kingdom&Food Additives and Contaminantsaflatoxins; ochratoxin A; zearalenone; fumonisins; maize animal feeding stuffs; 407-416$://000087835900006 Scudamore, K. A. Patel, S.piSurvey for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisins in maize imported into the United Kingdom&Food Additives and Contaminantsaflatoxins; ochratoxin A; zearalenone; fumonisins; maize animal feeding stuffs; mycotoxins; chromatography; ingredients; worldwide; products; foods; cornThis survey examined 140 samples of raw maize as received at ports or at major maize mills in the UK and 12 after initial cleaning. Samples were examined for aflatoxins B-1, B-2, G(1) and G(2), ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisins B-1, B-2 and B-3 using fully validated analytical HPLC methods with detection limits of 0.1 mu g/kg for each aflatoxin and ochratoxin A, 4 mu g/kg for zearalenone and 10 mu g/kg for each fumonisin. 95.0% and 92.1% of samples met the new EC statutory maximum permissible level for total aflatoxins and aflatoxin BI respectively. The maximum concentration of ochratoxin A found was 1.5 mu g/kg. Zearalenone and fumonisins were detected in almost every sample with 41.7% of maize containing move than 100 mu g/kg of zearalenone and 48% of samples containing move than 1000 mu g/kg total fumonisins. Initial cleaning of raw maize reduced aflatoxin concentrations by about 40% and total fumonisins by 32%.1Food Addit. Contam.Y 2000 May 175H'KAS Mycotoxins, 6 Fern Dr, Maidenhead SL6 0JS, Berks, England KAS Mycotoxins, Maidenhead SL6 0JS, Berks, England RHM Technol Ltd, Lord Rank Ctr, High Wycombe HP12 3QR, Bucks, England Scudamore KA KAS Mycotoxins, 6 Fern Dr, Maidenhead SL6 0JS, Berks, Englandw(!Times Cited: 16 Cited Reference Count: 20 Cited References: 1993, 36 MAFF STEER GROUP 1980, 4 MAFF STEER GROUP F *COMM EUR COMM, 1997, 17523 EUR COMM EUR C *COMM EUR COMM, 1997, 17526 EUR COMM EUR C *FOOD AGR ORG UN, 1995, 64 FAO GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GILBERT J, 1983, J SCI FOOD AGR, V34, P86 HOWELL MV, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V60, P272 KENT NL, 1994, KENTS TECHNOLOGY CER PATEL S, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P187 PATEL S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P833 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SCUDAMORE KA, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P157 SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P459 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SHOTWELL OL, 1969, CEREAL CHEM, V46, P454 SHOTWELL OL, 1973, CEREAL SCI TODAY, V18, P192 SPEIJERS GJA, 1993, HUMAN OCHRATOXICOSIS, V231, P85 VESONDER RF, 1973, APPL MICROBIOL, V26, P1008 English Article 328EL FOOD ADDIT CONTAMuISI:000087835900006h 161-173$://000174005100010ehaGelderblom, W. C. A. Marasas, W. F. O. Lebepe-Mazur, S. Swanevelder, S. Vessey, C. J. Hall, P. D..f`Interaction of fumonisin B-1 and aflatoxin B-1 in a short-term carcinogenesis model in rat liver Toxicologyfumonisin B-1; alatoxin B-1; rat liver b-1-containing culture material; altered hepatic foci; fusarium-moniliforme; hepatocellular-carcinoma; esophageal cancer; cell-proliferation; growing barrows; risk-factors; mycotoxins; cornThe co-existence of the fumonisin and aflatoxin mycotoxins in corn merited studies to investigate their possible synergistic toxicological and carcinogenic effects. When utilising a short- term carcinogenesis model in rat liver, both the compounds exhibited slow cancer initiating potency as monitored by the induction of foci and nodules stained positively for the placental form of gluthatione-S-transferase (GSTP(+)). However, when rats were treated in a sequential manner with AFB(1) and FB1 the number and size of GSTP(+) lesions significantly increased as compared to the separate treatments. Histopathological analyses indicated that the individual treatments showed far less toxic effects, including occasional hepatocytes with dysplastic nuclei, oval cell proliferation and, in the case of FBI, a few apoptotic bodies in the central vein regions. The sequential treatment regimen induced numerous foci and dysplastic hepatocyte nodules, and with oval cells extending from the periportal regions into the centrilobular regions. This would imply that, in addition to the cancer promoting activity of FBI of AFB(1)-initiated hepatocytes, the AFB(1) pre-treatment enhanced the FBI initiating potency, presumably by rendering the liver more susceptible to the toxic effects of FBI. The co-occurrence of AFB(1) and FB1 in corn consumed as a staple diet could pose an increased risk and should be included in establishing risk assessment parameters in humans. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Toxicology 2002 Feb 28 171 2-3'D=MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, Biostat Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Cape Town, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Anat Pathol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Gelderblom WCA MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa6/Times Cited: 6 English Article 524GP TOXICOLOGYISI:000174005100010471-479$://000220164800016 vpGelderblom, W. C. A. Rheeder, J. P. Leggott, N. Stockenstrom, S. Humphreys, J. Shephard, G. S. Marasas, W. F. O.Fumonisin contamination of a corn sample associated with the induction of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats - role of dietary deficienciesc"Food and Chemical Toxicologyfumonisins; carcinogenesis; nutrition deficiencies fusarium-moniliforme; equine leukoencephalomalacia; in-vivo; toxicity; b-1; cancer; liver; carcinogenicity; hepatotoxicity; fluorescencetA corn sample associated with a field outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia in Pennsylvania, USA, during 1983/1984 and induced hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic effects when fed to male Fischer rats was analyzed mycologically and chemically for the presence of fumonisins (FB), hydrolysed FB derivatives and aflatoxins (AFB). Fusarium verticillioides was found to be the predominant fungal contaminant in the corn sample but Aspergillus flavus was also present. Trace amounts (0.1 mug/kg) of AFB(1) and AFB(2) and a total FB level of 33.5 mg/kg (FB1:FB2:FB3 ratio of 9:2.3:1) were found. No hydrolysed FB derivatives or AFG(1) and AFG(2) were detected. Based on the chemical stability of the fumonisins in different corn cultures of F. verticillioides kept at 4 degreesC over a period of 13-20 years, a level of approximately 55 mg/kg of total FB is estimated in the original corn sample. A possible role of certain dietary constituents such as the high protein content and deficiencies in certain micronutrients is evaluated to address differences in the organ-specific toxicity of FBI in rats using commercial, semi-purified, purified and corn-only diets. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004 Mar423'MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, Nutr Intervent Res Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Gelderblom WCA MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa<6Times Cited: 1 English Article 802LK FOOD CHEM TOXICOLISI:000220164800016alacia in Pennsylvania, USA, during 1983/1984 and induced hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic effects when fed to male Fischer rats was analyzed mycologically and chemically for the presence of fumonisins (FB), hydrolysed FB derivatives and aflatoxins (AFB). Fusarium verticillioides was found to be the predominant fungal contaminant in the corn sample but Aspergillus flavus was also present. Trace amounts (0.1 mug/kg) of AFB(1) and AFB(2) and a total FB level of 33.5 mg/kg (FB1:FB2:FB3 ratio of 9:2.3:1) were found. No hydrolysed FB derivatives or AFG(1) and AFG(2) were detected. Based on the chemical stability of the fumonisins in different corn cultures of F. verticillioides kept at 4 degreesC over a period of 13-20 years, a level of approximately 55 mg/kg of total FB is estimated in the original corn sample. A possible role of certain dietary constituents such as the high protein content and deficiencies in certain micronutrients is evaluated to address differences in the organ-specific toxicity of FBI in rats using commercial, semi-purified, purified and corn-only diets. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004 Mar423'MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, Nutr Intervent Res Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Gelderblom WCA MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa<6Times Cited: 1 English Article 802LK FOOD CHEM TOXICOLISI:000220164800016869-877$://000179265500005nLEGelderblom, W. C. A. Moritz, W. Swanevelder, S. Smuts, C. M. Abel, S.MtmLipids and Delta 6-desaturase activity alterations in rat liver microsomal membranes induced by fumonisin B-1 Lipidsdelta-5 desaturase activities; fatty-acid composition; age- related-changes; arachidonic-acid; fusarium-moniliforme; drug- metabolism; in-vivo; hepatocytes; hepatocarcinogenesis; phospholipids\UAlterations in the membrane structure and function of hepatocyte membranes by fumonisin B-1 (FB1) have been proposed to play an important role in the disruption of growth regulatory effects and hence in the cancer-promoting ability of the mycotoxin. Detailed analyses of lipids in liver microsomal fractions of rats exposed to different dietary levels of FB1 over a period of 21 d indicated an increase in PC, PE, PI, an cholesterol (Chol). These changes decreased the PC/PE and increased the total phospholipid/Chol ratios. When considering FA content, the quantities of total FA increased (P < 0.05) in the major phospholipid fractions as a result of the increased phospholipid levels. However, when considering the relative levels (mg/100 mg of the total FA) of specific FA, the monounsaturated FA (16:1n-7 and 18:1n-9) and 18:2n-6 increased (P < 0.05), whereas the long-chain PUFA decreased (P < 0.05) in the main phospholipid fractions. Enzyme analyses indicated that the activity of the Delta6-desaturase was significantly reduced in liver microsomal preparations in a dose-dependent manner. An increase in the 20:3n-6/20:4n-6 ratio also suggested a decrease in the activity of the Delta5-desaturase. Disruption of microsomal lipid metabolism at different levels by FB1 could play an important role in the alteration of growth regulatory effects in the liver.n Lipids 2002 Sepr379M'MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, Biostat Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, NIRU, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Gelderblom WCA MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa2+Times Cited: 0 English Article 615UP LIPIDSSISI:000179265500005: d795-804$://000168640800016h@:Abel, S. Smuts, C. M. de Villiers, C. Gelderblom, W. C. A.Changes in essential fatty acid patterns associated with normal liver regeneration and the progression of hepatocyte nodules in rat hepatocarcinogenesisCarcinogenesisgamma-linolenic acid; lipid-peroxidation; membrane fluidity; arachidonic-acid; cells; growth; expression; cancer; delta-6- desaturase; biosynthesisn @ 9Changes in lipid metabolism were monitored in rat hepatocyte nodules at certain time points over 9 months. Tissue obtained from partially hepatectomized rats, collected over a period of 7 days, were included as a control for normal hepatocyte cell proliferation. Two important features regarding the lipid profiles of hepatocyte nodules and normal regenerating liver were the increased concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), resulting in a decreased phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (PC/PE) ratio, and cholesterol, These changes coincided with increased membrane fluidity in the nodules and regenerating liver. With respect to the fatty acid (FA) profiles of the nodules, C18:1 omega9 and C18:2 omega6 increased in PE and PC whereas C20:4 omega6 decreased in PC and increased in PE, C22:5 omega6 and C22:6 omega3, the end products of the omega6 and omega3 metabolic pathways, respectively, decreased in PC and remained unchanged in PE, The FA levels in PC reflected an impaired delta -6 desaturase enzyme, whereas this effect was masked in PE due to the increased concentration of this phospholipid fraction. In regenerating liver, the FA profiles of PC and PE showed the same pattern as described for the hepatocyte nodules, except for C18:1 omega9 which decreased in PC and increased non- significantly in PE, The increased C18:1 omega9 level, a FA with anti-oxidative properties, as well as the decreased levels of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (C20 and C22 carbon chains), have been associated with the decreased lipid peroxidation level in hepatocyte nodules, The resultant decrease in peroxidative metabolites, known to affect apoptosis, could be important in the progression of the nodules into neoplasia, The present results indicate that the altered lipid parameters associated with hepatocyte nodules closely mimics cellular proliferation in regenerating liver and could be responsible for the enhanced proliferation and/or altered growth pattern in these lesions, The altered FA profiles suggest various pathways in which FA could play a role in transmembrane signalling related to the altered cell proliferative and apoptotic pathways. The persistent changes in the hepatocyte nodules suggest that the lipid metabolism escapes the regulatory mechanisms required for normal cellular homeostasis at different levels.Carcinogenesis 2001 May225'S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Natl Res Programme Nutr Intervent, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Expt Biol Programme, Primate Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Abel S S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa:3Times Cited: 4 English Article 431PY CARCINOGENESISISI:000168640800016821-828$://000171398000007dAbnet, C. C. Borkowf, C. B. Qiao, Y. L. Albert, P. S. Wang, E. Merrill, A. H. Mark, S. D. Dong, Z. W. Taylor, P. R. Dawsey, S. M. piSphingolipids as biomarkers of fumonisin exposure and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China Cancer Causes & Controlsesophageal cancer; fumonisin; sphinganine; sphingolipids; sphingosine nutrition intervention trials; disease-specific mortality; republic-of-china; fusarium-moniliforme; cancer incidence; sphingosine; mycotoxins; linxian; sphinganine; corn Objective: Ecologic studies of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have reported an association with consumption of maize contaminated with Fusarium verticillioides, which produce fungal toxins referred to as fumonisins. Fumonisins disrupt sphingolipid metabolism and serum sphingolipids have been proposed as biomarkers of fumonisin exposure. We conducted a prospective nested case-control study to examine the relationship between serum sphingolipids and ESCC incidence. Methods: Cases and controls were selected from a large prospective trial conducted in Linxian, People's Republic of China. Ninety-eight ESCC cases were randomly selected from the 639 incident ESCC ascertained during the initial 5.25 years of follow-up; 185 controls were also randomly selected based on the distribution of cases among six age and sex strata. Concentrations of sphinganine and sphingosine were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography in serum collected at the study baseline. Results: No significant associations were found between serum sphingosine, sphinganine, or the sphinganine/sphingosine ratio and ESCC incidence in conditional and unconditional logistic regression models with adjustment for age, sex, tobacco use, and alcohol use. Conclusion: Our study is the first prospective study to assess the relationship between sphingolipid levels, as biomarkers of fumonisin exposure, and cancer incidence. We found no significant association between sphingolipid levels and risk of ESCC.7Cancer Causes ControlI 2001 Nov 129P'NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, 6006 Execut Blvd,Room 321, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Chinese Acad Med Sci, Inst Canc, Beijing, Peoples R China NCI, Div Canc Treatment & Diag, Bethesda, MD USA Emory Univ, Rollins Res Ctr, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD USA Abnet CC NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, 6006 Execut Blvd,Room 321, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA5Times Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 38 Cited References: *MATHS, 1999, S PLUS 2000 PROGR GU AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA ALTMAN DG, 1991, PRACTICAL STAT MED R BEVER RJ, 2000, CHEM-BIOL INTERACT, V128, P141 BLOT WJ, 1993, J NATL CANCER I, V85, P1483 BRESLOW NE, 1980, STAT METHODS CANC RE CHEN F, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P902 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CLEVELAND WS, 1979, J AM STAT ASSOC, V74, P829 DUTTON MF, 1996, PHARMACOL THERAPEUT, V70, P137 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P647 GUNTER EW, 1996, LAB METHODS USED NAT GUO WD, 1994, INT J EPIDEMIOL, V23, P444 LI B, 1993, ANN EPIDEMIOL, V3, P577 LI JY, 1989, INT J CANCER, V43, P755 LI JY, 1993, J NATL CANCER I, V85, P1492 LI JY, 1985, NATL CANC I MONOGR, V69, P5 LUO Y, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3723 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MERRILL AH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P297 MERRILL AH, 1988, ANAL BIOCHEM, V171, P373 NIMKAR S, 1988, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V29, P3037 NORRED WP, 1998, J TOXICOL SCI S2, V23, P160 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, TOXICON, V34, P527 SIMONATO L, 2000, MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT, V462, P355 TURNER PC, 1999, MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN, V443, P81 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 1999, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V37, P1153 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 2001, TOXICON, V39, P273 VANRENSBURG SJ, 1981, J NATL CANCER I, V67, P243 VANRENSBURG SJ, 1987, S AFR MED J, P9 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WANG E, 1999, J NUTR, V129, P214 WANG E, 1992, J NUTR, V122, P1706 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 YU Y, 1993, CANCER CAUSE CONTROL, V4, P195 ZHANG ZX, 1990, RES ESOPHAGEAL CANC, V1, P1 English Article 479HB CANCER CAUSE CONTROLRISI:000171398000007E 544-549$://000076772100003|Gamieldien, W. Victor, T. C. Mugwanya, D. Stepien, A. Gelderbl544-549$://000076772100003|Gamieldien, W. Victor, T. C. Mugwanya, D. Stepien, A. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Marasas, W. F. O. Geiger, D. H. van Helden, P. D.f`p53 and p16/CDKN2 gene mutations in esophageal tumors from a high-incidence area in South Africa&International Journal of Cancerthbcarcinoma cell-lines; suppressor gene; cancer; pathogenesis; epithelium; frequency; etiology; riskSquamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus has an uneven geographic distribution, with a high incidence in the Transkei region of Eastern Cape province, South Africa. The precise molecular events associated with tumorigenesis of esophageal cancer in this region have not been characterized. DNA from human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (n = 76), as well as adjacent tissue samples (n = 9) and blood (n = 50) from the same patients from the Transkei region were screened for somatic mutations. Exons 5-8 of the p53 gene and exons 1-2 of the p16/CDKNZ gene were examined for mutations using PCR-SSCP procedures and DNA sequence analysis. Results show that 17% of the tumors contained small deletions, insertions and point mutations, resulting in frameshifts or amino acid changes in the p53 gene. Among the mutations in the structural p16/CDKN2 gene, 9 were point mutations, 4 were deletions and 3 were insertions. A novel C to T mutation, 25 bp upstream from the ATG start site of p16/CDKNZ, which sometimes occurs together with other structural gene variations, was found. The mutations described here are somatic in origin since none of the DNA samples from the adjacent control tissues or blood samples from the same patients had them. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.vInt. J. Cancer 1998 Nov 23785P'XRUniv Stellenbosch, Sch Med, MRC, Ctr Cellular & Mol Biol,Dept Med Biochem, POB 19063, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Stellenbosch, MRC, Ctr Cellular & Mol Biol, Dept Biochem Med, ZA-7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa Univ Transkei, Dept Cardiothorac & Vasc Surg, Umtata, South Africa Univ Transkei, Dept Pathol, Umtata, South Africa Tygerberg Hosp, Dept Anat Pathol, Tygerberg, South Africa Victor TC Univ Stellenbosch, Sch Med, MRC, Ctr Cellular & Mol Biol,Dept Med Biochem, POB 19063, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa82Times Cited: 14 English Article 134YV INT J CANCERISI:000076772100003R 332-337$://000185809500012 >8Marin, S. Velluti, A. Munoz, A. Ramos, A. J. Sanchis, V.Control of fumonisin B-1 accumulation in naturally contaminated maize inoculated with Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, by cinnamon, clove, lemongrass, oregano and palmarosa essential oils,%European Food Research and Technology Fusarium; fumonisins; essential oils; maize; water activity spice essential oils; aspergillus-flavus; antifungal activity; environmental-factors; aflatoxin production; esophageal cancer; in-vitro; moniliforme; grain; growth,The effect of cinnamon, clove, oregano, palmarosa and lemongrass oils on fumonisin B-1 (FB1) accumulation by one isolate each of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum in non-sterilised naturally contaminated maize grain at 0.995 and 0.950 a(w) and at 20 and 30 degreesC was evaluated. The concentration used was 500 mg kg(-1) maize. Under these conditions it was shown that antimycotoxigenic ability only took place at the higher water availabilities, and mostly at 20 degreesC. Only cinnamon, lemongrass and palmarosa oils were somewhat effective. Moreover, it was suggested that competing mycoflora plays an important role in FB1 accumulation. It was concluded that the efficacy of essential oils in real substrates, such as cereals, may be much lower than in synthetic media; different essential oils may be found to be useful and at different concentrations. Their effectiveness is highly dependent on both abiotic and biotic factors involved.Eur. Food Res. Technol.  2003 Oct  21714Y'Lleida Univ, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain Lleida Univ, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, Lleida 25198, Spain Sanchis V Lleida Univ, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, SpainzTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 37 Cited References: *CEN, 2000, FOODST DET FUM, P1 *ISTA, 1976, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V43, P3 ADEGOKE GO, 1988, INT BIODETERIOR, P81 BANKOLE SA, 1997, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V24, P190 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BULLERMAN LB, 1977, J FOOD SCI, V42, P1107 CHAO SC, 2000, J ESSENT OIL RES, V12, P639 CHATTERJEE D, 1989, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V9, P25 DAOUK RK, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P1147 DAW ZY, 1994, CHEM MIKROBIOL TECHN, V16, P129 ELGAYYAR M, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P1019 FARAG RS, 1989, J FOOD SCI, V54, P74 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 HASAN HAH, 1993, ZBL MIKROBIOL, V148, P543 JUGLAL S, 2002, J FOOD PROTECT, V65, P683 MAHMOUD ALE, 1994, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V19, P110 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 MARIN S, 1999, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V51, P159 MARIN S, 1998, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V45, P107 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 MARIN S, 2001, J SCI FOOD AGR, V81, P1060 MARIN S, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P203 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOL RES 7, V102, P831 MISHRA AK, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1101 MONTESBELMONT R, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P616 MONTESBELMONT R, 1996, P 1 S INT ALL SOC IA, V1, P463 PASTER N, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P81 PATKAR KL, 1994, CROP PROT, V13, P519 PATKAR KL, 1993, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V17, P49 PATTNAIK S, 1996, MICROBIOS, V86, P237 PAULI A, 1987, Z LEBENSM UNTERS FOR, V185, P10 REID LM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P1028 SINHA KK, 1993, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V16, P114 SOKOVIC M, 2002, NAHRUNG, V46, P317 VELLUTI A, IN PRESS INT J FOOD YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 English Article 730BN EUR FOOD RES TECHNOLISI:000185809500012R157-166$://000165418800017.81Marnewick, J. L. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Joubert, E.:TMAn investigation on the antimutagenic properties of South African herbal teasaHBMutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesisrooibos tea; honeybush tea; antimutagenicity; Salmonella assay green tea; rooibos tea; aspalathus-linearis; phenolic- compounds; salmonella mutagenicity; antioxidant activity; honeybush tea; black tea; extracts; cancerThe antimutagenic properties of South African herbal teas were investigated using the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay. Aqueous extracts of fermented and unfermented rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush tea (Cyclopia intermedia) both possess antimutagenic activity against 2- acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1))-induced mutagenesis using tester strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence of metabolic activation. A far less inhibitory effect was noticed against the direct acting mutagens, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), cumolhydroperoxide (CHP), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using TA102, a strain designed to detect oxidative mutagens and carcinogens. Depending on the mutagen used, the unfermented tea exhibited the highest protective effect. A similar response regarding the protection against mutagenesis was obtained when utilising different variations of the double layer Salmonella assay. The double layer technique proved to be more effective to detect the protective effect of the different tea preparations against the direct acting mutagens. With respect to indirect mutagens, the highest protection was noticed when the carcinogen was metabolically activated in the presence of the tea extract as compared with when the tea extract was incubated in a separate layer with the bacteria. The current data suggest that two mechanisms seem to be involved in the antimutagenicity of the tea extracts towards carcinogens that require metabolic activation: (i) the tea components may interfere with cytochrome P350-mediated metabolism of these mutagens and (ii) the direct interaction between the tea constituents, presumably the polyphenolic compounds, with the promutagens and/or the active mutagenic metabolites. However, the mild and/or lack of protection and in some cases even enhancement of mutagenesis induced by direct acting or oxidative mutagens, provide new perspectives regarding the role of the polyphenolic compounds known to exhibit antioxidant properties, in the protection against mutagenesis in the Salmonella assay. The present study provides the first evidence on the antimutagenic activity of honeybush tea and further evidence on the antimutagenicity of rooibos tea. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.4-Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 2000 Nov 20 471 1-2'xqS African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa ARC Infruitec Nietvoorbij, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa Marnewick JL S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaF@Times Cited: 9 English Article 375UC MUTAT RES-GENET TOXICOL E MISI:000165418800017R313-318$://A1992HM216000162,Sydenham, E. W. Shephard, G. S. Thiel, P. G.ngLiquid-Chromatographic Determination of Fumonisin-B1, Fumonisin-B2, and Fumonisin-B3 in Foods and Feeds$Journal of Aoac Internationali& fusarium-moniliforme; mycotoxins|Three recently described and toxicologically important Fusarium mycotoxins, fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), and fumonisin B3 (FB3), are the major fumonisins produced in cultures of F. moniliforme, a fungus that occurs worldwide on corn. Contamination of food and feed with F. moniliforme has been associated with a number of diseases in both animals and humans. Aspects of a recently reported liquid chromatographic method for the determination of FB1 and FB2 in corn, including initial extraction, extract purification, and stability of derivatives, were investigated and, where necessary, optimized further both to reduce the analysis time and to include the co- determination of FB3. The method was applied for the determination of FB3, in a series of U.S. feed samples associated with outbreaks of equine leukoencephalomalacia, which were shown previously to contain both FB1 and FB2. Twelve of the 13 feed samples contained FB3 at levels ranging between 50 and 2650 ng/g, corresponding to 2.2-18% of the total fumonisin concentrations present in the FB3-positive feed samples. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of FB3. J. AOAC Int. 1992Mar-Apra752e'S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA SYDENHAM EW S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA81Times Cited: 116 English Article HM216 J AOAC INT ISI:A1992HM21600016Ore, MD 21224 USA S African MRC, Nutr Dis Res Inst, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Stellenbosch, MRC, Ctr Cellular & Mol Biol, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Ramljak D NCI, Comparat Carcinogenesis Lab, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Bldg 538,Room 205E, Frederick, MD 21702 USA:4Times Cited: 20 English Article 340XM CARCINOGENESISISI:000088561800012 39-47$://A1991GE98900004 Ranjan, K. S. Sinha, A. K.XQOccurrence of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Animal Feed from Bihar, India4.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureJ. Sci. Food Agric.a 19915611GE989 J SCI FOOD AGRISI:A1991GE98900004149-154$://000073319700017/2,Rao, P. S. Gillespie, T. J. Schaafsma, A. W.PJEstimating wetness duration on maize ears from meteorological observations& Canadian Journal of Soil ScienceCan. J. Soil Sci.r 1998 Feb781ZK426 CAN J SOIL SCIISI:0000733197000170 8EL 871-877$://000087796000017 b\Rahbeeni, F. Hendrikse, A. S. Smuts, C. M. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Abel, S. Blekkenhorst, G. H.tmThe effect of evening primrose oil on the radiation response and blood flow of mouse normal and tumour tissued0*International Journal of Radiation Biologygamma-linolenic acid; membrane lipid-composition; unsaturated fatty-acids; eicosanoids; cells; prostaglandins; inflammation; suppression; modulationPurpose: To investigate the effect of the oral administration of evening primrose oil on the radiation response and the blood flow of normal tissue and a tumour in BALB/c mice. Methods and materials: Aliquots of evening primrose oil were fed to BALB/c mice daily and the radiation response of the skin was assessed by the determination of ED50 values for the incidence of moist desquamation, using probit analysis. Tumour radiosensitivity was investigated by determining the growth delay caused by irradiation of a transplantable rhabdomyosarcoma. The (RbCl)- Rb-86 uptake technique was used to determine the blood flow in normal foot and tumour tissue. The fatty-acid content of red blood cells, plasma and tumour tissue was measured using gas chromatography. Results: Daily evening primrose oil dietary supplementation reduced the sensitivity of skin to radiation- induced moist desquamation and prevented the radiation- associated increase in blood flow that was observed in this tissue. NO modification of tumour blood flow or of tumour sensitivity to radiation resulted from evening primrose oil supplementation of mice. Evening primrose oil supplementation resulted in changes in plasma levels of linoleic acid (LA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AA). These changes were contingent on whether the mice had been irradiated or not. In red blood cells evening primrose oil supplementation increased the GLA level of unirradiated mice and the LA level at 20 days after irradiation. There were no changes in tumour fatty-acid levels as a result of evening primrose oil treatment. Conclusions: Daily evening primrose oil supplementation reduced the sensitivity of skin to radiation-induced moist desquamation but did not alter tumour sensitivity to radiation.Int. J. Radiat. Biol.  2000 JunS7669'RKUniv Cape Town, Dept Radiat Oncol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Univ Cape Town, Dept Radiat Oncol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Groote Schuur Hosp, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, Tygerberg, South Africa Rahbeeni F Univ Cape Town, Dept Radiat Oncol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa <6Times Cited: 1 English Article 327LU INT J RADIAT BIOLISI:000087796000017  53-63$://A1996WV53900009s,&Ramakrishna, N. Lacey, J. Smith, J. E.voAspergillus flavus colonization and aflatoxin B-1 formation in barley grain during interaction with other fungi MycopathologiaMycopathologia 1996 136a1WV539 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1996WV53900009A117-125$://000188399500006*#Ramirez, M. L. Chulze, S. Magan, N.Impact of environmental factors and fungicides on growth and deoxinivalenol production by Fusarium graminearum isolates from Argentinian wheatCrop Protectionfungicides; Fusarium graminearum; wheat; water activity; deoxynivalenol trichothecene production; mycotoxin production; water activity; head blight; proliferatum; temperature; moniliforme; maize; deoxynivalenol; microfloraThe impact of five fungicides (prochloraz, propioconazole, epoxiconazole, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin, 0.5-50 mug g(-1)) on growth of two Fusarium graminearum was evaluated in relation to water activity (a(W), 0.99, 0.97, 0.95) and temperature (15degreesC and 25degreesC) on wheat-based media (in vitro). All fungicides reduce growth rates when compared to the control, and this reduction increased as the fungicide concentration increased. In general, none of the isolates was able to grow in the presence of any fungicide treatments at concentrations > 15 mug ml(-1), regardless of the a(W)/temperature regime. The same fungicides were used in the second study on wheat grain (in situ), in order to evaluate the effect of two concentration (0.5, 5 mug ml(-1)), three a(W) levels (0.995, 0.99 and 0.97) and two temperatures (15degreesC and 25degreesC) and their interaction on growth rate and deoxynivalenol (DON) production by F graminearum. All fungicides showed inhibition of growth at both concentrations in most conditions. The fungicides tested were less effective on grain in controlling growth than in in vitro studies. It was noticeable that at 15degreesC and 0.99 and 0.97 a(W), two of the fungicides (tebuconazole and epoxiconazole) showed growth stimulation. All fungicides showed DON stimulation or reduction in at least one of the conditions assayed. Our results show that stimulation or reduction in DON production in the presence of fungicides is influenced by complex interactions between a(W), temperature, fungicide concentration and time of incubation in both strains of F. graminearum studied. Such information is critical for effective fungicide control of Fusarium head blight of wheat. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Crop Prot. 2004 Feb232'Cranfield Univ, Cranfield Biotechnol Ctr, Appl Mycol Grp, Bedford MK45 4DT, England Cranfield Univ, Cranfield Biotechnol Ctr, Appl Mycol Grp, Bedford MK45 4DT, England Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Cordoba, Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Magan N Cranfield Univ, Cranfield Biotechnol Ctr, Appl Mycol Grp, Bedford MK45 4DT, EnglandTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 22 Cited References: COONEY JM, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P522 DALCERO A, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P11 DMELLO JPF, 1997, CROP PROTECTION FOOD, P463 DMELLO JPF, 1998, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V104, P741 DMELLO JPF, 1998, MYCOTOXIN RES, V14, P8 GALICH MT, 1996, FUSARIUM HEAD SCAB G HEWITT AF, 1998, FUNGICIDES PLANT PRO HOPE R, 2003, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V37, P70 LIGGITT J, 1997, CROP PROT, V16, P679 MAGAN N, 1986, ANN APPL BIOL, V109, P117 MAGAN N, 2002, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V108, P685 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V83, P281 MARIN S, 1996, CAN J MICROBIOL, V42, P1045 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P298 MATTHIES A, 1999, Z PFLANZENK PFLANZEN, V106, P198 MILUS EA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P697 MOSS MO, 1985, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V84, P585 PLACINTA CM, P BRIGHT CROP PROT C, V415, P96 SIEGEL MR, 1981, PLANT DIS, V65, P986 SNIJDERS CHA, 1990, NETH J PLANT PATHOL, V96, P187 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 English Article 766WZ CROP PROTISI:000188399500006  X225-234$://000083665100003ONHGelderblom, W. C. A. Abel, S. Smuts, C. M. Swanevelder, S. Snyman, S. D.Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis as a possible mechanism for the mitoinhibitory effect of fumonisin B-1 in primary rat hepatocytes:<5Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acidseactivated protein-kinase; epidermal growth-factor; gamma- linolenic acid; sphingolipid biosynthesis; fusarium- moniliforme; hepatoma-cells; cancer; apoptosis; proliferation; inhibition The mitoinhibitory effect of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) on the mitogenic response of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was investigated in primary hepatocyte cultures with respect to the alterations in the omega 6 fatty acid metabolic pathway. Fatty acid analyses of hepatocytes showed that EGF treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the relative levels of 20:4 omega 6 (arachidonic acid) and an increase in 18:2 omega 6 (linoleic acid). Supplementation of the hepatocyte cultures with 20:4 omega 6 in the absence of EGF resulted in an increase in the total omega 6 and omega 6/omega 3 fatty acid ratio. Addition of 20.5 omega 3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) resulted in an increase of the relative levels of the long chain omega 3 fatty acids at the expense of the omega 6 fatty acids. When 26:4 omega 6 and 20:5 omega 3 was added in the presence of EGF, the mitogenic response of EGF was increased and decreased respectively. When compared to the fatty acid profiles in the absence of EGF, the decreased mitogenic response coincided with a decrease of total omega 6 fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In addition, the saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids increased and the polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fatty acid ratio decreased which implied a more rigid membrane structure. Addition of prostaglandin E-2, (PGE(2)) and prostaglandin E-1 (PGE(1)) stimulated and inhibited the mitogenic response respectively. Ibuprofen, a known cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and FB1 inhibited the EGF-induced mitogenic response in a dose-dependent manner. The mitoinhibitory effect of FB1 on the EGF response was counteracted by the addition of PGE(2). FB1 also disrupts the omega 6 fatty acid metabolic pathway in primary hepatocytes, resulting in the accumulation of C18:2 omega 6 in phospatidylcholine and triacylglicerol. The disruption of the omega 6 fatty acid metabolic pathway and/or prostaglandin synthesis is likely to be an important event in the mitoinhibitory effect of FB1 on growth factor responses. (C) 1999 Harcourt Publisher Ltd.0*Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 1999 Oct9614,'Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Natl Res Programme Nutr Intervent, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Ctr Epidemiol Res S Africa, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Gelderblom WCA Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaLHBTimes Cited: 4 English Article 255JE PROSTAGLAND LEUK ESSENT FATTYISI:000083665100003 127-137$://000169996600004,^WGelderblom, W. C. A. Galendo, D. Abel, S. Swanevelder, S. Marasas, W. F. O. Wild, C. P.nRLCancer initiation by fumonisin B-1 in rat liver - role of cell proliferationCancer Lettersfumonisin B-1; cancer initiation; cell proliferation; risk assessment fusarium-moniliforme; lipid-peroxidation; chemical hepatocarcinogenesis; dietary iron; carcinogenesis; mycotoxins; hepatocytes; promotion; dna; inhibition6/Fumonisin B-1 (FB1), a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides in corn, causes cancer initiation in rat liver in a similar manner to genotoxic carcinogens although apparently with different kinetics. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the role of regenerative cell proliferation, effected by partial hepatectomy (PH) and carbontetrachloride (CCl4) and direct mitogen-induced hyperplasia, induced by lead nitrate (PbNO3), on FB1-induced cancer initiation. Initiation was effected over a period of 14 days by gavage administration of FB1 at different daily doses ranging from 0.14 to 3.5 mg FB1/100 g body weight while the stimuli for cell proliferation were introduced 7 days after the start of the FB1 treatment, Based on the proliferative stimulus used, cancer promotion was effected 3 weeks after completion of the initiating treatment by 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) treatment followed by PH or carbon tetrachloride CCl4 on day 4. Cancer initiation by FB1 was associated with a hepatotoxic effect and an increase in lipid peroxidation, In contrast to compensatory liver cell proliferation induced by PH and CCl4, mitogen-induced hyperplasia (PbNO3) failed to enhance the cancer initiating potential of FB1 suggesting that cancer induction by a non- genotoxic carcinogen is supported by regenerative cell proliferation. Cognizance of the enhancing role of cell proliferation during cancer initiation by FB1 is required in assessing the risks posed by this mycotoxin to humans. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Cancer Lett. 2001 Aug 28 1692'Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Int Agcy Res Canc, Unit Geneenvironm Interact, F-69372 Lyon, France MRC, Biostat Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Leeds, Sch Med, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England Gelderblom WCA Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa60Times Cited: 4 English Article 454XG CANCER LETTISI:000169996600004 v 1257-1264\$://000222124500022uLemmer, E. R. Vessey, C. J. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Shephard, E. G. Van Schalkwyk, D. J. Van Wijk, R. A. Marasas, W. F. O. Kirsch, R. E. Hall, P. D.LFumonisin B-1-induced hepatocellular and cholangiocellular tumors in male Fischer 344 rats: potentiating effects of 2- acetylaminofluorene on oval cell proliferation and neoplastic development in a discontinued feeding studyCarcinogenesisfusarium-moniliforme; cancer initiation; esophageal cancer; liver; b-1; hepatocarcinogenesis; mycotoxins; corn; carcinogenicity; hepatocytesHAFumonisin B-1 (FB1) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides. Dietary exposure to FB1 has been linked to human cancer in certain parts of the world, and treatment with FB1 causes oval cell proliferation and liver tumors in rats. To study the potential role of oval (liver progenitor) cells in the cellular pathogenesis of FB1-induced liver tumors, we gave male F344 rats prolonged treatment with FB1 for 25 weeks, followed by return to control diet until 50 weeks ('stop study'). The time course of FB1-induced liver lesions was followed by examination of serial liver biopsies at set time intervals and post-mortem liver tissue at the end of the study. The effects of different FB1 treatment regimens (5 versus 25 weeks), as well as the modulating effect of 2- acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), on the kinetics of oval cell proliferation and development of liver tumors were compared. Prolonged treatment with FB1 in normal diet caused persistent oval cell proliferation and generation of both hepatic adenomas and cholangiofibromas (CFs). These liver lesions occurred in the setting of chronic toxic hepatitis and liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, similar to that seen in human hepatocarcinogenesis. Some adenomas and CFs were dysplastic, and one post-mortem liver contained a hepatocellular carcinoma. OV-6(+) oval cells were noted in close relation to proliferative neoplastic liver lesions, and some of these lesions expressed OV-6, suggesting that all these cell types were derived from a common progenitor cell. 2-AAF enhanced the size of FB1-induced glutathione S-transferase pi(+) hepatocellular lesions and the incidence of CFs in post-mortem liver specimens, but this was not statistically significant. In conclusion, this study supports the involvement of dietary FB1 in liver carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Oval cells may be the source of both the hepatocellular and cholangiocellular tumors induced by prolonged treatment with FB1. 2-AAF appears to have an enhancing effect on FB1-induced liver tumors, presumably due to its potent inhibitory effects on hepatocyte regeneration.Carcinogenesis 2004 Jul257'HAMRC, PROMEC, Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC, Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Cape Town, MRC UCT Liver Res Ctr, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Univ Cape Town, Dept Anat Pathol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Cape Technicon, Business Informat, Cape Town, South Africa Gelderblom WCA MRC, PROMEC, Tygerberg, South Africa:3Times Cited: 0 English Article 830LV CARCINOGENESISISI:000222124500022   29-39$://A1997WG13200006I<5Abel, S. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Smuts, C. M. Kruger, M. Thresholds and kinetics of fatty acid replacement in different cellular compartments in rat liver as a function of dietary n- 6/n-3 fatty acid content<5Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids alpha-linolenic acid; arachidonic-acid; phospholipid- composition; membrane-lipids; n-3; plasma; cholesterol; omega- 3-fatty-acids; manipulation; metabolism^WThe kinetics of fatty acid (FA) replacement in different membrane compartments in the rat liver were investigated using diets with varying n-6/n-3 FA ratios. Rats at different stages of growth, i.e. after weaning and at 150 g body weight, were either fed a modified AIN 76A diet containing sunflower oil as fat source or the same diet containing sunflower oil and fish oil to achieve n-6/n-3 FA ratios of 12:1 and 6:1 (diets A and B, respectively). In the adult rats, fed diet A for 8 weeks, C18:2n-6 increased significantly at week 2 in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction of the plasma membranes, microsomes and plasma but not in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). C20:3n-6 increased significantly at week 2 in the plasma membrane and microsomal PC, but only increased in PE of both compartments by week 8. C20:4n-6 and the n-3 FAs significantly decreased and increased, respectively, at week 2 in PC and PE of both membrane compartments and plasma PC. The experimental diets led to a change in the plasma membrane fluidity but not in the microsomes. The FA changes in the weaned rats followed a similar pattern as in the adult rats although the changes were greater, depending on the phospholipid fraction and specific FA. The decrease in C20:4n-6 was significantly greater in the microsomal PC and PE and plasma PC but not in the plasma membrane PC and PE. The n-3 FAs increased significantly above the adult levels in the plasma membrane PC and PE respectively but not in the microsomal phospholipid fractions. A plateau for maximal n-3 and n-6 FA incorporation was achieved in the adult rats fed diet A in the microsomes after 2 weeks with no further alterations occurring with diet B. In the plasma PC and plasma membranes most of the n-3 FAs achieved a threshold incorporation after 2 weeks on diet A, except for C22:6n-3 in the plasma membranal PE and certain n-6 FAs in the plasma membrane PC and PE. The present data shows that differences exist in the kinetics of FA incorporation and replacement depending on the specific phospholipid fraction, membrane compartment, age and to a certain extent the dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio.0*Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 1997 Jan561'PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA NATL RES PROGRAMME NUTR INTERVENT,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA Abel S PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICAHBTimes Cited: 1 English Article WG132 PROSTAGLAND LEUK ESSENT FATTYISI:A1997WG13200006121-131$://000078111000005$Abel, S. Gelderblom, W. C. A.jdOxidative damage and fumonisin B-1-induced toxicity in primary rat hepatocytes and rat liver in vivo Toxicologyfumonisin B-1; oxidative damage; lipid peroxidation; malondialdehyde; rat hepatocytes; rat liver lipid-peroxidation products; free-radicals; human-disease; cancer; b-1; antioxidants; choline; acid; carcinogenesis; mycotoxinsZTDietary fumonisin B-1 (FB1) levels of 250 and 500 mg FB1/kg increased the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) significantly (P < 0.05) in the liver of rats fed FB1 over 21 days. Levels of 10, 50 and 100 mg FB1/kg also markedly (not significantly) increased the level of TEARS in the liver homogenate. Subcellular fractionation of the liver of the rats fed the 250 mg FB1/kg diet, showed a marginally significant increase of TEARS in the plasma membranes (0.05 < P < 0.1) and a significant increase in the microsomes (P<0.05). In vitro investigations in primary rat hepatocytes indicated that the level of TEARS was increased in a dose dependent manner associated with an increase in cytotoxicity. Addition of the antioxidant, a-tocopherol, significantly decreased the cytotoxicity whereas the level of TEARS was decreased to basal levels, suggesting that lipid peroxidation is likely to contribute to the cytotoxic effect of FB1. Addition of cumene hydroperoxide (CMHP) to primary hepatocytes exposed to FB1 for 44 h, enhanced the CMHP-induced TEARS release suggesting that the hepatocytes exposed to FB1 are more susceptible to chemically-induced oxidative stress. Free radical production could result in excessive cellular damage and/or metabolic abnormalities that are likely to be involved in FB1-induced altered growth responses and cell death in primary hepatocytes. The hepatotoxic effects and resultant oxidative damage induced by FB, may be important during cancer induction in rat liver by this apparently non-genotoxic compound. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Toxicology 1998 Nov 16 131  2-3r'HBS African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis PROMEC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Abel S S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa60Times Cited: 24 English Article 158HY TOXICOLOGYISI:000078111000005p S101-S101$://000081389000028S0*Abel, S. Smuts, C. M. Gelderblom, W. C. A.d]Altered lipid metabolism associated with the progression of premalignant lesions in rat liver Lipids Lipids 199934'Med Res Council, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Med Res Council, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Med Res Council, Natl Res Programme Nutr Intervent, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Abel S Med Res Council, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africaa4-Times Cited: 0 English Article S 215PA LIPIDStISI:000081389000028E9 90-96$://000178680000003GLFGanassi, S. Moretti, A. Pagliai, A. M. B. Logrieco, A. Sabatini, M. A.@9Effects of beauvericin on Schizaphis graminum (Aphididae)c(!Journal of Invertebrate Pathologybeauvericin; mycotoxin; entomopathogenic fungi; biological control; Schizaphis graminum; aphids; endosymbionts; Buchnera; fecundity; laboratory tests fusarium-subglutinans; acyrthosiphon-pisum; buchnera- aphidicola; mycetocyte; insects; fusaproliferin; infection; growth; maizePJThe effects of beauvericin, a toxic fungal metabolite common contaminant of maize and wheat, on aphid fitness were studied in three consecutive generations of females. Aphids were reared on wheat leaves inserted into a sandy substratum wetted with a solution of beauvericin. Ingestion of this solution through leaves did not significantly decrease the lifespan of females of all generations as compared to controls. However, the mean number of offspring from the third generation of treated females was significantly smaller than those in controls. Furthermore, treated second and third generation females produced a greater number of abortive embryos. Histological analysis revealed abundant DAPI and Feulgen positive material in the cytoplasm of some bacteriocytes of treated third generation females. This material was attributed to the endosymbionts of bacteriocytes. Tests by contact were also carried out and revealed a significantly lower survival of treated first instar aphids as compared to controls 18 h after the start of the trial. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.J. Invertebr. Pathol.  2002 JunA802Z'Univ Modena, Dipartimento Biol Anim, Via Campi 213-D, I-41100 Modena, Italy Univ Modena, Dipartimento Biol Anim, I-41100 Modena, Italy CNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, I-70125 Bari, Italy Sabatini MA Univ Modena, Dipartimento Biol Anim, Via Campi 213-D, I-41100 Modena, ItalyVOTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 36 Cited References: *FAO, 1979, FAO PLANT PROTECT B, V27, P29 BLACKMAN RL, 1987, APHIDS THEIR BIOL A, V2, P163 BROBYN PJ, 1977, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V69, P349 BUCHNER P, 1965, ENDOSYMBIOSIS ANIMAL DADD RH, 1985, COMPREHENSIVE INSECT, P315 DOUGLAS AE, 1989, BIOL REV, V64, P409 DOUGLAS AE, 1992, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V65, P195 FERRON P, 1991, HDB APPLIED MYCOLOGY, V2, P665 GANASSI S, 1996, ITAL J ZOOL, V63, P47 GANASSI S, 2000, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V151, P131 GRIFFITHS GW, 1974, CELL TISSUE RES, V148, P287 GROVE JF, 1980, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V70, P103 GUPTA S, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V115, P185 HAJEK AE, 1994, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V39, P293 HALES DF, 1997, EUR J ENTOMOL, V94, P1 HAMILL RL, 1969, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V49, P4255 ISHIKAWA H, 1989, INT REV CYTOL, V116, P1 LAI CY, 1994, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V91, P3819 LOGRIECO A, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P82 LOGRIECO A, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3084 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MITTLER TE, 1988, APHIDS THEIR BIOL B, V2, P145 MORETTI A, 1995, MYCOL RES, V99, P282 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 MUNSON MA, 1991, INT J SYST BACTERIOL, V41, P566 OHTAKA C, 1991, SYMBIOSIS, V11, P19 POCSFALVI G, 1997, RAPID COMMUN MASS SP, V11, P265 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 SODERHALL K, 1982, J INVERTEBR PATHOL, V39, P105 SRIVASTAVA PN, 1987, APHIDS THEIR BIOL A, V2, P99 STLEGER RJ, 1988, J INVERTEBR PATHOL, V52, P459 SUGUMARAN M, 2002, PIGM CELL RES, V1, P2 TREMBLAY E, 1981, ENTOMOLOGIA APPL, V2, P104 VEY A, 1977, J INVERTEBR PATHOL, V30, P207 WILSON K, 2001, ECOL LETT, V4, P637 English Article 605LU J INVERTEBR PATHOL5ISI:000178680000003Hh4H  69-75$://000221821600007RRKvan der Westhuizen, L. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Shephard, G. S. Swanevelder, S.~xDisruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis in hepatocyte nodules: selective proliferative stimulus induced by fumonisin B-1 Toxicologyfumonisin; hepatocyte nodules; sphingosine; sphinganine human esophageal cancer; fusarium-moniliforme; ceramide synthase; rat hepatocytes; vervet monkeys; corn; sphingosine; sphinganine; mycotoxins; liverIn order to investigate the role of sphingolipid disruption in the cancer promoting potential of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) in the development of hepatocyte nodules, male Fischer 344 rats were subjected to cancer initiation (FB1 containing diet or diethylnitrosamine (DEN) by i.p. injection) and promotion (2- acetylaminofluorene with partial hepatectomy, 2-AAF/PH) treatments followed by a secondary FB1 dietary regimen. Sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in control, surrounding and nodular liver tissues of the rats. The disruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis by the secondary FBI treatment in the control rats was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by the 2- AAF/PH cancer promotion treatment. The nodular and surrounding Sa levels returned to baseline following FBI initiation and 2- AAF/PH promotion. When comparing the groups subjected to the secondary FBI treatment, the initiation effected by FB1 was less (P < 0.01) sensitive to the accumulation of Sa in the nodular and surrounding tissues than DEN initiation and the 2- AAF/PH control treatment. In contrast, the So level of FB1 initiation was marginally increased in the nodules compared to the surrounding liver after 2-AAF/PH promotion and significantly (P < 0.05) higher with the secondary FB1 treatment. Although, the FB1-induced hepatocyte nodules were not resistant to the disruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis, the nodular So levels were increased and might provide a selective growth stimulus possibly induced by bio-active sphingoid intermediates such as sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Toxicology 2004 Jul 15 2001'S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Expt Carcinogenesis Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Ctr Epidemiol Res, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa van der Westhuizen L S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa6/Times Cited: 0 English Article 826IA TOXICOLOGYISI:000221821600007595-595$://A1984SM6750083160Vanderbijl, P. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Thiel, P. G.\UOn the Mutagenicity of Para-Chloroaniline (Pca), a Breakdown Product of Chlorhexidine Journal of Dental Research J. Dent. Res.O 1984634D'UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT PHARMACOL,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR SCI,TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DEPT PHARMACOL,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA0>8Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract SM675 J DENT RESISI:A1984SM67500831  19-25$://A1979GW18800003JCVandermerwe, W. J. J. Eicker, A. Marasas, W. F. O. Kellerman, T. S.@:Aerospora of an Eragrostis-Curvula Pasture in South-Africa2,Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1979461 'zsUNIV PRETORIA,DEPT BOT,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICA VANDERMERWE WJJ UNIV PRETORIA,DEPT BOT,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICA B://A1995RC65700004Vanegmond, H. P.JCMycotoxins - Regulations, Quality Assurance and Reference Materials&Food Additives and ContaminantsFood Addit. Contam.t 1995May-Jun-123RC657 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMNISI:A1995RC657000040647-656$://A1997XU58200002DpjGelderblom, W. C. A. Smuts, C. M. Abel, S. Snyman, S. D. VanderWesthuizen, L. Huber, W. W. Swanevelder, S.nhEffect of fumonisin B-1 on the levels and fatty acid composition of selected lipids in rat liver in vivo"Food and Chemical Toxicologyfusarium-moniliforme; sphingolipid biosynthesis; mycotoxins; carcinogenesis; sphingosine; cultures; cancer; cells; hepatocytes; sphinganine The modulating role of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) on lipid biosynthesis was evaluated in a shortterm (21 day) experiment using male Fischer rats fed high dietary levels (50, 100 and 250 mg FB1/kg) and in a long-term (2 yr) experiment using male ED IX rats fed low dietary levels (1, 10 and 25 mg FB1/kg) of FB1. The total serum and liver cholesterol was significantly (P < 0.01) increased in the rats fed 250 mg FB1/kg diet for 21 days, while the liver phospholipids, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) and increased (P < 0.05), respectively. In the long-term study, only PE was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in all the FBI-treated animals. Fatty acid (FA) analysis of PE indicated that C18:2n-6 was significantly increased (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) in the FB1-treated rats of the short-term study, while it was markedly (not significantly) increased in phosphatidylcholine (PC). The same pattern was observed in the PC and PE fractions of the liver of the FB1-treated rats from the long-term studies, but the changes were not significant due to the small number (three rats per group) of rats analysed. The levels of C22:5n-6 and C22:6n-3 were also markedly decreased and increased respectively in the 10 and 25 mg FB1/kg-treated groups. When the FAs were determined in the total lipids in a larger number of rats (four to six animals per group) the level of C18:2n-6 was significantly increased in the 10 (P < 0.01) and 25 (P < 0.05) mg FB1/kg-treated groups. Similar effects were noticed in plasma PC with respect to the C18:2n-6 and C22:5n-6 in both the long- and short-term treated groups, except that C20:4n-6 was also lower in both cases. The total n-6 FAs and polyunsaturated FAs were significantly (P < 0.01) and markedly reduced in PC and PE, respectively, of the rats fed the 250 mg FB1/kg diet. In the long-term experiment the n-6/n-3 ratio was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in PE and markedly lowered in PC due to a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the n-3 FAs of both phospholipid fractions. The sphinganine/sphingosine ratio was significantly (P < 0.05) altered in the liver of the rats fed the 100 and 250 mg FB1/kg diets for 21 days, while in the long-term study no significant changes were noticed in either the liver or sera. The present data indicate that FB1 affects lipid biosynthesis in rat liver and plasma differently, depending on the dietary level and duration of treatment. Alterations to the n-3 and n-6 FA biosynthetic pathways, detected in rats fed relatively low dietary levels of FB1, are likely to be important mediators for FB1-induced effects on hepatocyte cell proliferation. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.Food Chem. Toxicol. 1997 Jul357'S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES PROGRAMME NUTR INTERVENT,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV VIENNA,INST TUMORBIOL & KREBSFURSCHUNGS,A-1090 VIENNA,AUSTRIA S AFRICAN MRC,CTR EPIDEMIOL RES,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA Gelderblom WCA S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA>7Times Cited: 17 English Article XU582 FOOD CHEM TOXICOLISI:A1997XU58200002"2101-2105$://0001754073000024.Rheeder, J. P. Marasas, W. F. O. Vismer, H. F.:3Production of fumonisin analogs by Fusarium species,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologyfujikuroi mating population; section liseola; sphingolipid biosynthesis; alternaria-alternata; mycotoxin production; moniliforme strains; water activity; maize; corn; proliferatum Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002 May685'MRC, PROME 1093-1099A$://000179299000012ZTReynoso, M. M. Torres, A. M. Ramirez, M. L. Rodriguez, M. I. Chulze, S. N. Magan, N.Efficacy of antioxidant mixtures on growth, fumonisin production and hydrolytic enzyme production by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum in vitro on maize-based media Mycological Research(!water activity; moniliforme; corn The effect of single or mixtures of antioxidants on the lag phase prior to growth, growth rate, hydrolytic enzyme production (N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-D-glucosidase and alpha-D-galactosidase) and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum was evaluated on maize- based media at 25 degreesC, and under different water activity (a(w)) conditions. An increase in the lag phase (h) was observed for both F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum especially with propyl paraben (PP)+butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) treatments at all a, levels tested. For both species PP alone or in combination with BHA, at concentrations of 0.5 and I mm reduced the growth rates by > 85 % at the three a, levels tested (0.995; 0.98 and 0.95). PP+butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or trihydroxybutyrophenone (THBP) were less effective in controlling growth, regardless of a, level. Combinations of PP+BHA reduced the fumonisin concentrations produced by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum at 0.995 and 0.98 a, significantly. However, at low concentrations of antioxidants (0.5 mm) some stimulation in fumonisin production was observed with some treatments. The efficacy of the treatments was reflected in the impact on enzyme production. In the untreated control the highest total enzyme activity of three hydrolytic enzymes was observed at 0.995 a, after 96 h. All the antioxidant treatments alone or combined resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.001) of the total enzyme activity at the aw levels tested. Only 10 mm THBP produced an increase in the total amount of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosidase by both F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. For the three enzymes single factors: time, a, and antioxidant treatments, most two and all three way interactions were significant (P < 0.001). The use of combined mixtures of antioxidants could be a good strategy to diminish the entry of fumonisin into the animal feed and human food chains.I Mycol. Res.T 2002 Sep  106S'rkCranfield Univ, Cranfield Biotechnol Ctr, Appl Mycol Grp, Bedford MK45 4DT, England Cranfield Univ, Cranfield Biotechnol Ctr, Appl Mycol Grp, Bedford MK45 4DT, England Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Cordoba, Argentina Magan N Cranfield Univ, Cranfield Biotechnol Ctr, Appl Mycol Grp, Bedford MK45 4DT, England14-Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 25 Cited References: *INT AG RES CANC, 1993, MON EV CARC RISK HUM, V56 *SECR AGR GAND PES, 1997, SIEMBR COS CR SECT A ALDUNATE J, 1992, FEBS LETT, V303, P73 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CHULZE SN, 2000, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V66, P5312 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 DALLYN H, 1978, THESIS LONDON ETCHEVERRY M, 2002, J APPL MICROBIOL, V92, P624 GONZALEZ HHL, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V130, P29 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HOPE RJ, 2000, BCPC C PESTS DIS A, V8, P889 JENNINGS P, 2000, BCPC C PESTS DIS BRI, P707 KESHRI G, 2000, J APPL MICROBIOL, V89, P825 KHAN SH, 2001, PLANT PATHOL, V50, P601 LIEWEN MB, 1991, HDB APPL MYCOLOGY, V3, P541 MAGAN N, 1993, INT BIODETER BIODEGR, V32, P145 MAGAN N, 1986, J APPL BACTERIOL, V60, P221 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1998, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V42, P185 NARIMSIMHAN R, 1989, CHEIRON, V18, P226 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 SCOTT VN, 1989, J FOOD PROTECT, V52, P431 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 THOMPSON DP, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P412 English Article 9 616HU MYCOL RESISI:000179299000012rd*6D517-521$://A1982NE36200004JCRabie, C. J. Marasas, W. F. O. Thiel, P. G. Lubben, A. Vleggaar, R.^WMoniliformin Production and Toxicity of Different Fusarium Species from Southern-Africah,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology Appl. Environ. Microbiol.O 1982433e'NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA CSIR,NATL CHEM RES LAB,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICA RABIE CJ NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAB://A1986D891100036LFRabie, C. J. Sydenham, E. W. Thiel, P. G. Lubben, A. Marasas, W. F. O.PIT-2 Toxin Production by Fusarium-Acuminatum Isolated from Oats and Barley,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology Appl. Environ. Microbiol.7 1986 SepD523C'S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA RABIE CJ S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA@9Times Cited: 23 English Note D8911 APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOL ISI:A1986D891100036S799-808$://000089000800011a,&Rafai, P. Bata, A. Jakab, L. Vanyi, A.\UEvaluation of mycotoxin-contaminated cereals for their use in animal feeds in Hungary,&Food Additives and ContaminantsHxrFusarium toxins; advisory mycotoxin level; zearalenone; T-2 toxin; deoxynivalenol; nivalenol; fusarenon-X; HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin; diacetoxyscipenol; ochratoxin A; grain; wheat; barley; maize; corn; rye; oat; bran; soybean; sunflower natural occurrence; fusarium mycotoxins; liquid-chromatography; ochratoxin-a; wheat; deoxynivalenol; zearalenone; foods; products; toxinsIn the period between December 5, 1991 and September 17, 1998, 760 maize, 367 wheat, 119 soybean, 222 barley, 85 bran, 32 triticale, 60 oat, 14 rye and 22 sunflower samples were investigated for the presence and concentration of seven fusariotoxins (T-2 toxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin, fusarenone-X) and OTA. The comparison of analytical data with those of the relevant literature revealed that although the incidence rate and/or concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins and OTA in Hungarian-grown cereals is occasionally considerable, the position of the country is not worse than the average of countries. Our findings indicate that soybean tends to be good substrate for trichothecene-producing fungi and the rate of contamination is regarded as substantial. The commodities were assorted into one of three quality categories. The proportion of objectionable samples was only 3.0, 2.2, 2.3 and 1.7% in maize, wheat, barley and soybean samples, respectively. However, this low rate of objection might still be a source of great economic loss. The proportion of objectionable samples was much higher in the case of bran, oat and triticale (7.1, 6.7, and 6.3%, respectively). The results of the present investigation indicate a need for regular screening for mycotoxins of importance and individual appraisal of each commodity from the point of their use in animal feeds.Food Addit. Contam.  2000 Sep 1790'Szent Istvan Univ, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Anim Hyg, Istvan 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary Szent Istvan Univ, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Anim Hyg, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary Dr Bata Ltd, H-2364 Ocsa, Hungary Rafai P Szent Istvan Univ, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Anim Hyg, Istvan 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary9 n gTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 52 Cited References: 1984, 696284 HUNG STAND 1996, MAGYAR KOZLONY 0904, P4625 1990, MAGYAR TAKARMANYKODE, V2, P203 ABRAMSON D, 1998, CEREAL CHEM, V75, P137 ALP M, 1997, PENDIK VET MIKROBIYO, V28, P163 BAKAN B, 1998, REV MED VET, V149, P697 BATA A, 1984, ACTA VET HUNG, V32, P51 BATA A, 1986, CHROMATOGRAPHIE, V84, P325 BATA A, 1983, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V66, P577 BATA A, 1984, J CHROMATOGR, V286, P357 BUCHELI B, 1996, MITT GEBIETE LEBENSM, V87, P84 BUCKLE AE, 1981, P SEM NYC AN FEED LL, P21 CHELKOWSKI J, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P140 CHELKOWSKI J, 1989, TOPICS SECONDARY MET, V2, P492 DALCERO A, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P11 HENNIGEN MR, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P677 JELINEK CF, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P223 JORGENSEN K, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P95 LANGSETH W, 1995, ACTA AGR SCAND B-S P, V45, P63 LANGSETH W, 1996, J PHYTOPATHOL, V144, P113 LEE US, 1985, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V2, P185 LEW H, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P66 LVOVA LS, 1992, PRIKL BIOKHIM MIKRO, V28, P889 MAHMOUD ALE, 1993, J BASIC MICROB, V33, P101 MESTERHAZY A, 1996, PFLANZENSCHUTZ NACHR, V49, P187 MEYER H, 1993, VORLESUNGEN UBUNGEN MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 MULLER HM, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V137, P185 MULLER HM, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V121, P115 MULLER HM, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P24 NESHEIM S, 1995, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V72, P1421 NOSER JR, 1996, MITT GEBIETE LEBENSM, V87, P574 OSBORNE BG, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P141 PACIN AM, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P327 PARK JJ, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1642 PATEL S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P833 PETKOVABOCHAROV.T, 1985, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V2, P267 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 POHLAND AE, 1993, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V10, P17 RAFAI P, 1998, ALLATORVOSOK LAPJA, V120, P501 RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 RYU JC, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P333 SCHNURER J, 1991, CEREAL CHEM, V68, P434 SCOTT PM, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P333 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SHOTWELL OL, 1983, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V66, P1466 STRATTON GW, 1993, ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX, V24, P399 SZIGETI G, 1995, MAGY ALLATORVOSOK, V50, P511 TANAKA T, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P979 THELLMAN A, 1997, DEUT LEBENSM-RUNDSCH, V93, P1 VRABCHEVA T, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V136, P47 WIDIASTUTI R, 1988, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V102, P45 English Article 348RT FOOD ADDIT CONTAMSISI:000089000800011tce of the fumonisins, the potential to produce FB1 and FB2 was determined in a study of 40 toxic Fusarium isolates representing 27 taxa in 9 of the 12 sections of Fusarium, as well as two recently described species not yet classified into sections. With the exception of one isolate of F. nygamai, fumonisin production was restricted to isolates of F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum, in the section Liseola. The F. nygamai isolate produced 605-mu-g of FB1 g-1 and 530-mu- g of FB2 g-1, and the identity of the toxins was confirmed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This is the first report of the production of the fumonisins by F. nygamai. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.t 1991 Apri574o'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA ROODEPLAAT RES LABS PTY LTD,SINOVILLE 0129,SOUTH AFRICA THIEL PG S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAD=Times Cited: 150 English Article FF039 APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLcISI:A1991FF03900032 1240-1244F$://A1995TG17600009D>Viljoen, A. Wingfield, M. J. Marasas, W. F. O. Coutinho, T. A.TNCharacterization of Fusarium Isolates from Gladiolus Corms Pathogenic to Pines Plant Disease(!pitch canker; california; disease B://A1997YH53200014HAGashe, B. A. Mpuchane, S. F. Siame, B. A. Allotey, J. Teferra, G.G\VThe microbiology of phane, and edible caterpillar of the emperor moth, Imbrasia belina Journal of Food Protectiontmphane; edible caterpillar; microorganisms; health risk klebsiella-pneumoniae; digestibility; chitosan; chitinlThe larvae of Imbrasia belina (Westwood) are cooked and sun dried to make a product known as phane, which Is consumed as a delicacy. A study was conducted to determine the sanitary quality of phane and the kinds of microorganisms associated with it. It also looked into the potential for the existence of health risk associated with its consumption. Laboratory- and field-processed phane and that from open markets were subjected to microbiological analyses. The total microbial population for the larvae was in the range of 3 x 10(5) to 2 x 10(7) CFU/g. Species belonging to seven genera of bacteria and five genera of fungi were isolated from the larvae. About 50% of the identified bacteria were gram-positive, yet their combined population was much lower than that of the gramnegative bacteria. Cooking (89 to 93 degrees C) under both sets of conditions (laboratory and field) reduced the microbial population to less than 9 x 10(3) CFU/g. The survivors were mostly sporeformers. Laboratory-processed phane was contaminated during drying, but none of the isolates were coliforms and the population increment was marginal. Field- processed phane, on the other hand, had a population of 4 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(8) CFU/g after 24 h of drying. The high moisture content of phane (55%) and a high degree of contamination from the soil and air appeared to have contributed to the increased population. Aspergilli including A, flavus and phycomycetes were frequently isolated from the samples. Coliforms were present in 30% and 50% of the phane processed in the field and in market phane, respectively. Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae were found in 33% and 21%, respectively, of samples acquired from the market. The presence of K. pneumoniae, E. cull, a toxin-producing sporeformer (Bacillus cereus), and mycotoxin-producing fungi (A. flavus, Penicillium sp.. and Fusarium sp.) all point to the possible existence of health risks associated with its consumption. J. Food Prot. 1997 Nov6011'UNIV BOTSWANA & SWAZILAND,DEPT SCI BIOL,PR BAG 0022,GABORONE,BOTSWANA Gashe BA UNIV BOTSWANA & SWAZILAND,DEPT SCI BIOL,PR BAG 0022,GABORONE,BOTSWANA:3Times Cited: 4 English Article YH532 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1997YH53200014V] 1900-19032$://A1990EE50900004d^Sydenham, E. W. Thiel, P. G. Marasas, W. F. O. Shephard, G. S. Vanschalkwyk, D. J. Koch, K. R.Natural Occurrence of Some Fusarium Mycotoxins in Corn from Low and High Esophageal Cancer Prevalence Areas of the Transkei, Southern Africa0*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryJ. Agric. Food Chem. 1990 Octl3810'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA S AFRICAN MRC,CTR COMP,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT CHEM,RONDEBOSCH 7700,SOUTH AFRICA SYDENHAM EW S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 70,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA<6Times Cited: 244 English Article EE509 J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:A1990EE50900004tVOSydenham, E. W. Shephard, G. S. Thiel, P. G. Marasas, W. F. O. Stockenstrom, S.e 1991HAFumonisin Contamination of Commercial Corn-Based Human Foodstuffsi0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry3911 2014-2018 NovJ. Agric. Food Chem.ISI:A1991GQ61400028esophageal cancer areas; fusarium-moniliforme; natural occurrence; high-risk; equine leukoencephalomalacia; southern- africa; mycotoxins; transkei; maize; chinaCorn-based human foodstuffs from retail outlets in five countries were analyzed for fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2). The highest mean concentrations occurred in two Egyptian samples (2380 ng/g FB1 and 595 ng/g FB2). Only one of four Peruvian samples contained 660 ng/g FB1 and 68 ng/g FB2, while only one of two Canadian samples contained a detectable level of FB1. The 16 cornmeal (CM) and 10 corn grits (CG) products from the United States contained mean concentrations of 1048 ng/g FB1 and 298 ng/g FB2 and 601 ng/g FB1 and 375 ng/g FB2, respectively, while the mean concentrations in 52 CM and 18 CG samples from South Africa were 138 ng/g FB1 and 83 ng/g FB2 and 125 ng/g FB1 and 85 ng/g FB2, respectively. Only 1 of 10 cornflakes/lime-treated samples contained a low level of FB1. Of several samples obtained from a high esophageal cancer (EC) risk area in the United States 7/7 contained FB1 (105-1915 ng/g) and 6/7 FB2 (70-460 ng/g).s<6Times Cited: 180 English Article GQ614 J AGR FOOD CHEMnh://A1991GQ61400028 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Sydenham-Fumonisin-1991.pdf'S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA SYDENHAM EW S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICAp-promoting potential of fumonisin B-1 in rat liver using diethylnitrosamine as a cancer initiatorTCancer Lettersfumonisin B-1; diethylnitrosamine; rat liver; cancer promotion fusarium-moniliforme; cell-proliferation; dna-synthesis; hepatocytes; mycotoxins; foci; hepatocarcinogenesis; inhibition; cultures; nodulesf`The cancer-promoting potential of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) was investigated by feeding different dietary levels (10, 50, 100, 250, 500 mg FB1/kg) to diethynitrosamine (DEN)-initiated rats for 21 days. Dietary levels containing 50 mg FB1/kg and higher, markedly increased the number and size of the placental form of glutathione-S-transferase-positive (GSTP(+)) foci in the liver of the rats. The cancer-promoting activity of FB1 was associated with an inhibitory effect on partial hepatectomy (PH)-induced regenerative hepatocyte proliferation, as the incorporation of H-3-labelled thymidine was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by those FB1-containing diets that exhibited cancer promotion. In vitro studies on the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in primary rat hepatocytes further supported the in vivo data in that FB1, similar to other cancer promoters such as phenobarbital and 2- acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), alters growth stimulatory responses in primary hepatocytes. No significant (P > 0 05) changes in the sphinganine/sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio were observed in the liver of the rats fed the lowest FB1-containing diet (50 mg FB1/kg diet) that effected cancer promotion. The present study indicated that FB1 exhibited cancer-promoting activity in the absence of adverse hepatotoxic effects and at dietary levels that failed to effect cancer initiation. Cancer Lett. 1996 Dec 3b 109n 1-2f'PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV PRETORIA,DEPT VET PATHOL,ZA-0002 PRETORIA,SOUTH AFRICA PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICAo81Times Cited: 30 English Article VZ698 CANCER LETT ISI:A1996VZ69800013a |497-503$://000074534900005.hbvan der Westhuizen, L. Shephard, G. S. Snyman, S. D. Abel, S. Swanevelder, S. Gelderblom, W. C. A.Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis in rat primary hepatocyte cultures by Fumonisin, B-1 and other structurally related compoundsr"Food and Chemical Toxicologyf-sp-lycopersici; fusarium-moniliforme; aal-toxin; corn; metabolism; mycotoxins; leukoencephalomalacia; carcinogenesis; cytotoxicity; phytotoxinsxqThe fumonisins and toxins produced by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici (AAL toxins) are structurally related mycotoxins that disrupt sphingolipid biosynthesis by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme, ceramide synthase. Rat primary hepatocytes were exposed to fumonisin B-1 (FB1), its N-acetyl analogue, FA(1), its fully hydrolysed analogue, AP(1) and the AAL toxins (TA and TB) at concentrations of 1 mu M for 40 hr in culture. The extent to which these compounds disrupt sphingolipid biosynthesis in hepatocytes in vitro was investigated by analysing the sphingosine (So) and sphinganine (Sa) levels by HPLC. The inhibition of ceramide synthase was irreversible as the Sa:So ratio was maximally increased by FB1 after 24 hr of exposure and the subsequent removal of FB1 had no effect on the ratio as compared with the 40-hr incubation period in the presence of FB1. The Sa concentration was significantly (P < 0.01) increased in all the cultures treated with the different structurally related compounds, while only AP(1) increased the So concentration significantly (P < 0.05) above the control. As AP(1) was found to be less effective in disrupting sphingolipid biosynthesis it would appear that the tricarballylic (TCA) moiety is required for maximal inhibition of ceramide synthase. The presence of an amino group appears not to be a requisite for activity, since FA(1) increased the Sa:So ratio to the same extent as FBI. The AAL toxins TA and TB increased the Sa concentration significantly (P < 0.01) above that of FBI and FA(1), while the Sa:So ratios were altered to the same extent. The structural requirements for the induction of cytotoxicity differ from those required for ceramide synthase inhibition as TA and TB were significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) less toxic to primary hepatocytes than FBI at all the concentrations tested. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Food Chem. Toxicol., 1998 Jun 366E'S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Ctr Epidemiol Res S Africa, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa van der Westhuizen L S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa>7Times Cited: 12 English Article ZX604 FOOD CHEM TOXICOLLISI:000074534900005 ?$345-353$://A1993KQ77900013tB://000177659300040 XRAbbas, H. K. Williams, W. P. Windham, G. L. Pringle, H. C. Xie, W. P. Shier, W. T.`ZAflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of commercial corn (Zea mays) hybrids in Mississippi0*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryPJaflatoxin; fumonisin; corn hybrids; maize; zearalenone; deoxynivalenol; mycotoxin; heat stress; drought; aflatoxin- resistance; Aspergillus; Fusarium human esophageal cancer; sheath rot disease; fusarium- moniliforme; aspergillus-flavus; natural occurrence; mycotoxin production; kernel infection; maize grain; deoxynivalenol; b-1Resistance to mycotoxin contamination was compared in field samples harvested from 45 commercial corn (maize) hybrids and 5 single-cross aflatoxin-resistant germplasm lines in years with high and moderate heat stress. In high heat stress, mycotoxin levels were (4.34 +/- 0.32) x 10(3), mug/kg [(0.95-10.5 x 10(3), mug/kg] aflatoxins and 11.2 +/- 1.2 mg/kg (0-35 mg/kg) fumonisins in commercial hybrids and 370 +/- 88, mug/kg (140- 609, mug/kg) aflatoxins and 4.0 +/- 1.3 mg/kg (1.7-7.8 mg/kg) fumonisins in aflatoxin-resistant germplasm lines. Deoxynivalenol was detected (one-fourth of the samples, 0-1.5 mg/kg), but not zearalenone. In moderate heat stress, mycotoxin levels were 6.2 +/- 1.6, mug/kg (0-30.4,mug/kg) kaflatoxins and 2.5 +/- 0.2 mg/kg (0.5-4.8 mg/kg) fumonisins in commercial hybrids and 1.6 +/- 0.7, mug/kg (0-7 mug/kg) aflatoxins and 1.2 +/- 0.2 mg/kg (0.5-3.0 mg/kg) fumonisins in aflatoxinresistant germplasm lines. The results are consistent with heat stress playing an important role in the susceptibility of corn to both aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination, with significant reductions of both aflatoxins and fumonisins in aflatoxin- resistant germplasm lines.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002 Aug 285018'USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38766 USA USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38766 USA Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Reesistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Mississippi State Univ, Delta Res & Extens Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38766 USA Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Abbas HK USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38766 USANTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 38 Cited References: *COUNC AGR SCI TEC, 1979, AFL OTH MYC AGR PERS *NTP, 1999, NIH PUBL *US FDA, 2001, GUID IND FUM LEV HUM ABBAS HK, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1930 ABBAS HK, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V147, P97 ABBAS HK, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P22 ABDULLAH N, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V143, P53 BACON CW, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P4039 CARLSON DB, 2001, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V172, P29 CHAMBERLAIN WJ, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P995 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 DEVRIES JW, 1982, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V65, P206 FORSELL JH, 1987, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V25, P155 FRANCIS RG, 1975, AUST J AGR RES, V26, P801 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P279 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HORN BW, 1996, MYCOLOGIA, V88, P574 JEMMALI M, 1978, EXPERIENTIA, V34, P1333 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARASAS WFO, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P792 MARIN S, 1998, J APPL MICROBIOL, V84, P25 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOL RES 7, V102, P831 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 MIROCHA CJ, 1979, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V38, P557 MIROCHA CJ, 1984, APPL MYCOLOGY FUSARI, P141 MIROCHA CJ, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P1414 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 SHOTWELL OL, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V64, P674 THIEL PG, 1993, J AOAC INT, V76, P361 TOLLESON WH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P237 WIDSTROM NW, 1996, ADV AGRON, V56, P219 WINDHAM GL, 1999, MISSISSIPPI AGR EXP, P1 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 YOSHIZAWA T, 1983, J FOOD HYG SOC JPN, V24, P413 English Article 587TP J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000177659300040D8159-170$://000181732800015TNHTheumer, M. G. Lopez, A. G. Masih, D. T. Chulze, S. N. Rubinstein, H. R.lfImmunobiological effects of AFB1 and AFB1-FB1 mixture in experimental subchronic mycotoxicoses in rats Toxicologymycotoxicose; mycotoxins; fumonisin; aflatoxin; immunomodulation aflatoxin b-1; fusarium-moniliforme; fumonisin b-1; poultry feeds; corn; mycoflora; argentina; cooccurrence; exposure; deoxynivalenolMaize co-contamination with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) is frequently found in several countries. Although the alterations on nutritional and immunologic parameters induced by these mycotoxins, when administered individually, are partially characterised, little is known about the effects induced in animals by a subchronic administration of both toxins mixtures. We have studied the nutritional and immunological alterations induced in rats fed during 90 days with a diet without mycotoxins, containing 40 ppb AFB1, and with a diet containing a mixture of 40 ppb AFB1 and 100 ppm FB1. Animals fed with the mixture of toxins obtained lower body weight than the control ones. The mitogenic response of spleen mononuclear cells (SMC) in vivo was higher in animals fed with AFB1. In in vitro studies, lower proliferations of SMC pre- exposed to AFB1 and to the mixture of toxins were detected. The SMC of animals fed with AFB1 produced lower levels of IL-2, higher of IL-4 and equal levels of IL-10. The SMC of animals fed with both toxins produced higher levels of IL-4, lower of IL-10 and equal levels of IL-2. The SMC preincubated with an AFB1-FB1 mixture produced higher concentrations of IL-4, lower of IL-10 and equal levels of IL-2. The peritoneal macrophages of animals that consumed AFB1 released less H2O2, while animals fed with the mixture of toxins produced higher levels. In in vitro studies, macrophages pre-exposed to the mixture of toxins released less H2O2. These results show different immunobiological effects produced by a mixture of mycotoxins in comparison to the individual action of the same toxins. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. Toxicology 2003 Apr 15 186 1-2'Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Quim, Dept Bioquim Clin, Ciudad Univ, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Quim, Dept Bioquim Clin, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis & Nat, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Alimentos, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquim & Nat, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Rio Cuarto, Argentina Rubinstein HR Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Quim, Dept Bioquim Clin, Ciudad Univ, RA-5000 Cordoba, ArgentinavpTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 42 Cited References: *INT AG RES CANC, 1993, MON, V56, P445 *INT AG RES CANC, 1993, MON EV CARC RISK HUM, V56, P245 ADEBAJO LO, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V126, P183 ALI N, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P377 ARAI K, 1990, ANNU REV BIOCHEM, V59, P783 BONDY GS, 2000, J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B, V3, P109 CASADO JM, 2001, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V39, P579 CHEN WF, 1991, J IMMUNOL, V147, P528 COLVIN BM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P79 DALCERO A, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V141, P37 DALCERO AM, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V137, P179 DASILVA JB, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P4352 DIMITRI RA, 1998, MYCOSES, V41, P87 ETCHEVERRY M, 1999, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V147, P37 FINDOR JA, 1982, ENFERMEDADES HIGADO, P44 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1994, CARCINOGENESIS, V15, P209 GRIFFITHS BB, 1996, MICROBIOS, V86, P127 GUENGERICH FP, 2001, MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT, V488, P195 HENGSTLER JG, 1999, DRUG METAB REV, V31, P917 IMAOKA S, 1992, MUTAT RES, V269, P231 KISAKI T, 1991, J IMMUNOL, V147, P1659 KPODO K, 2000, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V61, P147 LESLIE JF, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P153 LI YC, 1999, POULTRY SCI, V78, P1275 MARTINOVA EA, 1997, BIOCHEMISTRY-MOSCOW, V63, P102 MERRILL AH, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P283 MIDIO AF, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P445 MOON EY, 1999, INT J IMMUNOPHARMACO, V21, P47 MOON EY, 1999, TOXICOLOGY, V133, P171 NEPOTE MC, 1997, ARCH LATINOAM NUTR, V47, P262 ONO EYS, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P719 PITT JI, 2000, BRIT MED BULL, V56, P184 QUIST CF, 2000, J WILDLIFE DIS, V36, P436 RAISUDDIN S, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V124, P189 RILEY RT, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P301 ROSS PF, 1993, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V5, P69 SABDER B, 1993, J IMMUNOL METHODS, V166, P201 SELL S, 1998, PATHOLOGY, V30, P34 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 THEUMER MG, 2002, CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN, V9, P149 VOSS KA, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P259 VOSS KA, 1990, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V112, P81 English Article 658QW TOXICOLOGYISI:000181732800015 ENVIRON MICROB, V63, P3995 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 KELLER NP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P643 KELLER SE, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P205 KELLER SE, 1997, J IND MICROBIOL BIOT, V19, P305 KUCHIN S, 1995, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V92, P4006 LIAO SM, 1995, NATURE, V374, P193 MACCABE AP, 1996, MOL GEN GENET, V250, P367 MANIATIS T, 1982, MOL CLONING LAB MANU MAREK ET, 1989, CURR GENET, V15, P421 MINGOT JM, 1999, MOL CELL BIOL, V19, P1390 NAKAI K, 1992, GENOMICS, V14, P897 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 PARK DL, 2002, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V504, P277 PENALVA MA, 2002, MICROBIOL MOL BIOL R, V66, P426 PROCTOR RH, 2003, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V38, P237 PROCTOR RH, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V27, P100 REINHARDT A, 1998, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V26, P2230 ROLLINS JA, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P75 SCHMITT EK, 2001, MOL GENET GENOMICS, V265, P508 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 SHIM WB, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P1607 SHIM WB, 1999, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V177, P109 SUAREZ T, 1996, MOL MICROBIOL, V20, P529 THOMPSON JD, 1994, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V22, P4673 TILBURN J, 1995, EMBO J, V14, P779 VANWERT SL, 1992, CURR GENET, V22, P29 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WOLOSHUK CP, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P670 YAN KY, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3053 English Article 723MW APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:000185437000023V0D$Thirumala-Devi, K. Reddy, DVR 2004XQApplication of ELISA for cost-effective analysis of aflatoxins in foods and feedsl Food Science CentralFoodInfo Online Features  IFIS Publishing 2004PJThe International Food Information Service (IFIS) is a not-for-profit organisation established in 1968 to serve the international food science, food technology and human nutrition community, by: providing information products and services commissioning research in information science providing education in information science 2004<6aflatoxins; mycotoxins; antibodies; ELISA; immunoassayAgricultural commodities are often vulnerable to attack by fungi that are able to produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Among the various mycotoxins, aflatoxins have assumed significance due to their deleterious effects on humans, poultry and livestock and their role in carcinogenesis and immunosuppression. Simple and cost-effective methods for determining aflatoxin levels in various commodities are extremely important. In addition to such methods being used by commercial companies, research institutes and farmers, they are indispensable during risk assessment analyses and for determining the suitability of agricultural commodities for international trade. This paper describes the application of various forms of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and their merits for the estimation of aflatoxins in foods and feeds. A cost-effective penicillinase-based ELISA is described and the reliability of ELISA techniques, as compared with other methods of evaluating aflatoxins, are outlinedrVOhttp://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Thirumala-Mycotox-Info-Food-2004.pdff'&Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA. *Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, USA. Tel. 314-587-1439. Fax 314-587-1539. E-mail: Dreddy@danforthcenter.org8836-843$://000170526100009 LETorres, A. M. Reynoso, M. M. Rojo, F. G. Ramirez, M. L. Chulze, S. N. d^Fusarium species (section Liseola) and its mycotoxins in maize harvested in northern Argentina&Food Additives and Contaminants beauvericin; fumonisins; Fusarium; maize; moniliformin performance liquid-chromatography; gibberella-fujikuroi; fumonisin b-1; ear rot; corn; subglutinans; beauvericin; moniliforme; proliferatum; toxicityMaize and maize products harvested in small fields and stored by farmers in northern Argentina were assayed for Fusarium and fumonisin and beauvericin contamination. Fumonisins were present in six of the 18 samples. The levels of fumonisins ranged from 603 to 1888 ng/kg. Fumonisin B-3 (FB3) and beauvericin were not detected in the samples evaluated. Fusarium subglutinans was one of the most prevalent species isolated. Twenty-five strains of F. subglutinans isolated from maize kernels and belonging to Gibberella fujikuroi mating population E were beauvericin-producers in culture. Seven of these strains also produced moniliformin. This is the first report on beauvericin-production by maize isolates of F. subglutinans from Argentina.Food Addit. Contam.R 2001 Sep 189 'Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Ruta 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina Torres AM Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis Quim & Nat, Ruta 36 Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, ArgentinaAnhTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 37 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, MON EV CARC RISK HUM, V56, P257 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BOTTALICO A, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P599 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BOTTALICO A, 1982, PHYTOPATHOL MEDITERR, V2, P105 BULLERMAN LB, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P27 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CHULZE S, 1998, 8 INT FUS WORKSH 17 CHULZE S, 1997, FUSARIUM SPP CORN S, P208 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 CUERO RG, 1987, AFLATOXIN MAIZE, P323 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 GONZALEZ HHL, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V130, P29 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 KLITTICH CJR, 1988, GENETICS, V118, P417 KRIEK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V15, P579 KRSKA R, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V746, P233 LESLIE JF, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, PS282 LEW H, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P321 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V122, P185 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MACCHIA L, 1995, INT SEM FUS MYC TAX, P172 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P1 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S, P328 MORETTI A, 1995, MYCOL RES, V99, P282 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 SANHUEZA CE, 1996, MYCOTOXIN RES, V12, P2 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SYDENHAM EW, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P891 THIEL PG, 1982, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V30, P308 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 TORRES A, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P389 VEGA M, 1988, P JAPANESE ASS MYCOT, V1, P51 English Article 464HA FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000170526100009 j177-198$://000186493900009oDesjardins, A. E.A.'Gibberella from A (venaceae) to Z (eae)R&Annual Review of PhytopathologyIFusarium; biological species; phylogenetic species; plant pathogenesis; mycotoxins fujikuroi mating population; pulicaris fusarium-sambucinum; section liseola; species complex; gene-cluster; potato-tubers; sp-nov; graminearum; moniliforme; fumonisin JCGibberella species are destructive plant pathogens, although many are more familiar under their Fusarium anamorph names. The recent synthesis of phylogenetic, biological, and morphological species approaches has revitalized taxonomy of a genus that was first described almost 200 years ago. Twelve sexual species of Gibberella of agricultural importance were selected for this review to represent phylogenetic, biological, and chemical diversity of the genus. Even closely related Gibberella species can differ in reproductive mode, geographic and host distribution, plant pathogenesis, and production of toxins and other biologically active metabolites. Gibberella species have proven amenable to meiotic and molecular genetic analysis; A complete genome sequence of G. zeae should soon be available. Combining gene disruption strategies with new genomics technologies for expression profiling should help plant pathologists to understand the pathological and evolutionary significance of biological and chemical diversity in Gibberella and to identify novel strategies for disease control.Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.t 200341'USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Desjardins AE USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA>8Times Cited: 2 English Review 742AW ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOLISI:000186493900009:279-283$://000166145000005t&Deutz, A. Klauber, A. Kofer, J. XQExamination of deer feed samples for the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenonR& Zeitschrift Fur JagdwissenschaftNHPotential effects of mycotoxins on the health of roe deer were discussed on the basis of an examination of 20 deer feed samples for the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenon. Feed rations containing a high percentage of maize showed significantly higher mycotoxin concentrations. The feeding of rations containing a high percentage of maize may result in an increased risk of acute and chronical rumen acidoses and mycotoxicoses with the possibility of mutual negative effects. An additional bacteriological examination of the feed samples for Salmonella produced negative results. Z. Jagdwiss. 2000 Dec464'Zimmerplatzgasse 15, A-8010 Graz, Austria Steiermark Landesregierung Graz, Tiergesundheitsdienst Fachabt Vet Wesen, Graz, Austria Deutz A Zimmerplatzgasse 15, A-8010 Graz, AustriaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 8 Cited References: *ALV, 1999, FORTSCHR LANDW, P8 BUBENIK AB, 1984, ERNAHRUNG VERHALTEN DIEBER F, 1999, ERNAHRUNG NUTR, V23, P294 HINTERDORFER F, 1996, TIERARZTL PRAX, V24, P357 MIROCHA CJ, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P3196 MISBACH K, 1993, DTSCH LANDWIRTSCHAFT, P132 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P259 USLEBER E, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2091 German Article 387WN Z JAGDWISSISI:000166145000005tIM TECNOL, V26, P552 HANSEN TJ, 1993, CEREAL FOOD WORLD, V38, P347 HARPER JM, 1989, EXTRUSION COOKING, P1 KATTA SK, 1999, CEREAL CHEM, V76, P16 KATTA SK, 1997, CEREAL CHEM, V74, P858 KOHLWEY DE, 1995, CEREAL FOOD WORLD, V40, P728 ROMER T, 1993, CEREAL FOODS WORLD, V38, P349 SCOTT PM, 1983, CEREAL CHEM, V60, P421 SCOTT PM, 1990, CEREAL FOOD WORLD, V35, P661 STOCKLI DM, 1996, CEREAL CHEM, V73, P388 English Article 456VJ LETT APPL MICROBIOLISI:000170102700010,x109-114$://000171062100008Sharma, M. Marquez, C.jdDetermination of aflatoxins in domestic pet foods (dog and cat) using immunoaffinity column and HPLC("Animal Feed Science and Technologymycotoxins; aflatoxins; aflato854-859$://000182669900020iB;Sewram, V. Shepard, G. S. Marasas, W. F. O. de Castro, MfpmlZSImproving extraction of fumonisin mycotoxins from Brazilian corn-based infant foodsi Journal of Food Protectionneural-tube defects; liquid-chromatographic method; esophageal cancer; natural occurrence; b-1; products; cleanup; transkei; china; areaThe current AOAC International methods for the determination of fumonisins have been validated for corn and cornflakes but have produced low recoveries and high variability when applied to processed corn products for infants. Hence, an investigation was undertaken to improve the extraction efficiency for fumonisins by investigating the use of different extraction solvents. Corn-based infant foods containing cornmeal, corn starch, and corn flour were purchased in the city of Campinas, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and were analyzed for fumonisins B- 1 (FB1), B-2 (FB2), and B-3 (FB3) following extraction with a range of solvents. Comparison of the results from each of the samples indicated that acidified 70% aqueous methanol at pH 4.0 provided the best overall performance, whereas a methanol/boric acid (pH 9.2) mixture displayed poor extraction efficiency. Extraction with acidified 70% aqueous methanol showed seven of eight test samples to be positive for 1713 1 (range, 30 to 6,127 mug/kg; relative SD, 4.2 to 51.7%), two of eight samples to be positive for FB2 (range, 53 to 1,738 mug/kg; relative SD, 4.5 to 5.3%), and one of eight samples to be positive for FB3 (575 mug/kg). For samples in which extraction with phosphate- buffered mixtures (pH 3) proved superior, the method suffered from poor chromatography due to interfering compounds. The findings indicate that matrix interferences play a significant role in the extractability, cleanup, and chromatography of the fumonisins. J. Food Prot.y 2003 Mayi665 ' S African MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Inst Tecnol Alimentos, ITAL, BR-13073001 Campinas, Brazil Sewram V S African MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa:3Times Cited: 0 English Article 675AC J FOOD PROTECT ISI:000182669900020l?iﳖ2;ǖ.~gϦ}biol Sect, Ilorin, Nigeria Efiuvwevwere BJO Univ Port Harcourt, Food & Ind Div, Dept Microbiol, Box 148 Uniport PO Choba, Port Harcourt, NigeriaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 34 Cited References: *FAO, 1980, FAO AGR SERVICES B, V40, P1 *FAO, 1981, PROD YB FAO UN NAT *TPI, 1972, TROP PROD I B BOT/ Cotty, P. J. Bhatnagar, D. 1994Variability among Atoxigenic Aspergillus-Flavus Strains in Ability to Prevent Aflatoxin Contamination and Production of Aflatoxin Biosynthetic-Pathway Enzymes,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology607 2248-2251 Jul Appl. Environ. Microbiol.ISI:A1994NV57200006<5parasiticus; cottonseed; precursor; averufin; cloningFive strains of Aspergillus flavus lacking the ability to produce aflatoxins were examined in greenhouse tests for the ability to prevent a toxigenic strain from contaminating developing cottonseed with aflatoxins. All atoxigenic strains reduced contamination when inoculated into developing bells 24 h prior to the toxigenic strain. However, only one strain, AF36, was highly effective when inoculated simultaneously with the toxigenic strain. All five strains were able to inhibit aflatoxin production by the toxigenic strain in liquid fermentation. Thus, in vitro activity did not predict the ability of an atoxigenic strain to prevent contamination of developing bells. Therefore, strain selection for competitive exclusion to prevent aflatoxin contamination should include evaluation of efficacy in developing crops prior to field release. Atoxigenic strains were also characterized by the ability to convert several aflatoxin precursors into aflatoxin B-1. Four atoxigenic strains failed to convert any of the aflatoxin biosynthetic precursors to aflatoxins. However, the strain (AM6) most effective in preventing aflatoxin contamination in developing bells converted all tested precursors into aflatoxin B-1, indicating that this strain made enzymes in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway.B://A1994NV57200006 and http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/60/7/2248 'Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70179-0687.B://000180614200003@:Cromey, M. G. Shorter, S. C. Lauren, D. R. Sinclair, K. I.Cultivar and crop management influences on fusarium head blight and mycotoxins in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in New Zealand<5New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural ScienceFusarium graminearurn; head scab; mycotoxins; fungicides; host resistance trichothecene production; grain; cereals; barley; scabHBCultivar and crop management influences on fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated in cultivar field trials and commercial wheat crops in the North Island of New Zealand over two growing seasons. There were consistent differences between cultivars in their susceptibility to FHB. The Chinese wheat 'Nanjing' had the lowest level of FHB, mycotoxins, and Fusarium infection in grain. Although no New Zealand cultivars approached an equivalent level of resistance, FHB in some cultivars was low in most situations, and these cultivars had a useful level of resistance. FHB and mycotoxin levels varied widely between crops surveyed. Two Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV), were detected in grain samples from crops and trials. Overall, DON levels were higher than NIV in crops in both years. FHB incidence and levels of Fusarium infection and mycotoxins in grain were closely related in samples from a particular crop, but the relationships were much less apparent between crops. F. graminearum predominated in grain samples, although F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, and F. poae were also common. Highest levels of F. graminearum were recorded in grain samples from crops that followed maize, whereas F. avenaceum and F. poae were more common in samples from crops that did not follow maize. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 2002 Dec,304V'tmNew Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res Ltd, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand Hort & Food Res Inst New Zealand Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand Cromey MG New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res Ltd, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New ZealandP0*Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 25 Cited References: ABRAMSON D, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P147 BAI GH, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P760 BRAITHWAITE M, 1998, P 51 NZ PLANT PROT C, P51 BURGESS LW, 1994, LAB MANUAL FUSARIUM COONEY JM, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P522 CROMEY MG, 2001, AUSTRALAS PLANT PATH, V30, P301 CROMEY MG, 2002, NZ PLANT PROTECT, V55, P341 CROMEY MG, 2001, NZ PLANT PROTECT, V54, P193 DILLMACKY R, 2000, PLANT DIS, V84, P71 JONES RK, 2000, PLANT DIS, V84, P1021 LAUREN DR, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P435 LAUREN DR, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P599 LAUREN DR, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V120, P167 PARRY DW, 1995, PLANT PATHOL, V44, P207 PETTERSSON H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P26 SALAS B, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P667 SAYER ST, 1991, NEW ZEAL J CROP HORT, V19, P143 SCHROEDER HW, 1963, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V53, P831 SNIJDERS CHA, 1990, EUPHYTICA, V50, P171 SNIJDERS CHA, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P37 STACK RW, 1985, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V7, P79 STURZ AV, 1983, CANADIAN J PLANT PAT, V5, P107 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 WILCOXSON RD, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P586 YOUNG JC, 1984, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V32, P659 English Article 639EG N Z J CROP HORTICULT SCIISI:000180614200003P 528-535$://A1994NR98700015 NHRiley, R. T. Voss, K. A. Yool, K. S. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Merrill, A. H.82Mechanism of Fumonisin Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Journal of Food Protectionfumonisins; fusarium; ceramide synthase; zea-mays; toxic corin; toxicity; carcinogenesis denovo sphingolipid biosynthesis; hamster ovary cells; fusarium-moniliforme; culture material; sphingosine; sphinganine; inhibition; cancer; mycotoxins; rat zsWhat are the molecular events that fumonisin-induced porcine pulmonary edema syndrome and equine leucoencephalomalacia have in common? Do these animal diseases relate mechanistically to fumonisin toxicity in laboratory rats? There is considerable data indicating that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism plays an important early role in all of these diseases. In vitro studies have revealed that fumonisins and structurally related Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici-toxin (AAL-toxin) are potent inhibitors of the enzyme sphinganine (sphingosine) N-acyl transferase (ceramide synthase). Soon after cultured cells or animals are exposed to fumonisins there is a dramatic increase in the free sphingoid base, sphinganine, in tissues, serum and/or urine. Also, free sphingosine concentration increases, complex sphingolipid concentration decreases, and sphingoid base degradation products and other lipid products also increase. It is hypothesized that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is an early molecular event in the onset and progression of cell injury and the diseases associated with consumption of fumonisins. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the diseases will not be easily revealed since the role of sphingolipids in cellular regulation is very complex and not yet fully understood. While fumonisin B1 is non-genotoxic it is a complete carcinogen in rat liver. Recent studies indicate that fumonisins inhibit hepatocyte proliferation in rat liver. It has been hypothesized that hepatotoxicity and effects on hepatocyte proliferation are critical determinants for fumonisin B1 cancer initiation and promotion. Alternatively, recent studies have found that fumonisin B1 has mitogenic activity in cultured fibroblasts. It is conceivable that the mitogenic, cytostatic and cytotoxic potential of fumonisin may all contribute to the animal diseases including liver cancer in rats.0 J. Food Prot.Y 1994 JunB576G'USDA ARS,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXINS RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613 MRC,PROMEC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,ATLANTA,GA 30322 RILEY RT USDA ARS,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXINS RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613:4Times Cited: 15 English Article NR987 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1994NR98700015 4< 431-440$://000171854700008;6/D'Mello, J. P. F. Macdonald, A. M. C. Rinna, R.ltnEffects of azoxystrobin on mycotoxin production in a carbendazim-resistant strain of Fusarium sporotrichioidesPhytoparasiticauaxoxystrobin; carbendazim-resistance; Fusarium sporotrichioides; trichothecene production; fungicide classification head blight; wheat  Carbendazim-resistant (RS) and control (CS) strains of Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb., previously developed in our laboratory, were exposed to graded concentrations of azoxystrobin in broth media under shake-culture conditions for 2, 3, 4 and 8 days. Azoxystrobin concentrations were 0, 1, 10 and 100 mg 1(-1) broth and cultures were incubated at a constant 25 degreesC. Mycelial growth was significantly affected by strain (P <0.01), azoxystrobin concentration (P <0.001) and incubation time (P <0.001). Combined results for the four incubation times showed that CS yielded higher mycelial mass than RS (P <0.01) only in the absence of azoxystrobin. At fungicide additions of 1, 10 and 100 mg 1-1 mycelial growth was reduced (P <0.001) with minimal strain differences (P >0.05) at all three doses of azoxystrobin. Significant (P <0.05 or better) strain-fungicide interactions were recorded in trichothecene production following exposure to azoxystrobin. At 4 and 8 days of incubation, the 10 mg 1(-1) addition of azoxystrobin stimulated T-2 toxin synthesis (P <0.05) only in RS cultures. In contrast, T-2 toxin enhancement in CS cultures occurred only on day 8 but at a lower level of azoxystrobin (1 mg 1(-1)). Thus, the stimulation of T-2 toxin synthesis depended upon strain and azoxystrobin level. Production of diocetoxyscirpenol (DAS) was affected by a more complex set of interactions. Overall means showed that, in comparison with initial values (on day 2 or 3), DAS output maximized significantly (P <0.05) on day 4 in RS cultures and on day 8 in CS. Marked strain effects were observed on exposure to the 10 mg 1(-1) level of azoxystrobin. At this level, DAS production was enhanced in RS only after 4 (P <0.01) and 8 (P <0.05) days of incubation, while in contrast, CS reduced DAS production. As with T-2 toxin, DAS production in CS was stimulated (P <0.05 or better) only at low exposure levels of azoxystrobin. In the case of neosolaniol (NEO), however, the main effect of strain was significant (P <0.05), with CS producing consistently more of the mycotoxin than RS on day 4 of the experiment. At this point, the NEO:T-2 toxin ratio was also higher in CS (0.63) than in RS (0.12), a feature reported by us previously. In conclusion, the present investigation has shown for the first time that the development of resistance to one fungicide can affect trichothecene production in F sporotrichioides on exposure to a second fungicide. These results have been incorporated into a new classification scheme for fungicide efficacy which is also presented in this paper.Phytoparasitica 2001295'Scottish Agr Coll, Dept Crop Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Scottish Agr Coll, Dept Crop Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland D'Mello JPF Scottish Agr Coll, Dept Crop Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland:4Times Cited: 0 English Article 487BX PHYTOPARASITICAISI:000171854700008 1671-1680$://000179314800012TNDanicke, S. Ueberschar, K. H. Halle, I. Matthes, S. Valenta, H. Flachowsky, G.Effect of addition of a detoxifying agent to laying hen diets containing uncontaminated or Fusarium toxin-contaminated maize on performance of hens and on carryover of zearalenonePoultry Sciencelaying hen; Fusarium mycotoxins; immune response; nutrient digestibility; carryover of zearalenone sodium calcium aluminosilicate; growing chickens; aflatoxicosis; mycotoxins; vomitoxin A 16-wk experiment with laying hens was carried out to examine the effects of feeding of mycotoxin-contaminated maize (CM) on performance, nutrient digestibility, weight of organs, serum chemical parameters, and antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in serum. Also tested were fimbrien antigen K88 in egg yolk and zearalenone (ZON) residues in eggs and tissues. The Fusarium-toxin-contaminated maize contained 17,630 mug deoxynivalenol and 1,580 99 ZON/kg. Moreover, Mycofix Plus (MP), a so-called detoxifying agent, was added to both the uncontaminated control (UCM) and to the CM diet (70% dietary maize inclusion). Each of the four resulting diets (UCM, UCM- MP, CM, CM-MP) was tested on 25 laying hybrids (Lohmann Brown). Feeding of the CM diets significantly depressed feed intake compared to the control groups by approximately 5%. This was mainly due to the effects observed at the beginning of the experiment. Daily egg mass production/hen was 56.6, 58.4,53.9, and 55.2 g in groups UCM, UCM-MP, CM and CM-MP, respectively. Nutrient digestibility and metabolizability of gross energy were slightly depressed by feeding the CM diets and improved by MP addition. Feeding of the CM diets resulted in a significant decrease in serum titers to NDV and to an increase in yolk titers to antigen K88. No residues of ZON or of its metabolites were found in yolk, albumen, abdominal fat, breast meat, follicles greater than I cm in diameter, ovaries including follicles smaller than I cm in diameter, magnum, and serum. ZON and alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) were detected in livers of hens fed the CM diets at mean concentrations of 2.1 and 3.7 Mg/kg, respectively. It was concluded that feeding maize which was highly contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins adversely influenced performance of hens and modulated immune response. At the given level of zearalenone and at the indicated detection limits, no residues of ZON and its metabolites were found in eggs. The effects of the tested detoxifying agent were quite mycotoxin-independent. Poult. Sci. 2002 Nov8111'0*Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Nutr, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Nutr, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Welf & Anim Husb, D-29223 Celle, Germany Danicke S Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Nutr, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, GermanyTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 33 Cited References: *EUR COMM HLTH CON, 2000, DIR C SCI OP OP SCI *GERM FED MIN CONS, 2000, 2700 FDM GER FED MIN, P2 ALLEN NK, 1981, POULTRY SCI, V60, P1165 BERGSJO B, 1993, BRIT POULTRY SCI, V34, P147 CHELKOWSKI J, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P45 CORRIER DE, 1991, VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP, V30, P73 DAILEY RE, 1980, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V28, P286 DANICKE S, P 7 S VIT ZUS ERN ME, P29299 DMELLO JPF, 1999, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V80, P183 FEINBERG B, 1989, TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTO, V1, P27 HAMILTON RMG, 1988, J SCI FOOD AGR, V43, P37 HARVEY RB, 1991, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V46, P410 KARLOVSKY P, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P1 KOLLARCZIK B, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P105 KUBENA LF, 1993, POULTRY SCI, V72, P651 KUBENA LF, 1991, POULTRY SCI, V70, P1823 KUBENA LF, 1990, POULTRY SCI, V69, P727 KUBENA LF, 1987, POULTRY SCI, V66, P1612 LUN AK, 1986, POULTRY SCI, V65, P1095 MARYAMMA KI, 1992, INDIAN J ANIM SCI, V62, P105 MIROCHA CJ, 1982, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V66, P77 NAUMANN C, 1993, CHEMISCHE UNTERSUCHU OLSEN M, 1986, POULTRY SCI, V65, P1905 PAHLE T, 1983, ARCH TIERERNAHR, V33, P363 PASTEINER S, 1998, MYCOTOXINS ANIMAL HU PESTKA JJ, 1994, IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY IMM, P163 RAMOS AJ, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P631 ROTTER BA, 1996, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V48, P1 SCHIEMANN R, 1981, ARCH ANIM NUTR, V31, P13 SCHOLLENBERGER M, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P123 TARR B, 1996, MOLDS MYCOTOXINS TITUS HW, 1959, POULTRY SCI, V38, P1114 UEBERSCHAR KH, 1999, VDLUFA SCHRIFTENREIH, P425 English Article 616QQ POULTRY SCIISI:000179314800012 , b  59-66$://000075583400008<5Fragoyiannis, D. A. McKinlay, R. G. D'Mello, J. P. F.MStudies of the growth, development and reproductive performance of the aphid Myzus persicae on artificial diets containing potato glycoalkaloids.'Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata aphid; Homoptera; Aphididae; Myzus persicae; potato; Solanum tuberosum; glycoalkaloids; solanine; chaconine; artificial diet leafhopper; resistancePeach potato aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) were reared on artificial diets containing the steroidal glycoalkaloids (GAs) alpha-solanine and alpha- chaconine in concentrations lower or similar to those observed in potato leaves. The adults proved to be susceptible to high concentrations (80-160 mg GA/100 mi of diet) showing reduced fecundity, diet uptake and increased mortality in comparison to controls. Ingestion of these artificial diets by nymphs delayed maturity and decreased the intrinsic rate of natural increase. GAs in low concentrations marginally stimulated the reproductive performance and diet acceptability of this aphid. The possibility of GAs exerting a defensive role in potato plants against aphids is discussed.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1998 Jul881'Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Sch Agr Bldg,W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland Scottish Agr Coll, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland Fragoyiannis DA Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Sch Agr Bldg,W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland<5Times Cited: 3 English Article 113ZA ENTOMOL EXP APPLISI:000075583400008 1749-1762w$://0001706604000030<5Fragoyiannis, D. A. McKinlay, R. G. D'Mello, J. P. F.2ztInteractions of aphid herbivory and nitrogen availability on the total foliar glycoalkaloid content of potato plants"Journal of Chemical EcologyiAphid; Aphididae; Myzus persicae; potato; Solanum tuberosum; glycoalkaloids; solanine; chaconine; insect herbivory; nitrogen; chemical defense wild tobacco; damage; penetration; responses; wheatIn plant growth room (PGR) and open-air pot (OAP) experiments. potato cvs King Edward and Maris Piper were grown under two nitrogen levels or two different nitrogen release patterns, Plants were subjected to infestation by peach potato aphids Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Total glycoalkaloid (GA) levels were measured in the foliage of both infested and non- infested plants, before, during and after aphid infestation. In the PGR experiment, aphid infestation reduced the amounts of total GAs in both cultivars. This reduction is attributed to the sugar deficiency induced in the plants owing to the dense aphid colonization. Results from the OAP experiment showed a temporal increase of GAs produced by potato cv. King Edward plants subjected to aphid infestation. Elevated amounts of nitrogen in the nutrient solutions (PGR experiment) reduced total GAs, while no differences were observed between manure and fertilizer treated plants (OAP experiment). It is concluded that the source of available nitrogen does not affect foliar GA synthesis in potatoes, and as a consequence, does not affect its endogenous chemical defense against insect herbivory. The case for insect-induced chemical defense mechanisms as triggered by low rates of aphid infestation is discussed.J. Chem. Ecol. 2001 Sep279'Nikosthenous 12, TK-11635 Athens, Greece Scottish Agr Coll, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland Fragoyiannis DA Nikosthenous 12, TK-11635 Athens, Greece60Times Cited: 2 English Article 466RZ J CHEM ECOLISI:000170660400003145-149$://000173069200005Gamanya, R. Sibanda, L.|Survey of Fusarium moniliforme (F-verticillioides) and production of fumonisin B-1 in cereal grains and oilseeds in Zimbabwe0*International Journal of Food MicrobiologyFusarium moniliforme (= F. verticillioides); fumonisin B-1; cereal grains; oilseeds; Zimbabwe esophageal cancer; human foodstuffs; corn; mycotoxins; areasIn a national survey carried out in 1995 and 1996, the distribution of Fusarium moniliforme ( = F. verticillioides) and fumonisin B 1 (1713) levels in cereals and oilseeds from Zimbabwe were analyzed. The results of this study showed that the incidence of F. moniliforme and other Fusarium species and levels of FB1 generally decreased from regions with high rainfall and annual moderate temperatures to low rainfall regions. There was no Fusarium contamination and FB1 was not detected in sunflowers and soybeans. The incidence of F. moniliforme and its metabolite exhibited a substrate preference with high incidences of Fusarium species and high FB1 levels being recorded for maize followed by wheat, rapoko and sorghum. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2001 Dec 3071 2-3'Bindura Univ Sci Educ, Dept Biol Sci, POB 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe Bindura Univ Sci Educ, Dept Biol Sci, Bindura, Zimbabwe State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Food Anal, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Gamanya R Bindura Univ Sci Educ, Dept Biol Sci, POB 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 24 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56, P489 ACKERMANN T, 1991, J APPL TOXICOL, V11, P451 BOOTH C, 1971, GENUS FUSARIUM CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CLEAR RM, 1991, J FOOD PROTECT, V55, P120 DOKO MB, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P433 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P232 DRAPER RS, 1985, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V13, P464 ELEGBEDE JA, 1982, MICROBIOS LETT, V19, P77 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 HOPMANS EC, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1655 MARASAS WFO, 1984, FUSARIUM SPECIES IDE MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 NELSON PE, 1992, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V58, P984 NELSON PE, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P2410 NIRENBERG HI, 1989, FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, P179 PLATTNER RD, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V3, P357 SYDENHAM EW, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P891 SYDENHAM EW, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2014 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 THIEL PG, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P1089 UENO Y, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P27 WICKLOW DT, 1994, MYCOLOGY STORED GRAI English Article 508CG INT J FOOD MICROBIOLISI:000173069200005 8183-205$://000082671200002n<5D'Mello, J. P. F. Placinta, C. M. Macdonald, A. M. C.af`Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity("Animal Feed Science and TechnologyhaFusarium sp.; trichothecenes; zearalenone; fumonisins; livestock; metabolism; syndromes; interactions; residues; decontamination; amelioration moniliforme culture material; deoxynivalenol-contaminated wheat; fumonisin b-1 present; t-2 toxin; growing pigs; broiler chicks; feed consumption; ochratoxin-a; purified fumonisin- b(1); preliminary publicationt & Trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins are the major Fusarium mycotoxins occurring on a worldwide basis in cereal grains, animal feeds