`M<< @@@ @@@@,@=\<< EN DB < P 8U W Boenke19969+> Chelkowski1991( de Almeida2002M Flachowsky20030, Gillespie1998*Jakobsen19944fn Magg20024 Maupin2003=] Odhav2002R Rheeder2002/Shephard1990. Stockenstrom2002# Thiel1993p2 Venter20033X` Vergopoulou2001 Vermaak1993 Vermaak1993 Vermaak1994 Vermaak1996 Vermaak1996 Vermaak1999 Vessey2002 Vessey2004 Victor19981 Victor20000t Vigier2000Vigushin2004G Viljoen1994 Viljoen1994k Viljoen1995 Viljoen1995 Viljoen1995 Viljoen1997 Viljoen1997 Viljoen1997 Viljoen1997sVisconti1994tVisconti1994uVisconti1994vVisconti19944Visconti1995mVisconti1996nVisconti1996qVisconti1996}Visconti1999\Visconti200105Visconti2002;Visconti2002EVisconti200200Visconti20033@ Vismer199598 Vismer19967 Vismer199795 Vismer1998m Vismer19991 Vismer20000F Vismer20022 Vismer2002 Vismer20033 Vismer20033 Visone20033 Vivas2002IVleggaar197896Vleggaar19821Vleggaar19839Vleggaar19844Vleggaar19888Vleggaar19888Vleggaar19899Vleggaar19919WVleggaar1991Vleggaar19929Vleggaar19939Vleggaar19939LVleggaar1993JVleggaar19949Vleggaar1996} Volcik20040Vonseckendorff1993 Voss19944 Voss19944 Voss19944 Voss20044 Vurro1996 Vurro1997 Vurro1999 Vurro2001 Vurro2001 Vurro2002Waalwijk20033o Wagner20000 Wagner20032~ Wagstaffe1992" Walcott2003 Walker19999d Walker2001" Walker20020 Walker2003~ Waller20030! Wallin1991 Wallnofer1988n Wallnofer1994L Wallnofer1996 Walsh1995/ Wang19969Z Wang2001 Wang20010 Wang20030 Wang20044"Wanyoike2002f Wareing1995! Wargovich2003 Watson1999 Weerasuriya1993 Weerasuriya1993J Wehner1978< Wehner19811 Weight199212Weinberg1996)Weinberg2001- Weindorfer200339 Weingaertner1997. Weinstein20003 Weissbach1998: Weissinger2004b Weller19999 Welzig20032. Wenehed2003* Werner2002G Wessels19791 Wessels1983 Wessels1984 Wessels19893 Wessels1998 Wetscherek1999 Wheeler1989 Wheeler1991 Wheeler1995` White1995a White1995c White1995; White1997{ White2000d White2001 White2001= White2002u White2002 White2003& White2003 White2003 White2003T White2003Z White2003 White2004 Wicker2003} Wicker2004 Wicklow1990C Wicklow1997 Wicklow1999 Wicklow1999y Wicklow2001 Wicklow20023 Wicklow2004!Widstrom1991jWidstrom1994lWidstrom19955ZWidstrom19966<Widstrom1997f?Widstrom19977Widstrom2001Widstrom2001wWidstrom2002$Widstrom2003RWidstrom2003 Wiesenfeld2000B Wiggins19795 Wild19959 Wild19989 Wild19999 Wild2000 Wild200101 Wild20020Q Wild20032 Wild20032Williams1991oWilliams19946Williams1998Williams1999?Williams2002PWilliams2002>Williams2002gWilliams2002Williams2003Williams2003KWilliams2003NWilliams2003 Wilson19866[ Wilson19911j Wilson19949 Wilson2001 Wilson2001 Wilson2001+ Wilson20030$ Wilson20030R Wilson20030 Wilson20040 Wilson2004 Windels19936 Windham1998 Windham1999? Windham2002P Windham2002> Windham2002g Windham2002K Windham2003N Windham2003A Wingfield1980> Wingfield19814 Wingfield1983 Wingfield1987 Wingfield1987 Wingfield1988 Wingfield1988 Wingfield1988 Wingfield1988 Wingfield1988 Wingfield1989 Wingfield1991 Wingfield1994 Wingfield1995 Wingfield1995 Wingfield1997 Wingfield1997 Wingfield1997 Wingfield1998 Wingfield1999 Wingfield1999 Wingfield1999 Wingfield2000 Wingfield2000] Wingfield2001 Wingfield2001 Wingfield2001 Wingfield2002 Wingfield2002 Wingfield2002 Wingfield2002 Wingfield2002 Wingfield2002H Wingfield2003 Winterton2001 Wise20033M Wisniewska19969 Wisniewska19995 Wisniewska2002,Wissiack19988 Wohner19881Woloshuk19933Woloshuk19933Woloshuk1994`Woloshuk19955Woloshuk1995Woloshuk1999Woloshuk2000Woloshuk20011Woloshuk2001Woloshuk2003Woloshuk2003Woloshuk2004Woloshuk2004~Woloshuk20044 Wood1993yWoodroof19929 Wright1987 Wright1995 Wright1996 Wright1999w Wright2000 Wright20000 Wu2004 Wunch19927 Xia19935 Xia1995y Xie2001? Xie2002 Xie2002p Xu2000eu Xu2000 Yagen1987 Yamaguchi2002 Yamaguchi2003 Yamaguchi2004.Yamazaki1996p Yang19951r Yang19951Y Yang1996$ Yang20020` Yates2001" Yates2003 Yazdanpanah2000 Yazdanpanah2002' Yazdanpanah2003% Yi2001 Yong2001 Yoo1994 Yoo1994 Yoo2001 Yool19944 Young1994 Young1999 Yousibova1995 Yu1993 Yu19959 Yu1995 Yu19959 Yu1995 Yu1995 Yu1997 Yu1998 Yu19999 Yu19999 Yu20000 Yu2000 Yu2000 Yu2000 Yu20000 Yu20010 Yu2002i Yu2002a Yu2003 Yu2003} Yu2004~ Yu2004 Yuan2000f Zaray2002 Zarghi20020 Zeller20000 Zeller20010L Zeller20020Zeringue1990Zeringue1993Zeringue1994Zeringue1999lZeringue2000lZeringue2000Zeringue20011 Zhang1996} Zhang20045 Zhou19959t Zhu2000V Zhu2001 Zhu2003} Zhu2004. Ziegler2000 Zill1988to Zollitsch2000 Zollitsch2003 Zollner1999| Zollner2000! Zollner2003DZomborszky-Kovacs2002 Zonno1996 Zonno1999 Zonno2001 Zonno2002j Zummo19942002j Zummo1994 Zummo199402j Zummo199402j Zummo1994o2002j Zummo19942002j Zummo1994j Zummo1994j Zummo199402j Zummo199402j Zummo199402j Zummo19942002j Zummo199402j Zummo19942002j Zummo199402j Zummo19942002j Zummo1994j Zummo19942002j Zummo199402j Zummo19942002j Zummo199402j Zummo19942002j Zummo19942002j Zummo19942002j Zummo19942002j Zummo1994Yamazaki1996Y Yang1996` Yates2001" Yates2003 Yazdanpanah2002' Yazdanpanah2003% Yi2001̏ Yong2001 Yoo1994 Yoo1994 Yoo2001 Yool19944 Young1999 Yuan2000f Zaray2002 Zarghi20020L Zeller20020Zeringue2000lZeringue2000t Zhu2000V Zhu2001 Zill1988to Zollitsch2000 Zollitsch2003 Zollner1999| Zollner2000! Zollner2003DZomborszky-Kovacs2002 Zonno2001j Zummo199402 AuthorsJournals Keywords 3 b                               P< c Abbas, H. K. Abe, K. Abel, S. Abellana, M. Abnet, C. C.Abou-Karam, M. Abramson, D. Acklin, W. Adam, G. Adams, T. H. Adda, C. Adler, A. Agnew, M. P. Ajanga, S.Ajanwachukwu, J. Ake, C. L.Akinlosotu, TA. Albareda, X. Albert, K. Albert, P. S.Alberts, J. F. Aldred, D.Alexander, N. J. Aliu, Y. O.Allah, E. M. F. Allegood, J. Allen, R. H. Allotey, J.Almeida, A. P. Aly, S. E.Amalfitano, C. Ambrosino, P. Ames, B. N. Amsellem, Z.Andersen, P. M.Anderson, L. M. Andolfi, A. Andover, UK. Andrew, I. G.Anelich, R. Y. Annis, S. Annis, S. L. Aoki, T. Apro, N.ApSimon, J. W.Arambula, V. G.Arambula-Villa, G. Aranda, M. Arber, N.Archer, David B. Arigoni, D. Armitage, DM. Arnold, J. Arnold, J. W. Arranz, I. Arroyo, M. Asran, M. R.Atia, M. M. M. Aucock, H. W. Auerbach, H. Aufhammer, W.Avantaggiato, G.Aveling, T. A. S.Azconaolivera, J. I.Azevedo, J. L. Aziz, N. H. Baard, S. W. Baath, H. Baayen, R. P. Bacha, H. Bacon, C. W.Badenhorst, C. J. Badria, F. A. Baetz, R. A.Baeyens, W. R. G.Baffoebonnie, A. Bagnara, A. Bai, Q. Bajmocy, E. Bakan, B. Baker, C.Balachandran, C.Balshem, A. M.Bamburg, J. R. Bank, WorldBankole, S. A. Bannasch, P. Barber, R.Barghouthi, S. Barnaby, N.Barnard, R. A. Barnes, S. E. Baron, J. A. Barros, G. Barry, C. E.Basilico, J. C. Basinger, W. Bassani, V. Basson, P. A. Bata, A. Bataille, B. Batenburg, W. Bath, G. F. Baute, T. S. Baxter, M. Beaver, R. W. Becker, B. Becker, P. J. Beekrum, S. Behrend, Y. Bell, DH.Bennett, G. A.Bennett, J. W. Bensimon, C.Beremand, M. N.Bermudez, A. J. Berner, D.Berthiller, F. Bertuzzi, T. Bester, M. J. Betran, F. J. Beyers, A. D.Bezuidenhout, S. C. Bhat, R. V. Bhatia, A. Bhatnagar, D. Bhatnagar, S. Bianchi, P.Bilgrami, K. S. Billon, A. Bily, A. C. Bird, C.Bittencourt, A. M.Blackwell, B. A. Blakolmer, K.Blanco-Labra, A. Blaney, B. J. Blechl, A. E.Blekkenhorst, G. H. Blom, H. J. Bluhm, B. H.Blumberg, B. S. Blunden, G.Bodenmller, K. Boenke, A. Bohm, J. Bohn, M. Bolonhezi, D.Borgemeister, C.Borkowf, C. B. Borsa, J.Bortolleto, N. Bosman, J. L.Bosque-Perez, N. A.Bosqueperez, N. A.Bostick, R. M. Bostock, R. Boston, R. S.Bothwell, T. H. Bottalico, A. Bottalico, C. Boue, S. M. Bouhet, S. Bouwman, H. Bowers, E.Boyapati, S. M.Bradshaw, R. E. Braun, J. Bravo, J. M. Brayford, D. Brender, J. Brennan, J. Brera, C. Bresch, H. Brewer, J. F. Britz, H. Britz, T. J. Brodacz, W. Brooke, G.Broomhead, J. N. Brown, D. W. Brown, L. M. Brown, M. P. Brown, N. Brown, N. L. Brown, R. L.Brown-Jenco, C. S.Brummer, E. C. Bruns, H. A. Bryden, W. L.Buangsuwan, D.Buchenauer, H. Buck, W. B.Buckley, P. M.Buerstmayr, H. Buetow, K. H.Bullerman, L. B. Burger, B. V.Burgess, L. W.Burnham, K. D. Burow, G. B. Bush, B. J.Butchko, R. A. E. Butler, L. G. Butron, A. Butts, T. Cabrera, J. Cahagnier, B. Cairns, V. Caldas, E. D.Caldwell, R. W. Calitz, F. J.Calvert, R. J.  KTOAbstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc.Acs Symposium Series0*Acta Veterinaria Hungarica Acta Vet. Hung.$ African Entomology Afr. Entomol.$ African Journal of Biotechnology@=Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. Agronomy Journal Agron. J.<9American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Am. J. Clin. Nutr.82American Journal of Epidemiology Am. J. Epidemiol.85American Journal of Human Genetics Am. J. Hum. Genet.@Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.  } & Gray x P-deltoides marsh (aspergillus) (carboxymethyl)fumonisin b-1(OTA)(R))1 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT)10-dehydrofusaric acid 10-dehydrofusaric acid and(#10-dehydrofusaric acid methyl ester,&10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase15-15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15-percent 16-percent 17 beta- 19-percent moisture-content2-2-acetylaminofluorene2-aminofluorene 2-dimensional electrophoresis2-OP1 hemiketal25-dihydroxyvitamin d-325-dihydroxyvitamin-d325-hydroxyvitamin d-3-1-3- 3-fatty-acids 3-glucan 3-glucanase3-o-acetyltransferase("4-acetyl-benzoxazolin-2-one 4-aboa4-deoxynivalenol56-pentyl-alpha-pyrone9Aa otaA- A-flavus A. flavusA. parasiticus aal-toxin aberrations abiogenic abioticabiotic factors abscisic-acid absolute-absolute-configuration absorptionABTS radical cationabundant proteins accumulation acetateacetate utilizationacetylaminofluoreneacetyldeoxynivalenol acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON)acid acid moietiesacids acifluorfen actinopelteactivated protein-kinaseactivated-charcoalactivation domain activator activities activity acylationacyrthosiphon-pisum adaptation adduct adduct levels adsorptionadvisory mycotoxin level aeration aerial hyphaeaerobic deteriorationaeroponics system aestivum aflatoxicol aflatoxicosis aflatoxin aflatoxin B aflatoxin b-1aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1))$aflatoxin b-1 biotransformation aflatoxin b1aflatoxin biosynthesisaflatoxin contaminationaflatoxin exposureaflatoxin gene-clusteraflatoxin mutants(%aflatoxin producing A. flavus strainsaflatoxin productionaflatoxin regulatory gene aflatoxin-aflatoxin-albumin adducts aflatoxin-b1aflatoxin-n7-guanineaflatoxin-production aflatoxinsAFLPaflR Africa african agar mediumage-agentaggregated patternsaggressivenessagricultural productsagricultural tradeagro-ecological zoneagroecological zones agronomyairborne mycoflora alatoxin B-1aldose reductasealkaline cookingalkaline hydrolysis allelic loss allelotypealpha- and beta-amylase alpha-amylasealpha-hydroxylasealpha-linolenic acidalpha-zearalenolaltered hepatic foci alternaria-alternaria-alternata $V3! #-&M)+#./n",0#s69p;A=*(x4CY)gG:JKHLQ_P{NT5W^Z\]@[j`Xbce1?aNRS2k[hioODrtm+AB;yqvSl5u}167-174$://000083154900003e,%Zollner, P. Jodlbauer, J. Lindner, W.rDetermination of zearalenone in grains by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid- phase extraction with RP-18 columns or immunoaffinity columns"Journal of Chromatography Asolid-phase extraction; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; mycotoxins zearalenone; zearalanone fluorescence detection; mycotoxin zearalenone; fusarium mycotoxins; ochratoxin-a; human plasma; corn; cleanup; ingredients; products; maizeIn this paper a robust, sensitive and selective LC-MS-MS method for the determination of zearalenone (ZON) in several cereals is described. Sample preparation was performed by extraction of the commodities with a mixture of acetonitrile and water followed by solid-phase extraction with RP-18 columns or immunoaffinity columns. The selective determination of ZON was achieved with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface. Using the negative ion mode a detection limit of 0.5 mu g/kg and a determination limit of 1 mu g/kg grain was achieved, which is by a factor of 100 more sensitive than the positive ion mode. Zearalanone (ZAN), which does not occur in nature, was used as internal standard for quantification. A linear working range from 1.0 mu g/kg to 1000 mu g/kg could be achieved in grains with a standard deviation of 4% and recovery rates around 100%. All these results were independent from the grain matrices (maize, barley, oats, wheat) when ZAN was used as internal standard. Sample preparation with RP-18 and immunoaffinity materials gave comparable results. In addition, the method was successfully used for the investigation of naturally contaminated maize samples in the course of an interlaboratory comparison test. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.J. Chromatogr. A 1999 Oct 15 8582'Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, Wahringer Str 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Lindner W Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, Wahringer Str 38, A-1090 Vienna, AustriaB;Times Cited: 21 Cited Reference Count: 37 Cited References: *BIOC, ZEAR TEST ZEAR VIC W *NATL TOX PROGR, 1982, NATL TOX PROGR TECH, V235 BETINA V, 1989, BIOACTIVE MOL, V9, P271 BUHRMAN DL, 1996, J AM SOC MASS SPECTR, V7, P1099 DUNNE C, 1993, J CHROMATOGR, V629, P229 ELLING F, 1975, ACTA PATHOL MICROB A, V83, P739 FU I, 1997, 8 INT S ORL FL 4 8 M HUOPALAHTI RP, 1997, J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T, V20, P537 JOSEPHS R, 1998, FINAL REPORT BIOMIN KEBARLE P, 1993, ANAL CHEM, V65, P972 KROGH P, 1974, ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY, P266 KROGH P, 1987, MYCOTOXINS FOOD KRSKA R, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P49 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 MARASAS WFO, 1979, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V27, P1108 MATUSZEWSKI BK, 1998, ANAL CHEM, V70, P882 MILLER JD, 1997, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM MORTENSEN HP, 1983, ACTA AGR SCAND, V33, P235 MULLER HM, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P24 PAVLOVIC M, 1979, ACTA PATHOL MIC SC B, V87, P243 PLASENCIA J, 1990, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V73, P973 RAJAKYLA E, 1987, J CHROMATOGR, V384, P391 ROSENBERG E, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V819, P277 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCOTT PM, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P875 SCOTT PM, 1988, J ASS OFF CHEM, V71, P1176 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SCUDAMORE KA, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P343 SEIDEL V, 1993, J CHROMATOGR, V635, P227 THAKUR RA, 1994, RAPID COMMUN MASS SP, V8, P82 TRUCKSESS MW, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P119 TRUCKSESS MW, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P135 TRUCKSESS MW, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P135 VANEGMOND H, FAO FOOD NUTR PAPER, P7 VISCONTI A, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P133 YOUNG JC, 1993, J CHROMATOGR A, V653, P374 ZOLLNER P, UNPUB English Article 246FZ J CHROMATOGR AISI:000083154900003)EJhG?cTW" 9{9 )$]O-#X gnz:?F4.6%$;*{&Om8A#C&ke]N K,H<*w5/-@n1PwHp :v ;ql[gG Q2iN%xqoM!b_4 u/@!JQ1`ZVB'3#<Ax~| =(YP}S0oV$D\kvbL.M Y"^IDRjyf7^0'tF  _eBlE`ua2U,CtZRX7>TdsraLsy6W5(r[m|+8(245-261$://000178933800001RD>Danicke, S. Gadeken, D. Ueberschar, K. H. Meyer, U. Scholz, H.Effects of fusarium toxin contaminated wheat and of a detoxifying agent on performance of growing bulls, on nutrient digestibility in wethers and on the carry over of zearalenone<5Archives of Animal Nutrition-Archiv Fur Tierernahrungbeef cattle; Fusarium toxins; wheat; detoxifying agent; zearalenone; deoxynivalenol rumen microorganisms; deoxynivalenol; metabolism; urine; milk; zeranol ` ZExperiments were carried out to examine the effects of a Fusarium contaminated wheat (10 mg deoxynivalenol and 0.76 mg zearalenone, ZON, per kg dry matter) and of a detoxifying agent (Mycofix (R)Plus, Biomin GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria) on the growing performance of bulls, carry-over of ZON and its metabolites into body fluids and tissues, and on nutrient digestibility in wethers. The experiments were designed according to a complete two by two factorial approach which meant that both the uncontaminated control wheat and the Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat were tested both in the absence and presence of Mycofix (R)Plus. The growing experiment with bulls (n = 14 per treatment) covered the live weight range between 244 kg and 460 kg. The respective wheat batches were included in the concentrate portion at 65%. Concentrates were fed according to plan whereas maize silage was offered for ad libitum consumption. Daily dry matter intake and live weight gain [kg per animal and day] were 7.40, 7.52, 7.51 and 7.49 and 1.367, 1.296, 1.380 and 1.307 for bulls fed the unsupplemented control wheat, the supplemented control wheat, the unsupplemented and Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat and the supplemented Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat, respectively. ZON and its metabolites were not detected in edible tissues. The most striking effects of feeding the Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat on carcass characteristics were a reduced dressing percentage, an increased weight of the emptied gastro- intestinal tract and a reduced weight of the testicles. No effect of the detoxifying agent was seen for these parameters whereas heart weight increased independently of Fusarium toxin contamination of the concentrates. Nutrient digestibility of the two wheat batches, unsupplemented or supplemented with Mycofix (R)Plus was evaluated according to the difference method using wethers. Presence of Fusarium toxins in wheat did not influence its feeding value. The effects of the addition of the detoxifying agent were mycotoxin unspecific and resulted in an increase in apparent digestibility of crude protein and a decrease in crude fiber digestibility. It is concluded that feeding of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat did not adversely affect performance of growing bulls (approximately 2.2 mg DON and 0.1 mg ZON per kg complete ration at a reference dry matter content of 88%) or nutrient digestibility in wethers. The effects of the detoxifying agent Mycofix (R)Plus on growing performance and on nutrient digestibility were rather Fusarium toxin unspecific. The slightly negative effects on growing performance needs to be examined further.*#Arch. Anim. Nutr.-Arch. Tierernahr. 2002 Aug564'NHBraunschweig FAL, Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Nutr, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Braunschweig FAL, Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Nutr, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Sch Vet, Clin Cattle Dis, Hannover, Germany Danicke S Braunschweig FAL, Fed Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Nutr, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, GermanyTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 35 Cited References: 1988, OFF J EUR COMM L, V70, P16 *BMVEL, 2000, 2700 VDM BMVEL, P2 *DLG, 1997, ER DOK U HOH, V7 *SAS I INC, 1988, SAS STAT US GUID REL BAUER J, 2000, HDB TIERISCHEN VERED, V25, P169 COTE LM, 1986, J DAIRY SCI, V69, P2416 DANICKE S, 2001, ARCH ANIM NUTR, V55, P299 DANICKE S, 2002, P SOC NUTR PHYSL, V11, P96 DANICKE S, 2000, RISIKOFAKTOREN FUSAR, V216, P35 DEHAAN KA, 1983, J ANIM SCI S1, V57, P427 DUPCHAK K, 1998, FEEDING FUSARIUM CON ERASMUSON AF, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P2721 ERWIN ES, 1957, J ANIM SCI, V16, P858 FITZPATRICK DW, 1989, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C, V94, P691 GOLL M, 1995, P 17 MYK WORKSH BRAU, P131 HAMPEL I, 1986, MONATSSCHR VET MED, V41, P238 HOLTERSHINKEN M, 1996, COLL VET, V26, P9 KENNEDY DG, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P393 KIESSLING KH, 1984, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V47, P1070 KING RR, 1984, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V32, P1181 LEW H, 1999, FORDERUNGSDIENST, V47, P157 MENDEL VE, 1971, J ANIM SCI, V33, P891 MIROCHA CJ, 1981, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V19, P25 NAUMANN C, 1993, RISIKOFAKTOREN FUSAR, V216, P5 PASTEINER S, 1998, BIOMIN GESUNDE TIERE PRELUSKY DB, 1987, J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B, V22, P125 SCHIEMANN R, 1981, ARCH ANIM NUTR, V31, P13 SCHUH M, 1996, FORTSCHRITTLICHE LAN, V21, PSB7 SHREEVE BJ, 1979, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V17, P151 SWANSON SP, 1987, J CHROMATOGR-BIOMED, V414, P335 TARR B, 1996, MOLDS MYCOTOXINS UEBERSCHAR KH, 1999, VDLUFA SCHRIFTENREIH, P425 VALENTA H, 1996, P 18 MYK WORKSH KULM, P185 WHITLOW LW, 1999, P ALLT 15 ANN S BIOT, P401 YOSHIZAWA T, 1986, AGR BIOL CHEM TOKYO, V50, P227 English Article 609YK ARCH ANIM NUTRISI:000178933800001Wf233-240$://000181188500004pjFigueira, E. L. Z. Blanco-Labra, A. Gerage, A. C. Ono, E. Y. S. Mendiola-Olaya, E. Ueno, Y. Hirooka, E. Y.piNew amylase inhibitor present in corn seeds active in vitro against amylase from Fusarium verticillioides Plant Diseaseaspergillus-flavus; alpha-amylase; fumonisin contamination; natural occurrence; trypsin-inhibitor; maize seeds; protein; moniliforme; zearalenone; mycotoxinsA screening for specific amylase inhibitor levels against amylase from Fusarium verticillioides (Fusarium mondiforme), the most relevant mycotoxigenic fungus in corn, was conducted on 37 corn hybrids. The amylase inhibitor levels in these hybrids ranged from 5.5 to 16.0 amylase inhibitor units per gram of corn (AIU/g) in the MASTER and AG5011 hybrids, respectively. The hybrid with the maximum content of inhibitor was used as the source of this new protein. The inhibitor was partially purified using fractional precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G75 column, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Superose HR 10130 column, and HPLC anion exchange chromatography, obtaining a 20.7-fold purification. Electrophoresis after denaturing and beating under reductive conditions showed an apparent 23.8 kDa molecular mass and an acidic isoelectric point of 5.4, which differs from previous molecular masses reported for other inhibitors present in corn seeds (14 and 22 kDa). This inhibitor showed activity against amylases from human saliva and pancreas, from the fungi E verticithoides and Aspergillus flavus, and from the insects Acanthoscelides obteclus, Zabrotes subfasciatus, Tribolitan castaneum, and Sitotroga cerealella. The mycoflora found in the corn grain indicated Fusarium sp. as the most prevalent fungi (81.1% of the samples), with a count ranging from 1.5 x 10(2) to 2.4 x 10(6) CFU/g of corn. The presence of fumonisms was detected in 21 out of the 37 hybrids studied, ranging from 0.05 to 2.67 mug of FB per gram of corn. No correlation could be established between this amylase inhibitor level in the corn seeds and the presence of Fusarium sp. or with the fumonisin content under the experimental conditions of the test. Plant Dis. 2003 Mar873'IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Apdo Postal 629, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico Univ Estadual Londrina, BR-86051990 Londrina, PR, Brazil Univ Estadual Londrina, BR-86051990 Londrina, PR, Brazil IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico Yashio Inst Environm Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1620812, Japan Univ Estadual Londrina, BR-86051990 Londrina, PR, Brazil Blanco-Labra A IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Apdo Postal 629, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, MexicohaTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 42 Cited References: *SAS I, 1988, SAS US GUID BLANCOLABRA A, 1995, J FOOD BIOCHEM, V19, P27 BLANCOLABRA A, 1981, J FOOD BIOCHEM, V5, P1 BLOOM H, 1987, ELECTROPHORESIS, V8, P93 BRADFORD MM, 1976, ANAL BIOCHEM, V72, P248 BULLERMAN LB, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P513 CAMILO SB, 2000, BRAZ ARCH BIOL TECHN, V43, P159 CHEN ZY, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P902 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 FAKHOURY AM, 2001, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V14, P955 FIGUEIRA ELZ, 2000, BRAZ ARCH BIOL TECHN, V43, P461 GATEHOUSE AMR, 1992, P ROY SOC EDINB B, V99, P51 GOMES VM, 1994, ARQ BIOL TECNOL, V37, P371 GOMEZLEYVA JF, 2001, J PLANT PHYSIOL, V158, P177 GONZALEZ HHL, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V130, P29 HIROOKA EY, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P173 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 HUYNH QK, 1992, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V182, P1 JANISIEWICZ WJ, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P466 JULIAN AM, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V129, P5 KEDERA CJ, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P41 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MUNKVOLD GP, 1993, FIELD SURVEY CORN EA, P5901 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 NORRED WP, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P522 ONO EYS, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P719 PETTERSON S, 1998, MYCOL RES, V102, P1003 SABINO M, 1989, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V6, P327 SAMSON RA, 1995, INTRO FOODBORN FUNGI SCHAGGER H, 1987, ANAL BIOCHEM, V166, P368 SCOTT GE, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P123 SCOTT PM, 1993, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V18, P257 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 UENO Y, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P27 UENO Y, 2000, MYCOTOXINS, V50, P13 WANG JS, 2001, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V10, P143 WATSON SA, 1987, CORN CHEM TECHNOLOGY, PCH5 WILSON JJ, 1982, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V44, P301 WONG JJ, 1976, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V73, P2241 English Article 649CC PLANT DISISI:000181188500004291-298$://A1996UL38600013sFilek, G. Lindner, W.n|Determination of the mycotoxin moniliformin in cereals by high- performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection"Journal of Chromatography AoJ. Chromatogr. A 1996 May 3 732.2oUL386 J CHROMATOGR AISI:A1996UL38600013N400-407$://000174547600010(0)Maragos, C. M. Jolley, M. E. Nasir, M. S.rZTFluorescence polarization as a tool for the determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat&Food Additives and Contaminants,"deoxynivalenol; vomitoxin; fluorescence polarization; immunoassay chromatography mass-spectrometry; linked immunosorbent-assay; gas-chromatography; mycotoxins deoxynivalenol; liquid- chromatography; monoclonal-antibodies; white flour; 15- acetyldeoxynivalenol; immunoassay; extraction|uThe mould Fusarium graminearum is found worldwide as a pathogen of cereal grains, in particular of wheat and maize, and it produces a mycotoxin known as deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin). Each year, the presence of this compound and related trichothecenes causes substantial losses to agricultural productivity. Rapid methods for the measurement of the toxin in grains are required to monitor and divert effectively contaminated grain from the food supply. A fluorescence polarization (FP) immunoassay using a previously described monoclonal antibody for DON was developed. The assay was based on the competition of unlabeled DON from a sample with a fluorescently tagged DON, DON-fluorescein (DON-FL), for a DON-specific monoclonal antibody in solution. The FP of the tagged DON was increased upon binding with the antibody. In the presence of free toxin, less of the DON-FL was bound and the polarization signal was decreased. The assays were very simple to perform, requiring only mixing of an aqueous extract of wheat with the DON-FL and antibody. The sensitivity of the assay was strongly dependent upon the time between mixing of the sample with the tracer and measurement of the fluorescence polarization, with midpoints for the competition curves ranging from 0.03 mug ml(-1) with a 15-s incubation to >1 mug ml(-1) with a 12-min incubation. Samples of wheat naturally contaminated with DON were evaluated by FP and by an HPLC-UV method, with a good correlation (r(2) = 0.97). Although the FP method tended to overestimate DON slightly in the wheat samples, by similar to20%, the assay was easy to use and very useful for the screening of wheat.Food Addit. Contam. 2002 Apr194'&ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Diachemix Corp, Grayslake, IL 60030 USA Maragos CM ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USATimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: *SCI COMM FOOD, 1999, 119 PLEN M BRUSS EUR ABOUZIED MM, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P1264 BAXTER JA, 1985, B ENV CONTAMINANTS T, V34, P645 CASALE WL, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P663 CHECOVICH WJ, 1995, NATURE, V375, P254 DANDLIKER WB, 1961, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V5, P299 HABER E, 1962, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V48, P1935 HUOPALAHTI RP, 1997, J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T, V20, P537 JELINEK CF, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P223 KAMIMURA H, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V64, P1067 LAUREN DR, 1987, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V70, P479 MARAGOS CM, 2000, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V12, P181 MARAGOS CM, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P596 MILLS ENC, 1990, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V2, P109 MOSSOBA MM, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P1116 NASIR MS, 1999, COM CHEM HIGH T SCR, V2, P177 NICOL MJ, 1993, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V5, P199 PLATTNER RD, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P365 ROTTER BA, 1996, J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH, V48, P1 SCHMIDT R, 1995, 109 M AOAC INT 17 21 SCHMITT K, 1996, IMMUNOASSAYS RESIDUE, P314 SCOTT PM, 1993, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V10, P381 SINHA RC, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1740 TACKE BK, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P472 TRUCKSESS MW, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P880 TRUCKSESS MW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P883 TRUCKSESS MW, 1986, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V69, P35 USLEBER E, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2019 USLEBER E, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P2091 WANG BH, 1996, MAN IN ICE, V3, P59 XU YC, 1988, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V71, P945 ZHANG GS, 1986, J FOOD PROTECT, V49, P336 English Article 533TZ FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000174547600010 183-188$://A1992KH34300010:4Richard, J. L. Bhatnagar, D. Peterson, S. Sandor, G.leAssessment of Aflatoxin and Cyclopiazonic Acid Production by Aspergillus-Flavus Isolates from HungaryeMycopathologiangaflatoxins; aspergillus-flavus; cyclopiazonic acid; mycotoxins parasiticus; precursor; strains; pathway4-Thirty-two isolates of Aspergillus flavus were obtained from various sources in Hungary. All isolates were morphologically identified as A. flavus and three atypical variants were confirmed as A. flavus by comparing their DNA with an ex type culture of A. flavus. None of these isolates produced aflatoxins when tested on coconut agar or grown on rice medium and culture extracts examined by thin layer chromatography. Also, none of the isolates converted sterigmatocystin, O-methyl sterigmatocystin, norsolorinic acid, or sodium acetate to aflatoxin. However, 59% of the isolates produced cyclopiazonic acid based on thin layer chromatographic analysis of culture extracts. The isolates that lack the ability to produce both aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid are potential candidates for use in bicontrol studies.Mycopathologia 1992 Dec 1203'NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV,PEORIA,IL 61604 UNIV VET SCI BUDAPEST,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,H-1400 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 RICHARD JL NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV,PEORIA,IL 61604:3Times Cited: 6 English Article KH343 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1992KH34300010638-645$://A1994NZ59300016eNGRiley, R. T. Voss, K. A. Yoo, K. S. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Merrill, A. H.82Mechanism of Fumonisin Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Journal of Food Protectionfumonisins; fusarium; ceramide synthase; zea-mays; toxic corn; toxicity; carcinogenesis denovo sphingolipid biosynthesis; hamster ovary cells; fusarium-moniliforme; chemical carcinogenesis; complex sphingolipids; culture material; sphingosine; sphinganine; mycotoxins; inhibitione|uwhat are the molecular events that fumonisin-induced porcine pulmonary edema syndrome and equine leucoencephalomalacia have in common? Do these animal diseases relate mechanistically to fumonisin toxicity in laboratory rats? There is considerable data indicating that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism plays an important early role in all of these diseases. In vitro studies have revealed that fumonisins and structurally related Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici-toxin (AAL- toxin) are potent inhibitors of the enzyme sphinganine (sphingosine) N-acyl transferase (ceramide synthase). Soon after cultured cells or animals are exposed to fumonisins there is a dramatic increase in the free sphingoid base, sphinganine, in tissues, serum and/or urine. Also, free sphingosine concentration increases, complex sphingolipid concentration decreases, and sphingoid base degradation products and other lipid products also increase. It is hypothesized that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is an early molecular event in the onset and progression of cell injury and the diseases associated with consumption of fumonisins. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the diseases will not be easily revealed since the role of sphingolipids in cellular regulation is very complex and not yet fully understood. While fumonisin B1 is non-genotoxic it is a complete carcinogen in rat liver. Recent studies indicate that fumonisins inhibit hepatocyte proliferation in rat liver. It has been hypothesized that hepatotoxicity and effects on hepatocyte proliferation are critical determinants for fumonisin B1 cancer initiation and promotion. Alternatively, recent studies have found that fumonisin B-1 has mitogenic activity in cultured fibroblasts. It is conceivable that the mitogenic, cytostatic and cytotoxic potential of fumonisin may all contribute to the animal diseases including liver cancer in rats.E J. Food Prot.G 1994 JulR577A'USDA ARS,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXINS RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613 S AFRICAN MRC,PROMEC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,ATLANTA,GA 30322 RILEY RT USDA ARS,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXINS RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613:4Times Cited: 35 English Article NZ593 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1994NZ59300016 645-645$://A1994NZ59300017 NGRiley, R. T. Voss, K. A. Yoo, H. S. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Merrill, A. H.RLMechanism of Fumonisin Toxicity and Carcinogenicity - (Vol 57, Pg 638, 1994) Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot. 1994 Juln577eF@Times Cited: 0 English Correction, Addition NZ593 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1994NZ59300017i~955-961$://0001699470000041&Fakhoury, A. M. Woloshuk, C. P. ztInhibition of growth of Aspergillus flavus and fungal alpha- amylases by a lectin-like protein from Lablab purpureus*$Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactionscorn genotypes resistant; aflatoxin biosynthesis; maize kernels; antifungal properties; trypsin-inhibitor; ear rot; seeds; bin908-914$://000082806500009a&Fakhoury, A. M. Woloshuk, C. P.gpjAmy1, the alpha-amylase gene of Aspergillus flavus: Involvement in aflatoxin biosynthesis in maize kernelsPhytopathology~wcoli beta-glucuronidase; molecular characterization; purification; parasiticus; resistance; growth; starch; locus; corn-Aspergillus flavus is the causal agent of an ear and kernel rot in maize. In this study, we characterized an alpha-amylase- deficient mutant and assessed its ability to infect and produce aflatoxin in wounded maize kernels. The alpha-amylase gene Amyl was isolated from A. flavus, and its DNA sequence was determined to be nearly identical to Amy3 of A. oryzae. When Amyl was disrupted in an aflatoxigenic strain of A. flavus, the mutant failed to produce extracellular alpha-amylase and grew 45% the rate of the wild-type strain on starch medium. The mutant produced aflatoxin in medium containing glucose but not in a medium containing starch. The alpha-amylase-deficient mutant produced aflatoxin in maize kernels with wounded embryos and occasionally produced anatoxin only in embryos of kernels with wounded endosperm. The mutant strain failed to produce aflatoxin when inoculated onto degermed kernels. In contrast, the wild-type strain produced aflatoxin in both the endosperm and embryo. These results suggest that alpha-amylase facilitates aflatoxin production and growth of A. flavus from a wound in the endosperm to the embryo. A 14-kDa trypsin inhibitor associated with resistance to A. flavus and aflatoxin in maize also inhibited the alpha-amylase from A. flavus, indicating that it is a bifunctional inhibitor. The inhibitor may have a role in resistance, limiting the growth of the fungus in the endosperm tissue by inhibiting the degradation of starch.APhytopathology 1999 OctI8910'Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Woloshuk CP Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USAe:3Times Cited: 3 English Article 240BU PHYTOPATHOLOGYrISI:000082806500009h4892-908$://000222479200015<5Krska, R. Josephs, R. D. Pettersson, H. MacDonald, S.pjPreparation and certification of zearalenone mass concentration of two low-level maize reference materials$Journal of Aoac Internationalperformance liquid-chromatography; certified reference material; mycotoxin zearalenone; fusarium mycotoxins; gas- chromatography; rice culture; deoxynivalenol; stability; spectrometry; cleanupThe contamination of maize by fungi, especially by Fusarium species, is, a worldwide problem. One of the most prevalent Fusarium mycotoxins frequently found on European maize is zearalenone (ZON), which has been implicated in a range of human and animal diseases. It shows remarkable estrogenic properties and can cause severe infertility problems in farm animals. Currently, 9 countries have set maximum tolerable levels for ZON in food, ranging from 0 to 1000 mug/kg. This paper describes the preparation of 2 maize reference materials (BCR-716 very low level ZON and BCR-717 low level ZON) and the certification of their individual ZON contents (mass concentration and mass fraction). Uncertainties were calculated in compliance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and include uncertainties that are due to possible inhomogeneity and instability. Finally, BCR-716 was certified at a level of <5 mug/kg and BCR-717 at a level of 83 mug/kg with an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 9 mug/kg. J. AOAC Int. 2004Jul-Aug874'LFIFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria IFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Nutr & Management, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Cent Sci Lab, York YO41 1LZ, N Yorkshire, England Krska R IFA Tulln, Ctr Analyt Chem, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, AustriaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 37 Cited References: *AOAC INT, 1995, OFF METH AN *AOAC INT, 1991, OFF METH AN *ASS FRANC NORM, 1991, NORM FRANC *EU, 1998, SMTHCT982228 EU *EUR COMM STAND, 1999, CR13505 1999 CEN REP *FAO UN, 1997, 64 FAO UN *ICC, 1995, 1101 ICC *INT ORG STAND, 1998, 31 ISO *ISO, 2000, 33 ISO *ISO, 1999, 34 ISO *ISO, 1980, 6540 ISO *ISO, 1993, GUID EXPR UNC MEAS G BONAS G, 2003, ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR, V8, P101 DACASTO M, 1995, VET HUM TOXICOL, V37, P359 EPPLEY RM, 1968, J AOAC, V51, P74 GILBERT J, 1988, FRESEN Z ANAL CHEM, V332, P602 HAGLER WM, 1979, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V37, P849 JOSEPHS RD, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P417 JOSEPHS RD, 2003, J AOAC INT, V86, P50 KRSKA R, 2003, CERTIFICATION MASS C KRSKA R, 2003, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V20, P1141 KRSKA R, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V369, P469 KRSKA R, 2001, MYCOTOXINS PHYCOTOXI, P77 LINSINGER TPJ, 2001, ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR, V6, P20 LINSINGER TPJ, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V370, P183 LIU MT, 1975, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V50, P1178 MARASAS WFO, 1979, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V27, P1108 MOSS MO, 1996, MYCOL RES 5, V100, P513 PARICH A, 2004, IN PRESS MYCOTOXIN R PRELUSKY DB, 1989, J CHROMATOGR-BIOMED, V494, P267 RICHARDSON KE, 1985, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V33, P862 ROSENBERG E, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V819, P277 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCHUHMACHER R, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V359, P510 SCOTT PM, 1993, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V10, P381 VANTRIJP JMP, 1991, 9102 RIKILT WEINGAERTNER J, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V357, P1206 English Article 835JO J AOAC INTISI:0002224792000151 < 65-73$://000086162900007.'Daradimos, E. Marcaki, P. Koupparis, M.itnEvaluation and validation of two fluorometric HPLC methods for the determination of aflatoxin B-1 in olive oil&Food Additives and Contaminantsnaflatoxin B-1; immunoaffinity; solid phase extraction; olive oil rapid methods; agricultural products; bidirectional hptlc; immunoaffinity; cleanup; contamination; mycotoxins; columns; phase; maizeoTwo methods for the determination of aflatoxin B-1(AFB(1)) in olive oil were tested and compared. In method A the oil sample was mixed with methanol + water (60 + 40), extracted with hexane and then with chloroform. Chloroform was evaporated and the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane which was then transferred for clean-up onto a silica "Sep-Pak' cartridge. The cartridge was pre-washed with hexane, ethyl ether and dichloromethane. AFB(1) was eluted with chloroform + acetone (9+1), and evaporated to dryness. In method B, the oil sample was mixed with methanol + water (80+20), shaken and centrifuged. The supernatant was diluted 1:10 with water and 10 ml of the diluted mixture transferred to an "Aflaprep' immunoaffinity column for the clean-up step. AFB(1) was eluted with acetonitrile and evaporated to dryness. AFB(1) from both methods was derivatized to its hemiacetal (AFB(2a)) and then quantitated by HPLC using a C-18 (60 Angstrom 4.6 x 250 mm) column with fluorescence detection. Both methods are simple, reliable nd efficient, but method A showed a lower detection limit (2.8 ng/kg) than method B (56 ng/kg). With a 95% confidence level there was no significant difference in recovery between the two methods, which was 87.2% for method A and 84.8% for method B. In addition, application of a two- tailed F-test to the variances within spiked samples at concentrations 1, 2, 5 and 10 mu g/kg separately showed that there was no significant difference in the precisions of the two methods. Fifty samples of olive oil of Greek origin produced between 1995 and 1998 were examined with both methods for the presence of AFB(1). When analysing the samples wit method B, the presence of AFB(1) was not detected. The use of method A revealed the presence of AFB(1) in 72% of the samples. The range of contamination was generally found to ber very low (2.8-15.7 ng/kg), however one sample was contaminated with 46.3 ng/kg.Food Addit. Contam. 2000 Jan171'Univ Athens, Sch Chem, Dept Food Chem, GR-15771 Athens, Greece Univ Athens, Sch Chem, Dept Food Chem, GR-15771 Athens, Greece Univ Athens, Sch Chem, Dept Analyt Chem, GR-10679 Athens, Greece Marcaki P Univ Athens, Sch Chem, Dept Food Chem, GR-15771 Athens, GreeceztTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: BRADBURN N, 1990, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V29, P177 BRADBURN N, 1990, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V29, P435 BRADBURN N, 1989, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V28, P541 BRADBURN N, 1995, FOOD CHEM, V52, P179 CARVAJAL M, 1990, J CHROMATOGR, V5, P379 CHU FS, 1991, MUTAT RES, V259, P291 COSTABELER I, 1996, MICROBIOLOGIE ALIMEN, V14, P271 EATON DL, 1994, TOXICOLOGY AFLATOXIN ELTEM R, 1996, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V32, P217 FOWLER J, 1997, PRACTICAL STAT FIELD GRACIAN J, 1980, GRASAS ACEITAS, V31, P167 ISOHATA E, 1986, EISEI SHIKENJO HOKOK, V104, P138 LETUTOUR B, 1983, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V60, P835 MAGNARINI C, 1990, RASS CHIM, V42, P273 MAHJOUB A, 1990, REV FRANCAISE CORPS, V37, P245 MILLER N, 1985, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V68, P136 PARK DL, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P637 PARKER WA, 1966, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V43, P635 PASTER N, 1988, J APPL BACTERIOL, V64, P293 PATEY AL, 1991, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V74, P76 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P941 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P1229 STUBBLEFIELD RD, 1987, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V70, P1047 TANTAOUIELARAKI A, 1996, MICROBIOLOGIE ALIMEN, V14, P5 TANTAOUIELARAKI A, 1985, OLEAGINEUX, V40, P451 TANTAOUIELARAKI A, 1983, REV FRANCAISE CORPS, V11, P473 TOUSSAINT G, 1977, ARCH I PASTEUR TUNIS, V3, P325 TRUCKSESS MW, 1991, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V74, P81 VANEGMOND HP, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P321 YASSA IA, 1994, ANN AGR SCI, V39, P525 YASSA IA, 1995, ANN AGR SCI CAIRO, V40, P59 English Article 298WQ FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000086162900007379-386$://000179853900014TNDawlatana, M. Coker, R. D. Nagler, M. J. Wild, C. P. Hassan, M. S. Blunden, G.leThe occurrence of mycotoxins in key commodities in Bangladesh: Surveillance results from 1993 to 1995 Journal of Natural ToxinsLFphase hptlc method; quantitative-determination; rice; aflatoxin; maized^A three-year surveillance program assessed the extent of mycotoxin contamination of key foods and feeds grown in Bangladesh. The study also included groundnuts utilized as snack food. In the first two phases of the program the samples collected were analyzed only for aflatoxins, but in the third phase, as well as for aflatoxins, samples were tested for the presence of fumonisin B-1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin. Of the foods and feeds tested, the incidence of aflatoxin contamination varied from low (rice collected from farmers' stores, 8%) to high (maize, 67%). However, both the average total aflatoxin contents (< 1.0 mug/kg) and the maximum aflatoxin B-1 contents (less than or equal to 5.0 mug/kg) recorded for pulses, rice and its various products, and wheat were low. On the other hand, the levels of contamination of maize, roasted and raw groundnuts, and poultry feed were considerably higher, with average total aflatoxin B-1 contents of 33, 13, 65, and 7 mug/kg, respectively, and maximum aflatoxin B-1 contents of 245, 79, 480, and 160 mug/kg, respectively. Fumonisin B-1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin were found, to any significant extent, only in some of the maize samples tested, always accompanied by aflatoxins. One sample of maize contained five mycotoxins, namely, the aflatoxins, fumonisin B-1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A. In a limited trial using hospital staff in Dhaka, the analysis of the aflatoxin-albumin adduct in serum showed that approximately half of the test group had been recently exposed to low levels of aflatoxins.J. Nat. Toxins 2002 NovP114 'Univ Greenwich, Nat Resources Inst, Food Management & Mkt Grp, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, England Univ Greenwich, Nat Resources Inst, Food Management & Mkt Grp, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, England Univ Leeds, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England Bangladesh Inst Res & Rehabil Diabet Endocrine &, BIRDEM, Dhaka, Bangladesh Univ Portsmouth, Sch Pharm & Biomed Sci, Portsmouth, Hants, England Coker RD Univ Greenwich, Nat Resources Inst, Food Management & Mkt Grp, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, EnglandTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 13 Cited References: *EC, 1998, 152598 ED *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56 BLUNDEN G, 1991, MED LAB SCI, V48, P271 BRADBURN N, 1995, FOOD CHEM, V52, P1789 COKER RD, 1991, ACIAR P, V36, P115 COKER RD, 1999, INAUGURAL LECT SERIE DAWLATANA M, 1999, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V49, P547 DAWLATANA M, 1998, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V47, P215 DAWLATANA M, 1996, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V42, P25 DAWLATANA M, 1995, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V41, P187 MONTESANO R, 1997, J NATL CANCER I, V89, P1844 TOMLINS KI, 1989, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V27, P67 WILD CP, 1992, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V1, P229 English Article 626CD J NAT TOXINSEISI:0001798539000145 3494-3498$://0001700434000572,Vergopoulou, S. Galanopoulou, D. Markaki, P.XQMethyl jasmonate stimulates aflatoxin B-1 biosynthesis by Aspergillus parasiticus0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryaflatoxin B-1; methyl jasmonate; A. parasiticus; HPLC lipoxygenase pathway; flavus; growth; peanuts; maize; lipoperoxidation; bioregulation; resistance; inhibition; lipidsAflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic metabolite produced by certain Aspergillus species on agricultural commodities. One factor promoting the production of aflatoxin is the presence of high levels of fatty acid hydroperoxides often found in plant material under stress. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its methyl ester (MeJA) are derived from linolenic acid, and their biosyntheses involve the production of lipid hydroperoxides. Exposure of aflatoxigenic mold to jasmonates is likely because the mold attacks plant material and possibly initiates the production of jasmonates. In this study the effect of MeJA on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and AFB(1) biosynthesis is reported. MeJA, at a final concentration of 10(-4) M in yeast extract sucrose medium, did not have any apparent effect on mycelial growth during the 16 days of observation but did increase significantly the levels of AFB(1) after the seventh day of growth. After the ninth day, AFB(1) production was decreased in contrast to the control cultures, where the production was constantly increasing. AFB(1) determination was performed by immunoaffinity and HPLC after derivatization to AFB(2a).J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001 Jul 4971' Univ Athens, Dept Food Chem, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Sch Chem, GR-15771 Athens, Greece Univ Athens, Dept Food Chem, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Sch Chem, GR-15771 Athens, Greece Markaki P Univ Athens, Dept Food Chem, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Sch Chem, GR-15771 Athens, Greece*$Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 40 Cited References: ABARCA ML, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P256 ABRAMSON D, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P642 ALDRIDGE DC, 1971, J CHEM SOC C, P1623 AZIZ NH, 1995, MICROBIOS, V84, P29 BUROW GB, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P380 DARADIMOS E, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P65 DAVIS ND, 1966, APPL MICROBIOL, V14, P378 DELUCA C, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P445 DOEHLERT DC, 1993, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V83, P1473 DOYLE MP, 1982, J FOOD PROTECT, V45, P964 ELLIS WO, 1994, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V22, P173 ELREFAI IM, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P585 ELTEM R, 1996, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V32, P217 FABBRI AA, 1983, J GEN MICROBIOL, V129, P3447 FANELLI C, 1980, BR MYCOL SOC, V75, P271 FANELLI C, 1989, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V107, P115 GARDNER HW, 1991, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1084, P221 GARDNER HW, 1995, HORTSCIENCE, V30, P197 GOODRICHTANRIKU.M, 1995, MICROBIOL-UK, V141, P2831 JOHN M, 1997, TRENDS PLANT SCI, V2, P111 LEONDARITIS G, 2000, LIPIDS, V35, P525 LUCHESE RH, 1993, J APPL BACTERIOL, V74, P5 MIERSCH O, 1987, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V26, P1037 PASSI S, 1984, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V19, P186 PASTER N, 1988, J APPL BACTERIOL, V64, P293 PATEY AL, 1991, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V74, P76 PAYNE GA, 1992, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V10, P423 PITT J, 1986, NATO ASI SER, V122 REDING CLC, 1993, J FOOD PROTECT, V56, P593 RODRIGUEZ SB, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P106 SHIH CN, 1972, J MILK FOOD TECHNOL, V35, P585 SHROEDER HW, 1966, APPL MICROBIOL, V14, P381 SINHA KK, 1993, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V16, P114 SMART MG, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1287 SMITH JE, 1985, MYCOTOXINS FORMATION STUBBLEFIELD RD, 1987, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V70, P1047 WASTERNACK C, 1997, TRENDS PLANT SCI, V2, P302 ZAIKA LL, 1987, J FOOD PROTECT, V50, P691 ZERINGUE HJ, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P2433 ZERINGUE HJ, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P403 English Article 455TG J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:00017004340005743482-3492$://000182932700045("Ratnavathi, C. V. Sashidhar, R. B.|uSubstrate suitability of different genotypes of sorghum in relation to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin production0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry`Zaflatoxi 1713-1721$://000089024400002("Ratnavathi, C. V. Sashidhar, R. B.yChanges in enzyme activities and aflatoxin elaboration in sorghum genotypes following Aspergillus parasiticus infestation4.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculturesorghum genotypes; Aspergillus parasiticus infestation; enzyme activity; alpha- and beta-amylase; protease; lipase; aflatoxins polyphenols Sorghum is a relatively poor substrate for aflatoxin production compared with high-risk agricultural commodities like maize and groundnut, even though it is susceptible to fungal attack. Fungal infestation of sorghum results in a varied biochemical composition of the deteriorated grain. In this study, six sorghum genotypes (red-AON 486, IS 620; yellow-LPJ, IS 17 779; white-SPV 86, SPV 462) were inoculated with a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) in order to evaluate the changes in the activities of various hydrolytic enzymes (alpha- and beta-amylases, protease and lipase) in comparison with those in uninfected grains. Enzyme activities were measured at different times after fungal infestation, and the enzymatic activities were correlated with the aflatoxin production. Alpha-amylase activity was observed to be greater than beta- amylase activity in all six genotypes under both healthy and infected conditions. The increase in alpha-amylase activity during the period of infection was higher in white genotypes than in red sorghum genotypes. Alpha-amylase activity in all the genotypes increased up to day 6 after fungal infection, but was significantly lower in infected grains than in healthy grains. The variability in the basal enzyme activities among the six sorghum genotypes was quite high compared with the amount of induction of each specific enzyme due to infection and germination. Higher protease activity was observed in the infected grains than in healthy grains. The enzyme activities in high tannin red genotypes were less than those in yellow and white genotypes. The alpha- and beta-amylase activities were positively correlated (r = 0.406 and 0.436; P < 0.05) to aflatoxin production. Inherent lipase activity was highest (on day 0) in AON 486, SPV 462 and SPV 86, as compared with the activity in infected grains. The total aflatoxins produced (quantified by TLC-fluorodensitometry) were lower in red genotypes than in yellow and white genotypes, suggesting that red genotypes were least susceptible to aflatoxin elaboration among the various genotypes tested. All four aflatoxins, (B-1, B-2, G(1) and G(2)) were present in five genotypes (IS 620, LPJ, IS 17 779, SPV 86 and SPV 462) at all the stages of infection, but, aflatoxin could not be detected in the red genotype AON 486 on day 3 after infection. White genotypes SPV 86 and SPV 462) showed maximal aflatoxin (total) production on day 6 after infection. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.J. Sci. Food Agric. 2000 Sep 158012' Osmania Univ, Univ Coll Sci, Dept Biochem, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India Osmania Univ, Univ Coll Sci, Dept Biochem, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India Sashidhar RB Osmania Univ, Univ Coll Sci, Dept Biochem, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 31 Cited References: 1979, 13 FAO UN, P77 ARIF AG, 1969, W PAKISTAN J AGR RES, V7, P102 BERNFELD P, 1955, METHOD ENZYMOL, V1, P149 BETINA V, 1984, MYCOTOXINS PRODUCTIO, P3 BIER M, 1955, METHOD ENZYMOL, V1, P627 BLANEY BJ, 1985, P INT MYC S SYDN AUS, P97 CASTOR LL, 1980, P INT WORKSH SORGH D, P93 CHAVAN JK, 1981, J FOOD SCI, V46, P638 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1957, BOT REV, V23, P108 CHRISTENSEN CM, 1969, GRAIN STORAGE ROLE F, P153 DAIBER KH, 1975, J SCI FOOD AGR, V26, P1399 DYER TA, 1966, J SCI FOOD AGR, V17, P449 EGAN H, 1982, ENV CARCINOGENS SELE, V5, P147 GLUECK JA, 1980, P INT WORKSH SORGH D, P119 HARRIS HB, 1970, AGRON J, V62, P835 KNEEN E, 1944, CEREAL CHEM, V21, P304 KUNITZ M, 1947, J GEN PHYSIOL, V30, P291 LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P263 MATHUR SK, 1975, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V3, P683 MULIMANI VH, 1993, PLANT FOOD HUM NUTR, V44, P261 NARASIMHAM KS, 1969, CURR SCI, V38, P389 PADULE DN, 1984, NUTR PROCESSING QUAL, P231 RAO KS, 1967, NATURE, V214, P738 RATNAVATHI CV, 1998, FOOD CHEM, V61, P373 SALUNKHE DK, 1987, AFLATOXINS FOODS FEE, P1 SASHIDHAR RB, 1992, J STORED PROD RES, V28, P257 SNEDECOR GW, 1968, STAT METHODS, P120 SOMANI RB, 1992, P 22 ANN SORGH WORKS, P27 SORENSON WG, 1967, MYCOPATHOL MYCOL APP, V33, P49 TRIPATHI RK, 1974, INDIAN PHYTOPATHOL, V27, P499 USHA CM, 1994, TROP SCI, V34, P353 English Article 349BR J SCI FOOD AGRISI:000089024400002 pJ205-210$://A1995TA01600011B://A1997YD50300019a82Setamou, M. Cardwell, K. F. Schulthes, F. Hell, K.\UAspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination of preharvest maize in Benint Plant Diseasei'@9INT INST TROP AGR,PLANT HLTH MANAGEMENT DIV,COTONOU,BENINrcorn; harvest; damagetEighty and sixty maize fields were sampled in 1994 and 1995, respectively, to monitor Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination of preharvest maize in Benin. Three Aspergillus species were isolated from different agroecological zones, with A. flavus being the most prevalent. The countrywide mean percentage of kernel infection was about 20% in both years. Aflatoxin was extracted from maize in at least 30% of the fields sampled. Toxin concentrations exhibited a distinct zonal variation, with relatively high levels in the Guinea Savanna. There was a trend toward higher rate of aflatoxin accumulation per percentage A. flavus infection from the south to the north. Damage by the ear borer, Mussidia nigrivenella, increased aflatoxin accumulation in maize. Hence, the geographic pattern observed in the occurrence of A. flavus and aflatoxin may be related to the incidence of M. nigrivenella. Plant Dis. 1997 Nov%81116/Times Cited: 10 English Article YD503 PLANT DIStISI:A1997YD50300019c:3Setamou, M. Cardwell, K. F. Schulthess, F. Hell, K.s 1998Effect of insect damage to maize ears, with special reference to Mussidia nigrivenella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae), on Aspergillus flavus (Deuteromycetes : Monoliales) infection and aflatoxin production in maize before harvest in the Republic of Benin$Journal of Economic Entomology912433-438 AprJ. Econ. Entomol.ISI:000073485000015Mussidia nigrivenella; Aspergillus flavus; insect damage; maize ears; aflatoxin contamination; maize before harvest corn; contamination; georgia; pests; stemHXRMaize infection by Aspergillus flavus Link and subsequent anatoxin contamination as affected by insect damage to maize ears before harvest was studied with surveys in farmers' fields and in a field trial in the Republic of Benin, West Africa. The most important pest species was the lepidopteran earborer Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot. Percentage of grain infected by A. flavus and of samples contaminated with anatoxin, as well as the mean anatoxin content of samples, increased with increasing borer damage. Ears with <2% insect damage had an average of 11.7 and 43.6 ppb of anatoxin in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Ears in the highest damage class (i.e., > 10% damage) had an average anatoxin of 514.6 and 358.2 ppb in 1994 and 1995, respectively. In 1994 only, coleopteran species such as Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Carpophilus sp. significantly increased levels of aflatoxin in grain samples. In a field trial using M. nigrivenella infestation and A. flavus inoculation treatments, the presence of the insect feeding resulted in increased kernel infection and anatoxin contamination. Artificial infestation with M. nigrivenella larvae increased anatoxin content of maize by an average of 45 ppb, whereas inoculation with A. flavus spores increased the toxin level by 517 ppb. The significant interaction between infestation and inoculation indicated that higher levels of anatoxin B1 were found when the fungus was associated with borers than with the fungus alone. M. nigrivenlla was the major field pest connected with A. flavus infection and subsequent anatoxin production in preharvest maize in Benin.:4Times Cited: 17 English Article ZL902 J ECON ENTOMOL}://000073485000015 and http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/jee/ and http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-journals-l...'Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, 08 BP 932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, Cotonou, Benin Setamou M Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div, 08 BP 932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin`STs pJ514-521$://A1994NR98700013l Bacon, C. W. Nelson, P. E.jdFumonisin Production in Corn by Toxigenic Strains of Fusarium- Moniliforme and Fusarium-Proliferatum Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot.n 1994 Juna576 NR987 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1994NR98700013302-305$://A1994MZ397000192,Bacon, C. W. Hinton, D. M. Richardson, M. D.B://A1996VE13600001 Bacon, C. W. Hinton, D. M.JDSymptomless endophytic colonization of maize by Fusarium moniliforme>8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique"Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot.6 1996 Aug7482VE136 CAN J BOT:ISI:A1996VE13600001c325-332$://000168824500021e:4Bacon, C. W. Yates, I. E. Hinton, D. M. Meredith, F.:3Biological control of Fusarium moniliforme in maizet(!Environmental Health Perspectivesi Bacillus subtilis; bacterial endophyte; biological control; corn; fumonisins; fungal endophyte; Fusarium; Gibberella moniliformis; mycotoxins; Trichoderma; Zea mays toxic tall fescue; bacterial endophytes; kernel infection; corn; resistance; fumonisins; plants; growthFusarium moniliforme Sheldon. a biological species of the mating populations within the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, i.e., population A [= G. moniliformis (Sheld.) Wineland], is an example of a facultative fungal endophyte. During the biotrophic endophytic association with maize, as well as during saprophytic growth, F. moniliforme produces the fumonisins. The fungus is transmitted vertically and horizontally to the next generation of plants via clonal infection of seeds and plant debris. Horizontal infection is the manner by which this fungus is spread contagiously and through which infection occurs from the outside that can be reduced by application of certain fungicides. The endophytic phase is vertically transmitted. This type infection is important because it is not controlled by seed applications of fungicides, and it remains the reservoir from which infection and toxin biosynthesis takes place in each generation of plants. Thus, vertical transmission of this fungus is just as important as horizontal transmission. A biological control system using an endophytic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, has been developed that shows great promise for reducing mycotoxin accumulation during the endophytic (vertical transmission) growth phase. Because this bacterium occupies the identical ecological niche within the plant, it is considered an ecological homologue to F. moniliforme, and the inhibitory mechanism, regardless of the mode of action, operates on the competitive exclusion principle. In addition to this bacterium, an isolate of a species of the fungus Trichoderma shows promise in the postharvest control of the growth and toxin accumulation from F. moniliforme on corn in storage.  Environ. Health Perspect.O 2001 May  109H'USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, TMRU, POB 5677,950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30604 USA USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, TMRU, Athens, GA 30604 USA Bacon CW USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, TMRU, POB 5677,950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30604 USA @ 9Times Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 60 Cited References: BACON CW, 1999, 5994117, US BACON CW, 1991, ADV APPL MYCOLOGY, P231 BACON CW, 1977, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V34, P576 BACON CW, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P1195 BACON CW, 1988, J PRODUCTION AGR, V1, P45 BACON CW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P302 BACON CW, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P144 BACON CW, UNPUB BAKER KF, 1974, BIOL CONTROL PLANT P CALISTRU C, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V137, P115 CHET I, 1987, INNOVATIVE APPROACHE CLAY K, 1988, MICROBIOLOGY PHYLLOS, P188 DELEON C, 1989, CROP SCI, V29, P12 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 EHRLICH MA, 1971, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V9, P155 FOLEY DC, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V52, P870 GANOVARAEVA LM, 1998, 98 GEN M AM SOC MICR, P447 GAUMANN E, 1951, PFLANZLICHE INFEKTIO GORDON RE, 1973, AGR HDB HADLEY G, 1971, PLANTA, V100, P191 HALLMANN J, 1997, CAN J MICROBIOL, V43, P895 HEADRICK JM, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P887 HINTON DM, 1985, CAN J BOT, V63, P36 HINTON DM, 1995, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V129, P117 KALDAU GA, 2000, BIOL MICROBIOL ENDOP, P85 KEDERA CJ, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P603 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 KLEIFELD O, 1992, PLANT SOIL, V144, P267 KOBAYASHI DY, 2000, BOOK SOIL P, P199 KOMMEDAHL T, 1981, FUSARIUM DIS BIOL TA, P94 KUBICEK CP, 1998, TRICHODERMA GLIOCLAD, V1 LEONIAN LH, 1932, W VIRGINIA AGR EXPT, V248, P1 LESLIE JF, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P153 LIECKFELDT E, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P2418 LIECKFELDT E, 1998, CAN J BOT, V76, P1507 MARASAS WFO, 2000, INT PROGRAM CHEM SAF, V219 MEREDITH FI, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P195 NEERGAARD P, 1977, SEED PATHOLOGY OCHOR TE, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P311 PAPAVIZAS GC, 1992, BIOL CONTROL PLANT D, P223 PENNYPACKER BW, 1981, FUSARIUM DIS BIOL TA, P400 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RICHARDSON MD, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1060 RICHARDSON MD, 1995, MYCOLOGIA, V87, P510 RILEY RT, 1993, ANNU REV NUTR, V13, P167 ROSS PF, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P109 SALAMA AM, 1973, PHYTOPATHOL Z, V77, P356 SCHARDL CL, 1992, NAT TOXINS, V1, P171 SINCLAIR JB, 1996, ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI GRA, P3 STYER RC, 1983, J AM SOC HORTIC SCI, V108, P717 SUMNER DR, 1968, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V58, P761 THOMASMA DC, 1982, MOBIUS, V2, P72 VALLEAU WD, 1920, KY AGR EXP STN B, V226, P25 VERHOEFF K, 1974, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V12, P99 VOORHEES RK, 1933, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V23, P368 VOORHEES RKC, 1934, J AGR RES, V49, P1009 WHITE JF, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P340 YATES IE, 1999, J FOOD PROTEC, V66, P1326 YATES IE, 1999, MYCOL RES 2, V103, P129 YATES IE, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P723 English Article 2 434PF ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECTTISI:000168824500021O ~S intervals intervention intestinal epithelial cellsintestinal-absorptioninundative releasesinverse sampling invivo iodineion chromatography ionization mass-spectrometry ionization-mass-spectrometryiowa IPEC-1 iprodioneiran iron overloadirradiated corn kernelsirradiated maize irradiation irrigation isolation isomerization isothermits methyl ester iturin-a ivory-coastjapanjuicek-ras kappa-b kentuckyKenya kernelkernel infection kernels kidney kinasekinase-activityklebsiella-pneumoniaeKluyveromyces spp kojic acid kwashiorkorl l cultivars l seedsL.laboratory testslarvae lepidopteralata(#layer chromatographic determination layer chromatographic plates laying hen leaf curl leaf spotleaf volatilesleaf-derived volatiles leafhopper lentimorbus lepidoptera$!lepidopterous stem and cob borersleptosphaeria-maculans lesotholeucoencephalomalacialeucostoma-persoonii leucotretaleukoencephalomalacialevel levels life changelight ligninlinelines linkage linked immunosorbent-assay linked-immunosorbent-assay linoleic-acidlinolenic acid linxian lipaselipid peroxidationlipid-inductionlipid-peroxidation lipid-peroxidation products lipidslipoperoxidationlipoprotein lipase lipoxygenaselipoxygenase genelipoxygenase pathwayliquid chromatography liquid chromatography-mass liquid chromatography/mass40liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance liquid- liquid-chromatographic assay($liquid-chromatographic determination liquid-chromatographic methodliquid-chromatography liseolalisteria-monocytogenes lithosphereliver liver in-vivo liver-cancer livestock locationslocilocuslogistic-normal-binomialLolium rigidumlongloss losseslow-density lipoproteinslr lubiminlung lung cancerlung- lutea lourlyaselycopersicon esculentum lysine macroconidia macrocyclic trichothecenes macrophagesmagnetite equilibriamaizemaize (Zea mays)maize before harvest maize ear rot maize fieldsmaize genotypes maize grain maize hybrid maize hybridsmaize kernel development maize kernelsmaize pink ear rot maize plantsmaize postharvest pestsmaize processing maize seeds malabsorptionmalathion flourmalathion flour granulesmalondialdehyde mammalian-mammalian-cellmammary carcinomas mammary glandmammary-tumors managementmandelonitrilemango manipulation manitoba manuremap markers market agemass spectroscopymass- mass-spectramass-spectrometrymat-2 materialmaterial (CRM) matingmating populationmating population Hmating population-amating populations matrix maturitymaxim mays L. maysinD?maysin-apimaysin-3 '-methoxymaysin chloro-genic acid-flavonoid- mechanism mechanismsmechanistic implications medicaginisMedicago sativa medium megaspermamejumembrane fluidity membrane lipid-compositionmembrane-lipidsmen messenger-rna metabolicmetabolic-activation metabolism metabolitemetabolite repression metabolites metconazole methioninemethionine synthase methionine synthase reductasemethod validation methyl estermethyl jasmonate(#methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase( 2826-2831$://000182335200064piBakan, B. Bily, A. C. Melcion, D. Cahagnier, B. Regnault-Roger, C. Philogene, B. J. R. Richard-Molard, D.Possible role of plant phenolics in the production of Trichothecenes by Fusarium graminearum strains on different fractions of maize kernels0*Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryFusarium; mycotoxins; trichothecenes; phenolic compounds; maize 4-acetyl-benzoxazolin-2-one 4-aboa; aspergillus-flavus; natural occurrence; cereal-grains; cross-linking; fumonisin b1; ferulic acid; mycotoxins; biosynthesis; deoxynivalenolFour trichothecene-producing strains of Fusarium graminearum were grown on three maize grain fractions, whole grain, degermed grain, and the germ, to determine the effect of natural substrates on mycotoxin production. Monitoring the ergosterol content after 25 days of incubation indicated that fungal growth on all grain fractions was comparable. Trichothecene (TCT) production was highest on degermed grain, less on whole grain, and very low or nondetectable on the germ; similar results were found with four different strains. It was concluded that inhibitor(s) of TCT biosynthesis were present in maize germ. The presence of phenolic compounds was investigated in the different fractions. The hydroxamate 4- acetylbenzoxazolin-2-one (4-ABOA), a known inhibitor of mycotoxin production, was found in the degermed and whole grain fractions but not in the germ. Therefore, the TCT inhibition observed on the maize germ fraction used in our study is clearly not linked to 4-ABOA. Other soluble phenolic compounds were found at a much higher concentration in the germ than in the two other fractions. The inhibition property of the soluble ester-bound extracts was tested in liquid culture. A possible role for these compounds is discussed.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003 Apr 23519'INRA, Lab Microbiol & Technol Cerealieres, Rue Geraudiere,BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France INRA, Lab Microbiol & Technol Cerealieres, F-44316 Nantes, France Univ Pau & Pays Adour, IBEAS, Lab Ecol Mol, F-64000 Pau, France Univ Ottawa, Inst Biol, Ottawa Carleton Inst Biol, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada Bakan B INRA, Lab Microbiol & Technol Cerealieres, Rue Geraudiere,BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 48 Cited References: ALBERTS JF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P1729 ARGANDONA VH, 1981, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V20, P673 ARNASON JT, 1992, J STORED PROD RES, V28, P119 BAKAN B, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P998 BENNETT GA, 1996, FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO, V50, P235 BILGRAMI KS, 1990, NATL ACAD SCI LETT, V13, P405 CAHAGNIER B, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V20, P247 CAHAGNIER B, 1993, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V17, P7 CAMBIER V, 2000, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V53, P223 CHARMLEY L, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 CHIPLEY JR, 1980, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V40, P352 COLLINS W, 1986, OATS CHEM TECHNOLOGY, P227 DESJARDINS AE, 1988, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V27, P767 FAULDS CB, 1995, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V43, P1082 FIELDER DA, 1994, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V35, P521 FRIEDMAN J, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2102 FRY S, 1988, GROWING PLANT CELL W FRY SC, 1986, ANNU REV PLANT PHYS, V37, P165 GONZALEZ HHL, 1999, FOOD AUDIT CONTAM, V16, P656 HUANG ZY, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P622 KELLER NP, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P483 MEGALLA SE, 1987, J FOOD PROTECT, V50, P826 MELCION D, 1998, SCI ALIMENT, V18, P301 MILLER JD, 1996, BIOCHEM SYST ECOL, V24, P647 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J BOT, V64, P1 MULTON JL, 1988, PRESERVATION STORAGE, P89 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NORTON RA, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P1230 NORTON RA, 1995, LIPIDS, V30, P269 ONEILL K, 1993, J APPL BACTERIOL, V74, P625 OUDGENOEG G, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P2503 OUELLET T, 1993, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V83, P1003 PARK JJ, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1642 PELSHENKE PF, 1954, STARCH-STARKE, V6, P177 PITT JI, 2000, BRIT MED BULL, V56, P184 RYU JC, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P333 SAULNIER L, 2000, CARBOHYD POLYM, V645, P269 SCHNURER J, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P552 SCOTT PM, 1984, J FOOD PROTECT, V47, P489 SEN A, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P1879 SINHA KK, 1981, INDIAN PHYTOPATHOL, V34, P530 SOLUSKI F, 1982, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V30, P337 STEYN PS, 1999, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V18, P229 TANAKA T, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P979 TOTHILL IE, 1992, MYCOL RES, V96, P965 WEIDNER S, 1996, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V24, P107 WOLF CE, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P365 WOLFHALL CE, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P962 English Article 669CW J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000182335200064156-162$://A1993KF24900026PJPayne, G. A. Nystrom, G. J. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E. Woloshuk, C. P.ZTCloning of the Afl-2 Gene Involved in Aflatoxin Biosynthesis from Aspergillus-Flavus,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology4.neuros156-162$://A1993KF24900026PJPayne, G. A. Nystrom, G. J. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E. Woloshuk, C. P.ZTCloning of the Afl-2 Gene Involved in Aflatoxin Biosynthesis from Aspergillus-Flavus,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology4.neurospora-crassa; parasiticus; transformation^XAflatoxins are extremely potent carcinogens produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Cloning of genes in the aflatoxin pathway provides a specific approach to understanding the regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis and, subsequently, to the control of aflatoxin contamination of food and feed. This paper reports the isolation of a gene involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis by complementation of an aflatoxin- nonproducing mutant with a wold-type genomic cosmid library of A. flavus. Strain 650-33, blocked in aflatoxin biosynthesis at the afl-2 allele, was complemented by a 32-kb cosmid clone (B9), resulting in the production of aflatoxin. The onset and profile of aflatoxin accumulation was similar for the transformed strain and the wild-type strain (NRRL 3357) of the fungus, indicating that the integrated gene is under the same control as in wild-type strains. Complementation analyses with DNA fragments from B9 indicated that the gene resides within a 2.2-kb fragment. Because this gene complements the mutated afl- 2 allele, it was designated afl-2. Genetic evidence obtained from a double mutant showed that afl-2 is involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis before the formation of norsolorinic acid, the first stable intermediate identified in the pathway. Further, metabolite feeding studies with the mutant, transformed, and wild-type cultures and enzymatic activity measurements in cell extracts of these cultures suggest that afl-2 regulates gene expression or the activity of other aflatoxin pathway enzymes. This is the first reported isolation of a gene for aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.s 1993 Janf591 'N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 PAYNE GA N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695iB://000186493900006Munkvold, G. P.F?Cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in maize&Annual Review of Phytopathologyaflatoxins; deoxynivalenol; fumonisins; Fusarium; resistance fusarium ear rot; corn-borer resistance; aspergillus-flavus; aflatoxin production; field corn; kernel infection; fumonisin contamination; deoxynivalenol content; weather variables; gibberella-zeaeInfection of maize kernels by toxigenic fungi remains a challenging problem despite decades of research progress. Cultural practices, including crop rotation, tillage, planting date, and management of irrigation and fertilization, have limited effects on infection and subsequent mycotoxin accumulation. Current infrastructure and grain storage practices in developed countries can prevent postharvest development of mycotoxins, but this aspect remains a threat in developing countries, especially in tropical areas. Because most mycotoxin problems develop in the field, strategies are needed to prevent infection of growing plants by toxigenic fungi. Developing genetic resistance to Aspergillus flavus, Gibberella zeae, and Fusarium spp. (particularly F verticillioides) in maize is a high priority. Sources of resistance to each of these pathogens have been identified and have been incorporated into public and private breeding programs. However, few, if any, commercial cultivars have adequate levels of resistance. Efforts to control infection or mycotoxin development through conventional breeding and genetic engineering are reviewed. The role of transgenic insect control in the prevention of mycotoxins in maize is discussed.Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 200341'Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, 7301 NW 62nd Ave,POB 85, Johnston, IA 50131 USA Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA Munkvold GP Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, 7301 NW 62nd Ave,POB 85, Johnston, IA 50131 USATimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 110 Cited References: *CAST, 2003, 38 CAST *IOW STAT U, 1987, GRAIN DRY HANDL STOR AVANTAGGIATO G, 2002, J SCI FOOD AR, V83, P13 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BLACKWELL BA, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P31 BROWN MP, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V26, P81 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 BROWN RL, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P983 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 CAMPBELL KW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P778 CARDWELL KF, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P276 CHEN ZY, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P1785 CHIOU CH, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P306 CHUNGU C, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P81 CLEMENTS MJ, 2001, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V91, PS17 CLEMENTS MJ, 2003, PLANT DIS, V87, P147 COTTEN TK, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P550 CULLEN D, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P89 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DAVIS RM, 1989, CALIF AGR, V43, P4 DESJARDINS AE, 1993, MICROBIOL REV, V57, P595 DESJARDINS AE, 2002, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V15, P1157 DEWOLF ED, 2003, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V93, P428 DILLMACKY R, 2000, PLANT DIS, V84, P71 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 DUTOIT LJ, 1998, PLANT DIS, V83, P176 DUVICK J, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P337 ENERSON PM, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P1463 FARRAR JJ, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P661 FLETT BC, 1991, J PHYTOPATHOL, V133, P327 FLETT BC, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P781 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GENDLOFF EH, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P684 GORMAN DP, 1992, PLANT BREEDING, V109, P292 HAMBLIN AM, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P292 HAMMATT H, 2001, LANDSCAPE ARCHIT, V91, P36 HARRIS LJ, 2001, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V58, P173 HARRIS LJ, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P954 HELL K, 2000, J STORED PROD RES, V36, P365 HERUM FL, 1987, CORN CHEM TECHNOLOGY, P83 HOENISCH RW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P517 HOLLEY RN, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P578 HOLSCHER K, 2000, P ANN INT CROP MAN C, P41 HOOKER DC, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P611 JEFFERS DP, 1995, MEM 3 REUN LAT AM 16, V1, P417 JONES RK, 1986, AFLATOXIN MAIZE, P136 JONES RK, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P810 JONES RK, 1981, PLANT DIS, V65, P741 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 KOEHLER B, 1959, U IL AGR EXP STA B, V639, P85 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LILLEHOJ EB, 1976, CROP SCI, V16, P483 LILLEHOJ EB, 1975, CROP SCI, V15, P267 LILLEHOJ EB, 1983, SO COOPERATIVE SERIE, V279, P27 LISKER N, 1991, MYCOTOXINS ANIMAL FO, P689 LOENARD KL, 2003, FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT MACMILLIAN WW, 1982, AGRON J, V74, P156 MACMILLIAN WW, 1991, N CENT REG PUBL, V329, P329 MAGG T, 2002, PLANT BREEDING, V121, P146 MARIN S, 1999, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V51, P159 MASOERO F, 1999, MAYDICA, V44, P205 MAUPIN LM, 2001, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V91, PS59 MCCONNELL LM, 1999, GENET TEST, V3, P65 MCGEE DC, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P742 MILLER JD, 1998, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V20, P95 MUNKVOLD BP, 2002, BIOL CULT TESTS CONT, V17, PC6 MUNKVOLD GP, 2002, BIOL CULT TESTS CONT, V17, PC5 MUNKVOLD GP, 2001, BIOL CULT TESTS CONT, PC2 MUNKVOLD GP, 2000, BIOL CULT TESTS CONT, V15, P14 MUNKVOLD GP, 2000, P AFL FUM WORKSH 200, P142 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 2000, PLANT HLTH PROGR SEP ODVODY GN, 2000, P AFL FUM WORKSH 200, P121 OKUBARA PA, 2002, THEOR APPL GENET, V106, P74 PAYNE GA, 1998, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V36, P329 PAYNE GA, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS, P44 PAYNE GA, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P679 PEREZBRITO D, 2001, AGROCIENCIA, V35, P181 PIETRI A, 2000, P 6 INT FEED PROD C, P226 PINGALI PL, 2001, CIMMYT 1999 2000 WOR PROCTOR RH, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V27, P100 REID LM, 1994, J HERED, V85, P118 RODRIGUEZDELBOSQUE LA, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P988 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2001, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V23, P279 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P1123 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 SCOTT GE, 1984, PLANT DIS, V68, P804 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SMELTZER DG, 1958, AGRON J, V50, P53 SMITH CJ, 1988, FERT RES, V18, P3 SMITH FL, 1949, AGRON J, V41, P347 SMITH JE, 1997, HDB PLANT FUNGAL TOX, P269 STEWART DW, 2002, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V92, P534 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 SUTTON JC, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P149 VIGIER B, 1997, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V19, P60 WALKER RD, 2001, PLANT DIS, V85, P322 WARFIELD CY, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P208 WARREN HL, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P1331 WIDSTROM NW, 1978, AGRON J, V70, P986 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WIDSTROM NW, 2000, P AFL FUM WORKSH 200, P64 WILCKE WF, 1995, MINN EXT SERV PUBL WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 WOLOSHUK CP, 2000, P USDA ARS AFL FUM W, P103 YU J, 2000, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V53, P583 YU JJ, 2000, GENE, V248, P157 English Review 742AW ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOLISI:000186493900006 1283-1293 $://000183762800006sleClements, M. J. Campbell, K. W. Maragos, C. M. Pilcher, C. Headrick, J. M. Pataky, J. K. White, D. G.angInfluence of Cry1Ab protein and hybrid genotype on fumonisin contamination and fusarium ear rot of corno Crop Sciencebacillus-thuringiensis corn; fall armyworm lepidoptera; bt maize hybrids; esophageal cancer; pulmonary-edema; equine leukoencephalomalacia; symptomless infection; borer lepidoptera; moniliforme; mycotoxinsFusarium ear rot of corn (Zea mays L.) is associated with feeding damage from the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, and the corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea Boddie. Specific transformation events encoding for Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) may reduce Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin concentration in grain by minimizing damage from certain insects. The objective of this study was to determine if effects from Cry1Ab protein in kernels and silks on fumonisin concentration in grain vary depending on the genotype of the hybrid or the predominant insect species. Four Bt corn hybrids and their corresponding nontransgenic, near-isogenic hybrids were compared for ear rot severity and fumonisin concentration in grain in four environments. Treatments included inoculation with F. verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenb. (Syn = F. moniliforme J. Sheld.) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenb., infestation with ECB larvae, infestation with CEW larvae, and controls. Cry1Ab protein from the Mon810 transformation event was associated with reduced ear rot severity when hybrids were not inoculated with Fusarium spp., regardless of whether hybrids were infested or not infested with insects. Cry1Ab protein was associated with reduced fumonisin concentration in grain when ECB was the predominant insect, but not when CEW was the predominant insect. Cry1Ab protein was not associated with reduced fumonisin concentration in grain for the most resistant hybrid pair in this study. Results suggest that Bt hybrids can reduce fumonisin concentration in grain during seasons when ECB is favored, but not during seasons when CEW is favored. Hybrid genotype was an important factor in reducing fumonisin concentration in grain. Crop Sci. 2003Jul-Aug434'|vUniv Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA USDA ARS, CHPRRU, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Monsanto Co, Monmouth, IL 61462 USA USDA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63167 USA White DG Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA , &Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 64 Cited References: *CFSAN, 2001, BACKGR PAP SUPP FUM *CFSAN, 2001, GUID IND FUM LEV HUM *NTP, 1999, 116355830 NTP CAS ANDERSON BM, 1993, 48 ANN CORN SORGH RE ARMSTRONG CL, 1995, CROP SCI, V35, P550 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 CHENG SJ, 1985, CARCINOGENESIS, V6, P903 CHRISTENSEN JJ, 1950, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V40, P284 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 CLEMENTS MJ, 2002, PLANT DIS, V87, P147 CLEMENTS MJ, 2002, THESIS U ILLINOIS UR COLVIN BM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P79 DAVIS RM, 1989, CALIF AGR, V43, P4 DOKO MB, 1994, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V11, P433 DOWD PF, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P1067 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 FARRAR JJ, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P661 FINCHAM JE, 1992, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, V94, P13 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P407 GELINEAUVANWAES J, 2001, 1 FUNG GEN 2 FUM EL GOMEZ KA, 1984, STAT PROCEDURES AGR GOULD F, 1998, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V43, P701 GUTHRIE WD, 1960, OHIO AGR EXP STN B HAMMOND R, 2001, 1 FUNG GEN 2 FUM EL HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HASCHEK WM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P83 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KOEHLER B, 1942, J AGR RES, V64, P421 KREIK NNJ, 1981, VET RES, V48, P129 LYNCH RE, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P246 LYNCH RE, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P1217 MAGG T, 2002, PLANT BREEDING, V121, P146 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARCON PCRG, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P279 MASOERO F, 1999, MAYDICA, V44, P205 MASON CE, 1996, N CENTRAL REGIONAL E, V327 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 MUSSER SM, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1169 OSTLIE KR, 1997, NCR PUBLICATION, V602 OSWEILER GD, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P53 PILCHER CD, 1997, J ECON ENTOMOL, V90, P669 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RICE ME, 1998, AM ENTOMOL, V44, P75 ROSS PF, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3225 ROSS PF, 1993, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V5, P69 SAXTON AM, 2003, P MIX 23 SAS US GROU SCOTT DH, 1992, PURDUE U AGR EXP STN, V646 SHELDON JL, 1904, 17TH AGR EXPT STAT A, P23 SMELTZER DG, 1959, AGRON J, V51, P53 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 THIEL PG, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P3 WIDSTROM NW, 1967, J ECON ENTOMOL, V60, P791 WILSON TM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P115 WINDELS CE, 1976, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V66, P328 WOLOSHUK CP, 2001, 1 FUNG GEN 2 FUM EL English Article 694FH CROP SCIISI:000183762800006} 127-132$://000188718400008ttnZhu, F. P. Wicker, N. J. Volcik, K. Zhang, J. Shaw, G. M. Lammer, E. J. Suarez, L. Canfield, M. Finnell, R. H.piPromoter haplotype combinations for the human PDGFRA gene are associated with risk of neural tube defectsg(!Molecular Genetics and MetabolismN platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor; promoter; haplotype; neural tube defects; birth defects; risk factors; etiology factor-alpha-receptor; growth-factor; spina-bifida; binding protein; vitamin use; folic-acid; in-vitro; folate; polymorphisms; homocysteinepjRecent animal studies suggested that deregulated expression of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha) may contribute to the failure of normal neural tube closure (NTC). There is also suggestive evidence that the promoter haplotype of the PDGFRA is associated with genetic susceptibility in human neural tube defects (NTDs). The purpose of our study was to investigate the association between promoter haplotype combinations of the human PDGFRA gene and risk for NTDs in a Hispanic population from the Texas-Mexico border region. This population has a considerably higher prevalence of NTDs (16/10,000 live births) than that generally reported in the United States (8-10/10,000 live births). In the present study, NTDs were defined as spina bifida or anencephaly. The haplotype of PDGFRA gene promoter was determined by direct DNA sequence analysis. Two novel haplotypes, H2epsilon and H1beta, were found. We observed significant differences among variable haplotype groups from in vitro transient transfection studies in U2-OS osteosarcoma cell and two other cell lines (HeLa cell and MCF7 cell). Result from our case-control study demonstrated that the frequencies of haplotypes with low transcription activity were significantly higher in NTD mothers than that observed in control mothers (odds ratio = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.0-4.6). Infants with at least one low activity allele showed slightly higher risk (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% = 0.8-3.1). Our study suggests that the reduced transcriptional activity of PDGFRA gene could increase the risk of having an NTD-affected pregnancy. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Mol. Genet. Metab. 2004 Feb812'PJTexas A&M Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biosci & Technol, Ctr Environm & Genet Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA Texas A&M Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biosci & Technol, Ctr Environm & Genet Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Environm & Rural Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA Calif Birth Defects Monitoring Program, March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, Oakland, CA USA Childrens Hosp Oakland, Inst Res, Oakland, CA USA Texas Dept Hlth, Texas Birth Defects Res Ctr, Austin, TX 78756 USA Finnell RH Texas A&M Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biosci & Technol, Ctr Environm & Genet Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA:4Times Cited: 0 English Article 770JA MOL GENET METABISI:000188718400008238-243$://000185983500002B://A1997XJ75500002`ZSydenham, E. W. Vismer, H. F. Marasas, W. F. O. Brown, N. L. Schlechter, M. Rheeder, J. P.\UThe influence of deck storage and initial processing on patulin levels in apple juicen&Food A429-434$://A1997XJ75500002`ZSydenham, E. W. Vismer, H. F. Marasas, W. F. O. Brown, N. L. Schlechter, M. Rheeder, J. P.\UThe influence of deck storage and initial processing on patulin levels in apple juicen&Food Additives and ContaminantstZSpatulin; P-expansum; apples; processing penicillium-expansum; products; water; pearl.'Patulin, a secondary metabolite produced by Penicillium expansum and some other fungal species, is a common contaminant of ripened apples used for the production of apple juice concentrates. The limited availability of suitable storage facilities may result in fruit being subjected to storage in the open ('deck storarge') for extended periods of time, prior to processing. A study was conducted to determine the influence that deck storage and subsequent initial processing practices had on patulin levels in freshly pressed juice. Over the study period, triplicate samples were collected at four strategic processing points from individual consignments of Granny Smith apples deck-stored for 7, 15 and 33 days, respectively. Over the study period, mean patulin levels in non-processed fruit increased from 90 to 2445 ng/g, respectively, but decreased to between 75 and 695 ng/g, respectively, following a water wash step. Subsequent removal of rotten/damaged fruit decreased patulin levels further (to between 55 and 405 ng/g, respectively), although the numerical decreases between sampling points were not shown to be statistically significant (P > 0.05). However, patulin levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the rejected rotten/damaged fruit (mean levels ranged from 1120 to 6235 ng/g, respectively). P. expansum was the major patulin-producing fungus isolated from the juice samples. The mycological analyses tended to support the chemical data, in that removal of the rotten/damaged fractions significantly reduced total fungal counts in the juice samples.Food Addit. Contam. 1997 Jul145'S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAM MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA Sydenham EW S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAM MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA<6Times Cited: 9 English Article XJ755 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:A1997XJ75500002ited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: ABBAS HK, 1993, TOXICON, V31, P345 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P407 GUTHRIE FE, 1987, TXB MODERN TOXICOLOG, P123 LAMPRECHT SC, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P383 MERRILL AH, 1993, ADV LIPID RES, V26, P215 MERRILL AH, 1996, TRENDS CELL BIOL, V6, P218 MIROCHA CJ, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P47 MUSSER SM, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1169 NORRED WP, 1993, NAT TOXINS, V1, P341 PRELUSKY DB, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P389 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P73 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RILEY RT, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P533 ROSS PF, 1994, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V6, P263 SEO JA, 1996, J NAT PROD, V59, P1003 SHEPHARD GS, 1995, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V33, P591 SHEPHARD GS, 1994, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V32, P23 SHEPHARD GS, 1994, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V32, P489 SHEPHARD GS, 1992, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V30, P277 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1995, J CHROMATOGR A, V692, P39 SHEPHARD GS, 1994, TOXICON, V32, P735 SHEPHARD GS, 1992, TOXICON, V30, P768 SHEPHARD R, 1995, SPORT SCI REV, V4, P1 SHIER WT, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V116, P97 VAINIO H, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P535 VUDATHALA DK, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P81 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 English Article 188KD FOOD CHEM TOXICOLISI:0000798446000036j 2116-21222$://0001864889000222+Shim, W. B. Flaherty, J. E. Woloshuk, C. P.ngComparison of fumonisin B-1 biosynthesis in maize germ and degermed kernels by Fusarium verticillioides Journal of Food Protectioncoli beta-glucuronidase; milled corn fractions; aspergillus- flavus; aflatoxin biosynthesis; fungal biomass; gibberella- fujikuroi; moniliforme; gene; growth; expressionM<5Fusarium verticillioides produces a group of mycotoxins known as fumonisins in maize kernels. Fumonisins are associated with a variety of mycotoxicoses in humans and animals; thus, their presence in food is a considerable safety issue. This study addressed fumonisin B, (FB1) production in two components of the maize kernel, namely the germ tissues and the degermed kernel. Growth of F. verticillioides was similar in colonized germ tissue and degermed kernels, but FB1 production was at least five times higher in degermed maize kernels than in germ tissue. Expression of the fumonisin polyketide synthase gene, FUM1, as measured by beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and Northern blot analysis, followed the same pattern as FB1 production. Also correlated to FB1 was a concomitant drop in pH of the colonized degermed kernels. A time course experiment showed that degermed kernels inoculated with F. verticillioides became acidified over time (from pH 6.4 to 4.7 after 10 days of incubation), whereas colonized germ tissue became alkaline over the same period (from pH 6.5 to 8.5). Because conditions of acidic pH are conducive to FB1 production and alkaline pH is repressive, the observed correlation between the acidification of degermed kernels and the increase in FB1 provides one explanation for the observed differences in FB1 levels. J. Food Prot. 2003 Nov6611'Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 915 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Woloshuk CP Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 915 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA D =Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 47 Cited References: 2001, BACKGROUND PAPER SUP 2001, GUIDANCE IND FUMONIS ALEXANDER RJ, 1987, MAIZE CHEM TECHNOLOG, P351 ATTWATER WA, 1983, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V5, P158 BACON CW, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P1195 BACON CW, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P144 BAJRACHARYA R, 1980, BIOTECHNOL BIOENG, V22, P2219 BENNETT GA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P317 BERMINGHAM S, 1995, MYCOL RES 4, V99, P479 BRANDAO RL, 1992, J GEN MICROBIOL, V138, P1579 BROGGI LE, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P465 BROWN RL, 2001, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V57, P708 BROWN RL, 1997, J FOOD PROTECT, V60, P84 CARROLL AM, 1994, FUNGAL GENET NEWSLET, V41, P22 DASILVA MC, 2001, J BASIC MICROB, V41, P269 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 FAKHOURY AM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P908 FLAHERTY JE, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P2482 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 JEFFERSON RA, 1987, EMBO J, V6, P3901 KATTA SK, 1997, CEREAL CHEM, V74, P858 KELLER SE, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P205 KELLER SE, 1997, J IND MICROBIOL BIOT, V19, P305 MANIATIS T, 1982, MOL CLONING LAB MANU MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MAY JB, 1987, MAIZE CHEM TECHNOLOG, P377 MONKE E, 1993, MOL GEN GENET, V241, P73 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 OOIJKAAS LP, 1998, ENZYME MICROB TECH, V22, P480 PUNT PJ, 1991, J BIOTECHNOL, V17, P19 RAIMBAULT M, 1998, ELECTRON J BIOTECHN, V1, P174 REID LM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P1028 ROBERTS IN, 1989, CURR GENET, V15, P177 SCHNURER J, 1991, CEREAL CHEM, V68, P434 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SHIM WB, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P1607 SHIM WB, 1999, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V177, P109 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STLEGER RJ, 1999, MICROBIOL-UK 10, V145, P2691 SUAREZ L, 2000, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V152, P1017 TOTHILL IE, 1992, MYCOL RES, V96, P965 WARFIELD CY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P2853 WATSON SA, 1987, MAIZE CHEM TECHNOLOG, P53 WOLOSHUK CP, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P3019 WOLOSHUK CP, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P670 XU JR, 1996, GENETICS, V143, P175 English Article 741YX J FOOD PROTECTISI:000186488900022 >d~fumonisin contaminationfumonisin contentfumonisin deaminasefumonisin esterasefumonisin production fumonisin-b1 fumonisinsfumonisins in maizefunctional domains functional-functional-analysis fungalfungal biomassfungal competitionfungal contaminationfungal elicitorfungal endophyte fungal growthfungal interactionsfungal keratitis fungal lipase fungal toxinsfungal transformationfungi fungicide fungicides fungusfungus aspergillus-flavus fungus fusarium-moniliforme fursarenon-xfusaproliferin fusarenon-X fusaric acid$!fusaric acid and its methyl ester Fusariumfusarium anguioidesFusarium circinatum fusarium crown and root rotFusarium culmorumFusarium dimerumfusarium ear rotFusarium fungiFusarium globosumFusarium graminearumFusarium graminearurnfusarium head blightFusarium head scabFusarium moniliforme0+Fusarium moniliforme (= F. verticillioides)fusarium mycotoxin$fusarium mycotoxin beauvericin$fusarium mycotoxin moniliforminfusarium mycotoxins$fusarium mycotoxins fumonisinsFusarium nygamaiFusarium oxysporumFusarium proliferatumfusarium section liseola Fusarium sp.Fusarium species Fusarium spp.Fusarium subglutinans$ Fusarium subglutinans f. sp piniFusarium toxinFusarium toxinsFusarium verticilhoidesFusarium verticillioides(#Fusarium, fumonisins, maize, Africa fusarium-fusarium-beomiformefusarium-crookwellenseFusarium-diseasesfusarium-equisetifusarium-fujikuroifusarium-graminearumfusarium-moniliformefusarium-oxysporumfusarium-proliferatumfusarium-sporotrichioidesfusarium-subglutinansfusarium-verticillioides fusionG-moniliformis G-thapsina G. coronicolagal4 GAL4-type DNA-binding protein gambiagambian children gamma-gamma-irradiationgamma-linolenic acidgamma-radiation garnetgas-gas-chromatographygastrointestinal fluid gel-permeation chromatography gendergene gene clustergene disruptiongene genealogiesgene polymorphismgene regulationgene silencing gene-clustergenetic diversitygenetic mechanismsgenetic polymorphismgenetic polymorphismsgenetic risk factor genetic-genetic-controlgenetic-variation genetically genetically-engineered crops genisteingenome structure genotype genotypesgenotypes resistantgeographic areas$geographic information-systemsgeographical origin georgiageostatistical analysis geostatistics germinationgermination inhibitors germplasmgermplasm lineGhana Gibberellagibberella ear rotGibberella fujikuroi Gibberella fujikuroi complexGibberella moniliformisGibberella zeae gibberella-gibberella-fujikuroigibberella-pulicarisgibberella-zeae gliotoxin gliotoxin induces apoptosisglobulin-2 gene glucose syrup glucose-glucose-oxidase gene glucosidase glucuronidaseglucuronidase geneglutathione-s-transferase Glycine maxglycoalkaloidsGMO gpi-anchored graded-grain grain storage grain weevils grain yield grain-yield grains graminearum graminicola granary granulesgrapevine pruning woundsgrass grass weeds grasslandsgray leaf-spotgreen green tea greenish-yellow fluorescencegrits groundnut group-1growing barrowsgrowing chickens growing pigs growthgrowth retardants growth-factor705-713$://000185661500006Munkvold, G. P.JDEpidemiology of Fusarium diseases and their mycotoxins in maize ears*#European Journal of Plant Pathologydeoxynivalenol; fumonisins; F. graminearum; F. moniliforme; F. subglutinans; F. verticillioides gibberella-zeae; fumonisin production; head blight; deoxynivalenol content; weather variables; kernel infection; corn hybrids; field-tests; moniliforme; rot0*Fusarium species cause two distinct diseases on ears of maize, Fusarium ear rot (or pink ear rot) and Gibberella ear rot (or red ear rot), both of which can result in mycotoxin contamination of maize grain. The primary causal agent for Fusarium ear rot is Fusarium verticillioides, but F. subglutinans and F. proliferatum are also important. Gibberella ear rot is caused primarily by F. graminearum, but F. culmorum can also be important, especially in Europe. Aspects of the epidemiology of both diseases have been studied for decades, but only recently have efforts been made to synthesize this information into comprehensive models of disease development. Much of the work on F. graminearum has focused on Fusarium head blight of small-grain crops, but some of the results obtained are also relevant to maize. The primary mycotoxins produced by these fungi, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol, have differing roles in the disease-cycle, and these roles are not completely understood, especially in the case of fumonisins. Progress is being made toward accurate models for risk assessment of both diseases, but key challenges remain in terms of integrating models of pre- and post-infection events, quantifying the roles of insects in these diseases, and characterizing interactions among competing fungi and the environment.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2003 Sep 1097'Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Munkvold GP Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 73 Cited References: AVANTAGGIATO G, 2003, J SCI FOOD AGR, V83, P13 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BARTELT RJ, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P2447 BERGSTROM GC, 2002, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V92, PS93 BOOTH C, 1971, GENUS FUSARIUM BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BULLOCK D, 2001, GENETICALLY MODIFIED, P21 CARDWELL KF, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P276 CARTER JP, 2002, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V108, P573 CLEMENTS MJ, 2003, PLANT DIS, V87, P147 COTTEN TK, 1998, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V88, P550 COTTEN TK, 1996, THESIS IOWA STATE U DESJARDINS AE, 1995, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V61, P79 DESJARDINS AE, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5773 DESJARDINS AE, 2002, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V15, P1157 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 DEWOLF ED, 2003, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V93, P428 DILLMACKY R, 2000, PLANT DIS, V84, P71 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 FOLEY DC, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V52, P870 FRANCL L, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P662 GILBERTSON RL, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P1309 GILLETTE KS, 1999, THESIS IOWA STATE U HARRIS LJ, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P954 HEADRICK JM, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P268 HOENISCH RW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P517 HOOKER DC, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P611 KABEERE F, 1997, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V25, P245 KEYSER Z, 1999, S AFR J SCI, V95, P455 KOEHLER B, 1959, U ILLINOIS AGR EXPT, V639 KOMMEDAHL T, 1981, FUSARIUM DIS BIOL TA, P94 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LOGRIECO A, 2002, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V108, P597 LOGRIECO A, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V122, P185 MARASAS WFO, 2000, ENVIRONM HLTH CRITER, V219, P1 MARIN S, 1996, CAN J MICROBIOL, V42, P1045 MARIN S, 1995, CAN J MICROBIOL, V41, P1063 MARIN S, 1999, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V51, P159 MARIN S, 2001, J SCI FOOD AGR, V81, P1060 MCGEE DC, 1988, MAIZE DIS REFERENCE MELCION D, 1997, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V24, P301 MILLER JD, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P321 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P209 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P211 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 NYVALL RF, 1970, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V60, P1233 NYVALL RF, 1968, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V58, P1704 OOKA JJ, 1977, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V67, P1023 PARRY DW, 1995, PLANT PATHOL, V44, P207 PAULITZ TC, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P74 PAULITZ TC, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P674 REID LM, 1996, AGR AGRIFOOD CANADA REID LM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P1028 REID LM, 1996, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V86, P110 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2001, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V23, P279 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P1123 SCHULTHESS F, 2002, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V92, P120 SCOTT GE, 1984, PLANT DIS, V68, P804 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SMITH DR, 1988, AGRONOMY, V18, P687 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STEWART DW, 2002, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V92, P534 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 SUTTON JC, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P149 TSCHANZ AT, 1976, MYCOLOGIA, V68, P327 VELLUTI A, 2001, J SCI FOOD AGR, V81, P88 VIGIER B, 1997, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V19, P60 WARFIELD CY, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P208 WILKE AL, 2001, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V91, PS95 English Article 727MA EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYISI:000185661500006 ~267-276$://000168824500013OngGelderblom, W. C. A. Seier, J. V. Snijman, P. W. Van Schalkwyk, D. J. Shephard, G. S. Marasas, W. F. O.wb\Toxicity of culture material of Fusarium verticillioides strain MRC 826 to nonhuman primates(!Environmental Health Perspectivesuculture material; fumonisins; Fusarium verticillioides; hepatotoxicity; nonhuman 39-51$://000168347100004fvoGelderblom, W. C. A. Lebepe-Mazur, S. Snijman, P. W. Abel, S. Swanevelder, S. Kriek, N. P. J. Marasas, W. F. O.LXQToxicological effects in rats chronically fed low dietary levels of fumonisin B-1B Toxicologytoxicity of fumonisin B-1 in rats fusarium-moniliforme; cell-proliferation; lipid-peroxidation; liver-cancer; hepatocytes; carcinogenesis; mycotoxins; toxicity; hepatocarcinogenesis; fluorescencenThe toxicity of low dietary levels of fumonisin B-1 (FB1), i.e. 1, 10 and 25 mg FB,;kg diet, were monitored in rats over a period of 24 months. No effects on the body weight gain and feed intake profiles were noticed, while the relative liver weight was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the FB1-treated rats. Mild toxic effects, including single cell necrosis (apoptosis). proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells (DEC), and early signs of fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia and in one case, adenofibrosis, were noticed in the liver of the rats fed the highest (25 mg/FB1/kg diet) dietary level. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in the level of oxidative damage was also noticed in the liver of the rats of high dosage dietary group. The toxic effects were less severe in the 10 mg FB1/kg dietary group, whilst only a few ground glass foci were observed in the 1 mg FB1/kg dietary group. Hepatocyte nodules, staining positively for glutathione-S-transferase (placental form, PGST), were observed macroscopically in the 25 mg FB1/kg treated group and to a lesser extent in the 10 mg FB1/kg treated rats. The most prominent toxic lesions by FB1 (10 and 25 mg FB1/kg dietary groups) in the kidneys were restricted to the tubular epithelium manifesting as granular cast, necrosis, apoptosis, calcification and the presence of regenerative foci in the proximal convoluted tubules. The existence of a cytotoxic/proliferative threshold with respect to cancer induction by FB, in rat liver became apparent, with a dietary level of < 10-mg FB1/ikg diet as a no effect threshold for the induction of hepatocyte nodules. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Toxicology 2001 Mar 21 161 1-2'Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Pretoria, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Pathol, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa Gelderblom WCA Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa6/Times Cited: 5 English Article 426JY TOXICOLOGYISI:000168347100004, 1992, CROP SCI, V32, P1296 SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P505 SEITZ LM, 1982, CEREAL CHEM, V59, P100 SMITH JE, 1985, FORMATION ANAL SIGNI, P148 SUZUKI Y, 1996, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V41, P1485 SWEGLE M, 1992, PLANT PHYSIOL, V99, P1009 TLUSCIK F, 1981, ACTA SOC BOT POL, V50, P645 WHITE DG, 1995, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P7 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WYLLIE TD, 1978, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V3, PR7 English Article 483CA J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000171615100019Mx@69-75$://000221821600007RRKvan der Westhuizen, L. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Shephard, G. S. Swanevelder, S.~xDisruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis in hepatocyte nodules: selective proliferative stimulus induced by fumonisin B-1 Toxicologyfumonisin; hepatocyte nodules; sphingosine; sphinganine human esophageal cancer; fusarium-moniliforme; ceramide synthase; rat hepatocytes; vervet monkeys; corn; sphingosine; sphinganine; mycotoxins; liverIn order to investigate the role of sphingolipid disruption in the cancer promoting potential of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) in the development of hepatocyte nodules, male Fischer 344 rats were subjected to cancer initiation (FB1 containing diet or diethylnitrosamine (DEN) by i.p. injection) and promotion (2- acetylaminofluorene with partial hepatectomy, 2-AAF/PH) treatments followed by a secondary FB1 dietary regimen. Sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in control, surrounding and nodular liver tissues of the rats. The disruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis by the secondary FBI treatment in the control rats was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by the 2- AAF/PH cancer promotion treatment. The nodular and surrounding Sa levels returned to baseline following FBI initiation and 2- AAF/PH promotion. When comparing the groups subjected to the secondary FBI treatment, the initiation effected by FB1 was less (P < 0.01) sensitive to the accumulation of Sa in the nodular and surrounding tissues than DEN initiation and the 2- AAF/PH control treatment. In contrast, the So level of FB1 initiation was marginally increased in the nodules compared to the surrounding liver aft795-798$://A1993LN99100005D=Usha, C. M. Patkar, K. L. Shetty, H. S. Kennedy, R. Lacey, J.NHFungal Colonization and Mycotoxin Contamination of Developing Rice GrainMycological Research Mycol. Res.o 1993 Julo977 LN991 MYCOL RESISI:A1993LN99100005o`Food Standard Agency,f 20032+Contaminated maize meal withdrawn from saleh LondonTwo batches of maize meal have been voluntarily withdrawn from sale after tests showed that they contained unusually high levels of fumonisins, a group of undesirable chemicals known as mycotoxins. The two products, Fresh and Wild Organic Maize Meal and Infinity Foods Organic Maize Meal, were tested as pFood Standard Agency,f 20032+Contaminated maize meal withdrawn from saleh LondonTwo batches of maize meal have been voluntarily withdrawn from sale after tests showed that they contained unusually high levels of fumonisins, a group of undesirable chemicals known as mycotoxins. The two products, Fresh and Wild Organic Maize Meal and Infinity Foods Organic Maize Meal, were tested as part of an on-going survey being carried out by the Food Standards Agency to check for levels of a range of mycotoxins in maize and maize products. Results received so far in the survey for other maize-containing products, such as corn flour and polenta, are not a cause for concern. Fumonisins have been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in animals after long-term exposure and it is possible that they could have the same effect on humans. While there is no limit for fumonisins in food currently, the European Commission (EC) has proposed a limit of 500 micrograms per kilogram (mcg/kg). The levels found in the two maize meal samples are above the proposed EC limit and are considered to be high at 4712 and 20435 mcg/kg. However, there is unlikely to be any immediate risk to health. The two products have been withdrawn from sale as a precaution and the EC has been notified about the results. The Food Standards Agency is now carrying out further testing to see if any other brands are affected. Mycotoxins, like fumonisins, are produced by a range of moulds growing on food crops in the field and in storage. Previous surveys have shown that levels of mycotoxins in food are generally very low. The Food Standards Agency carries out a rolling programme of research and surveys to monitor products that might be affected and takes action when unacceptable levels are found.http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/sep/maize and http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/sep/moremaize and http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/maizemeal10.pdf'UK Headquarters Food Standards Agency Aviation House 125 Kingsway London WC2B 6NH Switchboard: 020 7276 8000 Emergencies only: 020 7270 8960743-745$://A1988N739100033|uBezuidenhout, S. C. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Gorstallman, C. P. Horak, R. M. Marasas, W. F. O. Spiteller, G. Vleggaar, R.TMStructure Elucidation of the Fumonisins, Mycotoxins from Fusarium-Moniliforme >7Journal of the Chemical Society-Chemical CommunicationsT"J. Chem. Soc.-Chem. Commun.  1988 Jun 1Y11'CSIR,NATL CHEM RES LAB,POB 395,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV BAYREUTH,ORGAN CHEM LAB,D-8580 BAYREUTH,FED REP GER S AFRICAN MRC,NUTR DIS RES INST,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA CSIR,NATL CHEM RES LAB,POB 395,PRETORIA 0001,SOUTH AFRICAD=Times Cited: 308 English Article N7391 J CHEM SOC CHEM COMMUNISI:A1988N739100033  689-701$://0000864114000030)Burow, G. B. Gardner, H. W. Keller, N. P.HAA peanut seed lipoxygenase responsive to Aspergillus colonizationPlant Molecular BiologyArachis hypogaea; Aspergillus parasiticus; lipoxygenase; plant defense gene; plant/microbe interaction rice blast fungus; methyl jasmonate; aflatoxin production; expression; gene; pathway; maize; sequences; infection; tobaccoPSeveral lines of evidence have indicated that lipoxygenase enzymes (LOX) and their products, especially 9S- and 13S- hydroperoxy fatty acids, could play a role in the Aspergillus/seed interaction. Both hydroperoxides exhibit sporogenic effects on Aspergillus spp. (Calvo, A., Hinze, L., Gardner, H.W. and Keller, N.P. 1999. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 3668-3673) and differentially modulate aflatoxin pathway gene transcription (Burow, G.B., Nesbitt, T.C., Dunlap, J. and Keller, N.P. 1997. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10: 380-387). To examine the role of seed LOXs at the molecular level, a peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed gene, PnLOX1, was cloned and characterized. Analysis of nucleotide sequence suggests that PnLOX1 encodes a predicted 98 kDa protein highly similar in sequence and biochemical properties to soybean LOX2. The full- length PnLOX1 cDNA was subcloned into an expression vector to determine the type(s) of hydroperoxide products the enzyme produces. Analysis of the oxidation products of PnLOX1 revealed that it produced a mixture of 30% 9S-HPODE (9S-hydroperoxy-10E, 12Z-octadecadienoic acid) and 70% 13S-HPODE (13S-hydroperoxy- 9Z, 11E-octadecadienoic acid) at pH 7. PnLOX1 is an organ- specific gene which is constitutively expressed in immature cotyledons but is highly induced by methyl jasmonate, wounding and Aspergillus infections in mature cotyledons. Examination of HPODE production in infected cotyledons suggests PnLOX1 expression may lead to an increase in 9S-HPODE in the seed.Plant Mol.Biol. 2000 Mar425' Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Keller NP Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USATimes Cited: 9 Cited Reference Count: 45 Cited References: ALTSCHUL SF, 1990, J MOL BIOL, V215, P403 AXELROD B, 1981, METHOD ENZYMOL, V71, P441 BELL E, 1991, MOL GEN GENET, V230, P456 BELL E, 1993, PLANT PHYSIOL, V103, P1133 BUROW GB, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P380 CALVO AM, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P3668 CHAMPE SP, 1989, J BACTERIOL, V171, P3982 DOEHLERT DC, 1993, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V83, P1473 EALING PM, 1989, BIOCHEM J, V264, P929 FARMER EE, 1992, PLANT CELL, V4, P129 FROHMAN MA, 1990, PCR PROTOCOLS GUIDE, P28 GARDNER HW, 1995, HORTSCIENCE, V30, P197 GARDNER HW, 1998, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V75, P1801 GARDNER HW, 1998, LIPIDS, V33, P745 GARDNER HW, 1996, LIPOXYGENASE LIPOXYG, P162 GEERTS A, 1994, PLANT PHYSIOL, V105, P269 GILMAN DF, 1977, PEANUT SCI, V4, P67 GISH W, 1993, NAT GENET, V3, P266 GOODRICHTANRIKU.M, 1995, MICROBIOL-UK, V141, P2831 HEITZ T, 1997, PLANT PHYSIOL, V114, P1085 HILDEBRAND DF, 1989, PHYSIOL PLANTARUM, V76, P249 KOZAK M, 1984, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V12, P857 LEE LS, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P340 LUDWIG P, 1987, EUR J BIOCHEM, V168, P325 LUTCKE HA, 1987, EMBO J, V6, P43 MELAN MA, 1993, PLANT PHYSIOL, V101, P441 OHTA H, 1991, PLANT PHYSIOL, V97, P94 PATTEE HE, 1977, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V54, P183 PENG YL, 1994, J BIOL CHEM, V269, P3755 PORTER NA, 1984, J AM CHEM SOC, V106, P2626 RANCE I, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P6554 RICKER KE, 1994, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V44, P65 ROYO J, 1996, J BIOL CHEM, V271, P21012 SAMBROOK J, 1989, MOL CLONING LAB MANU SANDERS TH, 1975, LIPIDS, V10, P681 SANDERS TH, 1982, PEANUT SCI TECHNOLOG, P624 SHIBATA D, 1988, J BIOL CHEM, V263, P6816 SHIBATA D, 1987, J BIOL CHEM, V262, P10080 SIEDOW JN, 1991, ANNU REV PLANT PHYS, V42, P145 SMART MG, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P1283 STECZKO J, 1992, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V31, P4053 STECZKO J, 1991, PROTEIN EXPRES PURIF, V2, P221 VERONESI C, 1996, PLANT PHYSIOL, V112, P997 WU SC, 1994, PLANT PHYSIOL, V105, P1097 ZERINGUE HJ, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P403 English Article 303FM PLANT MOL BIOLISI:000086411400003 88-93$://000220532100009HBBush, B. J. Carson, M. L. Cubeta, M. A. Hagler, W. M. Payne, G. A.`ZInfection and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides in developing maize kernelsPhytopathologyF?moniliforme; corn; b-1; contamination; mycotoxins; cancer; earsoFusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination are serious problems for maize growers, particularly in the southeastern United States. The lack of maize genotypes highly resistant to infection by Fusarium verticillioides or to fumonisin contamination emphasizes the need for management strategies to prevent contamination by this mycotoxin. Information on the initial appearance of infection and fumonisin contamination of kernels and their increase over time is needed to determine if early harvest may be an appropriate control strategy. Maize ears from replicated studies at two locations in eastern North Carolina were harvested weekly, starting 2 weeks after pollination and continuing for 14 weeks. The percentage of kernels infected with E verticillioides and the fumonisin contamination in the harvested samples were determined. Kernel infection by F. verticillioides and fumonisin contamination appeared as kernels neared physiological maturity and increased up to the average harvest date for maize in North Carolina. Beyond this date, the concentrations of fumonisin fluctuated. Under years conducive for fumonisin contamination. early harvest (greater than 25% grain moisture) may help reduce the level of contamination.Phytopathology 2004 Jan941'pjN Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, New Holland, PA 17557 USA USDA ARS, Cereals Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Payne GA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USATimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 25 Cited References: CAMBPELL KW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V48, P778 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GOMEZ KA, 1984, STAT PROCEDURES AGR HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 KEDERA CJ, 1994, INT J PEST MANAGE, V40, P117 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P796 KING SB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P1245 KINGSLAND GC, 1962, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V52, P519 KOEHLER B, 1942, J AGR RES, V64, P421 KULISEK ES, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P65 LAWRENCE EB, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P379 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P1 MERRILL AH, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P297 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P211 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL PLACINTA CM, 1999, ANIM FEED SCI TECH, V78, P21 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 WARFIELD CY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P2853 WHITE D, 1999, COMPENDIUM CORN DIS, P45 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 ZUMMO N, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P771 English Article 807WR PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:000220532100009 498-505$://000221241900011 Shephard, G. S. Sewram, V.~xDetermination of the mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 in maize by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography: a collaborative study&Food Additives and Contaminantszfumonisin; maize; corn; thin-layer chromatography (TLC); mycotoxin; Fusarium fusarium-moniliforme; corn; products; cleanupA simple and cost-effective method using thin-layer chromatography for the determination of the mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 in maize is described. The analytical method consisted of the extraction of ground maize by shaking with methanol/water (75: 25) for 60 min and clean-up of the resultant extract by means of strong anion exchange solid-phase extraction. The purified residue, formed by evaporation of the elution solvent, was reacted with fluorescamine and the fumonisin B-1-derivative was separated by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography using a developing solution of methanol/aqueous 4% potassium chloride (70: 30). The derivatized FB1 was readily visualized as a greenish-yellow spot under long wavelength ultraviolet light and quantified by visual comparison with a set of similarly derivatized standards in the range 20-300 ng FB1 spotted on plate. Based on visual comparison, levels down to 0.5 mg kg(-1) were successfully estimated. The method was collaboratively studied in 14 laboratories using four duplicate maize meal samples (including a blank) and a spiked sample for determination of recovery. No significant difference was observed between mean FB1 levels by high-performance liquid chromatography or thin-layer chromatography. Based on within- laboratory relative standard deviations of 27.1-41.7% and between-laboratory relative standard deviations of 35.0-63.3%, the method can be considered semiquantitative. The mean recovery achieved by participants at a spiking level of 2.00 mg kg(-1) was 74.5%.Food Addit. Contam. 2004 May215'S African MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Shephard GS S African MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 23 Cited References: *CEN, 1999, 13505 CEN CR EUR COM *EUR COMM, 2003, UPD OP SCI COMM FOOD *IARC, 2002, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V82, P301 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BOLGER M, 2001, WHO FOOD ADDITIVES S, V47, P103 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 DAWLATANA M, 1995, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V41, P187 DEGIROLAMO A, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P59 DUPUY J, 1993, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V59, P2864 DUPUY J, 1993, JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT, V6, P476 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P1 PREIS RA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P463 ROTTINGHAUS GE, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P326 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V142, P107 SHELBY RA, 1994, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V42, P2064 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P31 STOCKENSTROM S, 1994, MYCOTOXIN RES, V10, P9 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P285 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, PROGR FOOD CONTAMINA, P65 VAINIO H, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P535 English Article 818JR FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000221241900011d$oxins327-331$://0001788277000062,Aziz, N. H. El-Zeany, S. A. Moussa, L. A. A.nhInfluence of gamma-irradiation and maize lipids on the production of aflatoxin B-1 by Aspergillus flavus Nahrung-Foodaflatoxins; Aspergillus flavus; food control; food and feed; fungal lipase; gamma-irradiation; lipids; maize; moulds; mycotoxins; preservation of foods; storage radiation; ochraceus; exposure; inoculum; storage; wheatF~xThe effect of gamma-irradiation and maize lipids on aflatoxin B, production by Aspergillus flavus artificially inoculated into sterilized maize at reduced water activity (a(w) 0.84) was investigated. By increasing the irradiation doses the total viable population of A. flavus decreased and the fungus was completely inhibited at 3.0 kGy. The amounts of aflatoxin B, were enhanced at irradiation dose levels 1.0 and 1.5 kGy in both full-fat maize (FM) and defatted maize (DM) media and no aflatoxin B-1 production at 3.0 kGy gamma-irradiation over 45 days of storage was observed. The level in free lipids of FM decreased gradually, whereas free fatty acid values and fungal lipase activity increased markedly by increasing the storage periods. The free fatty acid values decreased by increasing the irradiation dose levels and there was a significant enhancement of fungal lipase activity at doses of 1.0 and 1.50 kGy. The ability of A. flavus to grow at a(w) 0.84 and produce aflatoxin B-1 is related to the lipid composition of maize. The enhancement of aflatoxin B-1 at low doses was correlated to the enhancement of fungal lipase activity. Nahr.-Food 2002 Oct465'Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, POB 29, Cairo, Egypt Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, Cairo, Egypt Anim Hlth Res Inst, Giza, Egypt Aziz NH Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, POB 29, Cairo, EgyptTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 39 Cited References: *AOAC, 1990, OFF METH AN, PCH26 ACOTT KM, 1975, FOOD TECH, V10, P603 ANTONIAN E, 1988, LIPIDS, V23, P1101 APPLEGATE KL, 1976, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V31, P349 AZIZ NH, 1994, ASSIUT J AGR SCI, V25, P205 AZIZ NH, 1991, ISOTOPE RAD RES, V23, P41 AZIZ NH, 1989, J EGYPT VET MED ASS, V49, P951 AZIZ NH, 2000, NAHRUNG, V44, P354 BEHERE AG, 1978, J FOOD SCI, V43, P1102 CUERO RG, 1988, BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS, P67 CUERO RG, 1986, FOOD MICROBIOL, V3, P107 ELFAR F, 1992, NAHRUNG, V36, P143 ELSAMAHY SK, 1995, EGYPT J RAD SCI APPL, V8, P215 ELZAWAHRY YA, 1991, J MICROBIOL, V26, P267 ERHART HF, 1990, IND CEREALS, V63, P39 FARAG RS, 1990, P 5INT WORK C STOR P, P311 FARKAS J, 1989, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V9, P1 GENOT C, 1984, SCI ALIMENT, V4, P631 HASSAN AA, 1998, J FOOD SAFETY, V18, P159 LESAGE L, 1990, 5 INT WORK C STOR PR, P385 LESAGEL, 1985, SCI ALIMENTS, V5, P483 MAHROUS SR, 2001, EGYPT J RAD SCI APPL, V14, P111 MITCHELL GE, 1988, FOOD TECHNOL AUSTR, V40, P324 NANDI B, 1984, ACTA AGR SCAND, V43, P128 ODAMTTEN GT, 1987, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V4, P119 OGUNDERO VW, 1980, MYCOLOGIA, V72, P118 PASTER N, 1985, J SCI FOOD AGR, V36, P445 PITT JI, 1975, WATER RELATIONS FOOD, P273 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1991, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V13, P47 REFAI MK, 1996, APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES, V47, P617 RICHARDMOLARD D, 1985, PROPERTIES WATER FOO, P273 ROMER TR, 1975, J AOAC, V58, P500 RUBAN EL, 1978, APPL BIOCHEM MICROB, V14, P654 SCHINDLER AF, 1980, J FOOD PROTECT, V43, P7 SHAHIN AAM, 1997, MICROBIOS, V90, P163 SNEDECOR GW, 1980, STAT METHODS SVIRIDENKO YY, 1978, APPL BIOCHEM MICROB, V14, P524 WALLACE HAH, 1983, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V82, P65 YOUSSEF BM, 1995, EGYPT RAD SCI APPL, V8, P121 English Article 608CN NAHRUNGISI:000178827700006z  j DDrugs & Aging Drugs Aging@;Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata Entomol. Exp. Appl.@;Environmental Health Perspectives Environ. Health Perspect.4.Environmental Microbiology Environ. Microbiol.PJEnvironmental Toxicology and Water Quality Environ. Toxicol. Water QualityEpidemiology Epidemiology@=European Food Research and Technology Eur. Food Res. Technol.0+European Journal of Agronomy Eur. J. Agron.@:European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology<9European Journal of Plant Pathology Eur. J. Plant Pathol.@://000180109800015,&Dombrink-Kurtzman, M. A. Rooney, L. W.ZTEffect of nixtamalization on fumonisin-contaminated corn for production of tortillas"Bioactive Compounds in Foods AMER CHEMICAL SOC,tmfree sphingoid bases; alkaline cooking; b-1; hydrolysis; maize; temperature; mycotoxins; starch; ap(1); diets,Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticilliodes (Sacc.) Niremberg (synonym F. monififorme Sheldon) and Fusarium proliferatum, are found in corn worldwide. Low levels of fumonisins can occur in corn products destined for human consumption. Studies were undertaken to determine the fate of fumonisins during nixtamalization (alkaline cooking), using normal-appearing corn that was naturally contaminated with fumonisin B-1 at 8.8 ppm. Samples from each stage of processing were analyzed to determine how much fumonisin remained in finished products. The majority of the fumonisin (76%) was present, primarily as hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1 in the steep water and wash water. Tortillas contained approximately 0.50 ppm fumonisin 13, plus 0.36 ppm hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1, representing 18.5% of the fumonisin B, detected in the raw corn. Nixtamalization appears to be a means for significantly reducing the amount of fumonisin in corn.Acs Symposium Series 2002 816mTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 33 Cited References: 1999, MILLING J JUL, P36 *URL, 1999, DRAFT TECHN B URL, V496 *US FDA CTR FOOD S, 2000, DRAFT DOC GUID IND BLACKWELL BA, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P31 BRYANT CM, 1997, CEREAL CHEM, V74, P171 CAMPUSBAYPOLI ON, 1999, STARCH-STARKE, V51, P173 DESJARDINS AE, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P1377 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5781 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P622 GUZMANDEPENA D, 1995, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V55, P858 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HARTL M, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5078 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HOWARD PC, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3546 JACKSON LS, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P906 LAWRENCE JF, 2000, J AOAC INT, V83, P604 MARAGOS CM, 1997, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V9, P3 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MEISTER U, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P13 MEREDITH FI, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1218 MERRILL AH, 1996, TRENDS CELL BIOL, V6, P218 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 NORRED WP, 1997, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V147, P63 ROONEY LW, 1999, CEREAL FOOD WORLD, V44, P466 ROONEY LW, 1987, CORN CHEM TECHNOLOGY, P399 SAUNDERS S, 2000, FUM RISK ASS WORKSH, P35 SCHMELZ EM, 1998, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V148, P252 SCOTT PM, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P823 SERNASALDIVAR SO, 1990, ADV CEREAL SCI TECHN, V10, P243 SERNASALDIVAR SO, 1991, CEREAL CHEM, V68, P565 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 SYDENHAM EW, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1198 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P486 English Review BV81A  Washington'tnDombrink-Kurtzman MA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USAISI:000180109800015oz://A1993LC68700001LKovacs, F. Vanyi, A.TNCirculation of Certain Heavy-Metals, Nitrates and Mycotoxins in the Food-Chain Magyar Allatorvosok LapjaMagy. Allatorv. Lapja9 1993 Apr484I LC687 MAGY ALLATORV LAPJA0ISI:A1993LC687000010 N817-824$://000080022700011sLemmer, E. R. Hall, P. D. Omori, N. Omori, M. Shephard, E. G. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Cruse, J. P. Barnard, R. A. Marasas, 817-824$://000080022700011sLemmer, E. R. Hall, P. D. Omori, N. Omori, M. Shephard, E. G. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Cruse, J. P. Barnard, R. A. Marasas, W. F. O. Kirsch, R. E. Thorgeirsson, S. S.Histopathology and gene expression changes in rat liver during feeding of fumonisin B-1, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliformeCarcinogenesisgrowth-factor-alpha; stem-cell compartment; c-myc; oval cells; hepatocellular-carcinoma; esophageal cancer; hepatocarcinogenesis; regeneration; hepatocytes; apoptosisFumonisin B-1 (FB1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme in corn. Feeding of FB1 to rats causes acute liver injury, chronic liver injury progressing to cirrhosis, and sometimes terminates in hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma. This study describes the histolopathology and changes in gene expression in the rat liver during short-term feeding of FB1. Male Fischer rats were fed either FB1 250 mg/kg or control diet, and were killed weekly for 5 weeks. FB1 caused a predominantly zone 3 'toxic' liver injury, with hepatocyte death due to necrosis and apoptosis, Hepatocyte injury and death were mirrored by hepatic stellate cell proliferation and marked fibrosis, with progressive disturbance of architecture and formation of regenerative nodules, Despite ongoing hepatocyte mitotic activity, oval cell proliferation was noted from week 2, glutathione S-transferase pi-positive hepatic foci and nodules developed and, at later time points, oval cells were noted inside some of the 'atypical' nodules, Northern blot (mRNA) analysis of liver specimens from weeks 3 to 5 showed a progressive increase in gene expression for alpha-fetoprotein, hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and especially TGF-beta 1 and c-myc, Immunostaining with LC(1-30) antibody demonstrated a progressive increase in expression of mature TGF-beta 1 protein by hepatocytes over the 5 week feeding period. The overexpression of TGF-beta 1 may be causally related to the prominent apoptosis and fibrosis seen with FB1-induced liver injury. Increased expression of c-myc may be involved in the cancer promoting effects of FB1.Carcinogenesis 1999 Mayi205s'Univ Cape Town, MRC, Liver Res Ctr, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Univ Cape Town, MRC, Liver Res Ctr, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Univ Cape Town, Dept Anat Pathol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa Flinders Univ S Australia, Dept Anat Pathol, Bedford Pk, SA 5042, Australia S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa NCI, Expt Carcinogenesis Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Shephard EG Univ Cape Town, MRC, Liver Res Ctr, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa :4Times Cited: 23 English Article 191KY CARCINOGENESISISI:000080022700011l1317-1326$://000179858800004"Blaney, B. J. Dodman, R. L.Production of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and acetylated derivatives by Australian isolates of Fusarium graminearum and F-pseudograminearum in relation to source and culturing conditions2+Australian Journal of Agricultural ResearchGibberella zeae; G. coronicola; head scab; crown rot; head blight; phytotoxicity trichothecene mycotoxins; roseum graminearum; gibberella-zeae; head blight; wheat; queensland; maize; 4-deoxynivalenol; populations; virulence LEAustralian isolates of Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fp = F. graminearum Group 1) and F. graminearum (Fg = F. graminearum Group 2) can produce mycotoxins including zearalenone (ZEA), 4- deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol (NIV). Fp isolates from wheat and barley tillers in southern Queensland all produced ZEA and DON in culture, and one typical isolate also produced 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Most Fg isolates from wheat and sorghum grains in southern Queensland produced ZEA and DON and one typical isolate also produced 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Fg isolates from maize plants in northern Queensland were all ZEA and NIV producers, which was consistent with previous reports, and they also produced high concentrations of acetyl- nivalenols. ZEA and either DON or NIV production by cultures derived from different conidia (a167-2060$://000176962600010e,&Bhatnagar, D. Yu, J. J. Ehrlich, K. C."Toxins of filamentous fungi& Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity KARGERsodium-calcium aluminosilicate; fujikuroi mating population; aflatoxin b-1 biotransformation; pathway gene clusters; hepatitis-b virus; fusarium-moniliforme; ochratoxin-a; aspergillus-parasiticus; hepatocellular-carcinoma; alternaria- alternataChemical ImmunologyS 200281*$Times Cited: 10 English Review BU77M Basel7'^WBhatnagar D USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USAISI:000176962600010$)629-642$://000183400700007PICleveland, T. E. Dowd, P. F. Desjardins, A. E. Bhatnagar, D. Cotty, P. J.United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on pre-harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US cropsPest Management ScienceVPmycotoxins; Aspergillus; Fusarium; pre-harvest; prevention; management; crops; biocontrol preharvest aflatoxin contamination; southwestern corn-borer; aspergillus ear rot; environmentally selective control; malathion flour granules; coli beta-glucuronidase; fusarium head blight; chewing insect pests; maize kernels; biological- controlMycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt mycotoxin biosynthesis. This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks.Pest Manag. Sci. 2003Jun-Jul59 6-7'f_USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Cleveland TE USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USAtmTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 153 Cited References: *CAST, 1979, AFL OTH MYC AGR PERS *CEMCE, 1993, PAQ TECHN INT SIEMBR ALEXANDER NJ, 1999, MOL GEN GENET, V261, P977 ANTILLA L, 2001, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P132 BACON CW, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P325 BAI GH, 2001, PLANT BREEDING, V120, P1 BALZI E, 1994, J BIOL CHEM, V269, P2206 BARTELT RJ, 1997, RRD ENTOMOL, V1, P115 BAYMAN P, 1993, CAN J BOT, V71, P23 BHATNAGAR D, IN PRESS MICROBIOL B BHATNAGAR D, 2001, MICROBIOL FOOD CONTA, P207 BLACKWELL BA, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P31 BOCK CH, 1999, BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN, V9, P529 BOCK CH, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, 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SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P505 SHARMA RP, 1991, MYCOTOXINS PHYTOALEX, P3 TUCKER DH, 1986, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V76, P290 VEGA FE, 1995, BIOL CONTROL, V5, P545 WALKER RD, 2001, PLANT DIS, V85, P322 WHITE DG, 1998, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P4 WHITE DG, 1995, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P7 WHITE DG, 1995, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P8 WICKLOW DT, 1991, AFLATOXIN CORN NEW P, P315 WICKLOW DT, 1998, MYCOSCIENCE, V39, P167 WIDSTROM NW, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P961 WIDSTROM NW, IN PRESS EUR J AGRON WIDSTROM NW, 2000, P AFL FUM WORKSH 200, P64 WILLIAMS WP, 2002, J ECON ENTOMOL, V95, P1049 WILLIAMS WP, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P1471 WINDHAM GL, 1999, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P89 WINDHAM GL, 1998, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO, P83 WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 WINDHAM GL, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P281 WOLFFRAMM C, 1988, FEBS LETT, V238, P325 WOLOSHUK CP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P164 English Review 687WV PEST MANAG SCIISI:000183400700007H ^oxins118-121$://000175245800015Aziz, N. H. Smyk, B.Influence of UV radiation and nitrosamines on the induction of mycotoxins synthesis by nontoxigenic moulds isolated from feed samples Nahrung-Foodmycotoxins; irradiation; nitrosamines; toxigenic moulds; nontoxigenic moulds; feed products; aflatoxins; ochratoxin A; food control; mycotoxin synthesis aspergillus-flavus; ochratoxin production; gamma-radiation; aflatoxin; exposure; ochraceus; maize; milkThe effects of UV radiation and nitrosamines on the induction of mycotoxin biosynthesis by some nontoxigenic moulds isolated from feed samples collected from Egypt and Poland A-as investigated. Nontoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus P-63, A. niger EN-200 and A. ochraceus P-157 synthesized mycotoxins (aflatoxins and ochratoxin, A) after exposure to near UV radiation for 120-210 min. Nitrosamines (DMNA. and DENA) at 30 up to 1000 ppm induced the synthesis of aflatoxins by nontoxigenic species of A. flavus ES-255 and P-63 and A. niger EN 200. Near-UV radiation and nitrosamines had no influence on the induction of mycotoxin synthesis by Penicillium and Fusarium isolates. All nontoxigenic strains of Aspergilli which synthesized aflatoxins in the presence of 1000 ppm nitrosamines, also synthesized continuously aflatoxins during the next fifteen generations. Near-UV radiation and nitrosamines had a mutagenic effect on the induction of mycotoxins synthesis by nontoxigenic moulds. Nahr.-Food 2002 Apr462'NGNatl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, 3 Ahmed El Zumor St,8th Sector,POB 29, Cairo 113701, Egypt Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, Cairo 113701, Egypt Univ Agr, Dept Microbiol, Krakow, Poland Aziz NH Natl Ctr Radiat Res & Technol, Dept Microbiol, 3 Ahmed El Zumor St,8th Sector,POB 29, Cairo 113701, EgyptTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: *AOAC, 1990, OFF METH AN, PCH26 AHMED KA, 1983, P INT S MYC SEPT 6 8, P523 ANUCHA TCA, 1986, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V36, P392 AZIZ NH, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P321 AZIZ NH, 1990, J EGYPT VET MED ASS, V50, P257 AZIZ NH, 1994, J MICROBIOL, V26, P51 AZIZ NH, 1997, NAHRUNG, V41, P150 BENNETT JW, 1983, ADV APPL MICROBIOL, V29, P53 BENNETT JW, 1983, MYCOLOGIA, V75, P202 CARLTON WW, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI, P525 CHELACK WS, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P2492 CUERO RG, 1988, J FOOD PROTECT, V51, P452 DIGENIS GA, 1979, BIOORG CHEM, V8, P97 ELRUBEAI MA, 1986, ENV EXPT BOT, V26, P243 FREMY JM, 1985, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V2, P201 GROOPMAN JD, 1988, CRC CRIT R TOXICOL, V19, P113 HARVEY DC, 1985, FOOD TECHNOLOGY, V39, P80 HASSAN AA, 1998, J FOOD SAFETY, V18, P159 PASTER N, 1985, J SCI FOOD AGR, V36, P445 REFAI MK, 1996, APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES, V47, P617 REFAI MK, 1988, J EGYPT VET MED ASS, V48, P1 RUSTOM IYS, 1997, FOOD CHEM, V59, P57 SAADI AM, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P255 SALAMA AM, 1977, ZBL BAKET 2, V132, P1 SCHMIDT FR, 1986, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V24, P248 SCHMIDT FR, 1983, BIO-TECHNOL, V1, P794 SCHMIDT FR, 1984, P 3 EUR C BIOT, V3, P251 SMYK B, 1986, 4 INT S MICR EC LJUB SMYK B, 1986, MICROBIAL COMMUNITIE, P229 STICH HF, 1986, CARCINOGENS MUTAGENS English Article 545YU NAHRUNGISI:000175245800015x b 15-24$://000077810400003mf`Castegnaro, M. Garren, L. Galendo, D. Gelderblom, W. C. A. Chelule, P. Dutton, M. F. Wild, C. P.Analytical method for the determination of sphinganine and sphingosine in serum as a potential biomarker for fumonisin exposure.^WJournal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciencesabiomarker; sphinganine; sphingosine; fumonisins moniliforme culture material; virus transgenic mice; fusarium- moniliforme; sphingolipid metabolism; mycotoxins; disruption; liver; ratio; urine; cornzThe toxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, which include fumonisins, are possible human carcinogens. Fumonisins are inhibitors of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. Alterations of the ratio of sphinganine (Sa) to sphingosine (So) in urine and serum has been proposed as a possible biomarker of exposure to this toxin. A new method was developed for their analysis in tissues and urine. This work describes the further adaptation of the method to the analysis of Sa and So in serum and its validation in sera of untreated and fumonisin B-1 (FB1) treated rats and mice. No significant differences in the Sa/So ratios were observed in the FB, treated rats. In mice, the increase was only of marginal statistical significance. Determination of Sa/So ratios in human sera could readily be made in small volumes (from 0.3 to 0.5 ml) of serum. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.J. Chromatogr. B 1998 Dec 11 7203 1-2U'Int Agcy Res Canc, Unit Gene Environm Interact, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon 08, France Int Agcy Res Canc, Unit Gene Environm Interact, F-69372 Lyon 08, France S African MRC, Programme Mycotoxins & Expt Carcinogenesis, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Univ Natal, Fac Med, Dept Physiol, ZA-4013 Congella, South Africa Univ Leeds, Sch Med, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England Castegnaro M Int Agcy Res Canc, Unit Gene Environm Interact, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon 08, France:4Times Cited: 15 English Article 153AK J CHROMATOGR BISI:000077810400003 129-132$://000086857500001:4Castella, G. Munkvold, G. P. Imerman, P. Hyde, W. G.zEffects of temperature, incubation period and substrate on production of fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM 2404Natural Toxinsfusaproliferin; Fusarium subglutinans; maize; mycotoxin; rice; substrate moniliforme-var-subglutinans; beauvericin; toxicity; maizeThe kinetics of the production of fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM 2404 in maize and rice cultures was investigated at various incubation temperatures. The growth rate of F. subglutinans was highest at 20 degrees C and 25 degrees C in maize cultures and at 15 degrees C in rice cultures. Although the growth rate was higher in rice than in maize, the maximal production of fusaproliferin was obtained in maize cultures, with a maximum yield (4309 mu g g(-1)) at 20 degrees C for 6 weeks. In rice cultures the optimal incubation regimen was at 15 degrees C for 6 weeks, with a fusaproliferin level of 1557 mu g g(-1). The production of fusaproliferin at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C in both substrates was very low, with maximal yield at 25 degrees C of 979 mu g g(-1) after 2 weeks and 143 mu g g(-1) after 3 weeks in maize and rice cultures, respectively. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Nat. Toxinsb 199974'}Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fac Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fac Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA Castella G Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fac Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, SpainTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 13 Cited References: GUPTA S, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V115, P185 KRIEK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V15, P579 LESLIE JF, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P1058 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S, P216 MORETTI A, 1994, MYCOTOXIN RES, V10, P73 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 NELSON P, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 RITIENI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P17 SANTINI A, 1996, J NAT PROD, V59, P109 STAHR HM, 1991, ANAL METHOD TOXICOLO English Article 310YQ NAT TOXINSISI:000086857500001;N129-132$://000086857500001:4Castella, G. Munkvold, G. P. Imerman, P. Hyde, W. G.zEffects of temperature, incubation period and substrate on production of fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM 2404Natural Toxinsfusaproliferin; Fusarium subglutinans; maize; mycotoxin; rice; substrate moniliforme-var-subglutinans; beauvericin; toxicity; maizeThe kinetics of the production of fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM 2404 in maize and rice cultures was investigated at various incubation temperatures. The growth rate of F. subglutinans was highest at 20 degrees C and 25 degrees C in maize cultures and at 15 degrees C in rice cultures. Although the growth rate was higher in rice than in maize, the maximal production of fusaproliferin was obtained in maize cultures, with a maximum yield (4309 mu g g(-1)) at 20 degrees C for 6 weeks. In rice cultures the optimal incubation regimen was at 15 degrees C for 6 weeks, with a fusaproliferin level of 1557 mu g g(-1). The production of fusaproliferin at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C in both substrates was very low, with maximal yield at 25 degrees C of 979 mu g g(-1) after 2 weeks and 143 mu g g(-1) after 3 weeks in maize and rice cultures, respectively. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Nat. Toxinsb 199974'}Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fac Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fac Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA Castella G Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Patol & Prod, Fa 1144-11474$://A1997YD867000092+Campbell, K. W. Hamblin, A. M. White, D. G.Df`Inheritance of resistance to aflatoxin production in the cross between corn inbreds B73 and LB31PhytopathologyPhytopathology 1997 Novi8711YD867 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1997YD86700009  1390-1397u$://000220039800060Hammond, B. G. Campbell, K. W. Pilcher, C. D. Degooyer, T. A. Robinson, A. E. McMillen, B. L. Spangler, S. M. Riordan, S. G. Rice, L. G. Richard, J. L.f`Lower fumonisin mycotoxin levels in the grain of Bt corn grown in the United States in 2000-20020*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry corn (Zea mays); fumonisins; mycotoxins; Cry1Ab protein; Bt corn; biotechnology liquid-chromatographic method; bacillus-thuringiensis corn; fusarium ear rot; maize hybrids; symptomless infection; borer lepidoptera; resistance; noctuidae; kernels; contaminationF@Fumonisins were monitored in corn grain collected from Bt hybrids grown in 107 locations across the United States in 2000-2002. Bt corn hybrids contain the Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis that controls European corn borers and other stalk-boring pests. Fumonisin levels were frequently lower in grain from Bt hybrids grown in field trials under conditions of natural (FACT trials) or manual insect infestation (university trials). Over three years of FACT trials, there were 126/210 comparisons when fumonisin levels in grain from control hybrids were >2 ppm, exceeding U.S. FDA guidance levels of 2 ppm for human food. Grain from Bt hybrids was at or below 2 ppm of fumonisins for 58 of the 126 comparisons. The use of Bt hybrids can increase the percentage of corn grain that would be suitable for use in food and feed.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004 Mar 10525'Monsanto Co, Prod Safety Ctr, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St Louis, MO 63167 USA Monsanto Co, Prod Safety Ctr, St Louis, MO 63167 USA Romer Labs Inc, Union, MO 63084 USA USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA Monsanto Co, Clive, IA 50325 USA Monsanto Co, Monmouth, IL 61462 USA Corn States Hybrid Serv, Des Moines, IA 50321 USA Hammond BG Monsanto Co, Prod Safety Ctr, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St Louis, MO 63167 USA @ 9Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 49 Cited References: *AOAC, 1999, OFF METH AN AOAC INT, V2 *CAST, 2003, MYC RISKS PLANT AN H *CFSAN, 2000, USFDA CTR FOOD SAF A *CVM, 2000, USFDAM CTR VET MED *IOW DEP AGR LAND, 2002, IOW PREL ANN WEATH S *IPCS, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, V219 *IPCS, 1999, ENV HLTH CRIT, V217 *JECFA, 2001, JOINT FAO WHO EXP CO *SAS I, 1999, SAS SOFTW REL 8 2 *SCF, 2000, OP SCI COMM FOOD F 3 ARCHER TL, 2000, CROP PROT, V19, P181 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BARRETT JR, 2000, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V108, PA20 BENNETT GA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P501 BETZ FS, 2000, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V32, P156 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 CLEMENTS MJ, 2003, CROP SCI, V43, P1283 DOWD PF, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P1067 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 FARNHAM DE, 2003, CORN CHEM TECHNOLOGY, P5 FEDERICI BA, 2002, TESTING GENETIC MANI, V22 HAMMOND B, 2004, IN PRESS MYCOPATHOLO HAMMOND B, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P22 LYNCH RE, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P246 MAGG T, 2002, PLANT BREEDING, V121, P146 MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MARCON PCRG, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P279 MASON CE, 1996, NC REGIONAL EXTENSIO, V327 MAUPIN LM, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P106 MCCLINTOCK JT, 1995, PESTIC SCI, V45, P95 MILLER JD, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P321 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 ODVODY GN, 2002, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V155, P107 OSTLIE K, 1997, N CENTRAL EXTENSION, V602 PIETRI A, 2000, P 6 INT FEED PROD C, P226 PILCHER CD, 1997, J ECON ENTOMOL, V90, P669 RICE LG, 1995, J AOAC INT, V78, P1002 RICE ME, 1998, AM ENTOMOL, V44, P75 SCHAAFSMA AW, 2002, PLANT DIS, V86, P1123 SIEGEL JP, 2001, J INVERTEBR PATHOL, V77, P13 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 STAVE JW, 2002, J AOAC INT, V85, P780 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 2003, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V51, P5574 WILLIAMS WP, 2004, IN PRESS MYCOPATHOLO WINDHAM GL, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P535 WISEMAN BR, 1980, FLA ENTOMOL, V63, P425 English Article 800PI J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:000220039800060 5870-5874$://000185881300018|vOswald, I. P. Desautels, C. Laffitte, J. Fournout, S. Peres, S. Y. Odin, M. Le Bars, P. Le Bars, J. Fairbrother, J. M.f`Mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 increases intestinal colonization by pathogenic Escherichia coli in pigs,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologycontaining culture material; fusarium-moniliforme; pulmonary- edema; corn screenings; immune-responses; animal health; t-2 toxin; swine; toxicity; exposureFumonisin B-1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin that commonly occurs in maize. FB1 causes a variety of toxic effects in different animal species and has been implicated as a contributing factor of esophageal cancers in humans. In the present study, we examined the effect of dietary exposure to FB1 on intestinal colonization by pathogenic Escherichia coli associated with extraintestinal infection. Three-week-old weaned pigs were given FB1 by gavage as a crude extract or as a purified toxin at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight daily for 6 days. On the last day of the toxin treatment, the pigs were orally inoculated with an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strain. All animals were euthanized 24 h later, necropsies were performed, and tissues were taken for bacterial counts and light microscopic examination. Ingestion of FB1 had only a minimal effect on animal weight gain, did not cause any macroscopic or microscopic lesions, and did not change the plasma biochemical profile. However, colonization of the small and large intestines by an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strain was significantly increased. Our results show that FB1 is a predisposing factor to infectious disease and that the pig can be used as a model for the study of the consequences of ingesting mycotoxin-contaminated food. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003 Oct6910'.(INRA, Lab Pharmacol Toxicol, 180 Chemin Tournefuille, F-31931 Toulouse 9, France INRA, Lab Pharmacol Toxicol, F-31931 Toulouse 9, France Univ Montreal, Fac Med Vet, GREMIP, St Hyacinthe, PQ J2S 7C6, Canada Oswald IP INRA, Lab Pharmacol Toxicol, 180 Chemin Tournefuille, F-31931 Toulouse 9, France Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 60 Cited References: ALMOND GW, 1996, VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A, V12, P707 BACKHED F, 2002, J BIOL CHEM, V277, P18198 BANE DP, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P121 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BIBEL DJ, 1992, CAN J MICROBIOL, V38, P983 BONDY GS, 2000, J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B, V3, P109 BRAUNER A, 1990, EUR J CLIN MICROBIOL, V9, P762 CAWOOD ME, 1991, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V39, P1958 COLVIN BM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P79 DOZOIS CM, 1997, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V152, P307 DRESDENOSBORNE C, 2002, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V40, P1789 DUPUY J, 1992, CRYPTOGAM MYCOL, V13, P159 DUTTON MF, 1996, PHARMACOL THERAPEUT, V70, P137 EDRINGTON TS, 1995, J ANIM SCI, V73, P508 FAIRBROTHER JM, 1994, ESCHERICHIA COLI DOM, P221 FINKGREMMELS J, 1999, VET QUART, V21, P115 FOURNOUT S, 2000, INFECT IMMUN, V68, P839 FUKATA T, 1996, AVIAN DIS, V40, P924 GARABAL JI, 1995, VET MICROBIOL, V47, P17 GUMPRECHT LA, 1998, TOXICOL PATHOL, V26, P777 HASCHEK WM, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P251 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 JOHNSON JR, 2001, INFECT IMMUN, V69, P1306 KHAN AS, 2000, INFECT IMMUN, V68, P3541 KHAN MA, 1984, J AM COLL TOXICOL, V3, P337 KRIEK NPJ, 1981, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V48, P129 KUBENA LF, 2001, POULTRY SCI, V80, P411 LEBARS J, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P517 LI YC, 1999, POULTRY SCI, V78, P1275 LINGWOOD CA, 1999, BBA-MOL BASIS DIS, V1455, P375 MANNON J, 1985, NEW SCI, V105, P12 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARIN DE, 2002, J ANIM SCI, V80, P1250 MAXSON RT, 1995, J PEDIATR SURG, V30, P231 MEIVARLEVY I, 1999, J BIOL CHEM, V274, P4607 MERRILL AH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P297 MILLER ER, 1987, ANNU REV NUTR, V7, P361 MIMS CA, 1987, PATHOGENESIS INFECT MIROCHA CJ, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P520 MOTELIN GK, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V126, P27 MURPHY PA, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P263 OSWALD IP, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P585 OSWEILER GD, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P53 OSWEILER GD, 2000, VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A, V16, P511 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RILEY RT, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P301 RILEY RT, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P617 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 ROTTER BA, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P42 RUSSO TA, 2000, J INFECT DIS, V181, P1753 SANDVIG K, 1996, MOL BIOL CELL, V7, P1391 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SMITH GW, 1996, AM J VET RES, V57, P1233 SMITH H, 1992, CAN J MICROBIOL, V38, P747 STOEV SD, 2000, EXP TOXICOL PATHOL, V52, P287 TAI JH, 1988, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V26, P691 TAUNOCK GW, 1983, HUMAN INTESTINAL MIC, P517 ZOMBORSZKY MK, 2000, J VET MED B, V47, P277 ZOMBORSZKYKOVACS M, 2002, J VET MED B, V49, P197 English Article 731JV APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:000185881300018lD 83-93$://0001827028000014-Bhatnagar, D. Ehrlich, K. C. Cleveland, T. E.JCMolecular genetic analysis and regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis,&Applied Microbiology and Biotechnologyaspergillus-flavus strains; polyketide synthase gene; versiconal hemiacetal acetate; fatty-acid synthases; secondary metabolites; section flavi; cytochrome-p-450 monooxygenase; sterigmatocystin biosynthesis; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; promoter elementsRKAflatoxins, produced by some Aspergillus species, are toxic and extremely carcinogenic furanocoumarins. Recent investigations of the molecular mechanism of AFB biosynthesis showed that the genes required for biosynthesis are in a 70 kb gene cluster. They encode a DNA-binding protein functioning in aflatoxin pathway gene regulation, and other enzymes such as cytochrome P450-type monooxygenases, dehydrogenases, methyltransferases, and polyketide and fatty acid synthases. Information gained from these studies has led to a better understanding of aflatoxin biosynthesis by these fungi. The characterization of genes involved in aflatoxin formation affords the opportunity to examine the mechanism of molecular regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway, particularly during the interaction between aflatoxin-producing fungi and plants."Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2003 Apr6121'USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA Bhatnagar D USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA D=Times Cited: 5 English Review 675PB APPL MICROBIOL BIOTECHNOLWISI:000182702800001n 124-&$://A1978FZ24900002::4Bilgrami, K. S. Misra, R. S. Prasad, T. Sinha, K. K.81Mycotoxin Problem in Standing Maize Crop in Bihar,&National Academy Science Letters-India"Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett.-India 19781r4aFZ249 NATL ACAD SCI LETTISI:A1978FZ24900002  1149-1156\$://000084472000001>7Billon, A. Petit, M. Doko, M. B. Bataille, B. Jacob, M.;xqEffects of cellulose derivatives and additives in the spray- drying preparation of acetaminophen delivery systems.(Drug Development and Industrial PharmacyDrug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 19992511"269JA DRUG DEVELOP IND PHARMISI:000084472000001506-511$://A1994NF078000342,Blackwell, B. A. Miller, J. D. Savard, M. E.B;Production of Carbon 14-Labeled Fumonisin in Liquid Culturen$Journal of Aoac Internationallff-sp lycopersici; fusarium-moniliforme; animal health; biosynthesis; deoxynivalenol; mycotoxins; toxinhbA method for the production and purification of radiolabeled fumonisin that involves the addition of C-14-acetate to liquid cultures of Fusarium moniliforme in shake flasks is reported. Stable isotope C-13 labeling studies were carried out using specifically enriched acetate and several amino acids to determine the location of labeled carbon atoms in the radiolabeled fumonisin that was also produced (650 mu Ci/mmol). These experiments determined that the C-14 was distributed throughout the molecule making it useful for studies of fumonisin residues in animal products. Additionally, the C-13 studies indicated that the biosynthesis of fumonisin involves the addition of methionine, glutarate, and serine or alanine to the hydrocarbon backbone. These data best fit the hypothesis that this back bone is polyketide in origin as opposed to being a modified lipid. J. AOAC Int. 1994Mar-Apr772'vpAGR CANADA,CTR PLANT RES,OTTAWA K1A 0C6,ON,CANADA BLACKWELL BA AGR CANADA,CTR PLANT RES,OTTAWA K1A 0C6,ON,CANADA60Times Cited: 29 English Article NF078 J AOAC INTISI:A1994NF0780003497-AGFD$://A1995QP23200097,PIBlackwell, B. A. Edwards, O. E. Fruchier, A. Apsimon, J. W. Miller, J. D.\VNmr Structural Studies of Fumonisin-B1 and Related-Compounds from Fusarium-Moniliforme:4Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995 Apr 2  209N'AGR CANADA,PLANT RES CTR,MYCOTOXIN RES GRP,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA CARLETON UNIV,OTTAWA CARLETON CHEM INST,OTTAWA,ON K1S 5B6,CANADA ECOLE NORMALE SUPER CHIM,F-34053 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE AGR CANADA,PLANT RES CTR,MYCOTOXIN RES GRP,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADANGTimes Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract 1 QP232 ABSTR PAP AMER CHEM SOCSISI:A1995QP23200097i\329-340$://000222396800007d]Mitterbauer, R. Poppenberger, B. Raditschnig, A. Lucyshyn, D. Lemmens, M. Glossl, J. Adam, G.zsToxin-dependent utilization of engineered ribosomal protein L3 limits trichothecene resistance in transgenic plants"Plant Biotechnology Journal deoxynivalenol; Fusarium; Gibberella; mycotoxin; ribosome; target alteration chimeric rna/dna oligonucleotides; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; arabidopsis-thaliana; in-vivo; macrocyclic trichothecenes; mycotoxin deoxynivalenol; trichodermin resistance; yeast; gene; fusarium@9The contamination of agricultural products with Fusarium mycotoxins is a problem of world-wide importance. Fusarium graminearum and related species, which are important pathogens of small grain cereals and maize, produce an economically important and structurally diverse class of toxins designated trichothecenes. Trichothecenes inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis. Therefore, a proposed role for these fungal toxins in plant disease development is to block or delay the expression of defence-related proteins induced by the plant. Using yeast as a model system, we have identified several mutations in the gene encoding ribosomal protein L3 (Rpl3), which confer semi-dominant resistance to trichothecenes. Expression of an engineered tomato RPL3 (LeRPL3) cDNA, into which one of the amino acid changes identified in yeast was introduced, improved the ability of transgenic tobacco plants to adapt to the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), but did not result in constitutive resistance. We show here that, in the presence of wild-type Rpl3 protein, the engineered Rpl3 protein is not utilized, unless yeast transformants or the transgenic plants are challenged with sublethal amounts of toxin. Our data from yeast two-hybrid experiments suggest that affinity for the ribosome assembly factor Rrb1p could be altered by the toxin resistance-conferring mutation. This toxin-dependent utilization of the resistance-conferring Rpl3 protein could seriously limit efforts to utilize the identified target alterations in transgenic crops to increase trichothecene tolerance and Fusarium resistance.Plant Biotechnol. J. 2004 Jul24'"Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Dept Appl Plant Sci & Plant Biotechnol, Inst Appl Genet & Cell Biol, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Dept Appl Plant Sci & Plant Biotechnol, Inst Appl Genet & Cell Biol, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Div Biotechnol Plant Prod, Dept Inst Agrobiotechnol, IFA Tulln, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Adam G Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Dept Appl Plant Sci & Plant Biotechnol, Inst Appl Genet & Cell Biol, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, AustriaZTTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 43 Cited References: *EUR COMM SCI COMM, 1999, OP FUS TOX 1 ALTPETER F, 1994, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V41, P384 BAILEYSERRES J, 1998, LOOK TRANSCRIPTION M, P125 BEETHAM PR, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P8774 BETINA V, 1989, MYCOTOXINS, P192 CANADY RA, 2001, WHO FOOD ADDIT SER, V47, P419 CHAMPNEY WS, 2003, CURR TOP MED CHEM, V3, P929 COMBRINCK S, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1700 DHAESE P, 1983, EMBO J, V2, P419 FRIED HM, 1981, P NATL ACAD SCI-BIOL, V78, P238 GROVE JF, 1993, NAT PROD REP, V10, P429 GROVE JF, 1988, NAT PROD REP, V5, P187 GROVE WM, 1996, PSYCHOL PUBLIC POLIC, V2, P1 GUTHRIE C, 1991, METHODS ENZYMOLOGY, V194 HAMILTON CM, 1997, GENE, V200, P107 HARRIS LJ, 2001, PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P, V58, P173 JAMES P, 1996, GENETICS, V144, P1425 JIMENEZ A, 1975, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V383, P427 KIM YC, 1990, GENE, V93, P177 LEONARD KJ, 2003, FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT LOUK TL, 2001, MOL CELL BIOL, V21, P1260 MAGER WH, 1997, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V25, P4872 MAHE Y, 1996, J BIOL CHEM, V271, P25167 MCCORMICK SP, 2003, FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT, P165 MCMULLEN M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1340 MITTERBAUER R, 2002, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V108, P699 MULLER HM, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P24 NGANJE W, 2001, 464 N DAK STAT U DEP OKUBARA PA, 2002, THEOR APPL GENET, V106, P74 POPPENBERGER B, 2003, J BIOL CHEM, V278, P47905 ROSE MD, 1987, GENE, V60, P237 SCHAPER S, 2001, CURR BIOL, V11, P1885 SCHINDLER D, 1974, NATURE, V248, P535 SCHULTZ LD, 1983, J BACTERIOL, V155, P8 SHINA RC, 1997, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V19, P8 SIKORSKI RS, 1989, GENETICS, V122, P19 SPENCE J, 2000, CELL, V102, P67 THREADGILL GJ, 1986, BIOCHEM J, V237, P421 WARD TJ, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P9278 WARNER JR, 1999, TRENDS BIOCHEM SCI, V24, P437 WEI CM, 1974, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V71, P713 WOOD GE, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P459 ZHU T, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P8768 English Article 834FK PLANT BIOTECHNOL JISI:0002223968000070 13-18$://000180409900003>8Avantaggiato, G. Quaranta, F. Desiderio, E. Visconti, A.JCFumonisin contamination of maize hybrids visibly damaged by Sesamia4.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureSesamia nonagrioides; insect damage; maize hybrid; Fusarium proliferatum; Fusarium verticilhoides; fumonisins fusarium ear rot; mycotoxin contamination; symptomless infection; corn; kernels; moniliformeSesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the main insect pest of maize cultivated in Mediterranean areas, causing an increase in broken plants, a reduction in yield and a decline in grain quality. An investigation of Sesamia attacks and fumonisin accumulation on 25 maize hybrids sown as a second crop after wheat has been performed under field conditions in Central Italy in 2000. The hybrids tested in this study showed different degrees of insect damage, ranging from 12 to 57% of damaged ears per hybrid. Over 50% of the tested hybrids showed strong insect damage, with more than 30% of harvested ears visibly damaged by Sesamia. Fungal contamination by Fusarium verticillioides and F proliferatum, two well-known producers of fumonisins, was detected in both symptomless and insect-damaged samples. Fumonisin analysis of healthy-looking and insect- damaged ear samples of each hybrid showed 100% incidence of positive samples, with fumonisin contents ranging from 0.01 to 20 mg kg(-1) for healthy-looking ears and from 27 +/- 32 to 287 +/- 221 mg kg(-1) for insect-damaged ears. Extremely high levels of fumonisins were found in ear samples visibly damaged by Sesamia, with individual values of up to 694 mg kg (-1) and average values exceeding 100 mg kg(-1) in more than 50% of the hybrids. A good correlation (r = 0.749) was found between fumonisin contamination and the degree of insect damage by Sesamia of the tested hybrids, calculated on the basis of percentage of ears visibly damaged by insects and with more than 5% kernel loss. This finding leads to the conclusion that insect damage by Sesamia on maize could be used as an early indicator of fumonisin contamination. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.J. Sci. Food Agric. 2003 Jan 1831'CNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, Viali Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, I-70125 Bari, Italy Visconti A CNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, Viali Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, ItalyTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: *FDA, 2000, DRAFT GUID IND FUM L *IPCS, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, V219, P1 *SWISS FED OFF PUB, 1997, CIRCULAR, V11 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BARTELT RJ, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P2447 CHULZE SN, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P2797 DOKO MB, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P429 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 DUVICK JP, 2000, PESTS DIS 2000, P1213 FARRAR JJ, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P661 HOENISCH RW, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P517 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 MASOERO F, 1999, MAYDICA, V44, P205 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 MUNKVOLD GP, 2000, PLANT HLTH PROG NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL PASCALE M, 1999, J SCI FOOD AGR, V79, P2094 PASCALE M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P1 QUARANTA F, 2001, INFO AGRARIO, V14, P45 QUARANTA F, 1992, INFO AGRARIO, V13, P57 QUARANTA F, 1989, P 15 S INT WORK GROU, P115 RAMIREZ ML, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V135, P29 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SMITH DR, 1988, CORN CORN IMPROVEMEN, P701 SOBEK EA, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P503 SPANU A, 1993, INFO AGRARIOK, V49, P73 TSITSIPIS JA, 1988, INTEGRATED CROP PROT, P171 VISCONTI A, 1999, 3 JOINT FAO WHO UNEP VISCONTI A, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P193 English Article 635QG J SCI FOOD AGRISI:000180409900003j415-422$://A1986C664200009"Shepherd, M. J. Gilbert, J.oMethod for the Analysis in Maize of the Fusarium Mycotoxin Moniliformin Employing Ion-Pairing Extraction and High- Performance Liquid-Chromatography Journal of Chromatographyt 1986 May 23 3582C6642 J CHROMATOGRISI:A1986C664200009z591-616$://000187562600010JCShier, W. T. Abbas, H. K. Abou-Karam, M. Badria, F. A. Resch, P. A.f`Fumonisins: Abiogenic conversions of an environmental tumor promoter and common food contaminant*#Journal of Toxicology-Toxin ReviewsB;mycotoxin; fumonisin; food contaminant; maize; cooking; nixtamalization neural-tube defects; ionization-mass-spectrometry; short-term carcinogenesis; activated protein-kinase; mammalian-cell cultures; fusarium-moniliforme; hydrolyzed fumonisin; absolute- configuration; corn products; n-(carboxymethyl)fumonisin b-1ZTFumonisins are a series of sphingosine-analog mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticilhoides, a ubiquitous contaminant of stored corn (maize) world-wide. Extensive alterations in the structures of fumonisins are possible without complete loss of in vitro toxicity. Numerous laboratories have reported that fumonisin B-1 (FB1) levels in corn-derived foods are reduced during roasting and frying. We have conducted radiotracer studies to determine the fate of tritium-labeled FB1 added in laboratory models of corn flake manufacture (roasting), and tortilla chip manufacture (frying). These studies have confirmed that most, but not all, FB1 is converted to other substances during cooking. Under roasting conditions the major conversion pathway resulted in radiolabeled FB1 becoming covalently bound to proteins. Several lines of evidence supported a proposed role for FB1-anhydride, an intermediate formed by loss of water from a FB1 side chain, which enabled the toxin to bind covalently to proteins by reacting with amino groups. Under nixtamalization/frying conditions in preheated cooking oil, both FB1 and hydrolyzed FB1 were efficiently N- fatty acylated to the corresponding ceramide derivatives, presumably by fatty acid anhydrides or other degradation products formed from the fat by non-oxidative thermal degradation. The N-fatty acylated fumonisin derivatives were efficiently extracted from the chips into the hot oil. We will not understand the full threat to food safety posed by the fumonisins until we know what they are converted to during cooking, and what is the toxicity of those conversion products.J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 2003224'Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS USA Shier WT Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USATimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 89 Cited References: *NTP, 1999, TECHN REP SER NTP, V496 ABBAS HK, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V2, P293 ABBAS HK, 1995, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, V40, P1681 ABBAS HK, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P1063 ABBAS HK, 1993, TOXICON, V31, P345 APSIMON JW, 1994, PURE APPL CHEM, V66, P2315 BADRIA FA, 1996, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V15, P273 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BOYLE CD, 1995, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V36, P4579 BRESSANI R, 1990, FOOD REV INT, V6, P225 BUCCI TJ, 1998, TOXICOL PATHOL, V26, P160 BURD S, 1992, CHRON HIGH ED, V38, PA25 CARLSON DB, 2001, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V172, P29 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1030 CASTELO MM, 2001, J FOOD SCI, V66, P416 CORNELL J, 1983, S AFR MED J, V64, P83 DEGIROLAMO A, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P701 DOBARGANES MC, 2000, PURE APPL CHEM, V72, P1563 DOMBRINKKURTZMA.MA, 2002, ACS SYM SER, P206 DOMBRINKKURTZMAN MA, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P622 EDWARDS OE, 1999, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V40, P4515 FLYNN TJ, 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V35, P1135 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1993, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V31, P407 GELDERBLOM WCA, 2002, TOXICOLOGY, V171, P161 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1983, TOXICON, V21, P467 GOMEZ MH, 1987, CEREAL FOOD WORLD, V32, P372 HANAHAN D, 2000, CELL, V100, P57 HARMANGE JC, 1994, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V35, P6819 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HARTL M, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5078 HARTL M, 2001, J ORG CHEM, V66, P3678 HENDRICH S, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1649 HENDRICKS K, 1999, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V10, P198 HOPMANS EC, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1655 HOWARD PC, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3546 HOYE TR, 1994, J AM CHEM SOC, V116, P9409 HUMPF HU, 1998, J BIOL CHEM, V273, P19060 ITO T, 1979, AGR BIOL CHEM TOKYO, V43, P1237 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V57, P269 KRAUS GA, 1992, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P2331 LIN P, 1980, J CANCER RESCLIN ONC, V96, P121 LIU HJ, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P4113 LU Y, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P4726 LU Y, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P803 MARASAS WFO, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P1 MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 MCCANN J, 1975, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V72, P5135 MEISTER U, 2001, EUR FOOD RES TECHNOL, V213, P187 MEREDITH FI, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1218 MOORE CA, 1997, AM J MED GENET, V73, P113 MOREIRA RG, 1995, FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO, V49, P146 MURPHY PA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P323 NARAYAN KA, 1963, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V49, P339 NAWAR WW, 1985, CHEM CHANGES FOOD PR, P79 NCAYIYANA DJ, 1986, S AFR MED J, V69, P618 NORRED WP, 1997, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V147, P63 PINELLI E, 1999, CARCINOGENESIS, V20, P1683 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 RAMIREZWONG B, 1994, CEREAL CHEM, V71, P337 RAZYNSKA A, 1991, J CHEM SOC P2, V2, P1531 RILEY RT, 1993, ANNU REV NUTR, V13, P167 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 SADLER TW, 2002, TERATOLOGY, V66, P169 SCOTT PM, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P823 SEEFELDER W, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P2146 SERNASALDIVAR SO, 1990, ADV CEREAL SCI TECHN, V10, P243 SHEPHARD GS, 1998, J CHROMATOGR A, V815, P31 SHIER WT, 1999, ACS SYM SER, V745, P54 SHIER WT, 2000, B I COMPR AGR SCI KI, V8, P71 SHIER WT, 1997, J NAT TOXINS, V6, P225 SHIER WT, 2000, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V19, P161 SHIER WT, 2000, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V19, P189 SHIER WT, 1999, J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV, V18, P323 SHIER WT, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V116, P97 SHIER WT, 1995, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V36, P1571 STACK ME, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P737 STEVENS VL, 1997, J BIOL CHEM, V272, P18020 SUGIMURA T, 1986, SCIENCE, V233, P312 TATEMATSU M, 1977, GANN, V68, P499 TSUJI A, 1996, PHARMACEUT RES, V13, P963 VAINIO H, 1993, INT J CANCER, V53, P535 VOSS KA, 1996, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V34, P623 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WATTENBERG EV, 1996, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V227, P622 YEUNG JM, 1996, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V141, P178 YOO HS, 1992, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V114, P9 English Article 757KZ J TOXICOL-TOXIN REVISI:000187562600010DAn 2400-2405$://A1995RW08900016JCSydenham, E. W. Thiel, P. G. Shephard, G. S. Koch, K. R. Hutton, T.ITMPreparation and Isolation of the Partially Hydrolyzed Moiety of Fumonisin B-10*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfumonisin b-1; alkaline hydrolysis; partially hydrolyzed fumonisin b-1; isolation fusarium-moniliforme; esophageal cancer; feeds; mycotoxins; corn; leukoencephalomalacia; contamination; transkeiThe natural occurrence in corn of carcinogenic mycotoxins, the fumonisins, has prompted the development of potential decontamination procedures. Chemical treatment of fumonisin B-1 (FB1)-contaminated corn with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)(2)] results in the base hydrolysis of FB1 (the major naturally occurring fumonisin analogue) to yield its corresponding aminopentol (AP(1)) and tricarballylic acid (TCA) moieties. Complete hydrolysis proceeds in a sequential reaction involving the removal of one TCA group and the formation of a partially hydrolyzed moiety (PH1), which exists as an equilibrium mixture of the two possible monoesters. PH1 was prepared by the treatment of Fusarium moniliforme culture material with Ca(OH)2 and subsequently isolated and purified using chromatographic methods. PH1 was also prepared, using similar methods, from pure FB1. The identity of the PH1 moiety was determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.0J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995 SepR439,'HBS AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT CHEM,RONDEBOSCH 7700,SOUTH AFRICA FISONS INSTRUMENTS VG ORGAN,ALTRINCHAM WA14 5RZ,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND SYDENHAM EW S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA<5Times Cited: 10 English Article RW089 J AGR FOOD CHEMaISI:A1995RW08900016M 1198-12018$://A1995QY97800014Lb[Sydenham, E. W. Stockenstrom, S. Thiel, P. G. Shephard, G. S. Koch, K. R. Marasas, W. F. O.\UPotential of Alkaline-Hydrolysis for the Removal of Fumonisins from Contaminated CornD0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryfumonisin b-1; alkaline hydrolysis; decontamination; corn fusarium-moniliforme; esophageal cancer; mycotoxins; leukoencephalomalacia; toxicity; screenings; cultures; transkei; health; feedsRRKStudies have shown that fumonisin B-1 (FB1) may undergo alkaline hydrolysis to yield its aminopentol (AP(1)) and tricarballylic acid moieties. Treatment of fumonisin- contaminated ground corn with 0.1 M calcium hydroxide, over a period of 24 h at room temperature, resulted in the transfer of the majority of the FB1 (mean = 74.1%) to the easily separable aqueous fraction, where it was present predominantly as the AP(1) moiety. Following similar treatment of intact corn kernels, only 5.1% of the original FB1 concentration was retained in those kernels devoid of their outer pericarp.J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995 May435'S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT CHEM,RONDEBOSCH 7700,SOUTH AFRICA SYDENHAM EW S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA<5Times Cited: 36 English Article QY978 J AGR FOOD CHEMISI:A1995QY97800014 f185-190$://000182178700015Trewavas, A. Stewart, D.<6Paradoxical effects of chemicals in the diet on health& Current Opinion in Plant Biologydose-response relationships; coronary heart-disease; lung- cancer; public-health; beta-carotene; ochratoxin-a; apple juice; dna-damage; hormesis; riskIn 1992, Block et al. [1] published a summary of 200 epidemiological185-190$://000182178700015Trewavas, A. Stewart, D.<6Paradoxical effects of chemicals in the diet on health& Current Opinion in Plant Biologydose-response relationships; coronary heart-disease; lung- cancer; public-health; beta-carotene; ochratoxin-a; apple juice; dna-damage; hormesis; riskIn 1992, Block et al. [1] published a summary of 200 epidemiological investigations which indicated that a diet that was high in fruit and vegetables cut cancer risks approximately in half. These investigations used conventionally farmed produce that contained traces of synthetic pesticides and mycotoxins as well as an estimated 10 000 secondary products (i.e. natural pesticides). Dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables also reduces risks of cardiovascular disease, cataracts and brain dysfunction. Before genetic manipulation is undertaken to elevate or diminish any individual constituent of fruits and vegetables, the contribution of each of these constituents to health must be better understood, as in many cases their effects on health can be paradoxical.Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2003 Apr62'tmUniv Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland Scottish Crop Res Inst, Qual Hlth & Nutr Programme, Genes Prod Theme, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland Trewavas A Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland:>8Times Cited: 0 English Review 666LL CURR OPIN PLANT BIOLISI:00018217870001518 21-24$://A1981MF8750000481Pienaar, J. G. Kellerman, T. S. Marasas, W. F. O.Field Outbreaks of Leukoencephalomalacia in Horses Consuming Maize Infected by Fusarium-Verticillioides (= Fusarium- Moniliforme) in South-AfricaepjJournal of the South African Veterinary Association-Tydskrif Van Die Suid-Afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging82J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.-Tydskr. Suid-Afr. Vet. Ver. 1981521E'jdVET RES INST,ONDERSTEPOORT 0110,SOUTH AFRICA PIENAAR JG VET RES INST,ONDERSTEPOORT 0110,SOUTH AFRICA<6Times Cited: 25 English Article MF875 J S AFR VET ASSNISI:A1981MF87500004E479-487$://0002212419000094.Pietri, A. Bertuzzi, T. Pallaroni, L. Piva, G.`YOccurrence of mycotoxins and ergosterol in maize harvested over 5 years in Northern Italy&Food Additives and Contaminantsmaize; mycotoxins; ergosterol; climatic parameters performance liquid-chromatography; fluorescence detection; fungal growth; fumonisins; corn; zearalenone; contamination; aflatoxins; cereals; grainsLEMaize samples collected from storage bins and feed mills in Northern Italy between 1995 and 1999 were surveyed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol ( DON) and fumonisin (FB1); further, ergosterol was analysed as a fungal growth marker. The incidence and mean content of AFB(1) were generally low; nevertheless, a remarkable contamination was found in two samples ( 109 and 158 mug kg(-1)), while five others exceeded 20 mug kg(-1). DON and ZEA mean levels were significantly higher in 1996 (2716 and 453 mug kg(-1)) with respect to the other years, when mean contents ranged from 7 to 30% and from 3 to 17%, respectively, expressed in per cent of 1996 contents. FB1 was present in all samples and was by far the most remarkable mycotoxin in Northern Italian maize, with the exception of samples from 1996. The average level was 3064 mug kg(-1), 69.6% of samples resulted over 1000 mug kg(-1) and 16.9% over 5000 mug kg(-1). Significant correlations were found between ergosterol and the major mycotoxin(s) in each year (FB1 in 1995 and 1997-99; ZEA + DON in 1996). Consequently, ergosterol seems to be a good index of the toxicological quality of maize. Climatic conditions influenced the growth of different fungal species. In 1996, the first 20 days of October were extremely rainy; these weather conditions delayed the harvest until the first week of November and favoured the growth of DON and ZEA producing fungi and the synthesis of mycotoxins. On the contrary, the temperate and dry climate of the other years supported the growth of FB1- producing fungi.Food Addit. Contam. 2004 May215'Fac Agr UCSC, Ist Sci Alimenti & Nutr, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy Fac Agr UCSC, Ist Sci Alimenti & Nutr, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy Pietri A Fac Agr UCSC, Ist Sci Alimenti & Nutr, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-29100 Piacenza, ItalyVPTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 42 Cited References: *ASS FRANC NORM, 1991, 18112 NFV ASS FRANC *UN FAO, 1997, 64 UN FAO *WHO, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, V219 BAILLY JD, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P686 BAKAN B, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P728 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BOTTONI A, 1993, P GULP 93 ORS FRAN, P375 BUCHELI B, 1996, MITT GEBIETE LEBENSM, V87, P84 CAHAGNER B, 1988, IND ALIMENT AGR, V105, P5 COHEN H, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V64, P1372 DOKO MB, 1993, OCCURRENCE SIGNIFICA, P49 DRAGONI I, 2000, ATT SOC IT SCI VET 2, P467 GONZALEZ HHL, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P565 HASCHEK WM, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P251 JANARDHANA GR, 1999, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V37, P863 KRUGER SC, 1999, J AOAC INT, V82, P1364 LOGRIECO A, 2002, MYCOTOXINS PLANT DIS, P597 MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MARASAS WFO, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P1 MASOERO F, 1999, MAYDICA, V44, P205 MATCHAM SE, 1985, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V21, P108 MAUPETIT P, 1994, P M 26 27 OCT 1994 T MICCO C, 1989, RIV SOC IT SCI AL, V18, P29 MIEDANER T, 1996, PLANT BREEDING, V115, P347 OLSEN M, 1999, VAR FODA, V51, P6 PATEL S, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P187 PIETRI A, 1995, INT SEM FUS MYC TAX, P18 PITT JI, 1985, FUNGI FOOD SPOLAGE RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 SCHWADORF K, 1990, ARCH AN NUTR, V40, P385 SCHWADORF K, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P457 SCOTT PM, 1997, J AOAC INT, V80, P941 SCOTT PM, 1981, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V64, P1364 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SEITZ LM, 1977, CEREAL CHEM, V54, P1207 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 TANAKA T, 1985, J CHROMATOGR, V328, P271 VOSS KA, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P259 ZILL G, 1988, Z LEBENSM UNTERS FOR, V187, P246 ZUPPIROLL M, 2000, INFORMATORE AGR, V56, P43 English Article 818JR FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000221241900009Q,oxins fumonisinspreharvest maizefungi surveillance Nigeriahuman esophageal cancer159-162$://A1996VK29900006M,%Balachandran, C. Parthasarathy, K. R.TMOccurrence of cyclopiazonic acid in feeds and feedstuffs in Tamil Nadu, IndiaMycopathologiaMycopathologia 1996 133t3VK299 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1996VK29900006O$j119-123$://A1994QY29000010/\UWidstrom, N. W. McMillian, W. W. Wilson, D. M. Richard, J. L. Zummo, N. Beaver, R. W.ngPreharvest Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize Inoculated with Aspergillus-Flavus and Fusarium-MoniliformedMycopathologiaMycopathologia 1994 NovC 128A2NQY290 MYCOPATHOLOGIAISI:A1994QY29000010F195-223$://000185165300005,.(Widstrom, N. W. Guo, B. Z. Wilson, D. M.leIntegration of crop management and genetics for control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination of cornL*#Journal of Toxicology-Toxin ReviewsA. flavus; A. parasiticus; mycotoxins; maize; Zea mays L. aspergillus ear rot; zea-mays-l; gt-mas-gk; kernel infection; maize kernels; insect damage; field corn; earworm lepidoptera; planting date; silk-maysin@9Aflatoxin contamination of corn in the field is influenced by several factors. In the southern U.S., insect populations are usually large every year. Drought caused by warmer and drier than normal weather is conducive to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination of corn, Zea mays L. When loose-husked hybrids are used in the southern U.S., they accentuate insect damage and aflatoxin contamination. The development and breeding of "southern-type" hybrids is essential for control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination. Molecular biotechnology may make an impact on tackling the complexity of preharvest aflatoxin contamination of corn. Integration of crop management tactics and genetic strategies, conventional or molecular, may constrain the problem and help southern corn growers produce a quality, profitable crop.J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 200322 2-3' USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Guo BZ USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA>7Times Cited: 0 English Review 718UR J TOXICOL-TOXIN REVISI:000185165300005-805-811$://000180927100011jdMitterbauer, R. Weindorfer, H. Safaie, N. Krska, R. Lemmens, M. Ruckenbauer, P. Kuchler, K. Adam, G.|uA sensitive and inexpensive yeast bioassay for the mycotoxin zearalenone and other compounds with estrogenic activity,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologylinked-immunosorbent-assay; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; esophageal cancer; in-vivo; fusarium; receptor; iran; trichothecenes; reproduction; children,%Zearalenone (ZON) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by plant-pathogenic species of Fusarium. As a consequence of infection with Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum, ZON can be found in cereals and derived food products. Since ZON is suspected to be, a cause of human disease, including premature puberty syndrome, as well as hyperestrogenism in farm animals, several countries have established monitoring programs and guidelines for ZON levels in grain intended for human consumption and animal feed. We developed a low-cost method for monitoring ZON contamination in grain based on a sensitive yeast bioassay. The indicator Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YZRM7 is unable to grow unless an engineered pyrimidine biosynthetic gene is activated by the expressed human estrogen receptor in the presence of exogenous estrogenic substances. Deletion of the genes encoding ATP- binding cassette (ABC) transporters Pdr5p and Snq2p increases net ZON uptake synergistically. Less than 1 mug of ZON per liter of medium is sufficient to allow growth of the indicator strain. To prevent interference with pyrimidines potentially present in biological samples, we also disrupted the genes FUR1 and URK1, blocking the pyrimidine salvage pathway. The bioassay strain YZRM7 allows qualitative detection and quantification of total estrogenic activity in cereal extracts without requiring further cleanup steps. Its high sensitivity makes this assay suitable for low-cost monitoring of contamination of maize and small grain cereals with estrogenic Fusarium mycotxins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003 Feb692'Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, Muthgasse 18-05-66, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Inst Agrobiotechnol, Ctr Chem Anal, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Inst Agrobiotechnol, Dept Plant Prod Biotechnol, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Univ Vienna, Dept Mol Genet, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Bioctr, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Tarbiat Modarres Univ, Coll Agr, Tehran, Iran Adam G Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, Muthgasse 18-05-66, A-1190 Vienna, Austria d ^Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 64 Cited References: 1996, OFF J EUR COMMUNIT L, V125, P10 *BUND ERN LANDW FO, 2000, 20003243830323 BUND *BUND GES SPORT KU, 1993, MITT OEST SAN VIENN, V94, P360 *DEP HHS, 2002, NAT TOX PROGR TECHN, V235 *EUR COMM SCI COMM, 2000, OP FUS TOX 2 *FAO, 1997, FOOD NUTR PAP, V64, P1 *JOINT FAO WHO EXP, 2000, JOINT FAO WHO EXP CO ADAM G, 2001, MYCOTOXIN RES, V17, P19 AHAMED S, 2001, MOL CARCINOGEN, V30, P88 ALIZADEH A, 1999, FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT BARNAVETRO I, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P729 BAUER J, 1987, TIERARZTL PRAX, V15, P33 BENNETT GA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P1500 BOTALLICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BURKE DT, 1987, SCIENCE, V236, P806 DERODRIGUEZ CAS, 1985, J PEDIATR, V107, P393 DIEL P, 1999, PLANTA MED, V65, P197 ELLNER FM, 1999, P 21 MYC WORKSH GERM ETIENNE M, 1982, J ANIM SCI, V55, P1 ETIENNE M, 1994, LIVEST PROD SCI, V40, P99 FRENITITULAER LW, 1986, AM J DIS CHILD, V140, P1263 GAUMY JL, 2001, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V152, P123 GIETZ RD, 1995, YEAST, V11, P355 HIDY PH, 1977, ADV APPL MICROBIOL, V22, P59 HILAKIVICLARKE L, 1999, BRIT J CANCER, V80, P1682 HORMOZDIARI H, 1975, CANCER RES, V35, P3493 JONES JS, 1990, YEAST, V6, P363 JUBERG DR, 2000, ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE, V45, P93 KENNEDY DG, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P393 KERN L, 1990, GENE, V88, P149 KERN L, 1990, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V18, P5279 KRSKA R, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V369, P469 KRSKA R, 2001, MYCOTOXIN RES, V17, P92 KUIPER GGJM, 1998, ENDOCRINOLOGY, V139, P4252 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LEW H, 1999, FORDERUNGSDIENST, V47, P157 LIU MT, 1985, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V50, P332 MAHE Y, 1996, J BIOL CHEM, V271, P25167 MAYER U, 1992, TOXICOLOGY, V74, P135 MIKSICEK RJ, 1994, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V49, P153 MILLIGAN S, 2002, REPRODUCTION, V123, P235 MIROCHA CJ, 1974, MYCOTOXINS, P129 MITTERBAUER R, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P1336 MITTERBAUER R, 2000, THESIS U AGR SCI VIE MULLER HM, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P24 PARK DL, 2002, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V504, P277 PFOHLLESZKOWICZ A, 1995, CARCINOGENESIS, V16, P2315 PIERRAT B, 1994, GENE, V143, P193 PIERRAT B, 1992, GENE, V119, P237 RICHARDSON KE, 1985, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V33, P862 ROCCO JA, 1988, REV ARGENT MICROBIOL, V20, P119 SAIDI F, 2000, BRIT J CANCER, V83, P1249 SCHOENTAL R, 1985, ADV CANCER RES, V45, P217 SCHOENTAL R, 1983, LANCET, V1, P573 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCOTT PM, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P333 SHERMAN F, 1991, METHOD ENZYMOL, V194, P3 SHIER WT, 2001, TOXICON, V39, P1435 SMITH DR, 1990, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V87, P8242 SZUETS P, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P429 SZUETS P, 1998, PEDIATR RES, V43, P86 TOMASSZEWSKI J, 1998, GINEKOL POL, V69, P363 YAZDANPANAH H, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P337 ZOLLNER P, 2002, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V50, P2494 English Article 644PK APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOLISI:000180927100011625-631$://A1995QP09300029rPIGelderblom, W. C. A. Snyman, S. D. Vanderwesthuizen, L. Marasas, W. F. O.RLMitoinhibitory Effect of Fumonisin B-1 on Rat Hepatocytes in Primary CultureCarcinogenesisprotein-kinase-c; growth-factor receptor; fusarium-moniliforme; dna-synthesis; sphingolipid biosynthesis; inhibition; carcinogenesis; cytotoxicity; mycotoxins; liverRThe inhibitory effect of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes was investigated by monitoring the incorporation of [H-3]thymidine in the DNA. A pulse-labelling technique was adapted to determine the incorporation of the radioactivity in the DNA (S-phase) quantitatively, FB1 inhibits the EGF-induced DNA synthesis up to 90% when incorporated at concentrations of 150 to 300 mu M for a period of 44 h. A continued presence of FB1 is required to exhibit this inhibition as (i) the subsequent removal of FB1 resulted in a reversal of the effect, (ii) a higher stimulatory response in EGF-treated hepatocytes was found when the exposure period of hepatocytes to FB1 was reduced, and (iii) pretreatment of hepatocytes with FB1 only slightly reduced (not significantly) DNA synthesis induced by EGF. Whilst the growth inhibitory effect of FB1 was not associated with a cytotoxic effect, binding studies using [I- 125]EGF indicated that the growth factor-receptor interaction was not altered. No relationship was found between the disruption of the sphingolipid biosynthesis by FB1 and (i) the mitoinhibitory effect on the EGF response and (ii) the cytotoxicity of FB1 in primary hepatocytes.Carcinogenesis 1995 Mar 163e'PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA GELDERBLOM WCA PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPTL CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA:4Times Cited: 32 English Article QP093 CARCINOGENESISISI:A1995QP09300029a101-108$://A1996VZ69800013spiGelderblom, W. C. A. Snyman, S. D. LebepeMazur, S. vanderWesthuizen, L. Kriek, N. P. J. Marasas, W. F. O.arkThe cancer-promoting potential of fumonisin B-1 in rat liver using diethylnitrosamine as a cancer initiatorTCancer Lettersfumonisin B-1; diethylnitrosamine; rat liver; cancer promotion fusarium-moniliforme; cell-proliferation; dna-synthesis; hepatocytes; mycotoxins; foci; hepatocarcinogenesis; inhibition; cultures; nodulesf`The cancer-promoting potential of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) was investigated by feeding different dietary levels (10, 50, 100, 250, 500 mg FB1/kg) to diethynitrosamine (DEN)-initiated rats for 21 days. Dietary levels containing 50 mg FB1/kg and higher, markedly increased the number and size of the placental form of glutathione-S-transferase-positive (GSTP(+)) foci in the liver of the rats. The cancer-promoting activity of FB1 was associated with an inhibitory effect on partial hepatectomy (PH)-induced regenerative hepatocyte proliferation, as the incorporation of H-3-labelled thymidine was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by those FB1-containing diets that exhibited cancer promotion. In vitro studies on the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in primary rat hepatocytes further supported the in vivo data in that FB1, similar to other cancer promoters such as phenobarbital and 2- acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), alters growth stimulatory responses in primary hepatocytes. No significant (P > 0 05) changes in the sphinganine/sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio were observed in the liver of the rats fed the lowest FB1-containing diet (50 mg FB1/kg diet) that effected cancer promotion. The present study indicated that FB1 exhibited cancer-promoting activity in the absence of adverse hepatotoxic effects and at dietary levels that failed to effect cancer initiation. Cancer Lett. 1996 Dec 3b 109n 1-2f'PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA UNIV PRETORIA,DEPT VET PATHOL,ZA-0002 PRETORIA,SOUTH AFRICA PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICAo81Times Cited: 30 English Article VZ698 CANCER LETT ISI:A1996VZ69800013a< ^515-523$://000222172600007EF?Mirete, S. Vazquez, C. Mule, G. Jurado, M. Gonzalez-Jaen, M. T.JlfDifferentiation of Fusarium verticillioides from banana fruits by IGS and EF-1 alpha sequence analyses*#European Journal of Plant Pathology4EF-1 alpha; fumonisins; Gibberella fujikuroi; IGS; maize fujikuroi species complex; intergenic spacer region; cryptic speciation; gene genealogies; section liseola; evolution; strains; dna; populations; moniliformeRKFusarium verticillioides ( Gibberella moniliformis, G. fujikuroi mating population A) is an important pathogen of maize and produces several mycotoxins, including fumonisins, which cause diseases in humans and animals. The partial sequences of the IGS region ( Intergenic Spacer of rDNA units) and the translation elongation factor EF-1alpha gene of a representative sample ( 48 strains) of F. verticillioides isolated from diverse hosts, geographical origins and with different levels of fumonisin production were analyzed. A phylogenetic approach by PAUP was used to evaluate the genetic variability in this species and to detect the occurrence of lineages which could be associated with different hosts or produced different toxin profiles within this species. Genetic variability detected by both sequences was high, especially with the IGS sequence which showed a high number of parsimony- informative sites and nucleotide diversity. The results of the phylogenetic analysis indicated that F. verticillioides occurs as (i) a major fumonisin-producing population with a wide geographical distribution, wide host preferences ( cereals), showing variability and considerable incidence of sexual reproduction and (ii) a minor fumonisin non-producing population, with restricted host preference ( banana), low variability and clonal reproductive strategy.0Eur. J. Plant Pathol.  2004 JunA 1102 5-6R'~wUniv Complutense Madrid, Fac Biol, Dept Genet, Jose Antonio Novais 2, E-28040 Madrid, Spain Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Biol, Dept Genet, E-28040 Madrid, Spain Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Biol, Dept Microbiol 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain CNR, ISPA, I-70126 Bari, Italy Gonzalez-Jaen MT Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Biol, Dept Genet, Jose Antonio Novais 2, E-28040 Madrid, Spain pjTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: APPEL DJ, 1995, EXP MYCOL, V19, P120 APPEL DJ, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P125 BACON CW, 1996, CAN J BOT, V74, P1195 DESJARDINS AE, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5773 EXCOFFIER L, 1992, GENETICS, V131, P479 FARRIS JS, 1994, CLADISTICS, V10, P315 GEISER DM, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P388 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 HILLIS DM, 1991, Q REV BIOL, V66, P411 HILLIS DM, 1993, SYST BIOL, V42, P182 HUSS MJ, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3750 JUKES TH, 1969, MAMMALIAN PROTEIN ME, P21 KERENYI Z, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P4071 KISHINO H, 1989, J MOL EVOL, V29, P170 LESLIE JF, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, P5282 LESLIE JF, 1996, GENETICS, V144, P557 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 MIRETE S, 2003, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V89, P213 MOSS MO, 1998, J APPL BACTERIOLOL S, V84, P625 NEI M, 1987, MOL EVOLUTIONARY GEN NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 ODONNELL K, 1998, MYCOLOGIA, V90, P465 ODONNELL K, 2000, MYCOSCIENCE, V41, P61 ODONNELL K, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P7905 ODONNELL K, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P2044 ROZAS J, 1999, BIOINFORMATICS, V15, P174 SCHNEIDER S, 1997, ARLEQUIN VERSION 1 1 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 STEENKAMP ET, 2002, MYCOLOGIA, V94, P1032 SWOFFORD DL, 2002, PAUP PHYLOGENETIC AN TAYLOR JW, 1999, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V37, P197 TEMPLETON AR, 1983, EVOLUTION, V37, P221 English Article 831DG EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYISI:000222172600007R699-703$://000178595700013Mitterbauer, R. Adam, G.Saccharomyces cerevisae and Arabidopsis thaliana: Useful model systems for the identification of molecular mechanisms involved in resistance of plants to toxins*#European Journal of Plant Pathologymycotoxin; deoxynivalenol; drug efflux; ribosomal protein L3; trichothecene complete inventory; reduced virulence; gibberella-zeae; gene; disease; yeast; wheat; maize; scabVPSecondary metabolites produced by pathogens during the infection process are thought to play a role as pathogenicity or virulence determinants in many plant diseases. Baker's yeast and the plant Arabidopsis thaliana are attractive models for elucidating molecular mechanisms of resistance to toxic substances. For the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, the following resistance mechanisms were identified in yeast: (1) reduced toxin uptake due to the ABC transporter protein Pdr5p (molecular efflux pump), (2) detoxification by the acetyltransferase Ayt1p, and (3) modification of the ribosomal target by amino acid changes in the ribosomal protein L3 (Rp13p). PDR5-like genes exist in plant genomes as large gene families and could play an important role as a first line of defence against a broad range of toxic metabolites. Amino acid alterations in the highly conserved RPL3 genes could likewise play a role in trichothecene resistance in plants. The knowledge obtained using model systems should be valuable in biotechnological approaches to disease control and marker- assisted resistance breeding.Eur. J. Plant Pathol.  2002 Sep, 108 7L'Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, Muthgasse 18-05166, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Adam G Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Appl Genet, Muthgasse 18-05166, A-1190 Vienna, AustriaOTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 19 Cited References: ADAM G, 1996, 8 IS MPMI C KNOXV TN BUIATTI M, 1991, EXPERIENTIA, V47, P811 DECOTTIGNIES A, 1997, NAT GENET, V15, P137 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DUDLER R, 1992, J BIOL CHEM, V267, P5882 GRAUSGRUBER H, 1998, J GENET BREED, V52, P173 JOHAL GS, 1992, SCIENCE, V258, P985 KIMURA M, 1998, J BIOL CHEM, V273, P1654 KOMBRINK E, 1997, MYCOTA A, V5, P107 LEMMENS M, 1994, ACTA HORTIC, V355, P223 LU YP, 1997, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V94, P8243 MCMULLEN M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1340 MILLER JD, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P234 MITTERBAUER R, 2000, BIOL PLANT MICROBE I, V2, P352 MITTERBAUER R, 2000, THESIS U AGR SCI VIE PANACCIONE DG, 1992, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V89, P6590 PARRY DW, 1995, PLANT PATHOL, V44, P207 PROCTOR RH, 1995, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V8, P593 SANCHEZFERNANDEZ R, 2001, J BIOL CHEM, V276, P30231 English Article 604BL EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGY ISI:000178595700013F j t@LHJournal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth<7Journal of Invertebrate Pathology J. Invertebr. Pathol.84Journal of Liquid Chromatography J. Liq. Chromatogr.4.Journal of Mass Spectrometry J. Mass Spectrom.,)Journal of Natural Products J. Nat. Prod.,(Journal of Natural Toxins J. Nat. Toxins Journal of Nutrition J. Nutr.PJJournal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine J. Occup. Environ. Med.,)Journal of Phytopathology J. Phytopathol.\XJournal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschrift J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z.<8Journal of Stored Products Research J. Stored Prod. Res.HBJournal of the American Oil Chemists Society J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.XSJournal of the Chemical Society-Chemical Communications J. Chem. Soc.-Chem. Commun.D>Journal of the National Cancer Institute J. Natl. Cancer Inst.HBJournal of the Science of Food and Agriculture J. Sci. Food Agric.Journal of the South African Veterinary Association-Tydskrif Van Die Suid-Afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.-Tydskr. Suid-Afr. Vet. Ver.@:Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev.Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health J. Vet. Med. Ser. B-Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health<6Letters in Applied Microbiology Lett. Appl. Microbiol. Lipids LipidsLung Cancer Lung Cancer4/Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja Magy. Allatorv. LapjaMaydica Maydica Medical Mycology Med. Mycol. Medical Oncology Med. Oncol.<6Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental Metab.-Clin. Exp.("Microchemical Journal Microchem J.$!Mikrochimica Acta Mikrochim. ActaLFMilchwissenschaft-Milk Science International Milchwiss.-Milk Sci. Int.0-Molecular & General Genetics Mol. Gen. Genet.84Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Mol. Genet. Metab.DAMolecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact.Mutagenesis MutagenesisMutation ResearchpmMutation Research-Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen.tpMutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen.PKMutation Research-Reviews in Mutation Research Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res.Mycologia Mycologia$ Mycological Research Mycol. Res. Mycopathologia MycopathologiaNahrung-Food Nahr.-FoodHCNational Academy Science Letters-India Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett.-India Natural Toxins Nat. Toxins Nature NatureNature Medicine Nat. Med.,'Naturwissenschaften NaturwissenschaftenTPNew Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. Nutrition Reviews Nutr. Rev. Oncology Reports Oncol. Rep.LGOnderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res.<8Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras.,(Pest Management Science Pest Manag. Sci.@=Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology Pest. Biochem. Physiol.$!Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenetics84Physics and Chemistry of Minerals Phys. Chem. Miner.LGPhysiological and Molecular Plant Pathology Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol.,'Phytochemical Analysis Phytochem. Anal. Phytochemistry Phytochemistry$Phytoparasitica Phytoparasitica Phytopathology PhytopathologyPlant and Soil Plant Soil40Plant Biotechnology Journal Plant Biotechnol. J. Plant Breeding Plant Breed.Plant Disease Plant Dis.qD"371-375$://A1992HN93400018e2,Keller, N. P. Cleveland, T. E. Bhatnagar, D.RKVariable Electrophoretic Karyotypes of Members of Aspergillus Section FlaviCurrent Geneticselectrophoretic karyotyping; aspergillus section flavi; chromosome length polymorphisms transformation system; aflatoxin mutants; parasiticus; gene; linkage; complementation; nomius; dnapiContour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis was used to establish karyotypes for fungi of Aspergillus Section Flavi. Under identical electrophoretic conditions, five to eight chromosomal bands were separated in Aspergillus flavus isolates and five to seven chromosomal bands in A. parasiticus isolates. Each distinct chromosomal band contained one or more chromosomes. Other members of Aspergillus Section Flavi (A. oryzae, A. sojae, and A. tamarii) had similar karyotypes to those of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. A related species, A. versicolor, showed six chromosomal bands. With the exception of small chromosomes present in some isolates, the estimated sizes of chromosomes for all six species range from approximately 3.0 to greater-than-or-equal-to 7.0 Mb. It is likely that all isolates of these species contain the same number of large (> 3 Mb) chromosomes; however, not all of the chromosomal bands could be resolved into separate chromosomes for each isolate due to chromosome length polymorphisms. This variability, observed in A. flavus and A. parasiticus, generated unique chromosomal band patterns within these species. The total genome sizes of these fungi were at least as large as those reported for A. nidulans and A. niger (31- 38.5 Mb). Conserved genes were mapped to analogous chromosomes of A. flavus and A. parasiticus by gene hybridization.i Curr. Genet. 1992 Apr:21 4-5 'USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124 KELLER NP USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 701246:3Times Cited: 28 English Article HN934 CURR GENETICS6ISI:A1992HN93400018M479-484$://A1993KK91600019cTNKeller, N. P. Dischinger, H. C. Bhatnagar, D. Cleveland, T. E. Ullah, A. H. J.d^Purification of a 40-Kilodalton Methyltransferase Active in the Aflatoxin Biosynthetic-Pathway,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology'2,USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179versiconal hemiacetal acetate; aspergillus-parasiticus; enzyme- activities; sequence motifs; versicolorin-a; conversion; sterigmatocystin; identification; precursor; averufinTNThe penultimate step in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus involves conversion of sterigmatocystin to O- methylsterigmatocystin. An S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes this reaction was purified to homogeneity (>90%) from 78-h-old mycelia of A. parasiticus SRRC 163. Purification of this soluble enzyme was carried out by five soft-gel chromatographic steps: cell debris remover treatment, QMA ACELL chromatography, hydroxylapatite-Ultrogel chromatography, DEAE-Spherodex chromatography, and Octyl Avidgel chromatography, followed by MA7Q high-performance liquid chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein peak from this step on silver staining identified a single band of approximately 40 kDa. This purified protein was distinct from the dimeric 168- kDa methyltransferase purified from the same fungal strain under identical growth conditions (D. Bhatnagar, A. H. J. Ullah, and T. E. Cleveland, Prep. Biochem. 18:321-349, 1988). The chromatographic behavior and N-terminal sequence of the 40- kDa enzyme were also distinct from those of the 168-kDa methyltransferase. The molar extinction coefficient of the 40- kDa enzyme at 278 nm was estimated to be 4.7 X 10(4) M-1 cm-1 in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993 FebE5923B://A1994NN88100009E>8Keller, N. P. Butchko, R. A. E. Sarr, B. Phillips, T. D.RLA Visual-Pattern of Mycotoxin Production in Maize Kernels by Aspergillus SppPhytopathologyPhytopathology 1994 May845NN881 PHYTOPATHOLOGYISI:A1994NN881000097 1141-1152$://000188092200007TMKrska, R. Pettersson, H. Josephs, R. D. Lemmens, M. Mac Donald, S. Welzig, E.leZearalenone in maize: stability testing and matrix characterisation of a certified reference material&Food Additives and Contaminantszearalenone; mycotoxin; stability; matrix; certified reference material (CRM) estrogenic mycotoxins; deoxynivalenol; wheat; cleanup; columnsWithin the certification process of a reference material for the determination of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON) in maize, short- and long-time stability tests of naturally contaminated maize have been performed. The short- term stability of ZON in the maize was evaluated under four different conditions (4, 25, 40 and 70degrees C) in preliminary studies. Four storage times of 0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks were investigated using HPLC. The long- term stability study was conducted with measurements after 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months under three storage conditions (4, 25 and 40degrees C) in preliminary studies using HPLC. Stability data gained under two different conditions (4 and 25degrees C) with five storage times of 0, 1, 6, 12 and 18 months were further evaluated for the contaminated maize in the certification process. Before the certification, the maize matrix had been characterized with respect to dry residue, ash content, fat content, protein content, ergosterol content and total dietary fibre, and the efficiency of gamma-irradiation on the fungal. ora was investigated. The stability of the maize matrix was evaluated by monitoring UV absorption and ergosterol content under four different storage conditions (4, 25, 35 and 70degrees C) with five storage times of 0, 1, 6, 12 and 24 months. Other possibly occurring mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X and moniliformin) have been quantified. On the basis of the stability measurements, which showed no significant trends for both short- and long-term stabilities, it can be recommended to store the samples at temperatures < 4&DEG; C and ship the samples at ambient temperatures.7Food Addit. Contam.c 2003 Dec 2012'Ctr Analyt Chem, Inst Agrobiotechnol, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A- 3430 Tulln, Austria Ctr Analyt Chem, Inst Agrobiotechnol, A-3430 Tulln, Austria Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Nutr & Management, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Commiss European Communities, DG Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium Cent Sci Lab, York YO41 1LZ, N Yorkshire, England Krska R Ctr Analyt Chem, Inst Agrobiotechnol, Konrad Lorenz Str 20, A-3430 Tulln, AustriaTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 30 Cited References: *INT ORG STAND, 1999, GUID ISO, V34 *INT ORG STAND, 1998, GUID ISO, V31 *NORM FRANC, 1991, 18112 NF V *PHARM EUR, 1990, EUR ARZN, V1 *SCI COMM FOOD, 2000, OP FUS TOX 2 ATHENSTADT J, 1989, PRAKTISCHE TIERARZT, V1, P60 CUERO RG, 1986, FOOD MICROBIOL, V3, P107 ENGELHARDT G, 1988, NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, V75, P309 HELRICH K, 1990, 92086 AOAC HELRICH K, 1990, 92303 AOAC HELRICH K, 1990, 92510 AOAC HELRICH K, 1990, 96806 AOAC JOSEPHS RD, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P417 KRSKA R, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V369, P469 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LAMBERTY A, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P359 LINSINGER TPJ, 2001, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V370, P183 MAUPETIT P, 1993, 44 ANN M EAAP COMM A MILLER JD, 1985, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V7, P132 MULLER HM, 1993, OCCURRENCE SIGNIFICA, P32 OSBORNE DR, 1978, ANAL NUTR FOODS, P156 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 SCHNEWEIS I, 2001, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V17, P87 SCHUHMACHER R, 1998, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V360, P241 SCHUHMACHER R, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V359, P510 SCOTT PM, 1991, DEV FOOD SCI, V26, P119 SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P459 SHIER WT, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P599 WEINGAERTNER J, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V357, P1206 WOLFF J, 1995, GETREIDE MEHL BROT, V49, P139 English Article 763NK FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000188092200007 z3 securityseed seed coatseed deterioration seed mixtures seed oilseed-germinationseedling alfalfaseedling and stalk rotseedling blight seedlingsseedsSEERselectable marker selectionself-incompatibility seminoma sequencesequence motifssequence-analysis sequencessequential-estimationserumserum 25-hydroxyvitamin-d serum folate SesamiaSesamia calamistisSesamia nonagrioides severity SH-SY5Y cellsshear localizationsheath rot disease short-term signaling silk maysin silk-maysinsilkssitesite-directed mutagenesisSitophilus zeamaissitophilus-zeamais motsch$sitophilus-zeamais motschulsky Sitopholussizeskullslab smokingsocial support$sodium calcium aluminosilicatesodium taurocholate$sodium-calcium aluminosilicatesoilsoil populationssoil properties soil samplingsojae solanine SolanumSolanum tuberosumsolid phase extractionsolid-phase extractionsolid-solutionssolid-state flow solutes sorbents sorghumsorghum genotypes sorghum- sorting South Africa south georgia south- south-africasouth-carolina Southernsouthern africa southern-southern-africa southwesternsouthwestern corn borersouthwestern corn-borersowssoy soybeansoybean cyst nematodesoybean pod walls sp-novspanish marketspatial patternspatial patterns speciationspecies complex specificity spectrometry spectroscopy sphinganinesphinganine/sphingosine sphinganine/sphingosine ratio sphingolipidsphingolipid biosynthesis$sphingolipid breakdown productssphingolipid metabolismsphingolipid synthesis sphingolipids sphingomyelinsphingomyelins sphingosinesphingosine ratiospice essential oils spina-bifida spinel spinifera spoilagespoilage fungisporotrichioidessporotrichioides encodes sporulationsppspp.sprague-dawley rats stabilitystaged rat embryos stalk borer stalk rot stalksstandardization starch statisticalstem stem borersstem tunnelingstem-cell compartmentsterigmatocystin sterigmatocystin biosynthesissterigmatocystinsStewart's bacterial wilt storage storage fungiLIStorage method, Remain kernel weight, Tolerance level, storage treatment. storage pestsstorage systems stored corn stored maize strainstrain composition strains stressstress tolerancestress-response StrigaStriga hermonthica Striga spp.striga-hermonthica strokestructural genestructure elucidation structures stubble stuffs suberin subglutinans substrate subtilissugar regulation sugars sunflower$supercritical fluid extractionsuperoxide anion radicalsuperplasticitysupplement usesupplementation suppressionsuppressor gene surveillance survey survivalsusceptibilitysusceptible maize hybrids suturessweet sweet cornswine sympodial symptomlesssymptomless infection synanamorph syndromes synthase synthase gene synthesis synthetase system0-system na2o-k2o-cao-mgo-feo-fe2o3-al2o3-sio2- systematics systemic systemic acquired-resistancesystemic fungicide systemst-2 T-2 toxin t-harzianum T2 toxin tamoxifen Tarai regiontarget alteration taxonomytc1Tc1-mariner transposonTCA ester configuration tebuconazoletebuconazole (Folicur teleomorphs temperature temperaturestenuazonic acid teosinte terreus testicular germ cell tumortesting shelled corn testis cancer tetraconazoletexas thaliana:205-210$://A1995TA01600011B<Setamou, M. Schulthess, F. Bosqueperez, N. A. Thomasodjo, A.\UThe Effect of Stem and Cob Borers on Maize Subjected to Different Nitrogen Treatments.'Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicatannitrogen; maize; lepidopterous stem and cob borers; sesamia calamistis; eldana saccharina; mussidia nigrivenella; cryptophlebia leucotreta; dead hearts; stem tunneling; yields lepidoptera; cas393-396$://000179074700022cZTShephard, G. S. Leggott, N. L. Stockenstrom, S. Somdyala, N. I. M. Marasas, W. F. O.XQPreparation of South African maize porridge: effect on fumonisin mycotoxin levels& South African Journal of Sciencecorn-based foods; fusarium-moniliforme; n- (carboxymethyl)fumonisin b-1; esophageal cancer; risk assessment; products; rats; contamination; carcinogenicity; temperature2,The estimated levels of fumonisin exposure in South African communities that consume maize as their staple diet have previously been based on the analysis of raw maize collected from subsistence farmers, rather than on analysis of traditionally cooked food. During the preparation of a typical South African stiff porridge, fumonisin levels in naturally contaminated maize meal were reduced during cooking. A mean reduction in fumonisin B, levels of 23% was observed, with a correlation coefficient between the levels in uncooked meal and cooked porridge of r = 0.90 (P < 0.01). A survey of available maize consumption data from around the world indicated that the highest levels of maize consumption are found in the general Mexican population and in the rural population of the Transkei region of South Africa.S. Afr. J. Sci. 2002Jul-Aug98 7-8'MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Shephard GS MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africay60Times Cited: 4 English Article 612KR S AFR J SCIISI:000179074700022o IX Odvody, G. Oerke, E. C. Oesch, F.Oforiadjei, D. Ogle, R. A. Ogle, R. C. Ogonar, J. I. Ogonor, J. I. Ohmomo, S. Ohsato, S. Ohtani, E.Okerberg, C. V. Okolie, N. P.Okubara, P. A. Olakojo, SA.* Oldenburg, E.Oliveira, J. N.Oliveira, Tcrm Omori, M. Omori, N.Oneill, H. S. C. Oneill, K. Ono, E. Y. S. Ono, M. A.Onyike, N. B. N. Oren, L. Orsi, R. B. Ortega, E. M. Osada, H. Oswald, I. P. Osweiler, G. Otsuki, T.Ottinger, S. E. Ouellet, T. Overduin, B.Oyebanji, A. O. Pace, P. Pacin, A. Pacin, A. M.Padayachee, T.Pagliai, A. M. B. Palencia, E. Palermo, C. Palermo, D. Pallaroni, L.Pamphile, J. A. Panzer, A. Papp, E. Parich, A. Park, J. Park, J. W.Parthasarathy, K. R. Pascale, M.Pasikatan, M. C. Pataky, J. K. Patel, S. Patino, B. Patkar, K. L.Patterson, M. F. Patton, R. E. Paul, C. Payne, G. Payne, G. A.Pearson, T. C. Peluso, G. Pengue, R. Peres, S. Y.Perez-Alzola, L. Perkowski, J. Perrone, G. Pestka, J. J. Peters, U.Petersen, N. J. Peterson, S. Petit, M.Pettersson, H.Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A.Pfohlleszkowicz, A.Phillips, S. I.Phillips, T. D.Philogene, B. J. R. Philp, J. M. Picco, M.Pienaar, J. G. Pietri, A.Pietrobono, P. Pilcher, C.Pilcher, C. D. Pilgeram, A. Pimpukdee, K.Pineda-Valdes, G. Pinsky, P.Piramanayagam, S.Pirttila, A. M. Pitchon, D. Pitt, J. I. Piva, G.Placinta, C. M. Platis, C. E. Platt, K. L.Plattner, R. D.Poehling, H. M. Poliakov, A. Poling, S. M. Pollak, M.Poppenberger, B. Possi, C. R. Postel, D. Potgieter, H.Potgieter, H. C. Prandini, A. Prasad, T.Prasongsidh, B. C.Preciado, O. R. E.Preciado-Ortiz, R. E.Prentice, A. M. Press, IOS Price, M. S. Prima, B.Pringle, H. C. Prioli, R. Prisk, V.Proctor, R. H. Pronczuk, M. Pronczuk, P.Puigdomenech, P.Puigserver, A. Qiao, Y. L. Quaranta, F. Quinz, A. R., Nuss, D., Rabie, C. J.Raditschnig, A. Rafai, P.Raffaseder, C.Ragland, W. L. Rahbeeni, F. Rahimian, H.Rajasekaran, K.Ramakrishna, N.Ramirez, M. L. Ramljak, D. Ramos, A. J. Ramsey, C. S. Randazzo, G. Ranjan, K. S. Rao, A. G. Rao, P. S. Rapior, S. Rasekh, H. R. Rati, E. R.Ratnavathi, C. V.Raveesha, K. A. Raventos, D. Razzazi, E.Rebbeck, T. R.Reddy, D. V. R. Reddy, DVR Reddy, G.Regnault-Roger, C. Regueiro, S. Reid, L. M.Reinbrecht, C. Resch, P. A. Resnik, S. Resnik, S. L.Reynoso, M. M. Rheeder, J.Rheeder, J. P. Rice, L. G. Richael, C.Richard, J. L.Richard-Molard, D.Richardson, M. D. Richter, W. Riezler, R. Riley, R. T.Ringrose, M. A. Rinna, R. Rintelen, J.Riordan, S. G. Ritieni, A. Robbs, C. F.Robinson, A. E. Rocheford, T.Rocheford, T. R. Rodriguez, M.Rodriguez, M. I.Rodriguez, M. T. Rojas, M. G. Rojo, F. G.Rollins, J. A. Roman, A. V.Rombouts, F. M. Rood, T. Rooney, L. W. Roselli, M. Rosenberg, E. Rossi, F.Rossouw, J. E.Rosvold, E. A. Rothman, N.Rottinghaus, G.Rottinghaus, G. E. Rotunno, T.Roufail, W. M. Roush, J. Roux, C. Roux, J. Roy, A. K.Rubinstein, H. R.Ruckenbauer, P. Ruhland, M. Rull, F. Russell, PE2 J255-273$://A1989CB86500002 Karato, S.2+Grain-Growth Kinetics in Olivine AggregatesTectonophysics'0)UNIV TOKYO,OCEAN RES INST,TOKYO 164,JAPANTectonophysics 1989 Nov 1 1684:4Times Cited: 53 Cited Reference Count: 41 Cited References: BROOK RJ, 1969, J AM CERAM SOC, V52, P65 CAHN JW, 1956, T AIME, V206, P610 CARPAY FMA, 1977, CERAMIC MICROSTRUCTU, P261 CHOPRA PN, 1984, J GEOPHYS RES, V89, P7861 CHOPRA PN, 1981, TECTONOPHYSICS, V78, P453 COOPER RF, 1982, HIGH PRESSURE RES GE, P217 HILLERT M, 1965, ACTA METALL, V13, P227 KARATO S, 1980, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V7, P649 KARATO S, 1987, HIGH PRESSURE RES MI, P455 KARATO S, 1988, PHYS EARTH PLANET IN, V51, P107 KARATO S, 1982, PHYS EARTH PLANET IN, V28, P102 KARATO S, 1989, RHEOLOGY SOLIDS EART, P176 KARATO SI, 1986, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V91, P8151 KARATO SI, 1984, TECTONOPHYSICS, V104, P155 KINGERY WD, 1976, INTRO CERAMICS KINGERY WD, 1965, J AM CERAM SOC, V48, P546 KOHLSTEDT DL, 1984, DEFORMATION CERAMICS, V2, P251 KOHLSTEDT DL, 1974, J GEOPHYS RES, V79, P2045 LALLEMANT HGA, 1980, TECTONOPHYSICS, V70, P85 MARCHANT DD, 1971, J AM CERAM SOC, V55, P19 MENDELSON MI, 1969, J AM CERAM SOC, V52, P443 MERCIER JCC, 1979, MANTLE SAMPLE INCLUS, P197 NAKAMURA Y, 1974, CARNEGIE I WASH YB, V73, P255 NICHOLS FA, 1966, J APPL PHYS, V37, P4599 NICOLAS A, 1987, AM GEOPHYS UNION GEO, V16, P111 NICOLAS A, 1976, CRYSTALLINE PLASTICI NICOLAS A, 1978, PHILOS T R SOC LON A, V288, P49 OLGAARD DL, 1986, J AM CERAM SOC, V69, PC272 PATERSON MS, 1970, INT J ROCK MECH MIN, V7, P517 PATERSON MS, 1986, PHYS CHEM MINER, V13, P245 PIACENTE V, 1975, SILIKATY, V19, P289 SMITH DA, 1980, GRAIN BOUNDARY STRUC, P337 TORIUMI M, 1982, PHYS EARTH PLANET IN, V30, P26 TULLIS J, 1982, J GEOL, V90, P301 TWISS RJ, 1976, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V33, P88 TWISS RJ, 1977, PURE APPL GEOPHYS, V115, P227 URAI JL, 1986, GEOPHYS MONOGR AM GE, V36, P161 URAI JL, 1983, TECTONOPHYSICS, V96, P125 WAFF HS, 1981, J GEOPHYS RES, V86, P3677 YAN MF, 1977, CERAMIC MICROSTRUCTU, P276 ZEUCH DH, 1982, TECTONOPHYSICS, V83, P293 English Article CB865 TECTONOPHYSICSISI:A1989CB86500002J<g8297-312$://A1995RC65700002,&Juanlopez, M. Carvajal, M. Ituarte, B.81Supervising Program of Aflatoxins in Mexican Corn&Food Additives and ContaminantsFood Addit. Contam.d 1995May-Juno123oRC657 FOOD ADDIT CONTAMaISI:A1995RC65700002683-687$://000175000200017M(!Juglal, S. Govinden, R. Odhav, B. JDSpice oils for the control of co-occurring mycotoxin-producing fungi Journal of Food Protectionfumonisin b-1; natural cooccurrence; aflatoxin b-1; food- products; zearalenone; growth; maize; deoxynivalenol; biosynthesis; inhibitionThe effect of nine different oils was evaluated on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and Fusarium moniliforme. The experimental design to examine the inhibition of mycotoxins involved the incorporation of each of seven oils into broth and patty cultures. The fungal mycotoxin was identified by high- pressure liquid chromatography. Clove oil (eugenol) was the most inhibitory to the growth of A. parasiticus and F. moniliforme, followed by cinnamon (cinnamic aldehyde), oregano (thymol and carvacol) and mace oils (myristin). Neem and eucalyptus oil (cineole) did not affect fungal growth. The feasibility of implementing the results of this study to control mycotoxin toxicity was examined by costoring whole and ground cloves with mycotoxin-infected grain. Addition of both whole and ground cloves markedly reduced the aflatoxin contamination of the grain. These results clearly suggest that commonly occurring mycotoxigenic fungi can be controlled with clove oil (eugenol), thus spice oil successfully inhibited the growth of A. parasiticus and F. moniliforme, regulated the production of fumonisins, and prevented the formation of aflatoxins. The social implication of this finding is that rural communities can prevent the formation of fungal toxins in contaminated grain by simple measures. J. Food Prot. 2002 Apr654'ML Sultan Technikon, Dept Biol Sci, POB 1334, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa ML Sultan Technikon, Dept Biol Sci, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa Odhav B ML Sultan Technikon, Dept Biol Sci, POB 1334, ZA-4001 Durban, South AfricaTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 33 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON, V56 ALBERTS JF, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P2 BHATNAGAR D, 1991, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V30, P4343 BLACKWELL BA, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P31 BULLERMAN LB, 1977, J FOOD SCI, V42, P1107 CHATTERJEE D, 1990, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V11, P148 DASILVA JB, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P4352 DAW ZY, 1995, J AFR CORP SCI, V3, P511 DOKO MB, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3240 DUTTON MF, 1988, MICROBIOL REV, V52, P274 ELBAROTY GS, 1997, J AGR SCI MANSOURA U, V22, P1223 ELBAROTY GS, 1994, TEXAS S U RES J, V4, P22 FARAG RS, 1989, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V66, P792 FARAG RS, 1989, J FOOD SCI, V54, P74 GONZALEZ HHL, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P565 GUTEMA T, 2000, J FOOD PROTECT, V63, P1732 HASSAN MN, 1996, ZAGZIG J AGR RES, V23, P829 HIRASA K, 1998, SPICE SCI TECHNOLOGY, P163 JACKSON LS, 1999, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V459, P243 KIM JM, 1995, J FOOD SCI, V60, P1364 KPODO K, 2000, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V61, P147 LI FQ, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P93 MEDINAMARTINEZ MS, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2833 MILLER JD, 1991, ACIAR P, V36, P126 MILLER JD, 1993, HELSINKI AFR NEWSL O, V3, P32 NAKATANI N, 1994, SPICES HERBS EDIBLE, P251 PONS WA, 1972, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V49, P124 RAMJEE G, 1990, THESIS U NATAL DURBA RILEY RT, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P3 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SOLOVEY MMS, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P325 TAKAHASHI DM, 1979, REVERSED PHASE HIGH, V1, P100 THIEL PG, 1993, J AOAC INT, V76, P361 English Article 541TH J FOOD PROTECTISI:000175000200017P 1073-1080d$://0001791636000104-Park, J. W. Kim, E. K. Shon, D. H. Kim, Y. B.pjNatural co-occurrence of aflatoxin B-1, fumonisin B-1 and ochratoxin A in barley and corn foods from Korea&Food Additives and Contaminants("aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)); fumonisin B-1 (FB1); ochratoxin A (OTA); mycotoxins; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); high-performance liquid-chromatographic determination; balkan endemic nephropathy; human exposure; products; cereals; contamination; maize; feeds; zearalenone; mycotoxins.(A survey for aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)), fumonisin B-1 and ochratoxin A (OTA) was conducted on 127 samples that included 30 food-grade barley, 32 barley foods, 18 food-grade corn and 47 corn foods, randomly collected during 1998-99 in Seoul, Korea. The presence of mycotoxins was analysed by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and most of the positive samples from ELISA were confirmed using high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Recoveries of AFB(1) and OTA spiked at 10 ng g(-1) and FB1 spiked at 50 ng g(-1) were 106, 87 and 105% by ELISA, whereas those by HPLC were 80, 79 and 84%, respectively. Detection limits by ELISA for AFB(1), FB1 and OTA were 1, 5 and 5 ng g(-1), and those by HPLC were 0.6, 35 and 1 ng g(-1). Naturally occurring AFB(1), FB1 and OTA were found in 4/32 (12%), 2/32 (6%) and 4/32 (12%) samples of barley foods with an average of 26, 16 and 9 ng g(-1), respectively. AFB(1) and FB1 in corn foods were detected in 4/47 (8%) and 9/47 (19%) samples with the average being 20 and 74 ng g(-1) while no OTA was found in any corn foods samples. No AFB(1), FB1 or OTA was detected in any of food-grade barley and corn samples. This is the first report on the natural co- occurrence of AFB(1) and FB1 in barley and corn foods as well as on surveillance of OTA in Korea.Food Addit. Contam. 2002 Nov1911'JCKorea Univ, Inst Biotechnol, Grad Sch Biotechnol, 5-1 Anam Dong, Seoul 136701, South Korea Korea Univ, Inst Biotechnol, Grad Sch Biotechnol, Seoul 136701, South Korea Korea Food Res Inst, Seongnam 463420, Kyunggi, South Korea Kim YB Korea Univ, Inst Biotechnol, Grad Sch Biotechnol, 5-1 Anam Dong, Seoul 136701, South Korea X RTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 52 Cited References: *FAO, 1997, 64 FAO UN *IARC, 1993, MON EV CARC RISKS HU, V56 *MIN HLTH WELF KOR, 1998, NAT NUTR SURV REP BARNAVETRO I, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2821 BERETTA B, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P70 BHAT RV, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P151 CANDLISH AAG, 2000, MYCOTOXIN RES, V16, P2 CARVAJAL M, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P1301 CASTELLA G, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P4707 CASTELO MM, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P704 DENIJS M, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P879 ENGEL G, 2000, ARCH LEBENSMITTELHYG, V51, P81 EWAIDAH EH, 1992, INT J FOOD SCI TECH, V27, P697 FREITAS VPS, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P807 GOURAMA H, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P1395 GUTEMA T, 2000, J FOOD PROTECT, V63, P1732 JELINEK CF, 1989, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V72, P223 JURJEVIC Z, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P67 KIM EK, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P459 KIM EK, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P151 KIM EK, 1998, FOOD SCI BIOTECHNOL, V7, P221 KWAK BY, 2000, FOOD SCI BIOTECHNOL, V9, P168 LI FQ, 2001, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V49, P4122 MACHINSKI M, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P875 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MARTINS ML, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P1268 MOSS MO, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM S, V13, P5 NESHEIM S, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P481 ODHAV B, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P55 OMURTAG GZ, 2001, J FOOD PROTECT, V64, P1072 PARK JW, 2002, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V19, P158 PETERSEN A, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P221 PETKOVABOCHAROV.T, 1985, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V2, P267 RHEEDER JP, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P353 RICE LG, 1994, J FOOD PROTECT, V57, P536 RYU JC, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P333 SCOTT PM, 1991, CEREAL GRAIN MYCOTOX, P529 SCUDAMORE KA, 2000, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V17, P407 SEO JA, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1331 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SHIM WB, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P1 SOLOVEY MMS, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P325 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 THIRUMALADEVI K, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P5079 TRUCKSESS MW, 1999, J AOAC INT, V82, P85 VANEGMOND HP, 1994, J NAT TOXINS, V3, P125 VRABCHEVA T, 2000, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V48, P2483 WANG B, 1995, STRUCT ENG MECH, V3, P445 WANG JS, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P2712 WOGAN GN, 1999, HEPATOLOGY, V30, P573 English Article 614AA FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000179163600010{< 61-68$://A1993KW517000070Hasan, H. A. H.nhaDifferential Action of Cercoran and Topsin-M on Sensitive and Tolerant Strains of Toxigenic FungiCryptogamie MycologieyCryptogam. Mycol. 1993 Mar141KW517 CRYPTOG MYCOL0ISI:A1993KW517000070:3Hell, K. Cardwell, K. F. Setamou, M. Schulthess, F.o 2000xrInfluence of insect infestation on aflatoxin contamination of stored maize in four agroecological regions in BeninAfrican Entomology8l2o169-177 Sep  Afr. Entomol.ISI:000167228800002Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; Carpophilus dimidiatus; Sitophilus zeamais; Cathartus quadricollis; Cryptophlebia leucotreta; Mussidia nigrivinella aspergillus-flavus infection; seed deterioration; preharvest maize; corn; damage; lepidoptera; resistance; vectors; grain; earsInsect species and damage levels were evaluated and related to aflatoxin content in maize sampled from farmers' stores in four agroecological zones over a two-year period in Benin, West- Africa. In 1993, no aflatoxin was detected in maize that was free of insect damage. In the same year, in maize with more than 70 % of cobs damaged by insects 30.3 % were aflatoxin- positive, with a mean aflatoxin contamination of 77.8 ppb (parts per billion or mug/kg). Grain moisture increased with damage levels. The mean aflatoxin content of maize infested with Carpophilus dimidiatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) was significantly higher than maize free of this pest (F = 5.05, P less than or equal to 0.05). In 1994/95, the density of Mussidia nigrivinella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was significantly higher in the Northern Guinea Savanna than in the other zones, and the presence of this pest was positively correlated with the cob area visibly infected with Aspergillus flavus Link (Deutoremycetes: Monoliales) (r = 0.239, P less than or equal to 0.05) early in storage. Six months later, damage levels due to insects were significantly lower in the Sudan Savanna than in the other ecozones. The infestation level of the most common storage pest, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curcilionidae) decreased from the south to the north. After six months of storage aflatoxin level was positively correlated with the cob area damaged by Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (r = 0.25, P less than or equal to 0.05), the number of Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) observed on maize (r = 0.26, P less than or equal to 0.05) and cob area damaged by S. zeamais (r = 0.22, P less than or equal to 0.05).nhTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 44 Cited References: *INT ORG STAND, 1979, CEREALS CEREAL PRODU, V150, P712 *SPSS, 1993, SPSS WIND ADV STAT R ALBERT H, 1992, ASPECTS EC PROTECTIO BARRY D, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P2492 BETI JA, 1995, J ECON ENTOMOL, V88, P1776 BORGEMEISTER C, 1994, P 6 INT C STOR PROD, P906 BOURAIMA Y, 1993, HUM OCHRATOXICOSIS P, V231, P101 BOWEN KL, 1991, HIGHLIGHTS AGR RES A, V38, P3 CARDWELL K, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P103 COTTY PJ, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P1270 DIENER UL, 1987, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V25, P249 DOWD PF, 1994, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V71, P177 FENNELL DI, 1977, CEREAL CHEM, V54, P770 GORMAN DP, 1991, PLANT BREEDING, V107, P1 HELBIG J, 1995, ECOLOGY PROSTEPHANUS HELL K, IN PRESS J STORED PR HELL K, 1996, WORKSH MYC FOOD AFR, P6 KLICH MA, 1988, LAB GUIDE COMMON ASP LUBULWA G, 1994, P 6 INT C STOR PROD, P1017 LUSSENHOP JL, 1991, T JAPANESE MYCOLOGIC, V31, P63 LYNCH RE, 1991, INT ARACHIS NEWSLETT, V10, P24 LYNCH RE, 1991, PEANUT SCI, V18, P110 MCMILLIAN WW, 1987, AFLATOXIN MAIZE, P194 MCMILLIAN WW, 1990, J ENTOMOL SCI, V25, P123 MILLS JT, 1983, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V73, P330 MOYAL P, 1995, INT J PEST MANAGE, V41, P114 ODINDO MO, 1989, INSECT SCI APPL, V10, P225 SAMSON RA, 1995, INTRO FOOD BORNE FUN SAUER DB, 1980, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V70, P516 SETAMOU M, 1998, J ECON ENTOMOL, V91, P433 SETAMOU M, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P1323 SETAMOU M, 1996, THESIS U CAPE COAST SINGH K, 1991, ILLUSTRATED MANUAL I SINHA KK, 1992, J STORED PROD RES, V28, P211 SINHA KK, 1991, J STORED PROD RES, V27, P65 SOARES LMV, 1992, PLANT TOXIN ANAL, V13, P227 THOMAS F, 1975, J AOAC, V58, P114 TUITE J, 1985, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V75, P1137 UDOH J, 1995, THESIS U IBADAN NIGE VEGA FE, 1995, BIOL CONTROL, V5, P545 WATANABE T, 1994, PICTORIAL ATLAS SOIL WICKLOW DT, 1988, N CENTRAL REGIONAL R, V329, P315 WICKLOW DT, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P621 ZAR JH, 1974, BIOSTATISTICAL ANAL English Article 406RK AFR ENTOMOL~w://000167228800002 and http://journals.sabinet.co.za/essa/ http://journals.sabinet.co.za/ej/ejour_ento.htmle'Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div 08, BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div 08, Cotonou, Benin Hell K Int Inst Trop Agr, Plant Hlth Management Div 08, BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin 25-35$://A1989AE40800003&Siame, B. A. Lovelace, C. E. A.f`Natural Occurrence of Zearalenone and Trichothecene Toxins in Maize-Based Animal Feeds in Zambia4.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureJ. Sci. Food Agric. 1989491'UNIV ZAMBIA,DEPT CHEM,POB 32379,LUSAKA,ZAMBIA UNIV ZAMBIA,DEPT BIOMED SCI,LUSAKA,ZAMBIA SIAME BA UNIV ZAMBIA,DEPT CHEM,POB 32379,LUSAKA,ZAMBIA:3Times Cited: 4 English Article AE408 J SCI FOOD AGRISI:A1989AE40800003a 1486-1491f$://A1993LY34300026mD=Siame, B. A. Weerasuriya, Y. Wood, K. Ejeta, G. Butler, L. G. ZTIsolation of Strigol, a Germination Stimulant for Striga- Asiatica, from Host Plants0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryd]seed-germination; witchweed germination; growth-regulators; lutea lour; ethylene; hermonthicajcThe germination of Striga asiatica, a root parasite of many cereal and leguminous crops, is stimulate by several host and nonhost plant derived stimulants. HPLC revealed the presence of three active compounds in root exudates from Striga host plants, maize and sorghum, and also from proso millet. A fourth active compound was present in sorghum exudates. Acetate and heptafluorobutyrate derivatives were prepared and analyzed by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Each step involved in the isolation, chromatographic purification, and derivatization was followed by a sensitive Striga seed germination bioassay. We report the isolation of strigol as the major Striga seed germination stimulant in maize and proso millet root exudates and as a minor component of the total activity in sorghum root exudates. Strigol was previously isolated only from cotton, a nonhost plant.J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993 Sep419'PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907<5Times Cited: 49 English Article LY343 J AGR FOOD CHEMdISI:A1993LY34300026 G.146-154$://0001752110000084-Magg, T. Melchinger, A. E. Klein, D. Bohn, M.Relationship between European corn borer resistance and concentration of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. in grains of transgenic Bt maize hybrids, their isogenic counterparts, and commercial varietiesOPlant Breeding Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Bacillus thuringiensis; Fusarium spp.; mycotoxin concentration; transgenic maize bacillus-thuringiensis; liquid-chromatography; insecticidal protein; gas-chromatography; wheat; deoxynivalenol; damage; performance; kernels; cleanupThe European corn borer (ECB). Ostrinia nubilalis Hb.. is a major pest of maize in central Europe and promotes the infection of maize with Fusarium spp. In this study, transgenic Bt maize hybrids Acre compared with their isogenic counterparts, and with commercial hybrids from the recommended list with regard to their level of ECB resistance and their concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON). its 15-acetyl (15-A-DON) and 3-acetyl (3-A-DON) derivatives. nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon- X (FUS-X). fumonisins (FUM). and zearalenon (ZEN) in harvested grains. The field experiments Acre performed in Germany at four locations in 1999 and at five locations in 2000. Transgenic Bi hybrids showed significantly lower means than their corresponding isogenic counterparts and than commercial hybrids for all resistance traits: damage rating of stalks. number of larvae per plant. number of larvae per ear, and percentage of damaged plants or ears under infestation. Among all mycotoxins analysed. DON consistently showed the highest concentration across all year x location combinations, Mycotoxin concentrations varied significantly between locations, years and genotypes, whereas mycotoxin concentrations were not significantly different between infested and protected plots. Associations between ECB resistance traits and mycotoxin concentrations were not consistent across years. It is concluded that under central European conditions. the use of Bt maize hybrids will only slightly reduce the contamination of maize kernels with mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. Plant Breed. 2002 Apr 1212'Univ Hohenheim, Inst Plant Breeding Seed Sci & Populat Genet, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Univ Hohenheim, Inst Plant Breeding Seed Sci & Populat Genet, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Bohn M Univ Hohenheim, Inst Plant Breeding Seed Sci & Populat Genet, D-70593 Stuttgart, GermanyNGTimes Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V56 *SAS I, 1988, SAS STAT US GUID REL AJANGA S, 2000, CROP PROT, V19, P297 ARCHER TL, 2000, CROP PROT, V19, P181 BOHN M, 1998, MAIS, V26, P150 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 DHILLON BS, 1990, CROP SCI, V30, P931 ESTRUCH JJ, 1997, INSECT RESISTANT MAI, P172 GRIMM H, 1960, BIOMETR Z, V2, P164 HUDON M, 1991, MAYDICA, V36, P69 JANSENS S, 1997, CROP SCI, V37, P1616 JARVIS JL, 1984, MAYDICA, V24, P247 KOZIEL MG, 1993, BIO-TECHNOL, V11, P194 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LEW H, 1993, VEROFF BUNDESANSTALT, V21, P5 MAGG T, 2001, PLANT BREEDING, V120, P397 MESTERHAZY A, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P97 MIHM JA, 1983, EFFICIENT MASS REARI MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 PILCHER CD, 1997, J ECON ENTOMOL, V90, P669 SAGERS J, 1997, INSECT RESISTANT MAI SCHUHMACHER R, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V359, P510 SNEDECOR GW, 1980, STAT METHODS SOLFRIZZO M, 2001, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V18, P227 UTZ HF, 1998, PLABSTAT COMPUTERPRO WALKER F, 1998, J AOAC INT, V81, P741 WEINGAERTNER J, 1997, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V357, P1206 English Article 545HJ PLANT BREEDISI:000175211000008 j*,'Plant Molecular Biology Plant Mol.Biol. Plant Pathology Plant Pathol.Plant Science Plant Sci. Poultry Science Poult. Sci.,'Preparative Biochemistry Prep. Biochem.toProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.d`Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids0+Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure Appl. Chem.TQRevista Cientifica-Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias Rev. Cient.-Fac. Cienc. Vet.0+Revista De Saude Publica Rev. Saude PublicaRisk Analysis Risk Anal.<7Samj South African Medical Journal SAMJ S. Afr. Med. J.Science Science4.Seed Science and Technology Seed Sci. Technol.4/South African Journal of Botany S. Afr. J. Bot.("South African Journal of Chemistry40South African Journal of Science S. Afr. J. Sci.0-South African Medical Journal S. Afr. Med. J.Sydowia SydowiaTalanta Talanta Tectonophysics TectonophysicsTetrahedron Tetrahedron(%Tetrahedron Letters Tetrahedron Lett.84Theoretical and Applied Genetics Theor. Appl. Genet.($Toxicological Sciences Toxicol. Sci.Toxicology Toxicology@=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.("Toxicology in Vitro Toxicol. VitroToxicon Toxicon@;Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry Trac-Trends Anal. Chem.($Transactions of the Asae Trans. ASAE4/Transactions of the British Mycological Society83Veterinary and Human Toxicology Vet. Human Toxicol. Veterinary Quarterly Vet. Q.,(Vibrational Spectroscopy Vib. Spectrosc.Weed Research Weed Res.<9Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift Wien. Tierarz. Monats.PMWorld Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.Xenobiotica Xenobiotica0-Zeitschrift Fur Jagdwissenschaft Z. Jagdwiss.XSZeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung Z. Lebensm.-Unters.-Forsch.Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. 3zTheobroma cacao therapythermodynamic datathermolabile variant thiabendazole thiamine$thin-layer chromatography (TLC) thuringiensisthyme essential oils tillage time trends tio2-h2o-co2 tissuetissue interactionsTLC tobacco tobacco anionic peroxidase tobacco genes tolerancetolerance levels tomato tortillatortilla quality tortillas total antioxidant activity total counttotal homocysteinetotal homocysteine levels toxic corin toxic corn toxic effecttoxic tall fescue toxicity$!toxicity of fumonisin B-1 in ratstoxicokinetics toxigenictoxigenic fungitoxigenic mouldstoxigenic potential toxigenicitytoxin toxin aaltoxin production toxin t-atoxin-contaminated wheat toxinsTP53traditional brew traits trans-transactivation transcribed spacer sequences transcriptiontranscription factortranscriptional(%transepithelial electrical resistancetransformationtransformation systemtransformations transgenictransgenic cropstransgenic maizetransgenic micetransgenic tobaccotransgenic wheat transkei translation initiation site transporters transvection trehalose tri101 triadimefontricarballylic Trichoderma trichodermintrichodermin resistance trichodiene trichothecene,(trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase genetrichothecene mycotoxinstrichothecene productiontrichothecene resistancetrichothecenes tricyclazole TriticumTriticum aestivumtriticum-aestivumtriticum-aestivum l. tropicaltrypsin inhibitortrypsin-inhibitor tuberosum tuberstubular bioassaytumortumor exposuretumor-suppressor genetumor-suppressor genestumorigenicity turkey turkey poult tyrosine-ubiquitin promoterultrastructure uncertaintyunited-kingdom united-states unsaturated update upper mantle upper-mantleurineUstilaginoidea virens vaccine validationvar-var-israelensisvar-subglutinans variability varieties variety vascular-vascular-disease vectorsvegetable consumption vegetables vegetativevegetative compatibility versicolorinversicolorin-aversicolorin-b synthaseversiconal acetateversiconal hemiacetal versiconal hemiacetal acetateverticillioidesvervet monkeys victoriaVigna unguiculatavii coagulant activityvinyl chloridevinyl-chloride virginia virulencevirulence analysisvirusvirus transgenic micevirus-infectionvisual disease vitamin B-12vitamin supplementation vitamin use vitamin-b-12 vitamin-b12 vitaminsvitis viniferavitis-viniferavitrovitro toxicity volatiles vomitoxinwaterwater activitywater availability water-deficitwax weaningweather variablesweeds West Africa west-africa western kenyawesternized people wet milling wetherswheat wheat flourwheat head scab wheat kernel wheat kernels wheat spikes wheat tissue white corn white flour whitefly whole diet wild tobaccowine witchweedwitchweed germination witchweed striga-hermonthicawomen woodchucks worldwidewound response woundingx maize crosses x-proteinxeniayeastyeast candida-sakeyield yield losses yieldsyoungZea Zea mays zea mays . Zea mays L. zea-mays zea-mays l zea-mays-l zearalanone zearalenol zearalenonezearalenone (ZEA) zearalenone detoxificationzearalenone formation zeranolzeste Zimbabwezinc zinc-fingerZn(II)2cys6 binuclear$!Zn(II)2cys6 binuclear cluster DNAznoZONE  91-94$://000176168300002LFJurjevic, Z. Solfrizzo, M. Cvjetkovic, B. De Girolamo, A. Visconti, A.4.Occurrence of beauvericin in corn from Croatia(!Food Technology and Biotechnologybeauvericin; fumonisins; ochratoxin A; mycotoxins; Fusarium fusarium mycotoxin beauvericin; fumonisin b-1; fusaproliferin; maizeB;The occurrence of beauvericin has been investigated in corn kernel (Zea mays L.) samples collected in 1996 (105 samples) and 1997 (104 samples) from 14 corn-producing counties of Croatia. Corn sample extracts were cleaned up by silica gel minicolumns and analyzed for beauvericin by high performance liquid chromatography with UV diode array detector. Higher incidence of positive samples was found in the 1996 crop as compared to the 1997 crop. In particular, 18 samples (17.4 %) of the 1996 crop were found contaminated with a mean beauvericin content of 393 ng/g and the highest level at 1864 ng/g. Only 1 out of 104 samples collected in the 1997 crop was contaminated with 696 ng/g of the toxin. Beauvericin co- occurred with fumonisins B-1 and B-2 and with ochratoxin A in 17 and 4 samples, respectively. The results of mycological analysis of corn samples for beauvericin producing Fusaritan species were in agreement with results of chemical analysis. In particular, higher incidence of Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (known as Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) (3.7 %) and Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenweber & Reinking) Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas (5.3 %) was found in 1996 with respect to 1997 (1.9 % of F. verticillioides and 0.4 % of F. subglutinans). This is the first report on the occurrence of beauvericin in Croatia. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2002Apr-Jun402':3Univ Zagreb, Fac Agr Sci, Dept Plant Pathol, Svetosimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia Univ Zagreb, Fac Agr Sci, Dept Plant Pathol, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia CNR, Inst Toxins & Mycotoxins, I-70125 Bari, Italy Jurjevic Z Univ Zagreb, Fac Agr Sci, Dept Plant Pathol, Svetosimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 11 Cited References: BOTTALICO A, 1995, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V12, P599 JOSEPHS RD, 1999, FRESEN J ANAL CHEM, V363, P130 JURJEVIC Z, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P455 JURJEVIC Z, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P67 KRSKA R, 1996, J CHROMATOGR A, V746, P233 KRSKA R, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P11 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 NEERGAARD P, 1977, SEED PATHOLOGY, V1, P739 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 SHEPHARD GS, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5111 English Article 561XL FOOD TECHNOL BIOTECHNOLISI:000176168300002645-652$://A1994NV48900008.(Kale, S. P. Bhatnagar, D. Bennett, J. W.Isolation and Characterization of Morphological Variants of Aspergillus-Parasiticus Deficient in Secondary Metabolite ProductionMycological Research>7fusarium-graminearum; p53 gene; aflatoxin-b1; precursorPolyketide-producing Aspergillus parasiticus was developed as a model system to study fungal strain degeneration. One wild type and five spore colour and auxotrophic mutants of A. parasiticus (designated sec+ for secondary metabolism plus) making aflatoxin and/or pigmented pathway intermediates were subjected to a protocol of serial mycelial transfers in a defined medium. Variant forms (designated sec- for secondary metabolism minus) were isolated from the sec+ forms after 5-12 transfers. The sec- forms exhibited altered morphology, reduced sporulation and inability to make detectable levels of polyketide secondary metabolites. The variants were stable and did not revert to the parental characteristics after more than ten transfers. This pleiotrophic class of non-aflatoxigenic variants serves as a model system to study the commonly occurring, but poorly understood, phenomenon of strain degeneration in filamentous fungi. Mycol. Res. 1994 Jun98'USDA,SO REG CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179 TULANE UNIV,DEPT CELL & MOLEC BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118 USDA,SO REG CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 7017981Times Cited: 15 English Article 6 NV489 MYCOL RESISI:A1994NV48900008 3399-34040$://A1996VF61600052e:4Kale, S. P. Cary, J. W. Bhatnagar, D. Bennett, J. W.ngCharacterization of experimentally induced, nonaflatoxigenic variant strains of Aspergillus parasiticus:,&Applied and Environmental Microbiologyrkaflatoxin biosynthesis; conidiophore development; regulatory locus; sterigmatocystin; cloning; flavus; aflrSix previously isolated, nonaflatoxigenic variants of Aspergillus parasiticus, designated sec mutants, were characterized morphologically by electron microscopy, biochemically by biotransformation studies,vith an aflatoxin precursor, and genetically by Northern (RNA) hybridization analysis of aflatoxin biosynthetic gene transcripts, Scanning electron micrographs clearly demonstrated that compared with the parental sec(+) forms, the variant sec forms had an abundance of vegetative mycelia, orders of magnitude reduced number of conidiophores and conidia, and abnormal metulae, Conidiospores were detected in sec cultures only at higher magnifications (x500), in contrast to the sec(+) (wild type) strain, in which abundant conidiospores (masking the vegetative mycelia) were observed even at lower magnifications (x300), All sec(+) forms, but none of the sec forms, showed bioconversion of sterigmatocystin to aflatoxins, Northern blots probed with pathway genes demonstrated lack of expression of both the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway structural (nor-1 and omtA) and regulatory (aflR) genes in the sec forms; PCR and Southern hybridization analysis confirmed the presence of the genes in the sec genomes. Thus, the loss of aflatoxigenic capabilities in the sec form is correlated with alterations in the conidial morphology of the fungus, suggesting that the regulation of aflatoxin synthesis and conidiogenesis may be interlinked. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996 Sep629'XAVIER UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70125 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124 TULANE UNIV,DEPT CELL & MOL BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118 Kale SP XAVIER UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70125B://A1993LF64200003Mahmoud, A. L. E.LFToxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxin Content in Poultry Feedstuff Ingredients$Journal of Basic Microbiology J. Basic Microbiol.a 1993332sLF642 J BASIC MICROBISI:A1993LF64200003E371-376$://0001660174000220$Maragos, C. M. Thompson, V. S..'Fiber-optic immunosensor for mycotoxins Natural ToxinsTMfiber optic immunosensor; biosensor; immunoassay; mycotoxins fumonisins; cornTpiEvanescent wave-based fiber-optic immunosensors were studied for the detection of fumonisins and aflatoxins in maize. Two formats, competitive and non-competitive, were used. A competitive format was used to measure fumonisin B-1 (FB1) in both spiked and naturally contaminated maize samples. Fumonisin monoclonal antibodies were covalently coupled to an optical fiber and the competition between FB1 and FB1 labeled with fluorescein (FB1-FITC) for the limited number of binding sites on the fiber was assessed. The signal generated in the assay was inversely proportional to the FB1 concentration. For samples, the concentration causing an inhibition of binding by 50% (IC50) was dependent upon the clean-up procedure used. Simple dilution of methanolic maize extracts yielded an assay with an IC50 equivalent to 25 mug FB1 g(-1) maize with a limit of detection of 3.2 mug g(-1) maize. Affinity column clean-up yielded an assay with an IC50 equivalent to 5 mug FB, g(-1) maize (limit of detection 0.4 mug FB1 g(-1)). An HPLC method and the immunosensor method agreed well for naturally contaminated maize samples except when large amounts of other fumonisins that cross-react with the immunosensor were present. The second sensor format, for the mycotoxin aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)), was a non-competitive assay using the native fluorescence of this mycotoxin. Because the fluorescence of AFB1 itself was detected, the response of the sensor was directly proportional to the toxin concentration. The sensor, while capable of detecting as little as 2 ng ml(-1) of AFB(1) in solution was technically not an immunosensor, since the attachment of aflatoxin specific antibodies was not required. Sensors of the formats described have the potential to rapidly screen individual maize samples but require coupling with a clean-up technique to be truly effective. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.E Nat. Toxins  1999766I'USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Maragos CM USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USAPJTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 10 Cited References: BENNETT GA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P501 BOIARSKI AA, 1996, P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS, V2686, P45 GLASS TR, 1987, APPL OPTICS, V26, P2181 MARAGOS CM, 1997, FOOD AGR IMMUNOL, V9, P3 MULLETT W, 1998, ANAL BIOCHEM, V258, P161 POPE NM, 1993, BIOCONJUGATE CHEM, V4, P166 SCHEPER T, 1994, BIOSENS BIOELECTRON, V9, P73 THOMPSON VS, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P1041 THOMPSON VS, 1997, P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS, V2980, P532 VANDERGAAG B, 1997, AOAC INT M SAN DIEG English Article 385RL NAT TOXINSISI:000166017400022L 127-137$://000169996600004,^WGelderblom, W. C. A. Galendo, D. Abel, S. Swanevelder, S. Marasas, W. F. O. Wild, C. P.nRLCancer initiation by fumonisin B-1 in rat liver - role of cell proliferationCancer Lettersfumonisin B-1; cancer initiation; cell proliferation; risk assessment fusarium-moniliforme; lipid-peroxidation; chemical hepatocarcinogenesis; dietary iron; carcinogenesis; mycotoxins; hepatocytes; promotion; dna; inhibition6/Fumonisin B-1 (FB1), a carci267-276$://000168824500013OngGelderblom, W. C. A. Seier, J. V. Snijman, P. W. Van Schalkwyk, D. J. Shephard, G. S. Marasas, W. F. O.wb\Toxicity of culture material of Fusarium verticillioides strain MRC 826 to nonhuman primates(!Environmental Health Perspectivesuculture material; fumonisins; Fusarium verticillioides; hepatotoxicity; nonhuman primates sphingolipid metabolism; vervet monkeys; fumonisin b-1; moniliforme; rats; cancer; carcinogenicity; disruption; cornWe conducted a chronic feeding study in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) over 13.5 years. The experimental design consisted of two dietary treatment groups, each including males and females, fed varying levels of culture material of Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (= F. moniliforme Sheldon) strain MRC 826 mixed into their daily food ration. Two females were included as treatment controls. We conducted blood chemical analyses bimonthly and recorded all clinical signs during the course of the experiment. We took liver biopsies at various stages during the initial phase of the experiment. Several monkeys were terminated in extremis during the experiment. Detailed feed intake profiles were determined 5 years after the experiment began, and the fumonisin B (FB) mycotoxin content of the feed was determined during the final stages of the experiment. The apparent FB consumption patterns were related to changes observed in the biochemical parameters in the blood and urine, including the liver function enzymes and creatinine clearance as well as differential blood counts and sphingolipid levels in the serum and urine. An apparent no-effect threshold for kidney and liver damage is estimated to be between 0.11 and 0.18 mg FB/kg body weight (bw/day, which corresponds to a feed contamination level of between 8.21 and 13.25 mg FB/kg bw diet. Apart from the effects on the liver and kidney, a wide variety of parameters, including cholesterol and creatine kinase, were also adversely affected. Several blood parameters, including white and red blood cells, also significantly decreased in the treated animals. The serum sphinganine level and the sphingosine/sphinganine ratio, monitored toward the end of the experiment, significantly increased in both the low-dose and high-dose animals. The present study provides important information about the diversity of lesions induced by culture material of F. verticillioides in vervet monkeys and the dosage levels of fumonisins to be used in long-term studies in nonhuman primates. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001 May 109'\VS African MRC, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, PROMEC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa S African MRC, Expt Biol Programme, Primate Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Cape Technikon, Business Informat, Cape Town, South Africa Gelderblom WCA S African MRC, PROMEC, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South AfricaD>Times Cited: 3 English Article 2 434PF ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECTISI:0001688245000131Z RR sFRss   <#RON MICROB, V56, P3723 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MERRILL AH, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P297 MERRILL AH, 1988, ANAL BIOCHEM, V171, P373 NIMKAR S, 1988, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V29, P3037 NORRED WP, 1998, J TOXICOL SCI S2, V23, P160 RILEY RT, 1993, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V118, P105 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, TOXICON, V34, P527 SIMONATO L, 2000, MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT, V462, P355 TURNER PC, 1999, MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN, V443, P81 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 1999, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V37, P1153 VANDERWESTHUIZEN L, 2001, TOXICON, V39, P273 VANRENSBURG SJ, 1981, J NATL CANCER I, V67, P243 VANRENSBURG SJ, 1987, S AFR MED J, P9 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WANG E, 1999, J NUTR, V129, P214 WANG E, 1992, J NUTR, V122, P1706 YOSHIZAWA T, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P1626 YU Y, 1993, CANCER CAUSE CONTROL, V4, P195 ZHANG ZX, 1990, RES ESOPHAGEAL CANC, V1, P1 English Article 479HB CANCER CAUSE CONTROLRISI:000171398000007E 115-119$://000181545100017:4Nadubinska, M. Ritieni, A. Moretti, A. Srobarova, A.LFChlorophyll content in maize plants after treatment with fusariotoxinsBiologiamoniliformin; fusaproliferin; fumonisin; deoxynivalenol; zearalenone fusarium-moniliforme; wheat tissue; metabolites; resistance; inhibition; toxicityThe aim of this study was to prove the effect of fusariotoxins on maize plants. Two-week-old plants of two cultivars with different susceptibility to Fusarium infection were used to study chlorophyll a, b contents after toxins treatment. Moniliformin (MF), fumonisin B-1 (FB1), fusaproliferin (FP), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were added to root medium of intact plants at concentration 30 mug mL(-1), or directly to chlorophyll extracts at concentration 20 mug mL(- 1). The greatest decrease in chlorophyll content in vivo caused ZEN and FP in both tested cultivars and DON only in the susceptible one. On the other hand the treatments with FB1 and in susceptible cultivar also with MF have led to increase in chlorophyll content. Depending on toxin, there were slight differences between the cultivars. When toxins were added directly to the chlorophyll extracts, the greatest decrease in chlorophyll a content was induced by MF, followed by FB1 and FP. After treatment with DON and ZEN chlorophyll content reduction did not rearch the level in controls. Recently isolated FP in vitro acted similarly as toxins with the well known phytotoxic properties (MF, FB1) and in vivo as DON and ZEN.Biologia 2003 Jan581c'pjSlovak Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Dubravska Cesta 14, SK-84523 Bratislava, Slovakia Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Bot, SK-84523 Bratislava, Slovakia Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Alimenti, I-80055 Naples, Italy Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, I-70125 Bari, Italy Srobarova A Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Dubravska Cesta 14, SK-84523 Bratislava, SlovakiaTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 24 Cited References: ABBAS HK, 1991, WEED SCI, V39, P673 BACON CW, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P65 BOTTALICO A, 1998, J PLANT PATHOL, V80, P85 BOTTINI AT, 1981, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V22, P2719 BRODNIK T, 1975, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V3, P691 BRUINS MBM, 1993, PLANT SCI, V94, P195 CASALE WL, 1988, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V78, P1673 CHAUHAN RS, 1997, J PHYTOPATHOL, V145, P435 COLE RJ, 1973, SCIENCE, V179, P1324 FISHER H, 1979, CHEM ABSTR 198882, V90 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 MILLER JD, 1988, ACS SYM SER, V379, P117 MORETTI A, 1998, B I COMPR AGR SCI KI, V6, P13 NADUBINSKA M, 1999, P 9 C MICR FUNG PLAN, P80 NELSON P, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL PAVLOVKIN J, 1996, BIOL BRATISLAV, V51, P70 RITIENI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P17 SAHUN SC, 1998, CANC LETT, V1, P117 SHINHA KK, 1993, MYCOTOXIN RES, V9, P79 SROBAROVA A, 2001, CEREAL RES COMMUN, V29, P101 SROBAROVA A, 1999, P 5 WORKSH NEW RES G, P136 VERNON LP, 1960, ANAL CHEM, V32, P1144 VIANELLO A, 1978, PLANTA, V143, P51 VURRO M, 1997, PLANT SCI, V126, P29 English Article 655HK BIOLOGIAISI:000181545100017Rocellular carc563-572$://000184564300008d^Widstrom, N. W. Butron, A. Guo, B. Z. Wilson, D. M. Snook, M. E. Cleveland, T. E. Lynch, R. E.Control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination in maize by pyramiding QTL involved in resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp"European Journal of Agronomyaflatoxin; Aspergillus infection; husk tightness; maysin; resistance to insects; pyramiding QTL; Zea mays L. quantitative trait loci; gt-mas-gk; corn-earworm; metabolic pathways; larvae lepidoptera; diverse locations; genetic- control; flavus; maysin; silks0)Several resistance sources and resistance mechanisms to aflatoxin formation and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) damage to maize (Zea mays L.) have been identified. Based on this knowledge, experiments were initiated toward achievement of the following objectives: (1) to confirm earlier determinations on resistance traits of germplasm sources and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with each of the traits, and (2) upon estimation of the degree of QTL effects on each trait, to generate a maize population, with chemical and physical resistance to Aspergillus spp. and ear- feeding insects, for inbred development. A 2-year field experiment to evaluate selected genotypes inoculated with A. flavus and infested with corn earworm revealed that significant variation exists among the genotypes for aflatoxin contamination and corn earworm damage. The protection of maize ears against aflatoxin contamination was primarily dependent on resistance to fungal infection and ear-feeding insects, and excellent husk coverage and tightness. A major QTL (p]) identified on chromosome IS had effects of 54.0, 42.1, and 28.3% on the phenotypic variability for concentrations of silk maysin, 3'-methoxymaysin + apimaysin, and chlorogenic acid, respectively. Markers/QTLs for husk phenotypic traits and total aflatoxin concentrations have been determined, but more detailed mapping of these chromosomic regions will be necessary to locate precise markers/QTLs for husk traits and aflatoxin production. Realizing the complexity of the Aspergillus- aflatoxin-maize system and the factors affecting aflatoxin contamination, we are directing our program toward marker- assisted breeding to enhance or improve general genetic resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.Eur. J. Agron. 2003 Aug194'USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA Guo BZ USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USAtmTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 44 Cited References: *SAS I INC, 1990, SAS STAT US GUID ANDERSON HW, 1975, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V23, P775 BARRY D, 1985, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V14, P634 BARRY D, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P2492 BLOUNT JW, 2000, PLANT PHYSIOL, V122, P107 BYRNE PF, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P8820 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P886 DARRAH LL, 1987, CROP SCI, V27, P869 DAVIS GL, 1999, GENETICS, V152, P1137 GARDINER JM, 1993, GENETICS, V134, P917 GARDNER CAC, 1987, PLANT DIS, V71, P426 GORMAN DP, 1992, PLANT BREEDING, V109, P296 GRAY FA, 1982, PLANT DIS, V66, P221 GUO BZ, 1999, J ECON ENTOMOL, V92, P746 GUO BZ, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P295 GUO BZ, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P276 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 GUO BZ, 2001, THEOR APPL GENET, V103, P533 HESSELTINE CW, 1981, MYCOLOGIA, V73, P216 LEE EA, 1998, GENETICS, V149, P1997 LEVINGS CS, 1971, GENETICS, V69, P491 LI R, 1998, P USDA ARS AFL EL WO LILLEHOJ EB, 1975, CROP SCI, V15, P267 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, PLANT SOIL, V54, P469 MCMILLIAN WW, 1993, CROP SCI, V33, P882 MCMILLIAN WW, 1987, J ENTOMOL SCI, V22, P307 MCMILLIAN WW, 1985, J ENVIRON QUAL, V14, P200 MCMULLEN MD, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P1996 MORENO OJ, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P1 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCOTT GE, 1991, AGRON J, V83, P595 SNOOK ME, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P1481 SNOOK ME, 1989, J CHROMATOGR, V477, P439 SNOOK ME, 1994, P INT S HELD CIMMYT, P37 THEAN JE, 1980, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V63, P631 WIDSTROM NW, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P202 WIDSTROM NW, 1992, HDB APPLIED MYCOLOGY, V5, P23 WIDSTROM NW, 1975, J ECON ENTOMOL, V68, P855 WIDSTROM NW, 1984, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V74, P887 WIDSTROM NW, 1997, RRD AGR FOOD CHEM, V1, P301 WIDSTROM NW, 1983, SO COOP SERIES B, V279, P72 WILSON DM, 1979, J AM OIL CHEM SOC, V56, P798 WISEMAN BR, 1992, J ECON ENTOMOL, V85, P2473 ZUBER MS, 1983, PLANT DIS, V67, P185 English Article 708JU EUR J AGRONISI:000184564300008 Hetmanski, M. T. Heyt, G. J.Heyward, W. L. Higa, A. Highley, E.85Highley, E., Wright, EJ, Banks, HJ, and Champ, BR EdsHilakivi-Clarke, L. Hill, R. A.Hillocks, R. J.Hinterholzer, J. Hinton, D. M.Hirooka, E. Y.Hocking, A. D. Hofmann, G.Hofseth, L. J. Hohn, T. M.Holland, J. B.Holland, K. A. Hollis, B. W. Holt, P. R. Hooker, D. C. Hope, R.Hopmans, E. C. Horak, R. M. Hornok, L. Horst, R. K. Hounsa, A. Hourcade, E. Howard, P. C. Hsing, A. W. Hu, W. Q. Hu, Y. Hua-Van, A. Huang, L. L. Huber, W. W. Hughes, G. Humphreys, J. Hunter, K.Hussain, S. P.Hussein, H. M. Hutton, T. Hyde, W. G. Ibeh, I. N. Igawa, T.Ikediobi, C. O. Ikotun, T. Iles, A.Illincic-Tamburic, L. Imerman, P. Ingber, B. Inman, L. Irelan, N. A. Isakeit, T.Isea-Fernandez, G. Itano, E. N. Ituarte, B. Izzotti, A.Jackson, D. S.Jackson, E. L. Jacob, M. Jakab, L. Jakobsen, M.Janardhana, G. R.Jardine, D. J. Jardine, DJ.Jaskiewicz, K. Javed, T. Jayas, D. S.Jeenes, David J. Jellal, A.Jenkins, F. P. Jensen, D. J. Jeschke, N. Jespersen, L. JF., Leslie Jha, Y. K. Jodlbauer, J. Joggerst, B.Johnson, K. M. K. Jolley, M. E. Jones, A. J. Jordan, C. A. Josephs, R.Josephs, R. D.Joubert, A. M. Joubert, E. Joubert, F. Joubert, G.Joubert, J. J. Joubran, J. Juanlopez, M. Juba, J. H. Juglal, S. Julian, A. M. Jurado, M.Jurgenson, J. E. Jurjevic, Z.Kailasapathy, K. Kakeya, H. Kale, S. P. Kamidi, R. E. Kandler, W. Kang, Z. Karato, S. Karlovsky, P. Kato, T. Kaul, H. P. Kawamura, O. Kedera, C. J. Kelberman, I. Keller, N. P.Kellerman, T. S.Kemp, G. H. J. Kennedy, R. Kerenyi, Z. Keyser, Z. Khidr, R. Kiendler, E. Kim, E. K. Kim, Y. B. Kimura, M.Kingston, D. G. I. Kinsey, A. Kirsch, R. E. Kis, M. Kissileff, H.Kitamoto, H. K.Kitbamroong, C.Klaasen, J. A. Klauber, A. Kleifeld, Y. Klein, D. Klein, O.Kleinschmidt, C. E. Klich, M. A. Kling, J. Kling, J. G.Klittich, C. J. R. Klobasa, F. Kmetov, V. Knabe, O.Knoxdavies, P. S. Koch, K. R. Kofer, J. Kohmoto, K. Kohn, B. Kongsdal, O. Kos, G. Kostecki, M. Koupparis, M. Kovacs, F. Kovacs, G. Koyama, Y. Kpodo, K. Kramer, P. S. Kratky, Z.Kriek, N. P. J.Kritzinger, Q. Kroschel, J. Krska, R. Kruger, M. Kruger, S. C. Kubler, E. Kuchler, K. Kumar, H. Kwon, O. S. La Penna, M. Lacey, J. Laffitte, J.Lambert, R. J. Lammer, E. J.Lamprecht, S. C. Lancaster, M. Lange, B. Langin, T. Larsen, R. Larsen, R. D. Latreite, S. Lauren, D. R. Lax, A. R. Lazarus, C. Le Bars, J. Le Bars, P.Lebepe-Mazur, S.LebepeMazur, S. Ledoux, D. R. Lee, C. Lee, L. S. Lee, R. Lee, R. C. Lee, Y. J. Leggott, N.Leggott, N. L. Leistner, L. Leitgeb, R. Lemke, S. L. Lemmens, M. Lemmer, E. R.Leontopoulos, D. Lepom, P. Lepschy, J. Leslie, J. F. LeVoyer, T. Lew, H. Lewtas, J. Li, H. Li, R. G. Lienau, A.Lillehoj, E. B. Limpert, E. Lin, W. Y.Lincoln, J. E. Lindner, W. Linz, J. Linz, J. E. Lipkin, M. Liu, B. H.Livesey, C. T.Loarca-Pina, M. G. Logrieco, A. Lohninger, H. Loiseau, N. London, W. T. Lopez, A. G.Lottering, M. L.Lovelace, C. E. A. Lu, M. Lu, Y. Lu, Z. Lubben, A.*x237-249$://000181566600009D=Proctor, R. H. Brown, D. W. Plattner, R. D. Desjardins, A. E.vpCo-expression of 15 contiguous genes delineates a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in Gibberella moniliformis"Fungal Genetics and BiologyGibberella moniliformis; Fusarium verticillioides; maize; fumonisins; mycotoxin biosynthesis; gene cluster mating population-a; fusarium-moniliforme; fujikuroi; b-1; saccharomyces; mycotoxins; cloning; pathway; enzyme; verticillioidesf_Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by the maize pathogen Gibberella moniliformis and are associated with cancer in rodents. In this study, we determined the nucleotide sequence of a 75-kb region of G. monilijformis DNA and identified 18 heretofore undescribed genes flanking a cluster of five previously identified fumonism biosynthetic (FUM) genes. Ten of the newly identified genes downstream of the cluster were coregulated with FUM genes and exhibited patterns of expression that were correlated with fumonisin production. BLASTX analyses indicated that the predicted functions of proteins encoded by the 10 genes were consistent with activities expected for fumonisin biosynthesis or self-protection. These data indicate that the 10 newly identified genes and the previously identified FUM genes constitute a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster. Disruption of two of the new genes, encoding longevity assurance factors, had no apparent effect on fumonisin production, but disruption of a third, encoding an ABC transporter, had a subtle effect on ratios of fumonisins produced. Published by Elsevier Science (USA).Fungal Genet. Biol. 2003 Mar382'USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Proctor RH USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Times Cited: 16 Cited Reference Count: 49 Cited References: AHN JH, 2002, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V35, P31 ALTSCHUL SF, 1997, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V25, P3389 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BLACKWELL BA, 1994, J AOAC INT, V77, P506 BRANDWAGT BF, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P4961 BRANHAM BE, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V124, P99 BROWN DW, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V32, P121 BUEDE R, 1991, J BACTERIOL, V173, P4325 CALDAS ED, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P4734 CHITNIS MV, 2002, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V36, P215 DELSORBO G, 2000, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V30, P1 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P2571 GUILLAS I, 2001, EMBO J, V20, P2655 GURR SJ, 1987, GENE STRUCTURE EUKAR, P93 HOHN TM, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V26, P224 HOWARD PC, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P277 JORNVALL H, 1995, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V34, P6003 KEATING TA, 2000, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V39, P15513 KELLER NP, 1997, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V21, P17 KENNEDY J, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P1368 KEYSER Z, 1999, S AFR J SCI, V95, P455 LACOMBE E, 1997, PLANT J, V11, P429 LAICH F, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1236 LESLIE JF, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P341 MARAHIEL MA, 1997, CHEM REV, V97, P2651 MARASAS WFO, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P239 MERRILL AH, 1990, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1044, P1 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PLANT DIS, V81, P556 NAGIEC MM, 1994, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V91, P7899 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 PLATTNER RD, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P57 PLATTNER RD, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P17 PRECOTT AG, 2000, EVOLUTION METABOLIC, P249 PROCTOR RH, 1999, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V27, P100 PROCTOR RH, 1999, NAT TOXINS, V7, P251 SAMBROOK J, 1989, MOL CLONING LAB MANU SCHORLING S, 2001, MOL BIOL CELL, V12, P3417 SEO JA, 2001, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V34, P155 SHIM WB, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P1607 STACHELHAUS T, 1998, J BIOL CHEM, V273, P22773 SYDENHAM EW, 1992, J AOAC INT, V75, P313 TUDZYNSKI B, 1998, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V25, P157 TURGEON BG, 1987, MOL CELL BIOL, V7, P3297 VANDENBRINK HJM, 1998, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V23, P1 VOSS T, 2001, CURR GENET, V39, P377 WANG E, 1991, J BIOL CHEM, V266, P14486 WOLOSHUK CP, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P2408 YOUNG C, 2001, MOL MICROBIOL, V39, P754 YUN SH, 2000, FUNGAL GENET BIOL, V31, P7 English Article 655RN FUNGAL GENET BIOLISI:000181566600009 MONTESANO R, 1997, J NATL CANCER I, V89, P1844 MORA M, 1997, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V138, P77 REGUEIRO OS, 1996, MICOTOXINAS PERSPECT, P132 RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 RICHARD JL, 1993, J ANIM SCI, V71, P2563 SABINO M, 1993, J BRAZILLIAN ASS ADV, V45, P359 SANTUARIO JM, 1996, MICOTOXINAS PERSPECT, P149 SIAME BA, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1670 WOOD GE, 1992, J ANIM SCI, V70, P3941 English Article'Natl Ctr Anim & Plant Protect, CENSA, Apartado 10 San Jose Lajas, Havana, Cuba Natl Ctr Anim & Plant Protect, CENSA, Havana, Cuba Inst Nutr & Hyg Food, INHA, Havana, Cuba$mycotoxins; zearalenone; maizeGuo, B. Z.309-310$://A1988P035600008 :3Engelhardt, G. Zill, G. Wohner, B. Wallnofer, P. R.\VTransformation of the Fusarium Mycotoxin Zearalenone in Maize Cell-Suspension CulturesNaturwissenschaftenNaturwissenschaften 1988 Jun756  P0356 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN5ISI:A1988P035600008(%%Y1 }{  qZV cknnFwP1cc%2y?%'4/~Yv  'JBnk_ :VdV 1-14$://000172861900001$Reid, L. M. Zhu, X. Ma, B. L.ngCrop rotation and nitrogen effects on maize susceptibility to gibberella (Fusarium graminearum) ear rotPlant and Soilcrop rotation; deoxynivalenol; Fusarium graminearum; maize; nitrogen aflatoxin contamination; grain-yield; stalk rot; corn; deoxynivalenol; resistance; disease; manure; amendment; wheatd^An experiment was established in 1992 in eastern Ontario, Canada to determine the effects of crop rotation (continuous maize, soybean-maize and alfalfa-maize) and nitrogen (N) amendment [0, 100 and 200 kg N ha(-1) of fertilizer (NH4NO3), and 50 and 100 Mg ha(-1) (wet wt.) each of stockpiled and rotted dairy manure] on maize production and soil properties. From 1997 to 1999, an additional study was added to the experiment to investigate treatment effects on the susceptibility of maize hybrids to gibberella ear rot. A moderately resistant and a susceptible hybrid were planted in each plot and inoculated with a macroconidial suspension of Fusarium graminearum by both the silk channel injection and the kernel-wound techniques. At harvest, ears were rated for the severity of disease symptoms and harvested kernels were analyzed for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). The greatest number of significant N effects were found in the continuous maize treatments and with the susceptible hybrid. Most N amendments decreased both disease severity and DON accumulation in the susceptible hybrid. The most consistent effect was a decrease in disease severity with 100 kg N ha(-1) fertilizer and an increase in disease severity with the higher rate of 200 kg N ha(-1). This study is the first to report on the effects of soil N amendments on gibberella ear rot susceptibility. Plant Soil 2001 Nov 2371'<6Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cent Expt Farm, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cent Expt Farm, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Reid LM Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cent Expt Farm, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada \ VTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 53 Cited References: *SAS I INC, 1996, SAS SYST REL 6 12 ANDERSON HW, 1975, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V23, P775 ANSARI MM, 1998, J OILSEEDS RES, V15, P368 CHANG C, 1993, AGRON J, V85, P1013 COLBACH N, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P26 ENERSON PM, 1980, CAN J PLANT SCI, V60, P1123 FIDANZA MA, 1996, HORTSCIENCE, V31, P389 GREGORICH EG, 1998, J ENVIRON QUAL, V27, P209 GREWAL SK, 1991, PLANT DIS RES, V6, P1 HESSELTINE CW, 1977, MYCOLOGIA, V69, P328 HUBER DM, 1974, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V12, P139 HUBER DM, 1981, HDB PEST MANAGEMENT, V1, P357 HUBER DM, 1970, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V60, P22 JONES RK, 1981, PLANT DIS, V65, P741 KARLEN DL, 1973, COMM SOIL SCI PLANT, V4, P359 KASHEM MA, 1999, PAKISTAN J SCI IND R, V42, P89 KEENEY DR, 1982, METHODS SOIL ANAL, V2, P643 KERR WE, 1965, RHOD AGR J, V62, P11 KOMMEDAHL T, 1984, NITROGEN CROP PRODUC, P461 KRUGER W, 1976, P 12 C INT POT I IZM, P145 KUMAR S, 1997, J MYCOL PLANT PATHOL, V27, P1 MA BL, 1999, AGRON J, V91, P650 MA BL, 1999, AGRON J, V91, P1003 MATHEW T, 1996, AGR SCI DIGEST KARNA, V16, P8 MCLAUGHLIN NB, 1998, P CAN SOC AGR ENG SA, P98 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J MICROBIOL, V29, P1171 OERKE FC, 1989, Z PFLANZENK PFLANZEN, V96, P140 OSUNLAJA SO, 1990, PLANT SOIL, V127, P237 PAYNE GA, 1989, PLANT DIS, V73, P556 PESTKA JJ, 1990, CAN J PHYSIOL PHARM, V68, P1009 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 PURKAYASTHA RP, 1976, Z PFLANZENKRANKHEITE, V83, P221 REDDY APK, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P970 REID LM, 1996, AGR AGRIFOOD CANADA REID LM, 1996, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V18, P279 REID LM, 1992, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V14, P211 REID LM, 1992, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V14, P293 REID LM, 1998, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V104, P147 REID LM, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P1028 RHEEDER JP, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P131 RINGER CE, 1997, COMPOST SCI UTIL, V5, P6 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1997, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V103, P737 SINHA RC, 1996, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V18, P233 SINHA RC, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P1740 SMILEY RW, 1996, PLANT DIS, V80, P813 SOLLINGER J, 1997, 4 SCI M EC AGR MARCH, V4, P315 SUTTON JC, 1982, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V4, P195 TEICH AH, 1987, CEREAL RES COMMUN, V15, P35 VESONDER RF, 1981, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V42, P1132 VOLAND RP, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P461 WARREN HL, 1975, AGRON J, V67, P655 WHITE DG, 1978, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V68, P811 English Article 504NC PLANT SOILISI:000172861900001 ID Lubulwa, ASG. Lucyshyn, D. Luschnig, C.Lustbader, E. D. Lutz, M. P. Lynch, R. E. Lyr, H Ma, B. L.Mabekoje, O. O.Mac Donald, S.Macdonald, A. M. C.Macdonald, M. V. MacDonald, S.Macgeorge, K. M. Machinski, M. Mackay, M. F.MacKenzie, S. E. Macko, V.Mackwell, S. J. Madden, L. V. Maddox, J. Magan, N. Magg, T.Maghirang, E. B. Mahanti, N. Mahfoud, R.Mahmoud, A. L. E.Mahrous, S. R. Mainprice, D.Mallmann, C. A.Mallozzi, M. A. B.Malozzi, M. A. B. Manandhar, G.Manandhar, G. G.Manandhar, H. K. Manley, M. Mantle, P. G.Maragos, C. A.Maragos, C. M. Marasas, W.Marasas, W. F. O. Marasas, WFO. Marcaki, P. Maree, J. L. Maresca, M. Marin, S. Maritato, F. Mark, S. D. Markaki, P.Markham, R. H. Marnewick, J.Marnewick, J. L. Marois, J. J.Marquardt, R. R.Marques, M. M. Marquez, C.Martinez, A. J. Martinez, C. Martinez, E.Martinez, E. J. Martinez, S.Martinson, C. A.Martlbauer, E.Mascagni, H. J. Masih, D. T. Masoero, F. Mather, D. E. Mathur, S. B.Matsushima, K. Matten, S. R. Matthes, S. Matthies, A. Maupin, L. M. Mayer, Z. Mayo, M. A. Mayura, K.Maziya-Dixon, B.McClure, S. A.McCormick, S. P. McGee, D. C.McGlynn, K. A.McGuire, S. M.McIntyre, L. M. McKemy, J. M.McKinlay, R. G.McMahon, B. J.McMillen, B. L.McMillian, W. W. Medina, A. E.Medina-Martinez, M. S.Medlock, V. F. P. Mehta, A. D. Meister, U.Melchinger, A. E. Melcion, D.Mendez-Albores, J. A.Mendiola-Olaya, E.Mendoza, E. M. Mengheri, E. Menguy, L. Menkir, A. Meredith, E. Meredith, F.Meredith, F. I.Merrill, A. H. Meyer, C. J. Meyer, J. R. Meyer, U. Meyers, D. M.Michielli, R. A. Miedaner, T.Mikkilineni, V.Milbradt, E. L. Miles, M. Miller, B. M. Miller, H. Miller, J. D. Mimori, K.Mincsovics, E. Minervini, F. Minne, J. A. Minoia, P. Minto, R. E. Miraglia, M. Mirete, S.Mirocha, C. J. Mirsaidi, N. Misra, R. S.Missmer, S. A.Mitterbauer, R.Mohawed, S. M.Monahan, B. J.Montalbano, B.Montalbano, B. G. Monti, S. M. Moody, C. J. Moore, K. G. Moore, S. E.Moreno-Martinez, E. Moretti, A. Moritz, W.Mortensen, G. K. Moschini, M. Moss, S. F.Mostofi, F. K.Moussa, L. A. A.Mphande, F. A. Mpuchane, S.Mpuchane, S. F.Mshicileli, N. Mugwanya, D.Muhitch, M. J. Mule, G.Mullaney, E. J.Muller-Stover, D. Munimbazi, C.Munkvold, G. P. Munkvold, GP. Munoz, A. Murillo, I. Murphy, E. C. Murphy, P. A. Murray, K. E.Muthomi, J. W. Mutitu, E. W.Nadubinska, M. Nagler, M. J. Naicker, V. Naidoo, G. Nair, J. J. Nakajima, T. Nasir, M. S. Nauta, M. Nawaz, S. Nayak, S. Ndemah, R. Neely, D.Negron-Gonzalez, G. Neira, S. Nelsen, T. C. Nelson, P. E.Nesbitt, T. C. Nesci, A. Ngoko, Z.Nichols, R. E.Nichols, S. J. Nicholson, P. Nicol, R. W.Nieuwenhuis, J. J.Nieuwoudt, T. W. Nikiema, P.Nirenberg, H. I. Nishiuchi, T.Nogueira, J. R. Norton, R. A.Notermans, S. H. W.Nout, M. J. R. Nwude, N.Nystrom, G. J. O'Donnell, K. O'Mara, J. K. Obilana, B. Obrian, G. Obrian, G. R. Ochanda, J.Ochiai-Fukuda, T.Ochieng, J. A. W. Ochor, T. E. Odhav, B. Odin, M.=628-634$://000178371500016MDowd, P. F. White, D. G.~wCorn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) and other insect associated resistance in the maize inbred Tex6,$Journal of Economic EntomologyAspergillus; Helicoverpa zea; plant resistance; corn; aflatoxin aspergillus ear rot; aflatoxin contamination; kernel infection; flavus; hybrids; field60A 2-yr field and laboratory study investigated insect resistance of the maize, Zea mays L., inbred Tex6, which has previously demonstrated resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production, relative to susceptible inbred B73. Field studies indicated significantly greater resistance to insect feeding of V4 -V8 growth stage Tex6 plants compared with B73 plants in both years, primarily to flea beetles (Chaetonema spp.). Field studies of natural (1999) and artificial (2000) infestations of corn earworms, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), indicated much lower levels of kernel damage at milk stage (approximately three-fold) and smaller surviving larvae (approximately three-fold) in Tex6 compared with B73 ears. At harvest similar trends in reduction of numbers of damaged kernels per ear, as well as incidence and numbers of kernels per ear symptomatically infected by Fusarium spp. were noted. Laboratory studies indicated little difference in mortality or survivor weight of caterpillars or sap beetle adults caged with milk stage kernels of the two inbreds. However, assays with silks indicated significantly greater mortality of H. zea in both 1999 and 2000, and European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) in 1999 (only year tested) when fed Tex6 silks compared with B73 silks. Pollinated Tex6 silks were generally darker colored and more toxic than unpollinated silks. Thus, it is possible that commercially usable inbreds with resistance to insects, which also contribute to the mycotoxin problem through vectoring and damage, could be produced using Tex6 as a source.J. Econ. Entomol. 2002 Jun953'\VUSDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop BioProtect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop BioProtect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Dowd PF USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop BioProtect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 42 Cited References: *SAS I, 1987, SAS STAT US GUID PER *USDA ARS, 1999, FOOD SAF NAT PROGR BARRY D, 1986, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V15, P1116 BENNETT SE, 1967, J ECON ENTOMOL, V60, P171 BROWN BL, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P351 CAMPBELL KW, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P1039 DOWD PF, 1994, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V71, P177 DOWD PF, 1991, J AGR ENTOMOL, V8, P149 DOWD PF, 1998, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V46, P3775 DOWD PF, 1997, J CHEM ECOL, V23, P2357 DOWD PF, 1994, J CHEM ECOL, V20, P2777 DOWD PF, 2001, J ECON ENTOMOL, V94, P1067 DOWD PF, 2000, J ECON ENTOMOL, V93, P1669 DOWD PF, 1987, J ECON ENTOMOL, V80, P1351 DOWD PF, 1998, MYCOTOXINS AGR FOOD, P307 DOWD PF, 1999, P 1999 AFL EL WORKSH, P29 DOWD PF, 2000, P 2000 AFL FUM WORKS, P57 DOWD PF, 1988, PESTIC BIOCH PHYSL, V32, P123 GRAY ME, 1999, HDB CORN INSECTS, P85 HAMBLIN AM, 2000, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V90, P292 JOSEPHSON LM, 1966, J ECON ENTOMOL, V59, P1322 KRAMER KJ, 1997, ADV INSECT CONTROL R, P185 LILLEHOJ EB, 1992, HDB APPL MYCOLOGY, V5, P1 LUCKMANN WH, 1964, J ECON ENTOMOL, V57, P778 MCGEE DC, 1995, P 199K AFL EL WORKSH, P52 MCMILLIAN WW, 1987, J ENTOMOL SCI, V22, P307 MCMILLIAN WW, 1985, J ENTOMOL SCI, V20, P66 MCMULLEN MD, 1995, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V8, P811 MILLER JD, 1996, BIOCHEM SYST ECOL, V24, P647 MOORE KG, 1999, P 1999 AFL EL WORKSH, P73 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 PRIVALLE L, 1999, 6002068, US RITCHIE SW, 1989, 48 IOW STAT COOP EXT SCOTT GE, 1988, CROP SCI, V28, P504 TINGEY WM, 1980, BREEDING PLANTS RESI, P87 TRENHOLM HL, 1989, ARCH ENV CONTAM TOXI, V18, P433 TROYER F, 2001, SPECIALTY CORNS, P393 WALTER EV, 1957, J ECON ENTOMOL, V50, P105 WINDHAM GL, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P281 WISEMAN BR, 1976, FLA ENTOMOL, V59, P305 WISEMAN BR, 1999, HDB CORNS INSECTS, P59 WISEMAN BR, 1995, J ECON ENTOMOL, V88, P1795 English Article 600BV J ECON ENTOMOLISI:000178371500016 361-365$://000082303700001 b\Kostecki, M. Wisniewska, H. Perrone, G. Ritieni, A. Golinski, P. Chelkowski, J. Logrieco, A.The effects of cereal substrate and temperature on production of beauvericin, moniliformin and fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM-1434&Food Additives and ContaminantstFusarium subglutinans; mycotoxin; production; substrate; cereals; beauvericin; moniliformin; fusaproliferin section liseola; maize; proliferatum; toxigenicity; mycotoxins; toxicity; strains; toxin; areas; earszsOne strain of Fusarium subglutinans (ITEM-1434) isolated from maize ear rot in Poland was tested for the ability to synthesize moniliformin (MON), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FP) on six cereal substrates (wheat, rye, barley, oat, maize and rice kernels) for 3 weeks at 25 degrees C and on rice at three different temperatures (20, 25 and 30 degrees C). Most MON (497 mu g/g) was produced on rice; most BEA (704 mu g/g) on wheat or rice, and most FP (422 mu g/g) on rye. When cultured on rice, F. subglutinans produced the highest levels of BEA and FP at 20-25 degrees C, while MON production was best at 30 degrees C.Food Addit. Contam. 1999 Sep169'CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, V Luigi Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy August Cieszkowski Agr Univ, Dept Chem, PL-60625 Poznan, Poland Logrieco A CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, V Luigi Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, ItalyTimes Cited: 9 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: BOTTALICO A, 1983, MICROBIOLOGIE ALIMEN, V1, P133 CHELKOWSKI J, 1997, CEREAL RES COMMUN 1, V25, P493 CHELKOWSKI J, 1992, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V10, P49 CHELKOWSKI J, 1990, MYCOTOXIN RES, V6, P41 COLE RJ, 1973, SCIENCE, V179, P1324 DIPAOLA R, 1994, ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN S, V2, P256 GUPTA S, 1991, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V123, P171 KIREK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMETICS TOXIC, V15, P579 KOSTECKI M, 1995, MICROBIOL ALIM NUTR, V13, P67 LACEY J, 1992, CEREALS GRAIN MYCOTO, P77 LESLIE JF, 1991, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V81, P1058 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LOGRIECO A, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3084 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V122, P185 LOGRIECO A, 1990, PHYTOPATHOL MEDITERR, V29, P81 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MARASAS WFO, 1987, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V53, P693 MARASAS WFO, 1986, MYCOLOGIA, V78, P242 MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MORETTI A, 1995, MYCOL RES, V99, P282 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P44 NELSON PE, 1991, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V57, P2410 NELSON PE, 1983, FUSARIUM SPECIES ILL NIRENBERG HI, 1981, CAN J BOT, V59, P1599 OJCIUS DM, 1991, EXP CELL RES, V197, P43 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 RITIENI A, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P17 SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADD CONTAM, V4, P459 English Article 231HZ FOOD ADDIT CONTAMISI:000082303700001I 19-27S$://000175261000002 Miller, J. D.:4Aspects of the ecology of Fusarium toxins in cereals Mycotoxins and Food Safety $KLUWER ACADEMIC / PLENUM PUBLblight resistant wheat; head blight; maize hybrids; fumonisin production; mycotoxin production; fungal growth; ear rot; corn; deoxynivalenol; moniliforme|vSpecies of the genus Fusarium account for three of the five agriculturally important mycotoxins which are deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin, fumonisin, zearalenone and ochratoxin. The toxigenic fusaria have been complicated to study because morphologically- similar strains represent different biologies: saprophytes, pathyotypes and endophytes. This might explain the difficulties with systems of taxonomy for Fusarium species and increasing reliance on molecular techniques to characterize taxa. Another remarkable feature of the toxigenic fusaria is that each species produces compounds that cross several species as well as families of compounds that are species specific. In addition, reproductively-isolated strains (from different continents) of important species such as F. graminearum produce different compounds, and even produce the same compounds by different biosynthetic pathways.4-Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2002 504 j cTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 59 Cited References: *IARC, 1993, IARC MON, V56 BLAIS LA, 1992, CAN J CHEM, V70, P1281 BRIAN PW, 1961, J EXP BOT, V12, P1 COSSETTE F, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P383 CREASIA DA, 1989, TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTO, V1, P161 DEMERS F, 1994, PRELIMINARY ASSESSME DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, P953 DOEHLERT DC, 1994, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V127, P117 DOWD PF, 1989, MYCOLOGIA, V81, P646 DREPPER WJ, 1990, PLANT DIS, V74, P952 FOSTER BC, 1986, MICROBIOLOGIE ALIMEN, V4, P199 GREENHALGH R, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P98 GREENHALGH R, 1986, P 6 IUPAC INT S MYC, P137 HIDY PH, 1977, ADV APPL MICROBIOL, V22, P54 JAVED T, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V123, P171 KRISTENSEN P, 1997, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V146, P329 KRISTENSEN P, 2000, SCAND J WORK ENV HEA, V26, P331 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P439 LAMPRECHT SC, 1994, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V84, P383 LAPPALAINEN S, 1996, ATMOS ENVIRON, V30, P3059 LEW H, 1991, MYCOTOXIN RES A, V7, P71 LI SJ, 1992, CHINESE J ONCOL, V14, P27 MESTERHAZY A, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P97 MILLER JD, 1996, BIOCHEM SYST ECOL, V24, P647 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J BOT, V64, P1 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 MILLER JD, 1998, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V20, P95 MILLER JD, 1995, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V17, P233 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V8, P147 MILLER JD, 1986, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V8, P147 MILLER JD, 2000, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V109, P321 MILLER JD, 1995, J STORED PROD RES, V31, P1 MILLER JD, 1991, MYCOLOGIA, V83, P121 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P19 MILLER JD, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P234 MILLER JD, 1994, NAT TOXINS, V2, P354 MILLER JD, 1985, PHYTOPATHOL Z, V113, P359 MOROOKA N, 1972, J FOOD HYG SOC JPN, V13, P368 MUNKVOLD GP, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P1071 MUNKVOLD GP, 1999, PLANT DIS, V83, P130 NELSON PE, 1993, ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL, V31, P233 PASCALE M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P1 PEDERSEN PB, 2001, NAT TOXINS, V109, P321 PRELUSKY DB, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P359 PRELUSKY DB, 1997, NAT TOXINS, V5, P121 RILEY RT, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P3 ROTTER RG, 1992, CAN J ANIM SCI, V72, P107 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SCOTT PM, 1984, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V48, P884 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SNIJDERS CHA, 1992, CAN J BOT, V70, P1570 SNIJDERS CHA, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P37 SNIJDERS CHA, 1990, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V80, P566 STURZ AV, 1983, CANADIAN J PLANT PAT, V5, P107 UENO Y, 1983, TRICHOTHECENES VANASCH MAJ, 1992, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V82, P1330 VESONDER RF, 1973, APPL MICROBIOL, V26, P1008 WANG YZ, 1988, J PHYTOPATHOL, V122, P118 English Article BU17X New York'D>Miller JD Carleton Univ, Dept Chem, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, CanadaISI:000175261000002361-369$://A1996UJ87300005rkGelderblom, W. C. A. Smuts, C. M. Abel, S. Snyman, S. D. Cawood, M. E. vanderWesthuizen, L. Swanevelder, S.nXQEffect of fumonisin B-1 on protein and lipid synthesis in primary rat hepatocyteso"Food and Chemical Toxicologydenovo sphingolipid biosynthesis; fatty-acid composition; fusarium-m433-437$://A1992HJ82400019bB://A1995QP02000001hB;Blackwell, B. A. Edwards, O. E. Apsimon, J. W. Fruchier, A.mHBRelative Configuration of the C-10 to C-16 Fragment of Fumonisin-BTetrahedron Lettersfusarium-moniliformeThe relative stereochemistry of the C-10 to C-16 fragment of fumonisin B-1 has been deduced through NMR studies of the parent compound and comparison to the configuration found for a 10, 14-cyclic ether derivative of the FB1 aminopentaol (3). It is shown that the substituents at C-14 and C-15 are erythro, that those at C-14 and C-10 have the opposite relative configuration and that the methyl substituents at C-12 and C-16 have the same configuration as the hydroxyl at C-14.Tetrahedron Lett. 1995 Mar 203612'AGR CANADA,CTR PLANT RES,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA CARLETON UNIV,OTTAWA CARLETON CHEM INST,OTTAWA,ON L1S 5B6,CANADA ECOLE NATL SUPER CHIM MONTPELLIER,F-34053 MONTPELLIER 1,FRANCE BLACKWELL BA AGR CANADA,CTR PLANT RES,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA<6Times Cited: 18 English Article QP020 TETRAHEDRON LETTISI:A1995QP02000001PIBlackwell, B. A. Gilliam, J. T. Savard, M. E. Miller, J. D. Duvick, J. P.l 1999b\Oxidative deamination of hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1 (AP(1)) by cultures of Exophiala spiniferaNatural Toxins7C1d 31-38U Nat. ToxinstISI:000083573600003KExophiala spinifera; fumonisin B-1; Fusarium verticillioides; N-acetyl AP(1); 2-OP1 hemiketal; maize fusarium-moniliforme; relative configuration; mycotoxins; identification; proliferatum; fragment; maize; cornFumonisins are mycotoxins of world-wide distribution in maize infected by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides. They are highly toxic to certain livestock and are potential carcinogens. Exophiala spinifera, a black yeast fungus found on moldy maize kernels, was identified previously as capable of growing on fumonisin B1 as a sole carbon source and thus is a potential source for fumonisin detoxifying enzymes. Pure cultures of E. spinifera transform fumonisin B-1 to the amino polyol AP(1) plus free tricarballylic acid through the activity of a soluble extracellular esterase, and further transformation is evidenced by accumulation in culture supernatant of a less polar compound(s) lacking a fluorescamine-reactive amino group. A free amine is thought to be critical for biological activity of FB1 or AP(1). As a first step towards characterizing this amine-modifying activity, we investigated the biotransformation of AP(1) by E. spinifera liquid cultures that had been previously grown in liquid medium containing AP(1) as a sole carbon source. Accumulation of AP(1)-derived metabolites was monitored by thin-layer chromatography of culture supernatants, and product metabolites were purified and evaluated by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Two products of treatment of purified AP(1) with cultures of E. spinifera are shown to be N-acetyl AP(1) and a new compound, 2-oxo-12,16- dimethyl-3,5,10,14,15-icosanepentol hemiketal (or 2-OP1 hemiketal). Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.6/Times Cited: 7 English Article 253UF NAT TOXINSo|u://000083573600003 and http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mycotoxins/Blackwell-Deamination-Fumonisin-1999.pdfn'~Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Dept Crop Protect, Box 552, Johnston, IA 50131 USA Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Dept Crop Protect, Johnston, IA 50131 USA Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada Carleton Univ, Ottawa Carleton Chem Inst, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada Duvick JP Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Dept Crop Protect, Box 552, Johnston, IA 50131 USA993-1012$://A1991GB55000005$Blaney, B. J. Williams, K. C.Effective Use in Livestock Feeds of Moldy and Weather-Damaged Grain Containing Mycotoxins - Case-Histories and Economic Assessments Pertaining to Pig and Poultry Industries of Queensland2+Australian Journal of Agricultural ResearchlAust. J. Agric. 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Sisler, HDSkurray, G. R. Slazus, W.Smalley, E. B. Smart, M. G. Smith, J. E. Smith, K. Smith, L. W. Smith, W. A. Smuts, C. M. Smyk, B.Snijman, P. W. Snook, M. E. Snyman, S. D.Soares, L. M. V. Sobek, E. A. Sokoloff, L. Solfrizzo, M. Solyakov, A.Somashekar, D.Somdyala, N. I. M. Song, Y. S. Souissi, T.Spangler, S. M.Sparks, N. H. C. Speake, B. K.Spies, H. S. C. Spiteller, G. Srobarova, A.St Martin, S. K. St.-LegerStabler, S. P.Stahlhut, M. W. Staib, F. Standley, L. Starr, L.Steenkamp, E. T.Stefanon, E. B. Steinberg, P. Steiner, B. Stepien, A.Stevens, V. L. Stewart, D.Stewart, D. W. Steyn, M. Steyn, P. S.Stierschneider, M.Stockenstrom, S.Strobel, B. W. Strong, F. M. Sturgess, R. Suarez, L. Sugiura, T.Sullards, M. C.Summerell, B. A. Sun, C. Surai, P. F. Susca, A. Sutton, B. C.Swanevelder, S.Swanevelder, S. A. Swart, P.Sweeney, A. M. Sydenham, E.Sydenham, E. W. Symmank, H. Tagne, A. Takahashi, T.Takahashi-Ando, N.Taljaard, J. J. F. Tammen, J. F.Tanboonrek, P. Tanyi, J. Tar, A. Tar, A. K. Tarone, R. E. Taylor, J. E. Taylor, P. R.85Technology, CAST Council for Agricultural Science and Teferra, G. Teffera, G. The, C.Theumer, M. G. Thiel, P. G.Thirumala-Devi, K.Tholpady, S. S. Thomas, H. Thomas, R.Thomasodjo, A.Thompson, V. S.Thomsett, M. A. Thoreson, D.Thorgeirsson, S. S. Thrane, U. Thylin, I. Tokai, T. Tomassi, A. Toriumi, M. Torres, A.Fn4+|212-218$://A1985AGF1000004ED>Burgess, L. W. Nelson, P. E. Toussoun, T. A. Marasas, W. F. O.RKFusarium-Scirpi - Emended Description and Notes on Geographic- Distribution Mycologia Mycologia, 1985772I'(!UNIV SYDNEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & AGR ENTOMOL,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802 S AFRICAN MRC,NATL RES INST NUTR DIS,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA BURGESS LW UNIV SYDNEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & AGR ENTOMOL,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA6/Times Cited: 10 English Article AGF10 MYCOLOGIAISI:A1985AGF1000004119-124$://A1993KT62500016ZTBurgess, L. W. Forbes, G. A. Windels, C. Nelson, P. E. Marasas, W. F. O. Gott, K. P.ZSCharacterization and Distribution of Fusarium-Acuminatum Subsp Armeniacum Subsp Nov MycologiaM^Wavena-sativa; fusarium; hordeum-vulgare; soil; systematics; triticum-aestivum; zea-mays9 Mycologiaa 1993Jan-FebO851'ZTUNIV SYDNEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & AGR ENTOMOL,FUSARIUM RES LAB,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA UNIV MINNESOTA,NE EXPT STN,CROOKSTON,MN 56716 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIV PK,PA 16802 S AFRICAN MRC,TYGERBERG 7505,SOUTH AFRICA BURGESS LW UNIV SYDNEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & AGR ENTOMOL,FUSARIUM RES LAB,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA2,Times Cited: 10 English Note KT625 MYCOLOGIAISI:A1993KT62500016380-387$://A1997WQ78800008 :4Burow, G. B. Nesbitt, T. C. Dunlap, J. Keller, N. P.LFSeed lipoxygenase products modulate Aspergillus mycotoxin biosynthesis*$Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 1997 Apr103A*#WQ788 MOL PLANT MICROBE INTERACTION ISI:A1997WQ788000080; 645-651$://000178595700006.'Pascale, M. Visconti, A. Chelkowski, J.{Ear rot susceptibility and mycotoxin contamination of maize hybrids inoculated with Fusarium species under field conditions*#European Journal of Plant Pathologybeauvericin; ear rot; fumonisins; fusaproliferin; Fusarium infection; maize hybrids; resistance fumonisin production; section liseola; beauvericin; fusaproliferin; corn; subglutinans; accumulation; proliferatum4.The development of new maize hybrids with resistance to Fusarium infection is an effective means of minimizing the risk of mycotoxin contamination. Several maize hybrids have been investigated for Fusarium ear rot and accumulation of fumonisin B-1 (FB1), fumonisin B-2 (FB2), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FP) after artificial inoculation in the field with toxigenic strains of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. The year of inoculation had a significant influence on the disease severity and mycotoxin accumulation in maize kernels. Of all the hybrids tested, only Mona exhibited resistance to ear rot caused by F. verticillioides and produced low levels of fumonisins during three years of experiments. In Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), fumonisin B-1, fumonisin B-2,B- beauvericin and fusaproliferin were detected at concentrations much higher (up to 10-20 times) than in healthy-looking kernels (HLK). Animal and human exposure to these mycotoxins can be drastically reduced by removing mouldy and visibly damaged kernels from the commodity.Eur. J. Plant Pathol.R 2002 Sep, 108 7 'CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, Viale L Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, I-70125 Bari, Italy Polish Acad Sci, Inst Plant Genet, PL-60479 Poznan, Poland Pascale M CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, Viale L Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 28 Cited References: *IPCS, 2000, ENV HLTH CRIT, V219 *US NPT, 1999, NIH PUBL BOTTALICO A, 1989, TOPICS SECONDARY MET, P85 BULLERMAN LB, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P27 CHELKOWSKI J, 1989, TOPICS SECONDARY MET, P53 CHULZE SN, 1998, MYCOL RES 2, V102, P141 GROVE JF, 1980, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V70, P103 HART LP, 1982, PLANT DIS, V66, P1133 KRSKA R, 1996, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V44, P3665 KRSKA R, 1997, MYCOTOXIN RES, V13, P11 LOGRIECO A, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3084 LOGRIECO A, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P3378 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 LOGRIECO A, 1995, PLANT DIS, V79, P727 MARASAS WFO, 1995, NAT TOXINS, V3, P193 MORETTI A, 1996, SYDOWIA, V48, P45 MUNKVOLD G, 1998, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V64, P3923 MURPHY PA, 1996, ADV EXPT MED BIOL FU, P232 OJCIUS DM, 1991, EXP CELL RES, V197, P43 PASCALE M, 1999, J SCI FOOD AGR, V79, P2094 PASCALE M, 1997, J SCI FOOD AGR, V74, P1 PASCALE M, 2001, UNPUB MYCOLOGICAL RE RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P3039 RITIENI A, 1997, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V45, P4011 SCHAAFSMA AW, 1993, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V15, P185 SHELBY RA, 1994, PLANT DIS, V78, P582 SHEPHARD GS, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5111 VISCONTI A, 1996, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V392, P193 English Article 604BL EUR J PLANT PATHOLOGYNISI:000178595700006APJstallized-grain upper mantle olivine calcite quartzcreepsize 1011-1013S$://A1996VK55700019- Dragacci, S. Fremy, J. M.haApplication of immunoaffinity column cleanup to aflatoxin M(1) determination and survey in cheese3 Journal of Food Protection J. Food Prot.i 1996 Sepc599aVK557 J FOOD PROTECTISI:A1996VK557000199 d0> essential oils esterase estradiol estrogenestrogen-receptorestrogenic activityestrogenic mycotoxinsESTs ethylene etiology europeEuropean corn borereutypa armeniacae Eutypa lataeutypa-armeniacaeevaluate maize events evolution ex vivo excision ExophialaExophiala spinifera expanded expansum exposure expression extraction extractsextrusion cookingeye infectionsf sp-lycopersici f sp-pinif- f-2 screenf-chlamydosporumf-crookwellense f-dlamini f-graminearum f-moniliforme f-napiforme f-nygamaif-proliferatum f-semitectum f-sp avenae f-sp glycineaf-sp lycopersicif-sp orthoceras f-sp pinif-sp-lycopersici f-sp-piniF.F. crookwellenseF. graminearumF. moniliforme F. oxysporumF. pallidoroseumF. proliferatum F. solaniF. subglutinansF. verticillioides factorfactor-alpha-receptor factorsfallfall armyworm lepidoptera false smut farnesyl-protein transferase fastmoc(tm)fate fatty acids fatty-fatty-acid compositionfatty-acid synthasefatty-acid synthases fatty-acids fayalite-ironFB1 fecundityfed dietary treatmentsfeedfeed consumption feed intake feed productsfeeds feedstuffsfemale fertility femonisin fermentation ferritin ferulicfetalfiber optic immunosensorfibroblast growth factorsfibroblast growth-factors fibroblastsfieldfield application field cornfield immunoassay field inoculation techniquesfield pathogens field-tests fieldsfilamentous fungi finger transcription factor flavonoids flavoprotein flavus flavus groupflavus strains fluorescencefluorescence detectionfluorescence polarization fluorometryfluquinconazole flurprimidolfoci folatefolate metabolismfolate-deficiencyfoliar disease folic acid folic- folic-acid follow-upfood food analyses food analysis food and feedfood contaminantfood contamination food controlfood frequency food safetyfood-foods foodstuffs foot rot forestryforms formulation formulations fragment fragment-length-polymorphismfreefree radical scavengingfree sphinganinefree sphingoid bases free-radicals frequency frequent lossfreshly harvested corn fujikuroi fujikuroi culture material fujikuroi mating populationfujikuroi species complex fumonisin fumonisin B fumonisin B-1fumonisin B-1 (FB1)fumonisin b-1 presentfumonisin B-1-glucose fumonisin b1fumonisin b1 productiona d Duvick, J. 2001ZTProspects for reducing fumonisin contamination of maize through genetic modification(!Environmental Health Perspectivesf 109n337-342u Mayn Environ. Health Perspect.ISI:000168824500023aflatoxin; Bacillus thuringiensis toxin; chitinase; corn earworm; Cry1Ab; Cry1Ac; European corn borer; Exophiala spinifera; fumonisin; fumonisin deaminase; fumonisin esterase; gene silencing; quantitative trait loci; Rhinocladiella atrovirens; trypsin inhibitor quantitative disease resistance; systemic acquired-resistance; zea-mays l; aspergillus-flavus; fusarium-moniliforme; mycotoxin biosynthesis; gibberella-fujikuroi; confers resistance; ear rot; expression  Fumonisins (FB) are mycotoxins found in Fusarium verticillioides-infected maize grain worldwide. Attention has focused on FBs because of their widespread occurrence, acute toxicity to certain livestock. and their potential carcinogenicity. FBs are present at low levels in most field- grown maize but may spike to high levels depending on both the environment and genetics of the host plant. Among the strategies for reducing risk of FB contamination in maize supplied to the market, development and deployment of Fusarium ear mold-resistant maize germplasm is a high priority. Breeding for increased ear mold tolerance and reduced mycotoxin levels is being practiced today in both commercial and public programs, but the amount of resistance achievable may be limited due to complicated genetics and/or linkage to undesirable agronomic traits. Molecular markers can be employed to speed up the incorporation of chromosomal regions that have a quantitative effect on resistance (quantitative trait loci). Transgenic approaches to ear mold/mycotoxin resistance are now feasible as well. These potentially include genetically enhanced resistance to insect feeding, increased fungal resistance, and detoxification/prevention of mycotoxins in the grain. An example of the first of these approaches is already on the market, namely transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, targeted to the European corn borer. Some Bt maize hybrids have the potential to reduce FB levels in field-harvested grain, presumably through reduced feeding of Bt-susceptible insects in ear tissues. However, improved ear mold resistance per se is still an important goal, as the plant will still be vulnerable to noninsect routes of entry to Fusarium. A second approach, transgene-mediated control of the ability of Fusarium to infect and colonize the ear, could potentially be achieved through overexpression of specific antifungal proteins and metabolites, or enhancement of the plant's own defense systems in kernel tissues. This has not yet been accomplished in maize, although promising results have been obtained recently in other monocots versus other fungal and bacterial pathogens. Achieving reproducible and stable enhanced ear mold resistance under field conditions will be immensely challenging for biotechnologists. A third approach, transgene strategies aimed at preventing mycotoxin biosynthesis, or detoxifying mycotoxins in plants, could provide further protection for the grower in environments where FBs present a risk to the crop even when the maize is relatively resistant to Fusarium mold. In one example of such a strategy, enzymes that degrade FBs have been identified in a filamentous saprophytic fungus isolated from maize, and corresponding genes have been cloned and are currently being tested in transgenic maize.Times Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 89 Cited References: ABLE PP, 1986, SCIENCE, V232, P738 ASSABGUI RA, 1993, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V83, P949 BALDWIN D, 1999, CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL, V2, P96 BASS HW, 1995, PLANT PHYSIOL, V107, P661 BLACK D, 1931, PALAEONTOL SIN D, V7, P1 BROWN RL, 1999, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V89, P113 BULLERMAN LB, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P27 BUROW GB, 1997, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V10, P380 BUSHNELL WR, 1998, CAN J PLANT PATHOL, V20, P137 CAO H, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P6531 CHAREONPORNWATTANA S, 1999, THEOR APPL GENET, V98, P371 CHEN ZY, 1999, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V65, P1320 COLLINS N, 1999, PLANT CELL, V11, P1365 DEHOOG GS, 1977, BLACK YEAST ALLIED H, V15 DESJARDINS AE, 1996, MOL PLANT MICROBE IN, V9, P775 DESJARDINS AE, 1998, PLANT DIS, V82, 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Kato19961% Kaul2001Kawamura2001* Kedera1994+ Kedera1994) Kedera19990 Kelberman1997 Keller1991 Keller1992 Keller19939 Keller1993q Keller1994 Keller1995F Keller19977 Keller20000 Keller20011H Kellerman1979? Kellerman19807 Kellerman19818 Kellerman19819 Kellerman1981 Kellerman1988 Kellerman1990 Kemp1995x Kennedy1993 Kerenyi2001 Keyser1999o Khidr2000Kiendler2001 Kim2001 Kim2001 Kim2002 Kim2002 Kim2004 Kimura2002n Kimura2003 Kimura20040Kingston19911^ Kinsey1995 Kirsch19977 Kirsch19988 Kirsch19999 Kirsch19999 Kirsch20044U Kis1996$ Kissileff2002tKitamoto1994i Kitbamroong1995 Klaasen1999j Klauber2000Kleifeld20010 Klein2001G Klein2002 Kleinschmidt2003 Klich1991 Klich1995 Kling2000 Kling2001Klittich19929Klittich1997 Klobasa2003, Kmetov19989 Knabe1990( Knoxdavies1985* Knoxdavies1985  Knoxdavies1986 Knoxdavies1987 Knoxdavies1988a Knoxdavies1989] Koch1990wA Koch19951D Koch19951j Kofer2000 Kohn19999)Kongsdal2003B Kos2002.Kostecki1998Kostecki1999 Koupparis2000z Kovacs1993e Kovacs2001 Koyama20020m Kpodo1994 Kpodo2000 Kramer19881 Kratky1983L Kriek1977M Kriek1977I Kriek1978K Kriek1978B Kriek1979C Kriek1979D Kriek19797 Kriek19819 Kriek1981= Kriek1981. Kriek1984 Kriek1988 Kriek1991 Kriek1992 Kriek1996 Kriek2001 Kritzinger2002 Kritzinger2003Kroschel20010M Krska1996O Krska19969 Krska1997, Krska1998( Krska1999b Krska20013 Krska2002B Krska2002 Krska2003 Krska2003+ Krska2003- Krska2003 Krska2004 Krska2004 Kruger19929 Kruger19971 Kruger1999% Kubler2001 Kuchler2003- Kuchler2003_ Kumar2002Y Kwon1996=La Penna2004 Lacey1988x Lacey1993A Lacey1996E Lacey1996Laffitte20033Z Lambert2003 Lammer2003} Lammer2004  Lamprecht1986 Lamprecht1987 Lamprecht1988 Lamprecht1988a Lamprecht1989 Lamprecht1994 Lamprecht1995 Lamprecht2001 Lancaster1961; Lange1990K Langin20010L Langin20010 Larsen20000 Larsen20000 Larsen20000 Larsen20020[Latreite1996 Lauren1991V Lauren1996@ Lauren1997 Lauren1999h Lauren2001/ Lauren20022 Lax1987 Lax1987 Lax1989 Lax1996< Lax1997 Lazarus1988 Lazarus1988 Le Bars2003 Le Bars2003 Lebepe-Mazur2001 Lebepe-Mazur2002 LebepeMazur1996 Ledoux2003 Lee1986 Lee1987 Lee1987 Lee1987 Lee1987 Lee1988 Lee1991 Lee1995 Lee1996 Lee20011 Leggott2000 Leggott20007 Leggott2002 Leggott2004FLeistner1979 Leitgeb1999o Leitgeb2000 Leitgeb2003Z Lemke2001M Lemmens1996Q Lemmens2002 Lemmens2003- Lemmens2003 Lemmens2004 Lemmer1996 Lemmer1997 Lemmer1998 Lemmer1998 Lemmer1999 Lemmer1999 Lemmer20011 Lemmer2004a Leontopoulos2003 Lepom1990% Lepschy1998 Leslie1992 Leslie1992+ Leslie1994 Leslie19959> Leslie1996 Leslie19961 Leslie19979 Leslie19988 Leslie19999 Leslie19999 Leslie20000 Leslie20010L Leslie20020 Leslie20032 LeVoyer2003X Lew1996 Lew1999o Lew2000 Lew2001 Lewtas19959 Li20011 Li20012w Li20022! Lienau20033Lillehoj19899E Limpert1999# Lin2002 Lincoln2002W Lindner1996 Lindner1999| Lindner2000! Lindner2003 Linz19939 Linz19955 Linz1995 Linz19969 Linz19969p Linz2000mu Linz20000~ Linz20044$ Lipkin20022 Liu1997 Liu19991 Livesey1998F Loarca-Pina2004dLogrieco1995>Logrieco1997.Logrieco1998Logrieco1998Logrieco19999Logrieco19999Logrieco2002Logrieco2002Logrieco20022Logrieco2003Logrieco20030 Logrieco20044Logrieco2004B Lohninger2002 Loiseau2004A London19859@ London19866> London19879? London19877< London19888: London199195 London199512 London19966/ London19977) London20011# London20020 London20030 Lopez2003 Lottering2000Lovelace1989G Lu1997 Lu1998rA Lu20026 Lubben19822d Lubben19868 Lubben19877 Lubben19888X Lubben19919 Lubulwa1994Lucyshyn20030Lucyshyn20040Luschnig20030A Lustbader1985@ Lustbader1986> Lustbader1987: Lustbader19916 Lustbader19938 Lustbader19933 Lustbader19954 Lustbader19955 Lustbader1995 Lutz2003 Lynch2001 Lynch2001w Lynch2002R Lynch2003V Ma20011Mabekoje2004@Mabekoje2004 Mac Donald2003f Macdonald1995& Macdonald1998  Macdonald1999  Macdonald1999 Macdonald2001+ MacDonald2003 MacDonald2004  MacDonald2004 Macgeorge1990 Machinski2001 Mackay19898 MacKenzie1998 Macko19831Mackwell1991l Madden1996n Madden19969 Maddox1992 Maddox1998 Maddox20040* Magan1998 Magan2000 Magan2002 Magan2002 Magan2003 Magan2003 Magan2004 Magan2004G Magg200204G Magg20022004G Magg200204G Magg200204G Magg2002G Magg2002gan2004 Magan2004G Magg2002 S omega- ontario onychomycosis oral cleftsorganic agricultureOrobanche spp.ortho-pyroxene oryzaeosmotic/matric osseous OstriniaOstrinia nubilalisOTA outbreaks oval cellsoverpressured-layeroxalate oxidase oxalic acid oxidase oxidationoxidative damageoxidative dna-damageoxidative stressoxygen diffusion oxysporump-450 monooxygenase P-expansum P. popilliaep1p53 p53 genep53 tumor-suppressor PaenibacillusPALPantoea stewartii paprika parameters parasiticparasitic weeds parasitica parasiticus parasitism parentagepartially hydrolyzedpaternal occupation pathogen pathogenesis pathogenesis- pathogenesis-related proteins pathogenicity pathogens pathwaypathway evolutionpathway gene clusters pathways patterns patulinPCR peach bark peanut peanut butter peanut pod peanutspear penetration penicillin penicilliumPenicillium-diseasespenicillium-expansum pepperpeptide synthesis performance$!performance liquid-chromatography pericarppericonceptional,(periconceptional vitamin supplementation perithecia peroxidation pesticidal crystal proteinspests pet food pH regulationphanephasephase extraction columnsphase hptlc methodphenolic compounds phenolic- phenolics phenylpropanoid metabolism phialidesphospholipase-c phospholipid- phospholipidsphylogenetic species phylogenetic-relationshipsphysical decontaminationphysical methodphysical-activity phytic phytoalexinPhytomyza orobanchiaphytophthora root-rotphytophthora-infestans phytotoxicity phytotoxin phytotoxinspichia-anomalapig pigletspigspini Piper nigrum piperonylpiperonylbutoxidepitch pitch cankerplantplant breedingplant chitinases plant debris plant defenseplant disease resistanceplant fractionsplant pathogen plant phenolsplant populationsplant resistance plant stress$plant-incorporated protectantsplant-pathogensplant/microbe interaction$planthopper nilaparvata-lugens planting planting date plants plasmaplasma homocyst(e)ineplasma homocysteine0-platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptorpolyacrylamidepolygalacturonase polyketidepolyketide synthasepolyketide synthase genepolymerase chain-reactionpolymerase-chain-reactionpolymerase-ii holoenzyme polymorphism polymorphisms polyols polyphenolpolyphenol content polyphenols polyps populationpopulation geneticspopulation-density populationsPopulus trichocarpa Torr porcinepostcolumn derivatization postharvest,&postinfectional fungicide applicationspostlabeling analysispostmenopausal womenpotassium sorbate potatopotato phytoalexin potato-tubers potent poultry poultspozolpr-like protein pre-harvest precursor pregnancies pregnancypregnant-women preharvest("preharvest aflatoxin contaminationpreharvest cornpreharvest infectionpreharvest maizepreinfectional andpreliminary publicationpremenopausal women prenylationATHOL,AMES,IA 50011 MUNKVOLD GP IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 500114.Times Cited: 4 English Article TG176 PLANT DISISI:A1995TG17600020324-324$://A1995QP75200037,"Munkvold, G. P. Yang, X. B.ZSCrop Damage and Epidemics Associated with 1993 Floods in Iowa (Vol 79, Pg 95, 1995) Plant Disease Plant Dis. 1995 Mar 793PB;Times Cited: 0 English Correction, Addition QP752 PLANT DISSISI:A1995QP75200037s FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P327 PARK JJ, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P1642 PATEL S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P833 PETKOVABOCHAROV.T, 1985, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V2, P267 PITTET A, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P479 POHLAND AE, 1993, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V10, P17 RAFAI P, 1998, ALLATORVOSOK LAPJA, V120, P501 RESNIK S, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P115 RYU JC, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P333 SCHNURER J, 1991, CEREAL CHEM, V68, P434 SCOTT PM, 1997, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V14, P333 SCUDAMORE KA, 1998, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V15, P30 SHOTWELL OL, 1983, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V66, P1466 STRATTON GW, 1993, ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX, V24, P399 SZIGETI G, 1995, MAGY ALLATORVOSOK, V50, P511 TANAKA T, 1988, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V36, P979 THELLMAN A, 1997, DEUT LEBENSM-RUNDSCH, V93, P1 VRABCHEVA T, 1996, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V136, P47 WIDIASTUTI R, 1988, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V102, P45 English Article 348RT FOOD ADDIT CONTAMSISI:000089000800011t  21-37$://000079535900003l<5Placinta, C. M. D'Mello, J. P. F. Macdonald, A. M. C.d]A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxinsw("Animal Feed Science and TechnologyFusarium sp.; trichothecenes; zearalenone; fumonisins; toxicity; cereal grains; co-occurrence; control strategies natural occurrence; fumonisin b-1; trichothecene mycotoxins; liquid-chromatography; culture material; deoxynivalenol; maize; wheat; zearalenone; cornr From a global perspective, three classes of Fusarium mycotoxins may be considered to be of particular importance in animal health and productivity. Within the trichothecene group, deoxynivalenol (DON) is widely associated with feed rejection in pigs, while T-2 toxin can precipitate reproductive disturbances in sows. Another group comprising zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives is endowed with oestrogenic properties. The third category includes the fumonisins which have been linked with specific toxicity syndromes such as equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) and porcine pulmonary oedema. Many toxigenic species of Fusarium are also common pathogens of cereal plants, causing diseases such as head blight of wheat and barley and ear rut of maize. Consequently, when cereal plants are infected with these fungi, there is a risk that grain may become contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins and that these may subsequently be transferred to compound feeds. The surveillance of grain and animal feed for the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins continues to attract worldwide attention and has been the subject of extensive investigations over recent years. For example, high incidence rates of contamination with DON and another trichothecene, nivalenol (NIV), have been reported in maize samples in New Zealand. In Poland, unacceptably high values (up to 927 mg/kg) for DON were recorded for maize grain and cobs. Potentially harmful levels of DON (up to 40 mg/kg) were also observed in wheat produced in Germany, Poland, Japan, New Zealand, USA, Canada and Argentina. Samples of barley grain in Norway, Japan and USA were found with DON levels of up to 71 mg/kg. In the Norwegian study oat samples were also contaminated with DON at levels ranging from 7 to 62 mg/kg grain. Abnormally high concentrations of both NIV and ZEN have been observed in some Japanese barley samples (up to 26 and 15 mg/kg, respectively), and in maize produced in New Zealand (up to 7 and 10.5 mg/kg, respectively). Other trichothecenes such as 3-acetyl DON, diacetyoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin have also been found in cereals and animal feed in both temperate and tropical countries. In Uruguay all samples of maize-based animal feeds tested were positive for fumonisin B-1 (FB1). However, highest FB1 values were observed in South Africa for compound feed (11 000 mu g/kg), and in Thailand and China for maize (18 800 and 25 970 mu g/kg, respectively). In a study of Argentinian maize, FB2 was the major fumonisin at values of up to 11 300 mu g/kg. An alarming feature of several surveys is that in the tropics in particular, several Fusarium mycotoxins may co-occur with each other and with anatoxin B-1, an Aspergillus compound sharing carcinogenic properties with fumonisins. It is concluded that, although sample size has been small in a number of surveys, there is nevertheless unequivocal evidence of global contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with several trichothecenes, ZEN and fumonisins. Furthermore, it is clear that legislation for the control of these mycotoxins in animal feed is now overdue and that further work is required to exploit cereal genotypes that are resistant to diseases caused by toxigenic Fusarium phytopathogens. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1999 Mar 3178 1-2'Scottish Agr Coll, Dept Biotechnol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland Scottish Agr Coll, Dept Biotechnol, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland D'Mello JPF Scottish Agr Coll, Dept Biotechnol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland>7Times Cited: 67 English Review 183CF ANIM FEED SCI TECHISI:000079535900003'$,&487$://000177944700020$Tubajika, K. M. Damann, K. E.\VGlufosinate-ammonium reduces growth and aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus flavus Journal of Food Protection&biosynthesis; maize; inhibitionThe herbicide glufosinate-ammonium (GA) [butanoic acid, 2- amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-ammonium salt] was tested at concentrations from 2 to 2,000 g GA per ml for activity against growth and aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) production by the mycotoxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. The highest concentration (2,000 mug GA per ml) reduced colony diameter of A. flavus strain AF13 by 80%. AFB(1) production was inhibited by 90% at this concentration. Reduction in mycelial dry weight and AFB(1) production in response to GA application ranged from 17.2 to 97.1% and from 39.1 to 90.1%, respectively. of four concentrations tested, 2 mug GA per ml was weakly inhibitory. In the kernel scree 521$://000089400700522`YTsai, Y. Y. McGlynn, K. A. Cassidy, A. B. Hu, Y. Arnold, J. Engstrom, P. F. Buetow, K. H.if`Identification of lung cancer susceptibility genes after adjusting for population stratification("American Journal of Human GeneticsAm. J. Hum. Genet. 2000 Oct-674T'lfNCI, DCEG, Bethesda, MD USA Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA NCI, DCEG, Bethesda, MD USAF@Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract 2 355TA AMER J HUM GENETISI:000089400700522E 155$://000171648900155`YTsai, Y. Y. McGlynn, K. A. Cassidy, A. B. Hu, Y. Arnold, J. Engstrom, P. F. Buetow, K. H. F?Dietary patterns and genetic susceptibility to lung cancer risk("American Journal of Human GeneticsAm. J. Hum. Genet. 2001 Octc694d'NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA DCEG, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USAmF@Times Cited: 0 English Meeting Abstract 1 483RD AMER J HUM GENETISI:000171648900155e 1368-13758$://000187065200012HALedoux, D. R. Broomhead, J. N. Bermudez, A. J. Rottinghaus, G. E.rkIndividual and combined effects of the fusarium Mycotoxins fumonisin B-1 and moniliformin in broiler chicksAvian Diseasesfumonisin B-1; moniliformin; Fusarium moniliforme; Fusarium fujikuroi; broilers fujikuroi culture material; fed dietary treatments; young turkey poult; natural occurrence; var-subglutinans; market age; toxicity; corn; maize; leukoencephalomalaciaThe individual and combined effects of feeding fumonisin B-1 (FB1; 0, 100, 200 mg FB1/kg) and moniliformin (M; 0, 100, 200 mg M/kg) were evaluated using a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Significant mortality (P < 0.05) occurred in chicks fed all diets containing 200 mg M/kg (50%-65%). Compared with controls and chicks fed FB1, both feed intake and body weight gain were decreased (P < 0.05) in chicks fed diets containing 100 mg M/kg. Chicks fed M had heavier heart weights (P < 0.05) than control chicks or chicks fed FB1. Compared with controls, chicks fed diets containing 200 mg M/kg or a combination of 200 mg FB1/kg and 100 mg M/kg had increased kidney and liver weights (P < 0.05). Significant FB1 by M interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for serum total protein and aspartate aminotransferase. Mild to moderate periportal extramedullary hematopoiesis and mild focal hepatic necrosis were observed in chicks fed FB1 alone. An increased incidence of large pleomorphic cardiomyocyte nuclei, loss of cardiomyocytes, and mild focal renal tubular mineralization were observed in chicks fed M alone. Both cardiac and renal lesions were observed in chicks fed combinations of FB1 and M. Data indicate FB1 and M, alone or in combination, can adversely affect chick performance and health at these dietary concentrations. The interactive effects of FB1 and M were not synergistic and were less than additive in nature. At the dietary concentrations studied, M is much more toxic to broilers than FB1. Avian Dis. 2003Oct-Dec474'XRUniv Missouri, Fusarium Poultry Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA Univ Missouri, Fusarium Poultry Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA Univ Missouri, Coll Agr, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA Ledoux DR Univ Missouri, Fusarium Poultry Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA\VTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 43 Cited References: *NAT RES COUNC, 1994, NUTR REQ POULTR, P35 *SAS I INC, 1985, SAS US GUID STAT *US FDA, 2000, FUM LEV HUM FOODS AN ALLEN NK, 1981, POULTRY SCI, V60, P1415 BERMUDEZ AJ, 1997, AVIAN DIS, V41, P304 BERMUDEZ AJ, 1995, AVIAN DIS, V39, P879 BERMUDEZ AJ, 1997, AVIAN PATHOL, V26, P565 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BROOMHEAD JN, 2002, AVIAN DIS, V46, P901 BROOMHEAD JN, 2002, POULTRY SCI, V81, P56 BROOMHEAD JN, 2000, THESIS U MISSOURI CO BROWN TP, 1992, AVIAN DIS, V36, P450 ENGELHARDT JA, 1989, AVIAN DIS, V33, P357 ESPADA Y, 1994, AVIAN DIS, V38, P454 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P1806 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HARVEY RB, 1997, AVIAN DIS, V41, P957 HENRY MH, 2000, POULTRY SCI, V79, P1378 JAVED T, 1995, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V7, P520 JAVED T, 1993, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V123, P171 KRIEK NPJ, 1977, FOOD COSMET TOXICOL, V15, P579 KUBENA LF, 1999, POULTRY SCI, V78, P1499 KUBENA LF, 1997, POULTRY SCI, V76, P265 LEDOUX DR, 1992, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V4, P330 LEDOUX DR, 1996, POULTRY SCI, V75, P1472 LEDOUX DR, 1995, POULTRY SCI, V74, P297 LOGRIECO A, 1993, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V41, P2149 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARASAS WFO, 1988, S AFR MED J, V74, P110 NELSON PE, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P29 REAMS RY, 1997, AVIAN DIS, V41, P20 ROTTINGHAUS GE, 1982, P 25 ANN AM ASS VET, P477 SEWRAM V, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V848, P185 SHARMAN M, 1991, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V8, P459 TAREKEGN G, J FOOD PROTECTION, V63, P1732 THIEL PG, 1978, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V27, P483 THIEL PG, 1986, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V34, P773 THIEL PG, 1982, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V30, P308 VOSS KA, 1989, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V27, P89 WEIBKING T, 1995, AVIAN DIS, V39, P32 WEIBKING TS, 1993, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V5, P75 WEIBKING TS, 1994, POULTRY SCI, V73, P1517 WEIBKING TS, 1993, POULTRY SCI, V72, P456 English Article 751KF AVIAN DISISI:000187065200012z Pitt, J. I.I 2000,%Toxigenic fungi: which are important?sMedical Mycology38 17-22 Med. Mycol.tISI:000166958800003uaflatoxin; mycotoxigenic fungi; mycotoxins fusarium-moniliforme; aflatoxin exposure; esophageal cancer; ochratoxin-a; corn; mycotoxins; hepatitis; mycofloraGrowth of commonly occurring filamentous fungi in foods may result in production of mycotoxins, which can cause a variety of ill effects in humans, from allergic responses to immunosuppression and cancer. According to experts, five kinds of mycotoxins are important in human health around the world: aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, certain trichothecenes, and zearalenone. These toxins are produced by only a few species of fungi, in a limited range of commodities. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens, produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in peanuts, maize and some other nuts and oilseeds. Ochratoxin A is a kidney toxin and probable carcinogen. It is produced by Penicillium verrucosum in cereal grains in cold climates, by A. carbonarius in grapes, wines and vine fruits, and by A. ochraceus sometimes in coffee beans. Fumonisins, which may cause oesophageal cancer, are formed by Fusarium moniliforme and F. proliferatum, but only in maize. Trichothecenes are highly immunosuppressive and zearalenone causes oestrogenic effects; both are produced by F. graminearum and related species. Current reporting probably under-estimates the effect of mycotoxins as a cause of human mortality. \ UTimes Cited: 18 Cited Reference Count: 47 Cited References: *INT AG RES CANC, 1993, MON INT AG RES CANC, V56 ABARCA ML, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P2650 BEARDALL JM, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN COM, P487 BEZUIDENHOUT SC, 1988, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P743 BRETHOLTZEMANUE.A, 1993, J AOAC INT, V76, P842 CAMPBELL TC, 1983, ENV ASPECTS CANC ROL, P187 CASTEGNARO M, 1991, IARC SCI PUBLICATION, V115 CHU FS, 1994, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V60, P847 COLE RJ, 1982, DEV IND MICROBIOL, V23, P299 FROBISH RA, 1986, J FOOD PROTECT, V49, P781 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1996, FUMONISINS FOOD, P251 GROOPMAN JD, 1988, CRC CRIT R TOXICOL, V19, P113 HEENAN CN, 1998, J FOOD MYCOL, V1, P67 JOFFE AZ, 1978, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V3, P21 KLICH MA, 1988, T BR MYCOL SOC, V91, P99 KRISHNAMACHARI KAV, 1975, INDIAN J MED RES, V63, P1036 KROGH P, 1974, ACTA PATHOL MIC SC, V82, P301 KUIPERGOODMAN T, 1987, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V7, P253 LILLEHOJ EB, 1980, CEREAL CHEM, V57, P255 LUBULWA ASG, 1994, STORED PRODUCT PROTE, P1017 MARASAS WFO, 1988, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V55, P197 MARASAS WFO, 1981, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V71, P792 MARASAS WFO, 1984, TOXIGENIC FUSARIUM S MILLER JD, 1996, AFRICAN NEWS OCCU S1, V6, PS22 MILLER JD, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN MOREAU C, 1979, MOULDS TOXINS FOOD PEERS F, 1987, INT J CANCER, V39, P545 PESTKA JJ, 1994, MYCOTOXINS GRAIN, P339 PITT JI, 1987, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V53, P266 PITT JI, 1997, FUNGI FOOD SPOILAGE PITT JI, 1993, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V20, P211 PITT JI, 1998, J FOOD MYCOL, V1, P41 PITT JI, 1996, MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINAT, P5 RILEY RT, 1996, NAT TOXINS, V4, P3 RODRICKS JV, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI SCOTT PM, 1977, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V1, P283 SHANK RC, 1978, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI MYCO, V1, P1 SMITH JE, 1985, MYCOTOXINS FORMATION STOLOFF L, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI, P7 STOLOFF L, 1983, NUTR CANCER, V5, P165 UENO Y, 1983, TRICHOTHECENES CHEM VANDERMERWE KJ, 1965, NATURE, V205, P1112 VANRENSBURG SJ, 1977, MYCOTOXINS HUMAN ANI, P699 VANWALBEEK W, 1969, CAN J MICROBIOL, V15, P1281 VARGA J, 1996, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V62, P4461 WILLIAMS KC, 1989, AUST J AGR RES, V40, P1095 YOSHIZAWA T, 1983, TRICHOTHECENES CHEM, P195 English Article 1 401ZE MED MYCOLrkhttp://www.ingenta.com/isis/searching/Expand/ingenta?pub=infobike://rsm/bmb/2000/00000056/00000001/art00016'Food Sci Australia, POB 52, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia Food Sci Australia, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia Pitt JI Food Sci Australia, POB 52, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia 0d deoxynivalenol (DON)deoxynivalenol contentdeoxynivalenol vomitoxin deoxynivalenol-contaminateddependent protein-kinasederivatization desaturase descent detection determinants determinationdetoxificationdetoxification enzymes detoxifyingdetoxifying agentdeuteromycetesdeveloping-countriesdiabetes-mellitusdiacetoxyscipenoldiamondback moth diaphoraseDiatraea grandiosella diatrypaceaediazotrophic bacteria dichlorvos diebackdietdietary aflatoxindietary calciumdietary exposure dietary irondietary patternsdietary-folatediethylnitrosaminediets$different geographical regionsdifferential expression differential gene-expressiondifferentiation digestibilitydihydrobisfuran formation$dihydrodemethylsterigmatocystin dimensional electrophoresis diplodiadiplodia-maydis diseasedisease incidencedisease resistance genedisease spread disease-specific mortality diseases disruption distributiondistributional analysisdisulfide bondsdiverse locations dividenddnadna adduct formation dna adductsDNA binding motifdna fragmentationdna microarrays dna-bindingDNA-binding domain dna-damagedna-repair assay dna-synthesisdog domain DON contents dose-response relationships down-syndromedowns-syndrome downy mildew DPPH radical dried beansdried yam chips drosophila element marinerdrosophila-brown gene droughtdrought stressdrug drug effluxdrug-drug-metabolizing-enzymesdrug-resistancedt- dura mater dura-mater durum wheatdynamic recrystallization dynamicsE. proliferatumear ear blight ear rotears earwormearworm lepidopteraEastern Africa ecologyeconomic benefitseconomic impactsedemaedible caterpillar EF-1 alphaEgypt eicosanoidsEldana saccharinaelderly population electron-capture detection electrophoretic karyotypingelectrospray mass- elevated$elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine elicitorELISAembryo globulinsembryogenesis- emergence encoding nitrate reductaseendemic nephropathy endochitinase-encoding gene$endocrine disrupting chemicalsendophthalmitis endophyteendopolygalacturonase endosymbiontsendothelial-cell injury$!endovaginal sonographic diagnosis engraver beetles scolytidae enniatinsent-kaurene oxidationentomopathogenic fungi environmentenvironmental-environmental-conditionsenvironmental-factors$!environmentally selective control enzyme enzyme-enzyme-activitiesenzyme-immunoassay,)enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enzymes epidemics epidemiologyepidermal growth-factor epithelial-cell proliferation epithelium equation equilibria equine equine leukoencephalomalacia ergosterolergosterol contentergosterol contentserysiphe-graminisescherichia-coli esophagealesophageal canceresophageal cancer areasesophogeal cancermately in half. These investigations used conventionally farmed produce that contained traces of synthetic pesticides and mycotoxins as well as an estimated 10 000 secondary products (i.e. natural pesticides). Dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables also reduces risks of cardiovascular disease, cataracts and brain dysfunction. Before genetic manipulation is undertaken to elevate or diminish any individual constituent of fruits and vegetables, the contribution of each of these constituents to health must be better understood, as in many cases their effects on health can be paradoxical.Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2003 Apr62'tmUniv Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland Scottish Crop Res Inst, Qual Hlth & Nutr Programme, Genes Prod Theme, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland Trewavas A Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland:>8Times Cited: 0 English Review 666LL CURR OPIN PLANT BIOLISI:0001821787000151463-467$://000167023600014B;Tubajika, K. M. Mascagni, H. J. Damann, K. E. Russin, J. S.XQSusceptibility of commercial corn hybrids to aflatoxin contamination in Louisiana$Cereal Research CommunicationsD>carcinogen; mycotoxin; Zea mays aspergillus-flavus; maize; waxSusceptibility of commercial corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids to aflatoxin contamination was determined at Winnsboro, Louisiana in 1997 and 1998. Thirty-three hybrids were inoculated with 10(6) conidia/ml of Aspergillus flavus 20 days after midsilk using the pinbar technique. All corn hybrids grown in Louisiana were susceptible to A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination in the field, but differences were detected among hybrids. When averaged across 1997 and 1998, levels of aflatoxin were highest in DeKalb 683 (26,854 ng/g) and Mycogen 2725 (25,254 ng/g) and lowest in Terra TR1185 (3,967 ng/g), Terra TR1167 (5,104 ng/g), Asgrow RX 938 (5,112 ng/g), Terra TR 1226 (5,540 ng/g), Pioneer 3394 (6,354 ng/g), and Pioneer 3167 (7,174 ng/g). This study documents the extreme susceptibility of commercial corn hybrids grown in the southern United States and demonstrates the need for continued research to identify host plant resistance.Cereal Res. Commun. 2000284' Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Damann KE Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USATNTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 16 Cited References: *AOCS, 1998, AFL MAIZ, PA13 CASTEGNARO M, 1998, REV MED VET-TOULOUSE, V149, P671 GUO BZ, 1995, J FOOD PROTECT, V58, P296 HALL W, 1987, LOUISIANA AGR EXPT S, V11 JONES RK, 1981, PLANT DIS, V65, P741 KANG MS, 1998, LOUISIANA AGR EXPT S, V105 KING SB, 1982, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V72, P782 MORENO OJ, 1999, PLANT BREEDING, V118, P1 PARK DL, 1993, TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH, V4, P334 PAYNE GA, 1983, S COOP SER B, V279, P16 RUSSIN JS, 1997, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V87, P529 SCOTT GE, 1991, AGRON J, V83, P595 TUBAJIKA KM, 2000, AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION, V102, P1 TUBAJIKA KM, 1999, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V47, P5257 WIDSTROM NW, 1983, AFLATOXIN ASPERGILLU, P72 WIDSTROM NW, 1978, AGRON J, V70, P986 English Article 403BX CEREAL RES COMMUNISI:000167023600014D8 qH 55-61$://A1996UR89200008YD=Visconti, A. Doko, M. B. Solfrizzo, M. Pascale, M. Boenke, A.ERKEuropean intercomparison study for the determination of fumonisins in maize1Mikrochimica ActaiMikrochim. Acta 1996 123v 1-4UR892 MIKROCHIM ACTAISI:A1996UR89200008530-534$://A1996WG89500010piVismer, H. F. Sydenham, E. W. Schlechter, M. Brown, N. L. Hocking, A. D. Rheeder, J. P. Marasas, W. F. O.,d]Patulin-producing Penicillium species isolated from naturally infected apples in south Africa & South African Journal of Science<6water activity; stability; expansum; mycotoxins; juicePenicillium expansum, a well-known post-harvest pathogen, causes 'blue mould rot' in apples and produces patulin, a toxic secondary metabolite. Patulin is regarded as a mutagen and exhibits immunotoxic, neurotoxic and gastrointestinal effects in rats. No information exists regarding the identity and patulin-producing ability of fungi occurring in South African apples. This study was conducted, in collaboration with a local processing facility, to quantify and identify the fungal species from naturally infected apples. The ability of the isolates to produce patulin in artificially inoculated apples, as well as in yeast extract sucrose (YES) liquid medium, was also tested. Few fungal species other than Penicillium, of which P. expansum was the most prominent, were isolated from three apple cultivars examined. The number of colony forming units and the levels of patulin produced varied widely between apple cultivar and sample origin. The P. expansum isolates produced significant levels of patulin in YES medium (43-2176 mu g ml(-1)), while production by P. roqueforti var. carneum, P. corylophilum, P. funiculosum, P. rugulosum and P. fellutanum varied (<0.1-1705 mu g ml(-1)). This is the first report of patulin production by the last four species. The application of Koch's postulates revealed that, amongst the Penicillium spp. tested, only P. expansum had the ability to infect apples and to produce patulin at levels ranging between 0.2-130 mu-g g(- 1). Patulin levels were the highest in artificially inoculated apples of three cultivars (Starking, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith) when P. expansum isolates originating from Granny Smith apples were used as inoculum.S. Afr. J. Sci. 1996Nov-Dec92 11-12' S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA CSIRO,DIV FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,N RYDE,NSW 2113,AUSTRALIA Vismer HF S AFRICAN MRC,PROGRAMME MYCOTOXINS & EXPT CARCINOGENESIS,POB 19070,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA60Times Cited: 4 English Article WG895 S AFR J SCIISI:A1996WG89500010399-406$://000177706100008D=Vismer, H. F. Marasas, W. F. O. Rheeder, J. P. Joubert, J. J.I:3Fusarium dimerum as a cause of human eye infectionsMedical Mycologyeye infections; Fusarium dimerum; South Africa mycotic keratitis; fungal keratitis; antifungal susceptibility; endophthalmitis; onychomycosis; cancerpiFusarium dimerum, typically a soil fungus, was isolated from an adult male suffering from a corneal ulcer following an injury to the eye. This fungus has not been described to cause human infections in South Africa and has not been recorded from soil, plant or organic material in this country. The macro- and microscopic characteristics of the isolate were found to be indistinguishable from described strains. Its authenticity was confirmed by comparing it to other human isolates from the eye obtained in the USA, thus rendering this the first report of F. dimerum from an eye infection in a human in South Africa. Med. Mycol. 2002 Aug404'MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa MRC, PROMEC Unit, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Dept Med Virol, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Vismer HF MRC, PROMEC Unit, POB 19070, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa4.Times Cited: 0 English Article 588MW MED MYCOLISI:00017770610000858 MEISTER U, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P13 SAUNDERS DS, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P333 SCHNEIDER E, 1995, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V43, P2548 SCOTT PM, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P823 SHEPHARD GS, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P671 SYDENHAM EW, 1996, J AOAC INT, V79, P688 TURRINI A, 2001, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V55, P571 VISCONTI A, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P909 WILSON TM, 1992, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V117, P115 English Article 827KB J FOOD PROTECTISI:000221897200030iRoxin 88-94$://000166561000015B;Velluti, A. Marin, S. Gonzalez, R. Ramos, A. J. Sanchis, V.Fumonisin B-1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium moniliforme, F proliferatum and F graminearum in mixed cultures on irradiated maize kernels4.Journal of the Science of Food and AgricultureFusarium; fumonisins; zearalenone; deoxynivalenol; water activity; temperature; maize barley-grain; competing fungi; water activity; corn; mycotoxins; colonization; aspergillus; temperature; growth; field~wThe impact on fungal growth and mycotoxin formation of interactions between fumonisin-producing isolates of Fusarium moniliforme and F proliferatum and a zearalenone (ZEA)- and deoxynivdenol (DON)-producing isolate of F graminearum inoculated together on irradiated maize at 15 and 25 degreesC and at 0.98, 0.95 and 0.93 a(w) was studied. The presence of F graminearum decreased the fungal populations (CFUg(-1) grain) of F moniliforme and F proliferatum under almost all conditions tested. In the presence of F moniliforme, CFUs of F graminearum increased significantly at 25 OC, especially at 0.93 and 0.95 a(w), while the presence of F proliferatum caused them to increase at 15 degreesC. The presence of F graminearum always inhibited FB, production, except at 25 degreesC and 0.98a(w) where it increased. However, the observed differences were not statistically significant. There was no effect of fungal interaction on ZEA production by F graminearum; however, when paired with F moniliforme and Ii proliferatum, DON production by F graminearum was significantly stimulated, especially at 0.98a(w). (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.dJ. Sci. Food Agric.t 2001 Jan 1811:'B;Univ Lleida, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, Rovira Roure 177, E- 25198 Lleida, Spain Univ Lleida, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, E-25198 Lleida, Spain Univ Republ Oriental Uruguay, Fac Engn, Fac Sci, Lab Mycol, Montevideo 23859, Uruguay Sanchis V Univ Lleida, CeRTA, Dept Food Technol, Rovira Roure 177, E-25198 Lleida, Spain Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 35 Cited References: *ISTA, 1976, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V43, P3 BLANEY BJ, 1986, AUST J AGR RES, V37, P235 COMERIO RM, 1999, MYCOTOXIN RES, V15, P24 COOKE RC, 1993, ECOPHYSIOLOGY FUNGI, P219 CUERO RG, 1987, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V53, P1142 DALLYN H, 1978, THESIS S BANK U LOND ETCHEVERRY M, 1998, MYCOPATHOLOGIA, V142, P37 GAO HP, 1997, MYCOTOXINS, V45, P51 GELDERBLOM WCA, 1991, CARCINOGENESIS, V12, P1247 GUNNIFF P, 1997, OFFICIAL METHODS ANA, P45 HARRISON LR, 1990, J VET DIAGN INVEST, V2, P217 HOLLINGER K, 1999, VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A, V15, P133 KELLERMAN TS, 1990, J VET RES, V57, P269 LOU Y, 1990, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V56, P3723 MAGAN N, 1984, T BRIT MYCOL SOC, V82, P83 MARASAS WFO, 1984, IDENTITY MYCOTOXICOL, P328 MARASAS WFO, 1979, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V69, P1181 MARIN S, 1998, J FOOD PROTECT, V61, P1489 MARIN S, 1995, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V21, P289 MARIN S, 1998, MYCOL RES 7, V102, P831 MILLER JD, 1983, CAN J BOT, V61, P3080 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P939 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1996, J FOOD PROTECT, V59, P1311 RAMAKRISHNA N, 1993, MYCOL RES, V97, P1393 RHEEDER JP, 1990, PHYTOPHYLACTICA, V22, P213 RYU D, 1999, J FOOD PROTECT, V62, P1451 SCOTT PM, 1990, TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTO, P1 SHEPHARD GS, 1990, J LIQ CHROMATOGR, V13, P2077 SINGH DV, 1974, SEED SCI TECHNOL, V2, P349 SOHN HB, 1999, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V16, P153 SYDENHAM EW, 1990, J AGR FOOD CHEM, V38, P1900 VANWYK PS, 1988, PLANT SOIL, V107, P251 VELLUTI A, 2000, INT J FOOD MICROBIOL, V59, P59 WICKLOW DT, 1980, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V70, P761 YOSHIZAWA T, 1996, FOOD ADDIT CONTAM, V13, P163 English Article 395CK J SCI FOOD AGRHISI:0001665610000157 96-102$://0001879398000150)Mphande, F. A. Siame, B. A. Taylor, J. E.F\VFungi, aflatoxins, 96-102$://0001879398000150)Mphande, F. A. Siame, B. A. Taylor, J. E.F\VFungi, aflatoxins, and cyclopiazonic acid associated with peanut retailing in Botswana Journal of Food Protectionf`aspergillus-parasiticus; mycotoxins; african; kwashiorkor; mycoflora; flavus; health; feeds; b-1Peanuts are important food commodities, but they are susceptible to fungal infestation and mycotoxin contamination. Raw peanuts were purchased from retail outlets in Botswana and examined for fungi and mycotoxin (aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid) contamination. Zygomycetes were the most common fungi isolated; they accounted for 41% of all the isolates and were found on 98% of the peanut samples. Among the Zygomycetes, Absidia corymbifera and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most common. Aspergillus spp. accounted for 35% of all the isolates, with Aspergillus niger being the most prevalent (20.4%). Aspergillus flavus/parasiticus were also present and accounted for 8.5% of all the isolates, with A. flavus accounting for the majority of the A. flavus/parasiticus identified. Of the 32 isolates of A. flavus screened for mycotoxin production, 11 did not produce detectable aflatoxins, 8 produced only aflatoxins B-1 and B-2, and 13 produced all four aflatoxins (B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2)) in varying amounts. Only 6 of the A. flavus isolates produced cyclopiazonic acid at concentrations ranging from 1 to 55 mug/kg. The one A. parasiticus isolate screened also produced all the four aflatoxins (1,200 mug/kg) but did not produce cyclopiazonic acid. When the raw peanut samples (n = 120) were analyzed for total aflatoxins, 78% contained aflatoxins at concentrations ranging from 12 to 329 mug/kg. Many of the samples (49%) contained total aflatoxins at concentrations above the 20 mug/kg limit set by the World Health Organization. Only 21% (n = 83) of the samples contained cyclopiazonic acid with concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mug/kg. The results show that mycotoxins and toxigenic, fungi are common contaminants of peanuts sold at retail in Botswana. J. Food Prot.L 2004 Jan9671E'Univ Botswana, Dept Biol Sci, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana Univ Botswana, Dept Biol Sci, Gaborone, Botswana Siame BA Univ Botswana, Dept Biol Sci, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana1:3Times Cited: 0 English Article 761XB J FOOD PROTECTIISI:0001879398000154Zo 171-178$://000165377100005F?Leitgeb, R. Lew, H. Khidr, R. Bohm, J. Zollitsch, W. Wagner, E.TMInfluence of fusarium toxins on growth and carcass characteristics of turkeys Bodenkulturlfturkey; mycotoxin; growth; carcass; blood deoxynivalenol; vomitoxin; broilers; cleanup; columns; wheatngIn a feeding trial with 60 turkeys in 4 feeding groups the effects of mycotoxin contaminated maize on growing performance and carcass traits, chemical composition of eviscerated carcass, organoleptic traits and biochemical parameters of blood were investigated. Four diets with different levels of mycotoxin contamination were tried. In feeding group 1 uncontaminated maize was used, in feeding group 2, 3 and 4; 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 of uncontaminated maize were substituted by mycotoxin contaminated maize. The percentage of maize in starter feed, grower diet I and II was 36.8, 48.9 and 59.3 %, respectively. The contaminated maize contained 4.94 mg moniliformin, 3.24 mg beauvericin, 2.02 mg deoxynivalenol, and 0.35 mg fumonisines B1 per kg. At the end of the growing period (77 days) live weight of the turk